The influence of sports on the functioning of the nervous system. Somatic nervous system

A large number of studies carried out in Russia, and the monographic generalizations made, give grounds for attributing nervous system to one of the most sensitive systems in the human body to the effects of EMF. At the level of a nerve cell, structural entities by transfer nerve impulses(synapse), at the level of isolated nerve structures, significant deviations occur when exposed to low-intensity EMF. Higher nervous activity and memory change in people who have contact with EMF. These individuals may have a tendency to develop stress reactions. Certain structures of the brain are hypersensitive to EMF. Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier can lead to unexpected adverse effects. The nervous system of the embryo is especially sensitive to EMF.

Effects on the immune system

At present, enough data have been accumulated indicating the negative effect of EMF on the immunological reactivity of the organism. The results of research by Russian scientists give reason to believe that when exposed to EMF, the processes of immunogenesis are disrupted, more often in the direction of their oppression. It was also found that in animals irradiated with EMF, the nature of the infectious process changes - the course of the infectious process is aggravated. The emergence of autoimmunity is associated not so much with a change in the antigenic structure of tissues, but with a pathology of the immune system, as a result of which it reacts against normal tissue antigens. In accordance with this concept, the basis of all autoimmune conditions is primarily immunodeficiency in thymus-dependent cell population of lymphocytes. The effect of high-intensity EMF on the body's immune system is manifested in a depressing effect on the T-system of cellular immunity. EMFs can contribute to nonspecific suppression of immunogenesis, enhance the formation of antibodies to fetal tissues, and stimulate an autoimmune response in the body of a pregnant female.

Influence on the endocrine system and neurohumoral response.

In the works of Russian scientists back in the 60s, in the interpretation of the mechanism of functional disorders under the influence of EMF, the leading place was given to changes in the pituitary-adrenal system. Studies have shown that under the action of EMF, as a rule, the pituitary-adrenaline system was stimulated, which was accompanied by an increase in the content of adrenaline in the blood, and activation of blood coagulation processes. It was recognized that one of the systems that early and naturally involves the body's response to the effects of various environmental factors is the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system. Research results have confirmed this position.

Influence on sexual function.

Sexual dysfunction is usually associated with a change in its regulation by the nervous and neuroendocrine systems. This is related to the results of work on the study of the state of the gonadotropic activity of the pituitary gland when exposed to EMF. Repeated exposure to EMF causes a decrease in the activity of the pituitary gland

Any factor environment affecting female body during pregnancy and affecting embryonic development, is considered teratogenic. Many scientists attribute EMF to this group of factors.

Of primary importance in studies of teratogenesis is the stage of pregnancy during which EMF is exposed. It is generally accepted that EMFs can, for example, cause deformities by acting at different stages of pregnancy. Although there are periods of maximum sensitivity to EMF. The most vulnerable periods are usually early stages development of the embryo, corresponding to the periods of implantation and early organogenesis.

An opinion was expressed about the possibility of a specific effect of EMF on the sexual function of women, on the embryo. A higher sensitivity to the effects of EMF of the ovaries than of the testes was noted. It was found that the sensitivity of the embryo to EMF is significantly higher than the sensitivity of the maternal organism, and intrauterine damage to the fetus by EMF can occur at any stage of its development. The results of the conducted epidemiological studies allow us to conclude that the presence of women in contact with electromagnetic radiation can lead to premature birth, affect the development of the fetus and, finally, increase the risk of developing congenital malformations.

Other biomedical effects.

Since the beginning of the 60s, extensive research has been carried out in the USSR to study the health of people who have contact with EMF at work. The results of clinical studies have shown that prolonged contact with EMF in the microwave range can lead to the development of diseases, the clinical picture of which is determined, first of all, by changes in the functional state of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. It was proposed to isolate an independent disease - radio wave disease. This disease, according to the authors, can have three syndromes as the severity of the disease increases:

asthenic syndrome;

asthenic-vegetative syndrome;

hypothalamic syndrome.

The earliest clinical manifestations of the effects of EM radiation on humans are functional disorders of the nervous system, manifested primarily in the form of autonomic dysfunctions of the neurasthenic and asthenic syndrome. Persons who have been in the EM radiation zone for a long time complain of weakness, irritability, rapid fatigue, weakening of memory, and sleep disturbance. Often, these symptoms are joined by disorders of autonomic functions. Disturbances from the cardiovascular system are manifested, as a rule, by neurocirculatory dystonia: lability of the pulse and blood pressure, a tendency to hypotension, pain in the heart region, etc. There are also phase changes in the composition of peripheral blood (lability of indicators) with the subsequent development of moderate leukopenia, neuropenia, erythrocytopenia ... Bone marrow changes are in the nature of a reactive compensatory tension of regeneration. Usually, these changes occur in persons, by the nature of their work, who were constantly under the influence of EM radiation with a sufficiently high intensity. Those working with MP and EMF, as well as the population living in the area of ​​EMF operation, complain of irritability and impatience. After 1-3 years, some have a feeling of inner tension, fussiness. Attention and memory are impaired. There are complaints about low sleep efficiency and fatigue. Given the important role of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus in the implementation of human mental functions, it can be expected that prolonged repeated exposure to the maximum permissible EM radiation (especially in the decimeter wavelength range) may lead to mental disorders.

We have known about the dangers of alcohol from school. In the composition of all drinks "with a degree" there is ethyl alcohol (ethanol), which causes the so-called intoxication. Public service announcements and warnings from doctors are constantly talking about the effect of alcohol on the nervous system.

is it so bad?

Wine drinks, beer, cognac, vodka are massively accepted by people all over the world, and not a single party and feast can do without them. To clarify this problem, it is necessary to analyze the situation: what happens after ethyl alcohol enters the body.

Features of the human nervous system

The human nervous system (NS) is an extensive topic and requires a separate study. To have a figurative idea, consider some facts.

The nervous system ensures the interaction of all organs, creating a coordinated work of the organism as a whole and the formation of its reaction to internal processes and to information received from the outside world.

The NS has a certain anatomical structure, which includes:

• central nervous system (CNS) - consists of the brain and spinal cord;
• peripheral system (PS) - a network of nerve weaves that provide a connection between the central nervous system and the entire body.

The transfer of information takes place through neurons - nerve cells. Their structure resembles a spider: a body with legs. From the nucleus, there are short processes called dendrites, and long ones, axons.

Neurons interact with each other and transmit information in the form of an impulse to the central nervous system and back through the processes. Neurons are subdivided into: sensory and motor.

If you schematically represent the entire process of information exchange, then you get the following:

1. the receptor receives irritation and reorganizes it into a nerve impulse;
2. a sensitive neuron transmits an impulse further;
3. The central nervous system receives the signal and transmits the response back;
4. the motor neuron transmits the received impulse to the organ;
5. the organ shows a reaction.

Of course, the scheme looks much simpler than what is actually happening. In addition, the information transfer rate is very high.

As soon as we cut our finger, we immediately feel pain. This means that milliseconds pass from the moment of irritation to the final reaction.

Alcohol and the nervous system

Installed scientific fact: when alcohol is consumed, ethyl alcohol is absorbed in the intestines, after which it passes through the liver and reaches highest concentration in the brain. Under such conditions, a detrimental effect on the body is inevitable.

Back in the 19th century Scientific research terrible diagnoses were revealed in this area. THEM. Sechenov proved that ethyl alcohol partially paralyzes the central nervous system. I.P. Pavlov devoted his scientific work to how alcohol disrupts work and causes pathological changes in the structure of the brain and other organs.

S.S. Korsakov and V.M. Bekhterev, in addition to physical destruction, found the relationship of alcoholic beverages with the moral, intellectual and emotional sides of a person. Their work proved the degradation of personality in mental and moral terms. And as a result - an unstable mental state.

Taking just a few sips, a person already in a few minutes feels the first signs of intoxication. This means that ethanol has entered the cerebral cortex. Intoxication itself depends on the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the drink and the amount drunk.

It is worth noting: both fortified drinks and low-alcohol ones are equally harmful. Intoxication is divided into three stages: primary (from 0.5 to 1.4 in the blood), medium (from 1.5 to 2.4 in the blood), severe (from 2.5 and more ‰ in the blood).

The first stage of intoxication is characterized by relaxed movements, increased sociability, the presence of concentration, a slight decrease in reaction.

During the second stage, noticeable changes in human behavior appear: a wobbly gait, loud slurred speech, facial expressions are altered, mood can fluctuate and change dramatically. In such a state, a person cannot function normally. He thinks poorly, the reaction slows down significantly, self-control goes down to low boundaries, and the world around him is perceived with difficulty.

The third stage of intoxication manifests itself with even more severe symptoms than the second. Due to the strongest intoxication of the body, a coma and death can occur.

Why do these changes occur under the influence of alcohol?

When it enters the brain, ethanol affects the interaction of the central nervous system and the peripheral. The response time during the exchange of information between organs and the brain is reduced. Neural communication weakens, and an impressive number of nerve cells dies altogether.

Alcohol consumption often results in a hangover syndrome. The person suffers from chills, nausea, in some cases vomiting and dizziness. Similar symptoms are manifested in toxic poisoning. It is not difficult to draw a conclusion: alcohol consumption is a voluntary intoxication of the body.

The consequences of regular alcohol intoxication

As mentioned earlier, the nervous system is an important conductor in the communication of organs and the brain. Drinking alcohol, even in small doses, causes colossal damage to health.

Intoxication and hangover are the primary effects of ethanol's effects on the brain and the rest of the periphery. The main destruction takes place inside at the cellular level and is cumulative.

Periodic exposure to alcohol on nerve cells develops pathological changes that lead to impressive and even irreversible consequences in the brain. Decreased health indicators are common with alcoholism. Absolutely all vital functions of the body fall under the influence of intoxication: vision, hearing, blood supply, metabolic processes.

Like a strong poison, alcohol destroys cells. In addition to physical, mental pathologies are also observed.

Drinkers suffer over time nervous disorders, insomnia, depression. In severe cases, it develops delirium tremens... The person is tormented by auditory and visual hallucinations, which can lead to self-harm.

In addition, mental activity and quality characteristics decrease. Asocial behavior in the family, at work, it is manifested by aggression, selfishness and indifference. The general degradation of a person proceeds gradually, but on an increasing scale.

Alcohol affects the human nervous system in a complex manner, reducing health indicators and personal qualities. Relief of fatigue and nervous tension with a glass of strong drink is expensive price, which will have to be paid in the near future.

The human nervous system is the most important of all systems of the human body. The nervous system is responsible for the coordination of all organs and systems of the human body. This system allows a person to breathe, move around, and even eat food. Human behavior, emotions, actions, etc. directly depend on the quality of the nervous system. But it is the nervous system that we expose to the greatest negative impact. Sometimes we are aware, and sometimes not, that we are simply harming our nervous system. Let's talk about what causes significant damage to the human nervous system.

So, the human nervous system is quite complex. Its structure includes the central nervous system (this is the brain and back), the peripheral nervous system (these are nerve roots and nodes - ganglia, plexuses, cranial and spinal nerves etc.), the autonomic nervous system (autonomous). In turn, the autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Parts of these subsystems are connected to all organs and muscles of the body. Thanks to these subsystems, there is a regulation and coordination of those processes that are not associated with the volitional efforts of a person. To be sympathetic and parasympathetic system worked in the desired mode, a certain level of excitability is required.

How does the nervous system function? In its activity, the nervous system is guided by nerve cells, neurons and their processes. These processes connect to muscles or to the processes of various nerve cells. It is through them that a signal passes, transmitting a nerve impulse. This is the transfer of all information from the brain to the muscles, various organs and tissues of the body. Thanks to the processes, the transfer of feedback from various bodies feelings in the brain. The transfer of information is a rather complex process.

Various chemicals are also involved in this process. The most important of these substances are various neurotransmitters and hormones (acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, etc.). Receptors are located in cell membranes. These receptors interact only with specific and necessary neurotransmitters and hormones. Every minute in nerve cells a synthesis process takes place, due to which there is a disintegration of the set chemical compounds... Synthesis provokes production electrical impulses, which are transmitted along the chain of neurons. Moving along the neurons, the impulse must reach its final goal, i.e. it must reach a certain organ, muscle, vessel, etc. This is the ideal scheme for the human nervous system. This is how it should always function. But, alas ... We do not always protect our nervous system from the influence of negative factors. What are the factors that negatively affect our nervous system?

Emergence nervous diseases, violation of the functional activity of the nervous system are associated with organic or functional disorders and also with hereditary factor... Let's talk about this in more detail.

As you know, alcohol upon admission to digestive tract breaks down into fine particles poisonous acetaldehyde. The liver is involved in the decay process. Acetaldehyde has a destructive effect on the entire human nervous system. Through the movement of blood, acetaldehyde passes into the neurons of the brain and disrupts their performance. The frequency of alcohol consumption is also associated with a violation of the production of neurotransmitters. This situation leads to the normal functioning of the transmission of nerve impulses. The systematic use of alcohol is detrimental to the human brain.

The constant exposure of the brain to alcohol makes it work harder, increasing the production of neurotransmitters. For example, if a lot of dopamine is produced, then a condition of severe hangover syndrome, coordination of movements is disturbed, a sleep disorder occurs, nervous tic and minor tremors of the limbs. All these violations subsequently lead to mental disorders... Across certain time human brain unable to work like that anymore. He is unable to withstand prolonged stress. Consequently, his normal activities are disrupted. And this already leads to more serious consequences when severe mental and physical disorders are observed in the activity of all organs and systems of the body. This is the stage of general personality degradation.

Tobacco smoking also causes colossal damage to the human nervous system. The greatest danger to the nervous system is nicotine. Nicotine disrupts the autonomic nervous system, in particular, its ability to coordinate and regulate the work of organs and muscles. With a violation of the normal functioning of the autonomic nervous system, various diseases in particular diseases of cardio-vascular system, digestive organs etc. Nicotine negatively affects the system of higher nervous activity... As a result, sleep disturbance, memory impairment, and neurasthenia appear (sometimes there may be epileptic seizures).

Many people find that the more cigarettes they smoke, the easier it will be for them to tolerate stressful situations... Actually, there is a different reaction. The result is increased fatigue, headaches and dizziness, irritability, sleep disturbances, tremors of the extremities. If you smoke a lot of cigarettes in a short period of time, you can get acute nicotine poisoning, and as a result, death.

All narcotic substances are detrimental to the brain, and, consequently, to the central nervous system. Certain drugs are disguised as some kind of neurotransmitter. It turns out that the neuron begins to respond to this false drug neurotransmitter. The most common fact can be cited when heroin and morphine are disguised as serotonin, after which a person gets an unforgettable sensation of pleasure. Unfortunately, there are still many such disastrous examples. Narcotic substances can increase or decrease the amount of neurotransmitters.

They can disrupt the movement of neurotransmitters to nerve endings. Drugs are able to synthesize neurotransmitters and block nerve endings, etc. Narcotic substances have a bad effect on the entire nervous system. Their use leads to mental disorders, violation of logic, depression, they cause hallucinations. It is noteworthy that similar symptoms are observed in drug addicts even if they have not yet taken a dose. Over time, the addict becomes aggressive, he becomes suspicious and constant feeling fear. And how drug addicts end their lives is probably known to everyone

The human nervous system - complex structure, ensuring the correct functioning of the whole organism. Its main function is to receive and process information from the outside world and from within the body, transmit information about the state of the body to the brain, coordinate voluntary body movements, regulate its involuntary functions - breathing, digestion, heartbeat, maintaining body temperature and others. Considering all this, one can imagine how strongly nicotine and smoking affect the human nervous system.

Anatomically, the human nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems - the CNS and PNS. The central nervous system is a tandem of the head and spinal cord... Nerve centers contained in cerebral hemispheres of the brain, constitute the intellectual basis of a person, provide his personality, consciousness, understanding. PNS provides a mutual connection of the central nervous system with all organs and systems of the body.

The involuntary functions of the body are controlled by the autonomic (autonomic) nervous system; its structures are located both in the central nervous system and in the PNS.

Nicotine and the nervous system

Nicotine is a neurotoxic poison that disrupts the harmonious flow of electrochemical processes in the nervous system and causes the death of neurons. When there is tobacco addiction the body gets used to nicotine.

Initially, nicotine has an exciting effect on the nervous system, but soon this effect is replaced by oppression due to vasoconstriction. In the process of smoking, nicotine becomes a kind of stimulant for the brain, accelerating the conduction of nerve impulses, but then the brain processes are greatly inhibited, the brain's need for rest is triggered. As you get used to it, the brain itself begins to demand a "dose", not wanting to work on its own, without doping. If it is impossible to smoke, a person has anxiety, severe irritability, lack of attentiveness and concentration.

People who smoke are more likely to overwork the nervous system and neurasthenia. A vicious circle is formed: the smoker who works hard begins to smoke more and more often to spur the body, and becomes even more overworked. Such people can observe a memory disorder, sleep disturbance, headache, frequent mood swings, decreased performance. Neuritis, sciatica, polyneuritis - these diseases of the PNS are also common among "hard-core" smokers.

Smoking has a detrimental effect on the autonomic nervous system, impairing performance internal organs- the activity of the cardiovascular system is upset, the functioning of the digestive system is disrupted.

The senses also receive their "portion" of the nicotine influence. With prolonged excessive smoking, disorders such as decreased visual acuity, hearing impairment, taste, and smell are possible.

However, according to recent research conducted in the United States, nicotine has been proven to stimulate cognitive performance. Also, do not confuse the harm of smoking, and the effect of pure nicotine.

The intellectual activity of a person suffers from the effects of nicotine, many without a cigarette become beyond the power of mental tasks, memory decreases, weakens logical thinking... Acting on the central nervous system as a drug, nicotine makes a person weak-willed, completely dependent on a bad habit.

How to protect the nervous system from the effects of nicotine

It is necessary to move a lot, muscle activity has a beneficial effect on both the functioning of the brain and the conduction in the nerve fibers, in addition, improved blood circulation will have a positive effect on the nervous system.

Intellectual activity involves all components of the nervous system, so do crossword puzzles, read more, compose handwritten texts.

Eat right so that your body gets all the minerals and trace elements it needs.

And, of course, quit smoking. Remember that the correct functioning of the body, and, accordingly, high-quality and full life are impossible in case of disruption of the nervous system.

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The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in human body... It has over a hundred billion nerves that communicate with trillions of synaptic connections.

The brain is divided into several parts:

Frontal. Responsible for problem solving, judgment and motor function.

Parietal. They control sensations, handwriting, and body position in space.

Temporal. Associated with memory, smell and hearing.

Occipital... Contain a visual information processing system.

The brain is surrounded by a layer of tissue called meninges... The skull box helps to protect its contents from damage.

The structure of a smoker's brain is no different from a similar human organ without bad habits. However, over time, the electrical activity of cells in the head of a smoker decreases. As a result, suffer intellectual abilities, memory deteriorates and the decision difficult tasks the smoker spends, on average, 20% more time than healthy person... However, the worst of possible consequences smoking is a stroke - acute violation cerebral circulation.

Is nicotine so dangerous for human health?

Smoking kills half of all smokers, plus 600,000 people a year due to secondhand smoke. This makes him the world's worst preventable assassin. According to the forecast of the World Health Organization (WHO), the death toll from this addiction will reach one billion people by the end of the century.

There is a strong belief that nicotine is to blame for all the troubles of smokers. Scientists have no doubt that this substance is addictive, but some believe that it daily dose can be as benign as the caffeine that many people get from their morning coffee. The debate about the benefits and harms of nicotine is exacerbated by the rise in popularity electronic cigarettes no tobacco. People use these devices to inhale nicotine fumes and quit smoking regular cigarettes.

Many psychologists and tobacco addiction experts argue that it is time to make a clear distinction between nicotine and smoking. The data shows that smoking is the killer, not nicotine. The smoke from cigarettes contains a large number of substances, forty of which are carcinogens and another 12 are co-carcinogens, that is, they contribute to the development of cancer.

Nicotine, like caffeine, may even have positive effect on the smoker's brain. It is a stimulant that raises your heart rate and speeds up the processing of sensory information, as well as relieves tension during stress.

A study published in the journal Brain and Cognition in 2000 found that "nicotine stimulation may hold promise for improving both the cognitive and motor aspects of patients with Parkinson's disease."

However, pure nicotine can lead to lethal outcome in sufficient quantities. There is some evidence that it can provoke negative changes in the development of the brain of adolescent smokers, especially in the part that is responsible for intelligence, language and memory. Therefore, it is unlikely that the idea of ​​a safe nicotine will gain widespread acceptance.

Decreased intelligence and stroke

Inverse relationships between intelligence (IQ) and stroke have been reported in several studies, although none of the researchers looked at fatal and non-fatal stroke separately.

After past illness right hemisphere a sick person's brain may have problems processing information (visual and verbal). There is also a decrease in cognitive skills (difficulty concentrating and short-term memory loss). However, some stroke survivors have found that their memory has improved over time.

Because of the damage to the left hemisphere of the brain, stroke survivors impair their ability to perceive what others are saying. Also, a violation of the formed speech often appears. This condition is called aphasia.

The effect of nicotine on blood vessels and the nervous system

Smoking cigarettes is the main reason cardiovascular disease and increases the risk of stroke by 2-4 times.

Smoking hurts blood vessels, and smokers are at risk of all diseases of the heart and blood vessels, including peripheral arterial disease, stroke, heart attack, abdominal aortic aneurysm and subsequent death. In a healthy blood vessel, the lining of the arteries, known as the endothelium, contracts and expands during blood flow. When nicotine is exposed to the vessels, the endothelium is damaged, which is why spasms often occur in the arteries and diffuse plaques appear, which reduce the ability of the arteries to stretch well.

This condition is known as atherosclerosis and is often referred to as "hardening of the arteries."

Atherosclerosis is a gradual process in which cholesterol and scar tissue are formed, forming a substance called plaque. The plaque clogs up the blood vessels and makes them less elastic. Smokers are at increased risk of peripheral arterial disease, which results in inadequate blood flow to the leg muscles. This causes pain, especially when walking. Insufficient blood flow can lead to limb amputation.

The systematic effect of nicotine on the blood vessels of the brain can lead to a stroke. Most often, a potentially fatal condition occurs due to a blood clot in a vessel that prevents the intake of oxygen from the blood, which leads to death of the affected parts of the brain. If you call Ambulance in time, within six hours of the onset of symptoms, the doctor may administer a drug that dissolves the clot.

The most common diseases of the cerebral vessels during smoking are:

Smoking and the nervous system

When a person smokes, he absorbs nicotine from the cigarette. In large doses, nicotine acts on the body as a deadly poison; in smaller ones - as a stimulant. When a person lights a cigarette, he inhales the smoke through his mouth and it enters the lungs. Tobacco smoke is made up of tar particles, and nicotine is attached to the tar. After the nicotine is in the lungs, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the brain. Then he begins to influence the nervous system. Depending on a person's mood, the effects of smoking can be relaxing or stimulating, but the neurological responses are the same.

When nicotine reaches a person's nervous system, it stimulates and encourages them to become more sensitive. This leads to an increase blood pressure and heart rate, breathing becomes faster, and when nicotine is exposed to the vessels, they narrow. These are all short-term consequences, but they are what most people notice.

As for the long-term consequences, they are quite dangerous. The nervous system can be damaged when long-term exposure nicotine, which makes a person more susceptible to diseases such as muscular sclerosis. If the person already has a mental disorder, smoking can make the illness worse.