Allergic reactions of the delayed type are called reactions that occur only a few hours or even days after exposure to the allergen. The most typical example of this group allergic manifestations turned out to be tuberculin reactions, therefore, sometimes the entire group of delayed-type allergic reactions is called tuberculin-type reactions. Delayed allergies include bacterial allergies, contact type allergic reactions (contact dermatitis), autoallergic diseases, transplant rejection reactions, etc.
Bacterial allergy
A delayed bacterial allergy can appear with preventive vaccinations and with some infectious diseases (with tuberculosis, diphtheria, brucellosis, coccal, viral and fungal infections). If an allergen is applied to a sensitized or infected animal on scarified skin (or administered intradermally), then the response begins no earlier than 6 hours later and reaches a maximum after 24-48 hours. At the site of contact with the allergen, there is hyperemia, induration and sometimes necrosis of the skin. Necrosis results from the death of a significant number of histiocytes and parenchymal cells. With the injection of small doses of the allergen, there is no necrosis. Histologically, as for all types of delayed-type allergic reactions, bacterial allergies are characterized by mononuclear infiltration (monocytes and large, medium and small lymphocytes). In clinical practice, skin delayed reactions of Pirquet, Mantoux, Bürne and others are used to determine the degree of sensitization of the body with a particular infection.
Delayed allergic reactions can be obtained in other organs, for example, in the cornea, bronchi. Inhalation of tuberculin aerosol in guinea pigs sensitized with BCG, severe shortness of breath occurs, histologically infiltration is observed lung tissue polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells that are located around the bronchioles. If, however, tuberculosis bacteria are introduced into the lungs of sensitized animals, a strong cellular reaction occurs with a caseous decay and the formation of cavities (Koch's phenomenon).
Contact allergy
Contact allergy (contact dermatitis) is caused by a variety of low molecular weight substances (dinitrochlorobenzene, picrylic acid, phenols, etc.), industrial chemicals, paints (ursol is the active substance of poison ivy), detergents, metals (platinum compounds), cosmetics etc. The molecular weight of most of these substances does not exceed 1000, that is, they are haptens (incomplete antigens). In the skin, they combine with proteins, probably through a covalent bond with free amino and sulfhydryl groups of proteins, and acquire allergenic properties. The ability to bind to protein is directly proportional to the allergenic activity of these substances.
The local reaction of a sensitized organism to a contact allergen also appears after about 6 hours and reaches a maximum after 24-48 hours. The reaction develops superficially, there is a mononuclear infiltration of the epidermis and the formation of small cavities in the epidermis containing mononuclear cells. The cells of the epidermis degenerate, the structure of the basement membrane is disrupted and the epidermis detaches. Changes in the deep layers of the skin are much weaker than with other types local reactions delayed type a.
Autoallergy
A large group of reactions and diseases resulting from damage to cells and tissues by the so-called autoallergens, that is, allergens that have arisen in the body itself, also belong to delayed-type allergic reactions. The nature and mechanism of the formation of autoallergens are different.
Some of the autoallergens are contained in the body in a finished form (endoallergens). Certain body tissues (for example, lens tissue, thyroid gland, testes, Gray matter brain) in the process of phylogenesis were isolated from the apparatus of immunogenesis, due to which they are perceived by immunocompetent cells as foreign. Their antigenic structure turns out to be an irritant for the immunogenesis apparatus and antibodies are produced against them.
Of great importance are autoallergens secondary or acquired, which are formed in the body from its own proteins as a result of the action of any damaging factors on them. external environment(e.g. cold, high temperature, ionizing radiation). These autoallergens and antibodies formed against them play a role in the pathogenesis of radiation sickness, burn disease, etc.
When exposed to its own antigenic components of the human or animal body with bacterial allergens infectious autoallergens are formed. In this case, complex allergens may arise that retain the antigenic properties of the constituent parts of the complex (human or animal tissue + bacteria) and intermediate allergens with completely new antigenic properties. The formation of intermediate allergens is very clearly seen in some neuroviral infections. The relationship of viruses with the cells they target is characterized by the fact that the nucleoproteins of the virus in the process of its reproduction extremely closely interact with the nucleoproteins of the cell. The virus at a certain stage of its reproduction, as it were, fuses with the cell. This creates especially favorable conditions for the formation of large-molecular antigenic substances - the products of the interaction of the virus and the cell, which are intermediate allergens (according to A.D. Ado).
The mechanisms of occurrence of autoallergic diseases are quite complex. Some diseases develop, apparently, as a result of a violation of the physiological vascular-tissue barrier and the release from tissues of natural or primary autoallergens to which there is no immunological tolerance in the body. Such diseases include allergic thyroiditis, orchitis, sympathetic ophthalmia, etc. But most of the autoallergic diseases are caused by antigens of the body's own tissues, altered under the influence of physical, chemical, bacterial and other agents (acquired or secondary autoallergens). For example, autoantibodies against their own tissues (antibodies such as cytotoxins) appear in the blood and tissue fluids of animals and humans during radiation sickness. In this case, apparently, the products of ionization of water (active radicals) and other products of tissue breakdown lead to denaturation of proteins, converting them into autoallergens. Antibodies are produced against the latter.
Also known are autoallergic lesions that develop due to the commonality of antigenic determinants of the tissue's own components with those of exoallergens. Found common antigenic determinants in the heart muscle and some strains of streptococcus, lung tissues and some saprophytic bacteria living in the bronchi, etc. The immunological reaction caused by exoallergen, due to cross antigenic properties, can be directed against own tissues. In this way, some cases of allergic myocarditis, infectious forms of bronchial asthma, etc. may arise. systemic lupus erythematosus acquired hemolytic anemia and etc.
Experimental diseases caused by cytotoxic sera constitute a special group of lesions, similar in their mechanism to autoallergic reactions. A typical example of such lesions is nephrotoxic glomerulonephritis. Nephrotoxic serum can be obtained, for example, after repeated subcutaneous injection guinea pigs emulsion of crushed rabbit kidney. If guinea pig serum containing sufficient antirenal cytotoxins is injected into a healthy rabbit, they develop glomerulonephritis (proteinuria and death of animals from uremia). Depending on the dose of antiserum administered, glomerulonephritis appears soon (24-48 hours) after serum administration or 5-11 days. Using the method of fluorescent antibodies, it was established that, according to these terms, in the glomeruli of the kidneys by early dates a foreign gamma globulin appears, and after 5-7 days an autologous gamma globulin appears. The reaction of such antibodies with a foreign protein fixed in the kidney is the cause of late glomerulonephritis.
Homograft rejection reaction
As you know, true engraftment of a transplanted tissue or organ is possible only with autotransplantation or homotransplantation in identical twins. In all other cases, the transplanted tissue or organ is rejected. Graft rejection is the result allergic reaction delayed type. As early as 7-10 days after tissue transplantation, and especially abruptly after graft rejection, a typical delayed response to intradermal administration of donor tissue antigens can be obtained. In the development of the body's response to the graft, lymphoid cells are of decisive importance. When transplanting tissue into an organ with a poorly developed drainage lymphatic system(anterior chamber of the eye, brain) the process of destruction of the transplanted tissue slows down. Lymphocytosis is early sign the beginning of rejection, and the imposition of a fistula of the thoracic lymphatic duct in the recipient in the experiment, which allows to some extent to reduce the number of lymphocytes in the body, prolongs the life of the homograft.
The mechanism of transplant rejection can be represented as follows: as a result of transplantation of foreign tissue, the recipient's lymphocytes are sensitized (become carriers of the transfer factor or cellular antibodies). These immune lymphocytes then migrate to the graft, where they are destroyed and release the antibody, which causes the destruction of the transplanted tissue. When immune lymphocytes come into contact with the cells of the graft, intracellular proteases are also released, which cause further disturbance of the metabolism in the graft. Administration of tissue protease inhibitors (for example, s-aminocaproic acid) to the recipient promotes the engraftment of the transplanted tissues. Suppression of lymphocyte function by physical (ionizing irradiation of lymph nodes) or chemical (special immunosuppressive agents) effects also prolongs the functioning of the transplanted tissues or organs.
Mechanisms of delayed-type allergic reactions
All delayed-type allergic reactions develop according to general plan: v initial stage sensitization (soon after the introduction of the allergen into the body) in the regional lymph nodes appears a large number of pyroninophilic cells, from which, apparently, immune (sensitized) lymphocytes are formed. The latter become carriers of antibodies (or the so-called "transfer factor"), enter the bloodstream, partially circulate in the blood, and partially settle in the endothelium of blood capillaries, skin, mucous membranes and other tissues. With subsequent contact with the allergen, they cause the formation of an immune complex allergen-antibody and subsequent tissue damage.
The nature of the antibodies involved in delayed allergy mechanisms is not fully understood. It is known that the passive transfer of delayed allergy to another animal is possible only with the help of cellular suspensions. With blood serum, such a transfer is practically impossible; the addition of at least a small amount of cellular elements is required. Among the cells involved in delayed allergy, cells of the lymphoid series seem to be of particular importance. So, with the help of cells of lymph nodes, blood lymphocytes, it is possible to passively transfer hypersensitivity to tuberculin, picryl chloride and other allergens. Contact sensitivity can be transmitted passively with cells of the spleen, thymus, thoracic lymphatic duct. People with various forms insufficiency of the lymphoid apparatus (for example, lymphogranulomatosis), delayed-type allergic reactions do not develop. In the experiment, irradiation of animals with X-rays before the onset of lymphopenia causes suppression of tuberculin allergy, contact dermatitis, homograft rejection, and other delayed-type allergic reactions. The administration of cortisone to animals in doses that reduce the lymphocyte content, as well as the removal of regional lymph nodes, suppresses the development of delayed allergies. Thus, it is lymphocytes that are the main carriers and carriers of antibodies in delayed allergies. The presence of such antibodies on lymphocytes is also evidenced by the fact that lymphocytes with a delayed allergy are able to fix the allergen on themselves. As a result of the interaction of sensitized cells with the allergen, biologically active substances, which can be considered as mediators of delayed-type allergy. The main ones are as follows:
- 1. Macrophage migration inhibition factor... It is a protein with a molecular weight of about 4000-6000. It inhibits the movement of macrophages in tissue culture. When administered intradermally to a healthy animal (guinea pig), it causes a delayed-type allergic reaction. Found in humans and animals.
- 2. Lymphotoxin- a protein with a molecular weight of 70,000-90,000. It causes destruction or inhibition of growth and proliferation of lymphocytes. Suppresses DNA synthesis. Occurs in humans and animals
- 3. Blastogenic factor- protein. Causes the transformation of lymphocytes into lymphoblasts; promotes absorption of thymidine by lymphocytes and activates lymphocyte division. It is found in humans and animals.
- 4. Have guinea pigs, mice, rats, other factors have also been found as mediators of delayed-type allergic reactions, which have not yet been isolated in humans, for example, skin reactivity factor causing skin inflammation, chemotactic factor and some others, which are also proteins of different molecular weights.
Circulating antibodies can appear in some cases with delayed-type allergic reactions in the liquid tissue media of the body.They can be detected using an agar precipitation reaction or a complement fixation reaction. However, these antibodies are not responsible for the essence of delayed-type sensitization and do not participate in the process of damage and destruction of tissues of the sensitized organism during autoallergic processes, bacterial allergies, rheumatism, etc. According to their importance for the body, they can be classified as bystander antibodies (but classification of antibodies A.D. Ado).
The influence of the thymus on allergic reactions
The thymus influences the formation of delayed allergies. Early thymectomy in animals causes a decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes, involution of lymphoid tissue and suppresses the development of delayed allergy to proteins, tuberculin, disrupts the development of transplant immunity, but has little effect on contact allergy to dinitrochlorobenzene. Lack of thymic function affects primarily the state of the paracortical layer of the lymph nodes, that is, the layer where, with delayed allergy, pyroninophilic cells are formed from small lymphocytes. With early thymectomy, it is from this area that lymphocytes begin to disappear, which leads to atrophy of the lymphoid tissue.
The effect of thymectomy on delayed allergy appears only if the thymus is removed in the early life of the animal. Thymectomy performed in animals a few days after birth or in adult animals does not affect the engraftment of the homograft.
Allergic reactions of an immediate type are also under the control of the thymus, however, the influence of the thymus on these reactions is less pronounced. Early thymectomy does not affect the formation of plasma cells and the synthesis of gamma globulin. Thymectomy is accompanied by inhibition of circulating antibodies not to all, but only to some types of antigens.
However, the development of an allergic reaction can cause and pathogenic microorganisms leading to the occurrence of various diseases. In this case, an infectious or viral allergy in children.
General information
Viral allergy occurs as a result of penetration into the child's body various viruses.
The body's immune system gives out an appropriate reaction, secretes an increased number of mast cells, which must fight the pathogenic microflora.
With an increased sensitivity of the body to this irritant (virus cells), mast cells will be destroyed, as a result of which a substance is released into the body - histamine, which is toxic, and leads to the development of symptoms characteristic of allergies.
Moreover, this reaction can occur not only to the presence of the virus itself, but also to the waste products of this microorganism.
There is also such a thing as an infectious allergy, which occurs when not only virus cells enter the child's body, but also of various kinds bacteria, fungal microorganisms.
This type of allergic reaction develops against the background of other diseases, the causative agents of which are this or that infection.
What is an allergen?
An infectious viral allergy occurs in a child when his body comes into contact with:
Causes of occurrence
The main reason for the development of the disease is considered to be the penetration into the child's body. pathogen infection.
In addition, it is necessary that the child's body is distinguished by increased sensitivity to the microorganism and its waste products.
In order for a child to develop an allergic reaction to viruses, bacteria and other pathogenic microflora, the presence of such factors is necessary how:
Such can provoke the development of the disease serious illness like: syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy, anthrax, plague, dysentery, typhus, brucellosis, fungal infections of the skin and internal organs.
Even an insignificant content of pathogens in the child's body can cause the development of an allergic reaction.
This situation arises, for example, when conducting certain infectious tests(such as the Mantoux reaction), when a small amount of a drug containing a virus or other infection is injected into a child's body to determine its sensitivity.
Can allergies in children have a cumulative effect? Find out about it from ours.
Classification and types
Depending on what caused the development of the allergic reaction, the following varieties are distinguished infectious allergy:
- viral(developing as a result of the penetration of the pathogen virus into the child's body);
- bacterial(arising from contact with pathogenic bacteria);
- fungal(arising from a fungal infection of the body, that is, the skin, nails, internal organs).
Symptoms and Signs
Viral allergy in a child - photo:
You can recognize the development of viral allergies by the following characteristic manifestations this ailment such as:
- Redness of certain parts of the body, the formation of specific nodular or blistering rashes on them.
- Severe itching of the skin.
- Nasal congestion, appearance transparent secretions from the nasal cavity.
- Lachrymation, development of signs of conjunctivitis.
- Organ dysfunction digestive system, manifested in the form of painful sensations in the abdomen, stool disturbances, the appearance of gagging.
- Severe dry cough, the attacks of which give the child serious discomfort.
- Difficulty breathing, the child develops shortness of breath, breathing becomes heavy and noisy.
- Enlargement of the lymph nodes, most often located in the area where the virus enters the body.
- Increase in body temperature (sometimes hyperthermia occurs suddenly, temperature indicators reach high levels).
Diagnostics
The diagnosis begins with the collection of an anamnesis of the disease.
In particular, the doctor reveals an increased sensitivity of the child's body to allergic reactions, burdened heredity, conditions under which characteristic allergy symptoms(whether the child had any viral disease, the nature and duration of its course).
It also matters how often the child gets sick. viral diseases, since children most susceptible to their development often have a corresponding type of allergy.
Next, the patient is examined, characteristic symptoms pathology. Necessary and holding laboratory research , in particular, a blood test to determine the number of mast cells and the rate of their decay.
Differential
When an infectious allergy occurs it is very important to identify the cause a given reaction of the child's body, that is, a specific pathogen.
Held differential diagnostics post-vaccination allergy. For this, the child is prescribed various tests (skin or subcutaneous), for example, the Mantoux reaction.
After that, the doctor monitors the reaction of the little patient's body. In the presence of allergies after such tests the child develops the corresponding symptoms of the disease, in particular:
- redness of the skin at the injection site, the appearance of a painful papular formation in this area;
- the death of tissue cells in this area;
- deterioration of the general well-being of the child.
Why is it dangerous?
Viral allergies can lead to various types of complications associated with breathing disorders (for example, the appearance of severe suffocation, which can lead to the death of the child), damage to the eyes, joints (infectious-allergic arthritis), significantly impairing the quality of life of the child.
When internal organs are damaged, their functionality is significantly reduced, which also contributes to the development of certain health problems.
Treatment
The main method of treatment is taking medications prescribed by a doctor.
Allergies can be caused by various reasons(bacteria, viruses, fungi), therefore, only a doctor should select a medicine, based on this reason.
So, antiviral drugs will not give any effect in case of bacterial or fungal allergies, while they cope with the viral type of ailment quite effectively. Therefore, before starting treatment, it is necessary to identify the allergen, and this can only be done by a doctor in a clinic.
Medication
The child is prescribed an appointment medicines the following groups:
Traditional medicine
Take off unpleasant symptoms time-tested remedies will help allergies traditional medicine... For example, it helps well against rashes and itching. sea buckthorn oil or rosehip oil.
This remedy is necessary several times a day. lubricate the affected skin... The oil has a calming, anti-inflammatory effect, promotes rapid regeneration of damaged skin. For the same purposes, you can use fresh sea buckthorn berries or rose hips.
Dandelion leaf infusion has a pronounced restorative effect, helps the child's body to better cope with pathogenic viruses.
To prepare the product, you need to take 2 tablespoons. chopped leaves, pour them with a glass of boiling water.
Give the child half a glass 2 times a day.
other methods
If the child's body is prone to viral allergies, it is necessary to take measures to strengthen immunity... For this, a course of immunotherapy with drugs prescribed by a doctor is recommended.
In addition, it is important to adjust the baby's lifestyle, to provide him with a long stay in the fresh air, adequate physical activity.
In some cases, the baby is prescribed the introduction of minimal doses of the allergen. This contributes to the restructuring of the child's immunity, the habituation of his body to the presence of the pathogen.
Prophylaxis
For preventing the development of allergic attacks necessary:
An allergic reaction to infections and viruses is a very common phenomenon in children, especially among those who often suffer from various kinds of diseases of a viral or bacterial nature.
In order to get rid of the manifestations of allergies, it is necessary to identify the pathogen, and only after that start treatment. The success of therapy largely depends on this.
You can learn about the causes of allergies in infectious diseases from the video:
We kindly ask you not to self-medicate. Make an appointment with a doctor!
An allergen is an antigen that causes people who are sensitive to them. Allergy - reaction immune system the human body, manifested under the influence of an allergen.
Any substance can be allergens. The main symptoms of allergy are redness and pain in the eyes, swelling, sneezing and runny nose, cough, rash on skin(eczema, contact dermatitis), shortness of breath, asthma attacks, ear pain, hearing loss, headaches. The disease can be inherited.
As a rule, a chronic allergic reaction manifests itself in a specific place (organ). At atopic dermatitis the skin suffers, with bronchial asthma - the mucous membrane of the bronchi, with food allergies- intestinal mucosa.
Classification of allergens depending on the entry into the human body
There are three main groups of allergens:
- exogenous;
- endogenous;
- autoantigens.
Exogenous allergens enter the human body from environment(inhalation, swallowing or injection).
Endogenous allergens, in turn, are formed by the cells of the body during natural metabolism or during viral or bacterial infections... Endoallergens can form during severe burns (the human body begins to perceive damaged skin as foreign tissue).
Autoantigens are normal proteins (protein complexes) that the immune system responds to (found in people with autoimmune diseases).
According to the method of entering the human body, the following types of allergens are distinguished:
- air (dust, pollen);
- food;
- contact (chemicals);
- injection ( medications);
- infectious (bacteria, viruses).
Classification of allergens according to origin
By their origin, allergens are:
- household (dust, chalk, oil refined products);
- epidermal allergens (wool, feathers, dandruff, fluff, excrement, saliva of pets);
- insect (cockroaches, insects, spiders);
- pollen (pollen of plants and trees);
- food (allergies are possible to any food product, often seafood, egg white, strawberries, citrus fruits, chocolate, nuts, legumes, honey);
- medicinal (an allergy is possible to any medicine, including antiallergic drugs; basic drugs to which an allergic reaction is possible: penicillin, sulfonamide, salicylate, local anesthetics);
- fungal (mold and yeast);
- helminths (worms act as pathogens);
- thermal (wind, frost, etc.);
- moral and biological (experience, fear, nervous breakdown, etc.).
An allergic reaction is possible to cleaning and cosmetic products: washing powder, rinses, dishwashing detergents, etc. Allergies can also develop from some types of microbes. The source of their appearance may be an incompletely cured infection, fungus on the nails, sinusitis, and tooth decay.
The main and most common allergens
The main allergens are:
- Pollen from plants and trees is more likely than others to cause seasonal allergies. You can reduce contact with the allergen by staying in a room with closed windows in windy weather, or by using an air conditioner.
- Animals - in this case, it is recommended not to use carpets, and to clean the premises more often.
- Dust mites live in house dust. It is recommended to use hypoallergenic pillows and mattresses, wash bed linen more often and only in hot water, do not use carpets and curtains.
- Insect bites provoke swelling and redness at the site of the bite, nausea, weakness, and fever.
- Mold - a reaction that occurs when inhaled or when touched. Mold can be found in the bathroom, in the grass. Ventilation of wet rooms can be considered a preventive measure.
- Food - Allergy symptoms: respiratory failure, skin rashes, including the mouth area, vomiting.
- Latex.
- Medicines.
- Fragrance substances.
Thus, the most common allergens are house dust, animal hair, foodstuffs, pollen of plants and trees, bacterial allergens, viruses, microscopic fungi.
What are true and bacterial allergies?
A true allergy is an increased reaction of the body to a common substance. Moreover, the reaction appears regardless of the amount of allergen that has entered the body. Scientists identify the following true allergens: eggs, milk, peanuts, hazelnuts, soy, seafood (crayfish), fish, wheat.
A true allergy differs from a food allergy in that at the first, a person cannot, under any circumstances, consume a certain product (with a food allergy, the reaction develops with a large dose of the eaten product). In true allergies, the reaction occurs with the minimum dose of the product.
Bacterial allergy manifests itself when the human body is hypersensitive to bacterial allergens. This is due to chronic infection. Bacterial allergy takes a long time to develop.
Allergens of bacteria contribute to the development of diseases such as rhinitis, infectious-allergic bronchial asthma, infectious-allergic urticaria.
Critical situations and allergy treatment
Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction. The consequences of such reactions can be skin rashes, bronchospasm, edema, hypotension, coma, or death. - the most dangerous form manifestations of an allergic reaction. A person suddenly appears severe itching, shortness of breath, pressure decreases. Signs anaphylactic shock are weak pulse, profuse sweating, pallor.
The main goal in allergy treatment is to eliminate patient contact with allergens.
There is no drug treatment for allergies. Therefore, people suffering from allergic reactions should reconsider their lifestyle, habits, if possible, change the environment, for example, change the climatic conditions.
In modern medical practice bacterial allergens are used for diagnostic purposes. With their help, you can diagnose various diseases, primarily tuberculosis. The use of such drugs allows you to accurately and accurately diagnose.
Bacterial allergens are killed microbial bodies. When ingested, they trigger a response from the immune system. The increased sensitivity of the body to these substances indicates that it is infected.
To diagnose diseases caused by microorganisms, allergic skin tests are used:
- Pirquet and Mantoux (for the detection of tuberculosis). Use of recombinant tuberculous bacteria allergen.
- Burne reaction (with brucellosis).
- Reactions used to diagnose tularemia, glanders, toxoplasmosis, and other infections.
Currently, it is the use of the recombinant tuberculosis bacteria allergen (such is its INN, or international generic name) gives the most accurate results in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
What you need to know about tuberculin
Instructions for use similar drugs states that only specially trained persons can use them. So he will not be trusted by a person who has no experience with such drugs, and even more so he will not be sold in a regular pharmacy. The fact is that the recombinant tuberculosis bacteria allergen comes from tenders.
Recombinant tuberculosis allergen is the INN of the most common bacterial preparation to determine tuberculosis. Occurs and tradename- tuberculin. As a rule, this or that drug has its own code, known to the manufacturers of such funds. The OKPD code of the purified allergic derivative of tuberculosis is 24.41.60.412.
How the agent is administered
All products, the trade name of which has a registered code, are introduced by a doctor according to special rules. The instruction provides that the introduction of the allergen of recombinant tuberculosis bacteria should only be carried out by a specially trained nurse according to the doctor's indications. She has access to work with trade names medical substances and subcutaneous tests.
Three days after the test, the reaction of the body is assessed. This takes into account the presence of not only redness, but also infiltration. People who have had or are sick with viral hepatitis, AIDS, the reaction can be sharply negative.
Is there a risk of purchasing substandard products
Each bacterial allergen has a code assigned to it. So it can easily identify any derivative of bacteria that is necessary for diagnosis. If all the conditions of the tender are met, as provided by the instructions for the procurement of such products, and at the same time its code coincides with the normative one, then the likelihood that the patient will be injected with a poor-quality drug is practically reduced to zero.
but nurse it is necessary to ensure that such products are not expired. Otherwise, there is a risk of complications during the diagnosis of the disease.
Viral allergy is a disease that occurs during various infectious infections. The reaction can occur in people of any age. Its manifestation depends on the type of allergen and individual characteristics organism.
Infectious pathogens of allergies
A viral or bacterial allergy is the body's response to the development of an incompletely cured infectious disease.
Allergy occurs when a person is infected with these microorganisms.
Particles of infected cells can also cause the reaction. Most often, chronic diseases contribute to the development of infectious allergies.
People with the following diseases are at greatest risk:
- dysentery;
- syphilis and gonorrhea;
- tuberculosis;
- plague and anthrax;
- mycosis;
- brucellosis.
An infectious allergy can develop in both an adult and a child.
Sometimes it appears as a result of taking samples for the presence of an infection in the body.
Symptoms in children and adults
The main signs of allergy caused by infections practically do not differ from the general symptoms of various allergic reactions:
- rash, redness and itching of the skin;
- sneezing, swelling and nasal congestion;
- cough, respiratory disorders;
- tearing, redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the eyes;
- disruption of the digestive system, diarrhea, nausea.
Allergy to infection in children often occurs after respiratory illness.
The course of the disease is accompanied by:
- runny nose;
- high body temperature;
- difficulty breathing;
- cough;
- lack of appetite.
Pain in the arms, legs, and abdomen may also appear. Sometimes an allergic reaction during an acute respiratory viral infection leads to the development of asthma.
It is very important to identify allergies in time and start treatment, since an exacerbation of the disease can lead to complications.
In some cases, anaphylactic shock is possible.
The reaction that occurs when taking samples for the presence of an infection in the body can manifest itself immediately. At the injection site, itching is felt, redness and swelling of the skin are visible.
Diagnostics
In order to prescribe the correct treatment, it is necessary to establish the type of allergen that causes the reaction. Initially, a complete history is taken, according to which a possible allergen is previously determined.
All transmitted infectious diseases are taken into account.
The identification of the exact pathogen is carried out according to the performed skin tests with possible allergen... If there is an increased sensitivity to a certain microorganism, then a characteristic redness appears at the site of its introduction.
An accurate diagnosis is made after a complete examination.
Treatment
An infectious allergy is dangerous disease, the development of which can lead to the death of the patient.
Therefore, when the first signs appear, it is necessary to consult a doctor.
The main principle of treatment is to identify and destroy the allergen, which can be bacteria, microscopic fungi or viruses. Each type of pathogen is treated with certain drugs.
Treatment of allergy caused by viruses
If, after the diagnosis, it is confirmed that the reaction in the body is causing viral infections, then the treatment is carried out with such drugs:
- "Remantadin" is a drug with a pronounced antiviral activity;
- "Zanamivir" - antiviral agent neutralizing viruses of group A and B.
Into therapy ...
Causes of viral allergies
Bacterial allergy, caused by increased sensitivity to bacterial allergens, usually develops when there are foci of chronic infection in the body, which can be localized in the tonsils, carious teeth, accessory cavities nose, in the bronchopulmonary apparatus, intestines, biliary system.
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- Allergy to viruses and bacteria (there are a lot of beeches, read diagonally - and so everything is clear))))
Bacterial allergy is formed for a long time, over several years, therefore, it is extremely rare before the age of three.
Under the influence of bacterial allergens, infectious-allergic diseases are formed: infectious-allergic bronchial asthma, rhinitis, infectious-allergic urticaria. In the specific diagnosis of bacterial allergy, standard bacterial allergens produced by the Kazan Research Institute of Microbiology are used: hemolytic streptococcus, hemolytic staphylococcus, Proteus mirabilis and vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, Group pneumococcus, Neisseria.
The first step in diagnosing a bacterial allergy is an allergic anamnesis.
The characteristic anamnestic signs of bacterial allergy are the seasonality of the exacerbation (in the damp cold season), the connection between the exacerbation of the disease and hypothermia due to exacerbation of foci of chronic infection.
An exacerbation of an infectious-allergic disease is often accompanied by febrile or subfebrile temperature, the appearance of symptoms of intoxication, and antibiotic therapy is effective in treatment. For infectious and allergic diseases, acute inflammatory processes in children with atopic diseases are often mistaken, especially for patients with atopic bronchial asthma... As a result, anamnestic overdiagnosis of infectious and allergic diseases often takes place. Table 2.15 shows that a bacterial positive history (BqA) correlates with a set of other tests in 67.16% of patients, of which 45.10% with provocative ones. In 1/3 of cases, with a positive history, all other tests turned out to be negative, that is, bacterial sensitization was not detected.
Thus, in more than half of the patients, the bacterial etiology of the disease suspected by history is not confirmed by a comprehensive allergic examination. With negative anamnesis data, 13.00% of children have a bacterial allergy, mainly subclinical. It follows from this that the history of bacterial allergy is not always reliable.
Skin testing with bacterial allergens is also not specific enough. Table 2.15 shows that only in 38.33% of cases positive result intradermal tests (ECT) correlates with the complex of other tests and in 9.45% - with provocative, and in 61.67% all other tests were negative, i.e.
e. bacterial sensitization was not detected. This…
Bacterial allergy treatment
Allergic reactions and diseases are in the first place among pathologies, the prevalence of which is increasing every year.
Those who have once encountered allergies are aware that the most common allergens are pollen, food, pet hair, and chemicals.
But not many people know that there is another type of allergic reaction - an infectious allergy; in this pathology, the immune system reacts with a specific reaction to a number of microorganisms that cause certain diseases.
Infectious pathogens leading to allergies
The term infectious allergy refers to the increased sensitivity of the human body to pathogenic pathogens of infectious diseases and invasive processes.
Pathology can also develop as a reaction to the waste products of pathogens.
Allergy with infectious disease occurs if the body is simultaneously influenced by three factors provoking pathology, these are:
- Long course of the disease;
- Localization of infection within cells;
- The presence of a focus of chronic inflammation.
It has been established that an infectious type of allergy can be caused by:
Infectious allergy often develops not only under the influence of these pathogens.
Fragments of infected cells, decaying remnants of infectious agents and products formed in the course of their vital activity can also become the culprit of the disease.
Hypersensitivity of the body can appear with almost any infection. But the occurrence of an infectious allergy is most likely if the disease has a chronic course.
The likelihood of a pathology increases many times if a person has caries, tonsillitis, sinusitis, pyelonephritis, that is, chronic foci of inflammation.
Diseases in which an infectious allergy may occur
More often allergies infectious type established in patients with:
In rare cases, an infectious allergy can develop after a test used to detect a focus of infection.
In tuberculosis, an impetus to the disease can be given by the Mantoux test, with brucellosis, the Burne test, the Zuverkalov test for dysentery, a test with the gonovaccine to detect gonorrhea, and a number of others.
In children, bacterial and viral allergies are often triggered by influenza, streptococcus, staphylococcus, E. coli.
The likelihood of pathology in children is increased with a prolonged course of respiratory disease, with an increased sensitivity of the body to the products formed as a result of the vital activity of microorganisms.
Symptoms in children and adults
The clinical picture of an infectious allergy is practically no different from the symptoms of other allergic diseases.
With its development, it is noted:
- Redness of certain areas of the skin, the formation of rashes;
- Itching of the body;
- Runny nose, manifested by nasal congestion, sneezing, profuse discharge;
- Tearing eyes, redness of the sclera and conjunctiva;
- Violations in ...
Specific diagnostics of bacterial allergies
Allergy is a pathological reaction of the human immune system to certain substances. It can occur due to contact of the body with pollen, wool, aggressive chemical compounds, some types of medications, etc. There is also an infectious allergy. In this case, pathogens of various diseases act as allergens.
Kinds
Depending on the allergen, it can be of different types:
- viral allergy;
- bacterial allergy;
- fungal allergy.
All of them are caused by the presence of an infection in the body.
Causes of viral allergies
Such an immune reaction can appear in both children and adults.
It can be caused by serious medical conditions. Such as:
brucellosis;
anthrax;
mycoses of the skin and other organs;
tularemia;
dysentery;
tuberculosis;
Viral and bacterial allergies in children and adults occur under the following conditions:
intracellular location of the infection;
long course of the listed diseases;
the presence of a focus of chronic infection in the body.
Such an allergy can occur not only by itself, but also as a result of a test if there is an infection in the body.
With tuberculosis, this is the Mantoux test, with chronic dysentery- Zuverkalov's test, with brucellosis - Burne's test, with gonorrhea - a test with gonovaccine, with anthrax- test with anthraxin, with tularemia - test with tularemin.
Children may also develop allergies due to the presence of a less serious infection in the body.
It often manifests itself after a long course of colds.
In this case, ARI turns into an infectious allergy in the form of asthmatic bronchitis.
So, we can conclude that viral and bacterial allergies in children can be caused by such an infection:Pneumococcus;
staphylococcus;
streptococcus;
Escherichia coli.
Infectious allergy in children develops for the following reasons:
severe diseases listed above;
long course of acute respiratory diseases;
hypersensitivity of the body to the waste products of microorganisms that cause any disease (incl.
flu, etc.);
Also, an allergy to the waste products of viruses, bacteria and fungi can occur in adults and children due to prolonged chronic inflammatory process... It could be chronic cystitis, pyelonephritis and even caries.
Infection allergy symptoms
This kind immune response in adults and children, it is accompanied by the following signs:
redness or rash on the skin;
allergic rhinitis;
redness and tearing of the eyes;
organ dysfunction gastrointestinal tract(stomach pain, diarrhea);
difficulty breathing;
swollen lymph nodes;
in especially severe cases - anaphylactic shock.
If an allergy arose after Mantoux or other tests for the presence of an infection in the body, then local symptoms are also added to the signs listed above:
pain and swelling at the injection site;
severe itching;
swelling and redness at the site of the infection test.
Allergy after a long course of acute respiratory diseases in children is accompanied by the following symptoms:
high temperature;
wheezing in the lungs;
wheezing.
Such symptoms can also be present in adults if they have severely started bronchitis or other diseases. respiratory tract.
If children or adults have symptoms of an acute infectious allergy, you should not try to treat yourself, as there is a high likelihood of developing ...
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