The smallest things in the world. Just about the complex: the mystery of the small particle in the universe, or how to catch neutrinos

What do we know about particles less atom? And what is the smallest particle in the universe?

The world around us ...Which of us did not admire his charming beauty? His bottomless night sky, waspiled by billions of flickering mysterious stars and the warmth of his tender sunlight. Emerald fields and forests, stormy rivers and unbarrous marine expanses. Sparkling vertices of majestic mountains and juicy alpine meadows. Morning dew and nightingale trill at dawn. Fragrant rose and quiet murmur of the stream. Flaming sunset and affectionate rustling of birch grove ...

Is it possible to come up with something more beautiful than the world around us?! Stronger and impressive? And, at the same time, more fragile and gentle? All this is the world where we breathe, we love, rejoice, eat, suffer and sad ... All this is our world. The world in which we live, which we feel, who see and which we are somehow understandable.

However, it is much more diverse and complicated than it may seem at first glance. We know that the juicy meadows would not appear without the fantastic riot of an endless dance of flexible green blades, lush trees, dressed in an emerald apparel - without a great set of leaves on their branches, and golden beaches - without numerous sparkling gravestone, crisp under bare feet in the beams of summer affectionate sun. Large always consists of small. Small - from even smaller. And this sequence, probably there is no limit.

Therefore, blasting and sandstones, in turn, consist of molecules that are formed from atoms. Atoms, as are known, in their composition elementary particles - electrons, protons and neutrons. But they are considered not the ultimate instance. Modern science claims that protons and neutrons, for example, consist of hypothetical energy bunches - quarks. There is an assumption that there is an even smaller particle - a preion, while the invisible, unknown, but alleged one.

The world of molecules, atoms, electrons, protons, neutrons, photons, etc. Call called microworld. It is the basis macromir - the world of man and commensurate with him values \u200b\u200bon our planet and megamira - World of stars, galaxies, universe and space. All these worlds are interconnected and do not exist alone without the other.

We have already met megaMir in our first expedition report. "Breathing of the universe. Journey first " And we already have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe distant galaxies and the universe. In that unsafe journey, we discovered the world of dark matter and dark energy for themselves, learned the depths of black holes, reached the vertices of sparkling quasars and a large explosion and no less large compression were avoided. The universe appeared in front of us in all its glory and greatness. During our journey, we realized that the stars and galaxies did not appear by themselves, but were painstakingly, for billions of years, are formed from particles and atoms.

It is the particles and atoms constitute the whole world around us. It is they who in their innumerable and diverse combination can appear in front of us in the image of an excellent Dutch rose, then in the form of a harsh jet of Tibetan rocks. All that we see consists of these mysterious representatives of the mysterious microworous. Why "mysterious" and why "mysterious"? Because humanity, unfortunately, is still very little and very little about this world and about his representatives.

Modern science on the microme is impossible to imagine without mentioning the electron, proton or neutron. In any reference material in physics or chemistry, we will find their mass with an accuracy of the ninth sign after the comma, their electric charge, lifetime, etc. For example, in accordance with these reference books, an electron has a mass of 9,10938291 (40) x 10 -31 kg, an electric charge - minus 1,602176565 (35) x 10 -19 CL, lifetime - infinity or at least 4.6 x 10 26 years old (Wikipedia).

The accuracy of determining the electron parameters is impressive, and pride in the scientific achievements of civilization overwhelms our hearts! True, at the same time they grant some doubts, which they do not quite work at all. To determine the mass of an electron equal to one billion - a billion - a billion part of a kilogram, and even weighing it up to the ninth sign after the semicolon - the matter, I guess, not at all, as well as to measure the lifetime of the electron in 4,600,000,000,000,000,000,000 000 years old.

Moreover, no one has ever seen this electron itself. The most modern microscopes allow you to see only an electron cloud around the atomucleation of the atom, in which it moves with a huge speed, as scientists believes, electron (Fig. 1). We still do not definitely do not know the size of the electron, nor its shape nor the speed of its rotation. Really, about the electron, as, however, about the proton, and about the neutron, we know extremely few. We can only assume and guess. Unfortunately, today it is all our opportunities.

Fig. 1. Photography of electronic clouds obtained by physicists of the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology in September 2009

But an electron or proton is the smallest elementary particles from which an atom consists of any substance. And if our technical means of studying the micromyr do not allow to see particles and atoms, maybe start with something b about more and more feebled? For example, with a molecule! It consists of atoms. The molecule is a larger and understandable object, which is probably more deeply studied.

Unfortunately, it is forced to disappoint you again. Molecules are understandable to us only on paper in the form of abstract formulas and drawings of their intended structure. To obtain a clear image of a molecule with pronounced connections between atoms, we still cannot.

In August 2009, using atomic power microscopy technology, European researchers first managed to obtain an image of the structure of a sufficiently large pentazen molecule (from 22 H 14). The most modern technology made it possible to see only five rings that determine the structure of this hydrocarbon, as well as the stains of individual carbon and hydrogen atoms (Fig. 2). And this is still all that we are capable ...

Fig. 2. Structural representation of the pentazen molecule (at the top)

and her photo (below)

On the one hand, the received photos suggest that the path elected by scientists describing the composition and structure of molecules is no longer doubtted, but on the other hand, we can only guess that

how, after all, there is a compound of atoms in the molecule, and the elementary particles in the atom? Why are these atomic and molecular connections are stable? How do they form, what are they supported by their strength? What does the electron, proton or neutron look like? What is their structure? What is an atomic core? How is the proton and neutron get along in one space and why electron is rejected from it?

There are a lot of questions of this kind. Replies too. True, many answers are based only on assumptions that give rise to new questions.

My first attempts to penetrate the mystery of the microworld came across a sufficiently superficial representation of the modern science of many fundamental knowledge about the device of micromir objects, the principles of their functioning, the systems of their relationships and relationships. It turned out that humanity still does not clearly represent how the core of the atom and particles are arranged - electrons, protons and neutrons are arranged. We have only general ideas that in reality occurs in the process of dividing the atomic nucleus, which events can occur with a long flow of this process.

The study of nuclear reactions was limited to the observation of processes and a statement of certain causal relations derived experimentally. Researchers learned to define only behaviorthese or other particles at a particular effect. That's all! Without an understanding of their structure, without disclosing the mechanisms of interaction! Only behavior! Based on this behavior, the dependences of certain parameters were determined and, for considerable importance, these experimental data were enjoyed to multi-storey mathematical formulas. That's the whole theory!

Unfortunately, it turned out to be sufficient to brave the construction of nuclear power plants, various accelerators, colliders and the creation of nuclear bombs. Having obtained primary knowledge of nuclear processes, humanity immediately joined the unprecedented race for the possession of the powerful suspended energy.

As a yeast grew the number of countries in service with nuclear potential. Nuclear rockets in a huge amount threatenly glanced toward the unfriendly neighbors. Nuclear power plants began to appear, continuously generating cheap electrical energy. Huge tools went on nuclear development of all new and new designs. Science, trying to look inside the atomic nucleus, the super-modern particle accelerators prevail.

However, it did not affect the structure of the atom and its kernel. Interesting all new and new particles and pursuit of Nobel Regalia pushed a deep study of the structure of the nucleus of the atom and particles in it.

But the superficial knowledge of nuclear processes immediately appeared negatively during the operation of atomic reactors and provoked in a number of situations the occurrence of spontaneous nuclear chain reactions.

This list presents the dates and places of the occurrence of spontaneous nuclear reactions:

08.21.1945. USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory.

05/21/1946. USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory.

03/15/1953. USSR, Chelyabinsk-65, by "Lighthouse".

04/21/1953. USSR, Chelyabinsk-65, by "Lighthouse".

06/16/1958. USA, OK-RJ, Radiochemical plant Y-12.

15.10.1958. Yugoslavia, Institute B. Kidrich.

12/30/1958. USA, Los Alamos National Laboratory.

01/03/1963. USSR, Tomsk-7, Siberian Chemical Combine.

07/23/1964. USA, Woodry Ver, Radiochemical Plant.

12/30/1965. Belgium, they say.

03/05/1968. USSR, Chelyabinsk-70, VNIITF.

12/10/1968. USSR, Chelyabinsk-65, by "Lighthouse".

05/26/1971. USSR, Moscow, Atomic Energy Institute.

12/13/1978. USSR, Tomsk-7, Siberian Chemical Combine.

09/23/1983. Argentina, RA-2 reactor.

05/15/1997. Russia, Novosibirsk, Chemical concentrate plant.

06/17/1997. Russia, Sarov, VNIIEF.

09/30/1999. Japan, Tokaimura, plant for the production of nuclear fuel.

It is necessary to add numerous accidents with air and underwater carriers of nuclear weapons to this list, incidents at nuclear-fuel cycle enterprises, emergency situations at nuclear power plants, emergencies in testing nuclear and thermonuclear bombs. In our memory will forever the tragedy of Chernobyl and Fukushima will remain. For these catastrophes and emergencies, thousands of dead people. And it makes it very seriously thinking.

One thought, about working nuclear power plants, which may be in a moment to turn the whole world into a solid radioactive zone, leads to horror. Unfortunately, these concerns are quite substantiated. First of all, the fact that the creators of atomic reactors in their work used not fundamental knowledge, but a statement of certain mathematical dependencies and behavior of particles, on the basis of which a dangerous nuclear construction was built. For scientists, so far, nuclear reactions are a kind of "black box", which works, subject to certain actions and requirements.

However, if something begins to happen in this "box" and this "something" is not described by the instruction and goes beyond the knowledge of the knowledge gained, then we can not oppose the popular nuclear elements from our own heroism and non-indental labor. Mass people are forced to simply humbly expect an impending danger, prepare for terrible and incomprehensible consequences, moving into a safe, in their opinion, distance. Atom's specialists in most cases are shrugged, praying and waiting for help from higher strength.

Japanese atomicists armed in the most modern technology, still can not curb long-term nuclear power plants in Fukushima. They can only state that on October 18, 2013, the level of radiation in groundwater exceeded the norm by more than 2500 times. After a day, the level of radioactive substances in water increased almost 12,000 times! Why?! Neither answer this question nor stop these processes Japanese experts can not yet.

The risk of creating an atomic bomb still somehow was justified. The intense military-political situation on the planet demanded from the opposing countries of unprecedented protection measures and attacks. Submitting the situation, the athlette researchers walked into risks, not attacked in the subtleties of the structure and functioning of elementary particles and atomic nuclei.

However, in peacetime, the construction of nuclear power plants and colliders of all types should begin only under the condition, what science completely figured out with the structure of the nucleus of the atom, and with an electron, and with a neutron, and with a proton, and with their relationships.Moreover, the nuclear reaction should be strictly controlled. But it is real and effectively managed by only the fact that you thoroughly know. Especially if it concerns the most powerful energy to date, which is not easy to curb. This, of course, does not happen. Not only in the construction of nuclear power plants.

Currently, 6 different colliders are operating in Russia, China, USA and Europe - powerful accelerators of counter flows of particles that accelerate them to a huge speed, giving particles high kinetic energy so that, then, to push them with each other. The purpose of the collision is to study the products of the collision of particles in the hope that in the process of their decay it will be possible to see something new and still unexplored.

It is clear that researchers are very interesting to see, and what will happen from all this. Particle collision speeds and the level of appropriation of scientific developments are growing, but knowledge of the structure of what has been facing long-to-years remains at the same level. The reasonable forecasts of the results of the planned research still do not have, and may not be. Not by chance. We perfectly understand that it is possible to scientifically predict only under the condition of accurate and proven knowledge of at least the details of the projected process. There are no such knowledge of the elementary particles of modern science yet. In this case, it can be assumed that the main principle of existing research methods is the position: "Let's try to do - let's see what happens." Unfortunately.

Therefore, it is quite natural that today more and more often are discussed issues related to the danger of experiments. The point is not even able to occur during the experiments of microscopic black holes, which, raging, can absorb our planet. I do not really believe in this possibility, in any case at today's level and the stage of its intellectual development.

But there is a more serious and more real danger. For example, in a large hadron collider, protons or lead ions collide occurs in various configurations. It would seem that some threat can come from a microscopic particle, and even under the ground, in a tunnel, chained into a powerful metal and concrete protection? A particle mass in 1,672,621,777 (74) x 10 -27 kg and a solid multiple more than a 26 kilometer tunnel in the thickness of heavy soil - the category is clearly incomparable.

However, the threat exists. When conducting experiments, the uncontrollable release of a huge amount of energy, which will appear not only as a result of the breaking of internal forces, but also the energy being inside the protons or lead ions. The nuclear explosion of a modern ballistic missile based on the release of internal energy of the atom will seem not worse than the New Year flap, compared with the most powerful energy that can be released during the destruction of elementary particles. We can completely unexpectedly release a fabulous gin from the bottle. But not the goodness of the goodness and the master on all the hands, which only listens and obeys, and uncontrollable, omnipotent and ruthless monster, not knowing mercy and mercy. And it will not be fabulous, but quite real.

But the worst thing as in a nuclear bomb, a chain reaction can begin in collider, freeing all new and new energy portions and destroying all other elementary particles. At the same time, it doesn't matter that the metal structures of the tunnel, concrete walls or rocks will be consisting of the metal structures. Energy will be released everywhere, breaking everything that is connected not only with our civilization, and with the whole planet. On a moment, only pathetic shapeless fluffs, flying through the great and immense expanses of the universe, can remain from our cute blue beauty.

This is definitely terrible, but quite a real scenario and very many Europeans today are well understood and actively oppose the hazardous unpredictable experiments, demanding the security of the planet and civilization. These speeches are becoming more and more organized and increase the internal concern to the current situation.

I am not against experiments, as I understand perfectly that the path to new knowledge is always a thorny and difficult. Without experiments, it is almost impossible to overcome it. However, I am deeply convinced that each experiment should be carried out only when it is safe for people and the surrounding world. Today we have no confidence in such safety. No, because there is no knowledge of those particles with which we are already experimenting today.

The situation turned out to be much alarming than me before. I am not a joke of concerned, I dreamed of a world of knowledge about the microworld. I confess that I did not give much pleasure, since in the developed microworous theories it was difficult to catch a clear relationship between the natural phenomena and the findings on which some scientists were based, applying the theoretical provisions of quantum physics, quantum mechanics and the theory of elementary particles as an apparatus.

What was my amazement, when I suddenly found that knowledge about the microme is based more on assumptions that are not under great logical justifications. Futing, mathematical models of certain conventions in the form of a constant plank with a constant exceeding thirty zeros after a semicolon, various prohibitions and postulates, theorists, however, in sufficient detail and accurately butdoes practical situations responsible for the question: "What happens if ...?". However, the main question is: "Why does this happen?" Unfortunately, it remained unanswered.

It seemed to me that I would seek the Bessench Universe and her so distant galaxies, spreading on a fantastically enormous distance, the case is much more complicated than finding the path of knowledge to the fact that, in fact, "lies under our feet." Based on the foundation of its secondary and higher education, I sincerely believed that our civilization no longer arises any questions about the structure of the atom and its nucleus, or the elementary particles and their structure, or the forces holding the electron in orbit and maintain the steady connection of protons and neutrons in the kernel of the atom.

Up to this point, I did not have to study the foundations of quantum physics, but I was sure and naively assumed that this new physicist is what, indeed, will bring us out of the darkness of the microworous misunderstanding.

But, to my deep chagrin, I was mistaken. Modern quantum physics, physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles, and the whole microme physics, in my opinion, turned out to be not just in a deplorable state. They were stuck in an intelligent deadlock for a long time, which could not allow them to develop and improve, moving towards the knowledge of the atom and elementary particles.

Researchers of the microworld, rigidly limited by the established unshakable opinions of the great theorists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, have not been met for more than a hundred years. My so critical look at the modern situation around the study of the microworld is far from unique. Many progressive researchers and theorists have repeatedly expressed their point of view about the problems arising during the knowledge of the theory of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles, quantum physics and quantum mechanics.

An analysis of modern theoretical quantum physics makes it possible to draw a certain conclusion that the essence of the theory is the mathematical representation of some averaged values \u200b\u200bof particles and atoms based on indicators of certain mechanistic statistics. The main in theory is not the study of elementary particles, their structure, their bonds and interactions in the manifestation of certain natural phenomena, but simplified probabilistic mathematical models based on dependencies obtained during experiments.

Unfortunately, here, as well as in the development of the theory of relativity, the bred mathematical dependences were put on the first place, which were eclipsed by the nature of phenomena, their relationship and causes of occurrence.

The study of the structure of elementary particles was limited to the assumption of the presence of three hypothetical quarks in protons and neutrons, whose varieties were varieties, as theoretical assumption, they changed from two, then three, four, six, twelve ... Science was simply adjusted to the results of experiments, forced to coming up with new elements whose existence was forced Until now, not proven. Here we can hear about so far so not found over the transions and gravitons. It is confident that the number of hypothetical particles will grow further, as the micrometer science will continue to go deeper into a dead end.

The lack of an understanding of the physical processes occurring inside the elementary particles and nuclei of atoms, the mechanism of interaction of systems and the elements of the microworld, removed on the arena of modern science hypothetical elements - interaction porters - the type of calibration and vector bosons, gluons, virtual photons. It was they who headed the list of entities responsible for the interaction of alone particles with others. And it does not matter that even their indirect signs are not found. It is important that at least somehow can be entrusted with the responsibility for the fact that the nucleus of the atom does not fall apart into the components that the moon does not fall on earth that electrons are still rotating in their orbit, and the magnetic field of the planet still protects us from cosmic influence .

From all this became sad, since, the more I deepened in the theory of the microman, the more an understanding of the dead-end development of the most important component of the theory of the device of the world grew. The position of today's science about the microworld is not accidental, but naturally. The fact is that the foundations of quantum physics were laureates of the Nobel Prizes Max Plak, Albert Einstein, Niels Bow, Erwin Schrödinger, Wolfgang Pauli and the Dirac field at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Physician scientists at that time had only the results of some initial experiments aimed at studying atoms and elementary particles. However, it must be recognized that these studies were carried out at the appropriate time, imperfect equipment, and the experimental database was just beginning to fill.

Therefore, it is not surprising that classical physics could not always answer numerous questions that arose during the microme research. Therefore, at the beginning of the twentieth century, in the scientific world, they spoke about the crisis of physics and the need for revolutionary transformations in the micrometer research system. This provision, definitely, pushed progressive theoretical scientists to search for new paths and new methods of cognition of the micromyr.

The problem should be given properly, it was still not in the obsolete provisions of classical physics, but in a not enough developed technical base, which at a time that it was understandable, could not provide the necessary research results and give food for deeper theoretical developments. The gap needed to fill. And it was filled. A new theory - quantum physics, based primarily on probabilistic mathematical ideas. There was nothing wrong with that, except that, while, forgotten philosophy and broke away from the real world.

Classical ideas about the atom, electron, proton, neutron, etc. They were replaced by their probabilistic models that responded to a certain level of development of science and even allowed to solve very complex applied engineering tasks. The absence of the necessary technical base and some successes in the theoretical and experimental representation of the elements and micromyr systems have created conditions for a certain cooling of the scientific world to the deep study of the structure of elementary particles, atoms, and their nuclei. Moreover, the crisis of the physics of the microworld, it seemed to be repaid, the revolution occurred. The scientific community was appreciated by the study of quantum physics, not bothering to figure out the basics of elementary and fundamental particles.

This situation of modern science about the micrometer, naturally, could not not be excluded me, and I immediately began to prepare for a new expedition, to a new journey. To traveling to the microworld. We have already committed such a trip. It was the first journey to the world of galaxies, stars and quasars, into the world of dark matter and dark energy, into the world where our universe is born and lives a full-fledged life. In his report "Breathing of the Universe. Journey first"We tried to deal with the device of the Universe and with the processes that occur in it.

Understanding that the second trip will also be not easy and will require a billion trillion times to reduce the scale of the space in which it will have to study the world around, I began to prepare for penetration not only in the structure of an atom or molecule, but also in the depth of the electron and proton, neutron and Photon, and in volumes in millions of times less than the volume of these particles. This required special preparation, new knowledge and perfect equipment.

The coming journey assumed the start from the very beginning of the creation of our world, and this beginning was the most dangerous and most unpredictable outcome. But from our expedition depended whether we would find a way out of the current situation in the micrometer science or remain balanced on the shaky rope bridge of modern nuclear power, every second deadliness of the life and the existence of civilization on the planet.

The thing is that for the knowledge of the initial results of our studies, it was necessary to get to the Black Hole of the Universe and, who neglected the feeling of self-preservation, rush into the burning Hell of the Universal Tunnel. Only there, under conditions of ultrahigh temperatures and fantastic pressure, carefully moving in rapidly rotating streams of material particles, we could see how annihilation of particles and anti-particles occurs and how the great and mighty airlock is being reborn - ether, understand all the processes occurring, including the formation of particles , atoms and molecules.

Believe me, there are not so many brave people who can decide on it. Moreover, the result is not guaranteed by anyone and no one is ready to take responsibility for the prosperous outcome of this journey. During the existence of civilization, no one visited in the black hole of the galaxy, and here - UNIVERSE! Here everything is an adult, grand and cosmically large. Not joking here. Here, in an instant, they can turn the human body into microscopic chipped energy clot or dispel it on endless cold spaces of space without the right to restore and reunification. This is the Universe! Huge and greatest, cold and hot, beless and mysterious ...

Therefore, inviting everyone to join our expedition, is forced to warn that if someone has doubts, it is not too late to refuse. Any causes are accepted. We are fully aware of the amount of danger, but ready to be masculously to resist her by anything! We are preparing for immersion in the depths of the universe.

It is clear that to protect and stay alive, plunging into the hot, filled with powerful explosions and nuclear reactions, the universal tunnel, the case is far from simple, and our equipment must comply with the conditions in which we will have to work. Therefore, it is imperative to prepare the best equipment and carefully to detail to consider equipment for all participants in this dangerous expedition.

First of all, on the second journey we will take what allowed us to overcome a very difficult way to the universes of the Universe, when we worked on a report on our expedition "Breathing of the Universe. Journey first. " Of course, it is laws of the world. Without their use, our first journey could hardly end successfully. It was the laws that allowed to find the right path among the journey of incomprehensible phenomena and the dubious findings of researchers by their explanation.

If you remember, the law of equilibrium of opposites, predetermining that in the world any manifestation of reality, any system has its opposite essence and is or seeking to be with her in equilibrium, allowed us to understand and accept the presence in the world around us other than the usual energy and dark energy, and also besides ordinary matter - dark matter. The law of equilibrium of the opposites made it possible to assume that the world not only consists of ether, but the ether consists of two types of its species - positive and negative.

The law of universal interconnectionimplying a steady, repeating link between all objects, processes and systems in the universe, regardless of their scale, and law of hierarchyordering the levels of any system in the universe from the lowest to the highest, allowed to build a logical "stairs of creatures" from ether, particles, atoms, substances, stars and galaxies to the universe. And then, to find ways to convert the incredibly huge number of galaxies, stars, planets and other material objects, first in particles, and, then, in the flocks of hot ether.

Confirmation of these views we found in action development Lawdetermining the evolutionary movement in all spheres of the world around us. Through the analysis of the action of these laws, we reached the form and understanding of the structure of the Universe, we knew the evolution of galaxies, saw mechanisms for the formation of particles and atoms, stars and planets. It became completely clear to us how large is formed large, and from the big one - small.

Only understanding law continuity lawIntroducing the objective need for a constant movement process in space for all of the subjects and systems without exception, allowed us to reach the awareness of the rotation of the nucleus of the universe and galaxies around the universal tunnel.

The laws of the world of the world appeared a kind of map of our trip, which helped us to move along the route and overcome the most complex areas and obstacles found on the way to the knowledge of the world. Therefore, the laws of the world and in this journey to the depths of the universe will be the most important attribute of our equipment.

The second important condition for the success of penetration into the depths of the Universe will definitely be results of experiments scientists that they spent over more than a hundred years and all knowledge of knowledge and information about phenomena microworldaccumulated by modern science. During the first trip, we were convinced that many of nature phenomena can be interpreted differently and make completely opposite conclusions.

Incorrect conclusions, supported by bulky mathematical formulas, as a rule, create science in a dead end and do not provide the necessary development. They laid the foundation for further erroneous reflections, which, in turn, form the theoretical provisions of the erroneous theories developed. This is not formulas. Formulas can be absolutely correct. But the decisions of researchers about how and what paths to advance may not be quite faithful.

The situation can be compared with the desire to get from Paris to the airport named after S. de Gaulle on two roads. The first is the shortest on which you can spend no more than half an hour, using only a car, and the second is the opposite, around the world by car, ship, special technique, boats, dog sledding throughout France, Atlantic, South America, Antarctica, Pacific Ocean, The Arctic and Finally, through the north-east of France directly to the airport. And the one, and the other road will lead us from one point in the same place. But for what time and with what efforts? Yes, and observe accuracy and go to the destination in the process of a long and difficult path, very, problematic. Therefore, not only the movement process is important, but also the choice of the right path.

In our journey, we just like in the first expedition we will try to look somewhat about the conclusions about the microworld, which have already been made and adopted by the whole scientific world. First of all, with regard to knowledge obtained as a result of the study of elementary particles, nuclear reactions and existing interactions. It is possible that as a result of our immersion in the depths of the universe, the electron will appear in front of us not a structureless particle, but a certain more complex micromyr object, and the atomic core will reveal its diverse structure living with its unusual and active life.

Do not forget to take with you and logic. She allowed us to find a way in the most difficult places of our past journey. Logics There was a kind of compass, indicating the direction of the right path on the journey through the universe. It is clear that now we can not do without it.

However, one logic will be clearly not enough. In this expedition, we can not do without intuition. Intuitionlet us find something that we cannot even guess what we can even guess, and where no one was looking for anything before us. It was the intuition that our wonderful assistant, whose voice we will carefully listen. Intuition will make us move, not looking at rain and cold, snow and frost, without solid hope and clear information, but it is she who will achieve the goal, contrary to all the rules and instructions to which all humanity has already been accustomed from school.

Finally, we can not move anywhere without our unagreable imagination. Imagination- This is the instrument you need, which will allow without the most modern microscopes to see that much less than the smallest particles already found or only alleged researchers. Imagination will demonstrate to us all the processes occurring in a black hole and in the Ecumenical Tunnel will provide mechanisms for the occurrence of gravitational forces in the formation of particles and atoms, will conduct an atom kernel on the nucleus gallery and will give the opportunity to make a fascinating flight on a light rotating electron around a solid, but driving company protons and neutrons In the nuclear core.

Unfortunately, at this journey to the depths of the universe, we can not take anything else - there are few places and have to limit yourself even in the very necessary. But it can not stop us! The goal is clear to us! The depths of the universe are waiting for us!

They appear in different forms and sizes, some come in destructive duets, that is, as a result, destroy each other, and some have incredible names, such as "neutralino". Here is a list of the smallest particles that are affected by the physicists themselves.

Particle of God

Boson Higgs is a particle that is so important for science that she received the nickname of the "part of God". It is she who believed scientists, gives a lot of all other particles. For the first time they spoke about it in 1964, when physicists wondered how some of the particles had a large mass than others. Higgs Boson is associated with Higgs field, a kind of grid that fills himself with the Universe. The field and boson are considered responsible for obtaining other particles of the mass. Many scientists believe that it is the Higgs mechanism that contains the missing pieces of mosaics in order to fully understand the standard model, which describes all known particles, but the connection between them has not yet been proven.

Quark

Quarks are delightfully called protons and neutron blocks that are never alone and always exist only in groups. Judging about everything, the force that binds quarks together is increasing with the growth of the distance, that is, the stronger someone will try to remove one of the quarks from the group, the stronger it will attract back. Thus, free quarks simply do not exist in nature. There are all six types of quarks, and, for example, protons and neutrons consist of several quarks. In the proton there are three - two identical species, and one - the other, and in the neutron - only two, both different views.

SuperPartner

These particles belong to the theory of supersymmetry, which suggests that for each famous particle person there is another such particle, which has not yet been discovered. For example, an electron superplantner is a selector, a superparter quark - a dvrkener, and the photon superpartner is Fotino. Why are these superchasts are not observed in the universe now? Scientists believe that they are much harder than their partners, and a lot of weight reduces the service life. These particles begin to collapse as soon as they appear on the light. Creating a particle requires a huge amount of energy, such as this that was produced by a large explosion. Perhaps scientists will find a way to reproduce superchasts, for example, in a large hadron collider. As for larger and weight of superpartners, scientists believe that symmetry was broken in the hidden sector of the universe, which cannot be visible or found.

Neutrino

These are lightweight subatomic particles that move at a speed close to the speed of light. In fact, trillions of neutrino move through your body into each separate point of time, but at the same time they almost never interact with ordinary matter. Some neutrinos come from the Sun, others from cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere.

Antimatium

All conventional particles have a partner in antimatter, identical particles with the opposite charge. When matteria and antimatter are found with each other, they are mutually connected. For the proton, such a particle is antiproton, but for an electron - a positron.

Gravitons

In quantum mechanics, all fundamental forces are carried out by particles. For example, light consists of particles with a zero mass, called photons, they carry electromagnetic power. Similarly, gravitons are theoretical particles that carry gravity. Scientists are still trying to find gravitons, but it is very difficult to do so, since these particles interact very poorly with matter. However, scientists do not leave attempts, as they hope that they still have to catch gravitons to study them in more detail - this can be a real breakthrough in quantum mechanics, since many such particles have already been studied, but Graviton remains solely theoretical. As you can see, physics can be much more interesting and exciting than you can imagine. The whole world is filled with a variety of particles, each of which is a huge field for research and study, as well as a huge database of knowledge about everything that surrounds man. And it is only worth thinking about how much particles are already open - and how many people have to be revealed.

In physics, elementary particles were called physical objects across the nucleus of an atom that cannot be divided into components. However, for today, scientists still managed to split some of them. The structure and properties of these smallest objects studies the physics of elementary particles.

On the smallest particles that make up all the matter, it was known in antiquity. However, the founders of the so-called "atomism" it is customary to consider the philosopher of ancient Greece of Levkippa and his more famous student - Democritus. It is assumed that the second and introduced the term "atom". From ancient Greek "Atomos" translates as "indivisible", which determines the views of the ancient philosophers.

Later it became known that the atom can still be divided into two physical objects - the core and electron. The last subsequently became the first elementary particle, when, in 1897, the Englishman Joseph Thomson conducted an experiment with cathode rays and revealed that they are a flow of identical particles with the same mass and charge.

In parallel with Thomson works, engaged in the study of X-ray radiation, Henri Becquer conducts experiments with uranium and opens a new type of radiation. In 1898, the French couple of physicists - Maria and Pierre Curie study various radioactive substances, discovering the same radioactive radiation. Later it will be established that it consists of alpha (2 proton and 2 neutrons) and beta particles (electrons), and Becquer and Curie will receive the Nobel Prize. Conducting its studies with such elements as uranium, radium and polonium, Maria Sklodovskaya-Curie did not make any security measures, including even the gloves did not use. As a result, in 1934 she was overtook leukemia. In memory of the achievements of the Great Scientist, Open Pair Curie Element, Polonius, was named after Mary's Motherland - Polonia, from Latin - Poland.

Photo from the V Solveyevsky Congress 1927. Try finding all scientists from this article in this photo.

Starting from 1905, Albert Einstein devotes his publications to the imperfection of the wave theory of light, which was discussed with the results of experiments. What subsequently led outstanding physics to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "light quanta" - a portion of light. Later, in 1926, he was named as "Photon", translated from the Greek "Phos" ("Light"), the American physiochemist - Gilbert N. Lewis.

In 1913, Ernest Rutherford, the British physicist, based on the results of the experiments already spent at that time, noted that the masses of the nuclei of many chemical elements are multiple the mass of the hydrogen kernel. Therefore, he suggested that the core of hydrogen is the component of the nuclei of other elements. In its experiment, Rutherford irradiated alpha particles of a nitrogen atom, which as a result emitted a certain particle called Ernest as a "proton", with Dr. Greek "Protoz" (first, primary). Later it was experimentally confirmed that the proton is a hydrogen core.

Obviously, the proton, not the only component of the cores of chemical elements. To such a thought, the fact that two protons in the core would be repelled, and the atom instantly disintegone. Therefore, Rutherford put forward a hypothesis about the presence of another particle, which has a mass equal to the mass of the proton, but is uncharged. Some experiments of scientists on the interaction of radioactive and lighter elements led them to the opening of another new radiation. In 1932, James Chadwick determined that it consists of those most neutral particles that called neutrons.

Thus, the most famous particles were opened: photon, electron, proton and neutron.

Next, the opening of new subnuclear facilities became an increasingly frequent event, and at the moment there are about 350 particles that are considered "elementary". Those of them, which still failed to split, are considered structureless and are called "fundamental."

What is spin?

Before moving to further innovation in the field of physics, it should be declared the characteristics of all particles. To the most famous, not counting the mass and electric charge, also refers to the spin. This value is called differently as the "own moment of the impulse" and in no way associated with the movement of the sub-sized object as a whole. Scientists managed to detect particles with spin 0, ½, 1, 3/2 and 2. To imagine, although simplified, spin, as an object property, consider the following example.

Suppose that the subject has a spin equal to 1. Then such an object when turning 360 degrees will return to its original position. On the plane, this object may be a pencil, which, after a turn of 360 degrees, will be in the initial position. In the case of zero spin, with any rotation of the object, it will always look equally equally, for example, one-color ball.

For the spin ½, it will take an object that retains its view when turning 180 degrees. They may have the same pencil, only symmetrically ended on both sides. The spin is equal to 2 will require the preservation of the shape when it turns 720 degrees, and 3/2 - 540.

This characteristic is very important for the physics of elementary particles.

Standard particle and interactions model

Having an impressive set of micro-lectures that make up the world, scientists decided to structure them, so formed by all theoretical design called the "Standard Model". It describes three interactions and 61 particles with 17 fundamental, some of which were predicted by it long before the discovery.

Three interactions are as follows:

• Electromagnetic. It takes place between electrically charged particles. In a simple case, known from the school, the variemlessly charged objects are attracted, and the same name is repelled. This happens by means of the so-called carrier of electromagnetic interaction - a photon.
• Strong, otherwise nuclear interaction. As clearly from the name, its action applies to the objects of the order of the atom nucleus, it is responsible for attracting protons, neutrons and other particles, also consisting of quarks. Strong interaction is transferred with gluons.
• Low. Acts at distances in a thousand smaller kernel size. Such interaction takes the participation of leptons and quarks, as well as their antiparticles. At the same time, in the case of weak interaction, they can reincarnate each other. The carriers are the bosons W +, W- and Z0.

So the standard model was formed as follows. It includes six quarks from which all hadrons consist (particles exposed to strong interaction):

• Upper (U);
• Enchanted (C);
• True (T);
• Lower (D);
• Strange (s);
• Adorable (B).

It can be seen that the epithets do not occupy physicists. Other 6 particles - leptons. These are fundamental particles with spin ½, which do not participate in strong interaction.

• Electron;
• Electronic neutrino;
• Muon;
• Muon neutrino;
• Tau-lepton;
• Tau-neutrino.

And the third group of the standard model is the calibration bosines that have a spin equal to 1 and are reinforced by interactions:

• Gluoon - strong;
• Photon - electromagnetic;
• Z-boson is weak;
• W-boson is weak.

These also applies to the recently discovered, particle with spin 0, which, simplistic speaking, gives all other subnuclear objects inert.

As a result, according to the standard model, our world looks in this way: all substance consists of 6 quarks forming hadrons, and 6 leptons; All these particles can participate in three interactions whose carriers are calibration bosons.

Disadvantages of the standard model

However, even before the opening of the Higgs boson - the last particle predicted by the standard model, scientists went beyond its limits. There is a striking example of so-called. "Gravitational interaction", which today is on a par with others. Presumably, its carrier is a particle with back 2, which has not masses, and which physicists have not yet been detected - "Graviton".

Moreover, the standard model describes 61 particles, and today more than 350 particles are already known to humanity. This means that the theoretical physicists are not over the achieved work.

Classification of particles

To simplify life, physics grouped all particles depending on the characteristics of their structure and other characteristics. Classification happens on the following features:

• Lifetime.
  1. Stable. Among them, proton and antiproton, electron and positron, photon, and graviton. The existence of stable particles is not limited to time, as long as they are in a free state, i.e. Do not interact with anything.
  2. Unstable. All other particles after a while decay on their components, because they are called unstable. For example, Muon lives only 2.2 microseconds, and the proton is 2.9 10 * 29 years, after which it can break free on the positron and neutral peony.
• Weight.
  1. Mixless elementary particles that are only three: photon, gluon and gravelitone.
  2. Massive particles are all others.
• The value of the back.
  1. Whole spin, incl. Zero, have particles called bosons.
  2. Particles with a half-heer back - fermions.
• Participation in interactions.
  1. The hadrons (structural particles) are subnuclear objects that take part in all four types of interactions. Previously mentioned that they add up from quarks. The hadrons are divided into two subtypes: Mesons (whole spin are bosons) and Barione (semi-density spin - fermions).
  2. Fundamental (structural particles). These include leptons, quarks and calibration bosons (read earlier - "Standard Model ..").

After reading the classification of all particles, it is possible, for example, to accurately determine some of them. So neutron is a fermion, an adronom, or rather Bariona, and a nucleon, that is, there is a marching spin, consists of quarks and participates in 4 interactions. The nucleon is a common name for protons and neutrons.

• Interestingly, the opponents of the atoms atomism, which predicted the existence of atoms, stated that any substance in the world is divided indefinitely. To some extent, they may be right, since scientists have already been able to divide the atom on the core and an electron, the core on the proton and neutron, and they are in turn for quarks.
• Democritus assumed that atoms have a clear geometric shape, and therefore "sharp" fire atoms are burned, the rough atoms of solids are firmly fasten with their protrusions, and smooth water atoms slip when interacting, otherwise they flow.
• Joseph Thomson made up his own model of an atom, which seemed to him as a positively charged body, which, as it were, "stuck" electrons. His model was called "Pudding with raisins" (Plum Pudding Model).
• Quarks received their name thanks to American physics Murray Gelle Manna. Scientist wanted to use a word similar to the sound of a duck chakanya (KWORK). But in the novel of James Joyce "Pomotunka for Finnegana" met the word "quark", in the line "Three quark for Mr. Mark!", The meaning of which is definitely not defined and it is possible that Joyce used it just for rhymes. Murray decided to call particles with this word, since at that time only three quarts were known.
• Although photons, particles of light, are massless, near the black hole, it seems that they change their trajectory, attracting it with the help of gravitational interaction. In fact, the supermassive body twists the space-time, which is why any particles, including non-masses, change their trajectory towards the black hole (see).
• The big hadron collider is because the "hadronic", which encounters two directed beam of the administrators, particles with dimensions of the order of the atom core, which are involved in all interactions.

What is the smallest known particle? It is they today are considered the most small particles in the universe. The smallest particle in the Universe is a Plank Hole (Planck Black Hole), which still exists only in theory. Platform black hole is the smallest of all black holes (due to the discreteness of the mass spectrum) - represents a border object. But, in the universe, its smallest particle was also discovered, which is now thoroughly investigated.

The highest point of Russia spread out in the Caucasus. Then the smallest particles were the mesons, then bosons. This particle belongs to the category of black holes because its gravitational radius is more or equal to the wavelength. Of all the existing black holes, the plankovskaya is the smallest.

And they are formed, as is customary, as a result of nuclear reactions. Despite such a hypothetical existence of this smallest particle in the Universe, its practical discovery in the future is quite possible. It was for its discovery that an installation was created, about which only the most lazy resident on Earth was not heard - a big hadron collider. Higgs Boson at the moment the smallest particle of those whose existence is proven practically.

And if the particles had no mass, the universe could not exist. It could not be formed by a single substance. Despite the practical proven existence of this particle, the Higgs boson, the use in practice has not yet come up with. Our world is huge and in it every day there is something interesting, something unusual and fascinating. Stay with us and every day recognize the most interesting facts from all over the world, about unusual people or things, about the creations of nature or man.

The elementary particle is a particle without an internal structure, that is, which does not contain other particles [approx. one]. Elementary particles are fundamental objects of quantum field theory. They can be classified by the back: Fermions have a semi-free spin, and bosons are a whole spin. The standard model of the physics of elementary particles is a theory describing the properties and interaction of elementary particles.

They are classified in their participation in strong interaction. Adrons are defined as strongly interacting composite particles. See also Parton (Particle). These include Peony, Kaon, J / ψ-Meson and many other types of mesons. Nuclear reactions and radioactive decay can turn one nuclide to another.

An atom consists of a small heavy positively charged nucleus, surrounded by a relatively large light cloud of electrons. There are also short-lived exotic atoms in which the role of the nucleus (positively charged particle) performs a positron (positronium) or a positive muon (Mueong).

Unfortunately, somehow register them yet, and they exist only in theory. And although today is proposed experiments to detect black holes, but the possibility of their implementation is based on a significant problem. On the contrary, small things can remain unnoticed, although they do not become less important from this. Haraguan Sphero (Sphaerodactylus Ariasae) is the smallest reptile in the world. Its length is only 16-18 mm, and the weight is 0.2 grams.

The smallest things in the world

The smallest single-chain DNA virus is a sword cirocovirus (Porcine Circovirus). Over the last century, science has made a huge step towards understanding the expanses of the universe and its microscopic building materials.

At one time the smallest particle was considered the atom. Then scientists opened a proton, neutron and electron. Now we know that, encounter particles together (such as, in a large hadron collider), they can be divided into even more particles, such as quarks, leptons and even antimatistry. The problem consists only in determining what is less. So in some particles there is no mass, some have a negative mass. Solving this issue, it's like dividing to zero, that is, it is impossible.

What do you think there is something in this?, Namely: the smallest particle of Bazon Higgs.

And although these strings have no physical parameters, a person's tendency to justify us leads us to the conclusion that these are the smallest objects in the universe. Astronomy and telescopes → Question and answer of astronomer and astrophysics → What do you think there is something in this?, But the name ...

The smallest virus

The fact is that for the synthesis of such particles it is necessary to achieve in the energy accelerator in 1026 electronic content, which is technically impossible. The mass of such particles is order of 0, 00001 grams, and the radius is 1/1034 meters. The wavelength of such a black hole is comparable to the size of its gravitational radius.

Where is the land in the universe? What was in the Universe to the Big Bang? What was before the formation of the Universe? How old is the Universe? As it turned out, it was not the only ammunition in the collection of a 13-year-old boy. " The structure of such particles is critical of the minimum - they have almost no mass, and there is no atomic charge at all, since the core is too small. There are numbers that are so incredibly incredibly great, that even in order to record them, the entire Universe will be required.

The smallest objects visible to the naked eye

Google was born in 1920 as a way to interest children in large numbers. This is the number, according to Milton, in which there are 1 in the first place, and then as much zeros as you could write before you get tired. If we talk about the biggest number, there is a reasonable argument that it really means that you need to find the largest number with the real value in the world.

So, the mass of the sun in tons will be less than in pounds. The greatest number with any real application of the world - or, in this case, the real use in the worlds is probably - one of the latest estimates of the number of universes in the multivalented. This number is so great that the human brain will be literally unable to perceive all these different universes, since the brain is capable only about configurations.

Here is a collection of the smallest things in the world, ranging from tiny toys, miniature animals and people to a hypothetical subatomic particle. Atoms are the smallest particles for which matter can be divided by chemical reactions. The smallest teapot in the world was created by the famous Master of Ceramics Wu Ruishen (Wu Ruishen) and it weighs only 1.4 grams. In 2004, Rumaisa Rahman became the smallest newborn baby.

The answer to the incessant question: what the smallest particle in the universe evolved together with humanity.

People once thought that the grains were building blocks of what we see around us. Then the atom was discovered, and it was considered indivisible until he was split to identify protons, neutrons and electrons inside. They also did not turn out to be the most small particles in the universe, as scientists found that protons and neutrons consist of three quarks each.

So far, scientists could not see any evidence that there is something inside quarks and achieved the most fundamental layer of matter or the smallest particle in the universe.

And even if quarks and electrons are indivisible scientists do not know whether they are the smallest bits of matter in existence or if the universe contains objects that are even smaller.

The smallest particles of the Universe

They are of different flavors and sizes, some have an amazing connection, others essentially evaporate each other, many of them have fantastic names: quarks consisting of bariones and mesons, neutrons and protons, nucleons, hyperons, mesons, baroons, nucleons, photons, and t ..

Boson Higgs, so important for the science of the particle, which is called "part of God". It is believed that it determines the mass to all others. The element was first theoretical in 1964, when scientists wondered why some particles are more massive than others.

Higgs boson is associated with the so-called Higgs field that is believed to fill the universe. Two elements (quantum Higgs field and Higgs Boson) are responsible for allowing others. Named in honor of the Scottish scientist Peter Higgs. With the help of March 14, 2013, it was officially announced confirmation of the existence of a higgs boson.

Many scientists argue that the Higgs mechanism allowed the missing part of the puzzle to complete the existing "standard model" of physics, which describes the known particles.

Boson Higgs fundamentally determined the mass of everything that exists in the universe.

Quark

Quarks (translated) Construction blocks of protons and neutrons. They are never alone, existing only in groups. Apparently, the force that binds quarks together is increasing with the distance, so the further, the harder it will be discussed. Therefore, free quarks never exist in nature.

Quarks Fundamental particles are structureless, point approximately 10 -16 cm.

For example, protons and neutrons consist of three quarks, and the protons contain two identical quark, while neutrons have two different.

SuperSymmetry

It is known that the fundamental "bricks" of matter Fermions are quarks and leptons, and the keepers of the strength of the bosons are photons, gluons. Supersymmetry theory suggests that fermions and bosons can turn into each other.

The predicted theory argues that for each part known to us there is a relative, which we have not yet found. For example, for an electron, this is a selecron, quark - a dvrkeck, photon -Fotino, Higgs - Higgsino.

Why do not we observe this supersymmetry in the universe now? Scientists believe that they are much harder than their usual related particles and the harder, the shorter their service life. In essence, they begin to collapse as soon as they arise. The creation of supersymmetry requires a very large amount of energy, which only existed shortly after a large explosion and maybe can be created in large accelerators as a large hadron collider.

As for the fact that symmetry arose, physicists assume that symmetry may have been violated in some hidden sector of the universe, which we cannot see or concern, but we can only feel gravitational.

Neutrino

Neutrino Light subatomic particles that whistle everywhere with a close speed of light. In fact, trillions neutrino flow through your body at any time, although they rarely interact with normal matter.

Some originate from the Sun, while others from cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere of land and astronomical sources, such as exploding stars on the Milky Way and other distant galaxies.

Antimatter

It is believed that all normal particles have antimatters with the same mass, but the opposite charge. When the matter is found, they destroy each other. For example, a proton antimateria particle is antiproton, while an electron antimaterial partner is called a positron. Antimatter refers to the most expensive substances in the world who were able to identify people.

Gravitons

In the region of quantum mechanics, all fundamental forces are transmitted by particles. For example, light consists of massless particles, called photons that carry electromagnetic power. Similarly, graviton is a theoretical particle that carries the power of gravity. Scientists still have to detect gravitons, which are difficult to find, because they interact so weak so weak.

Thread energy

In experiments, tiny particles, such as quarks and electrons, act as single points of matter without spatial distribution. But point objects complicate the laws of physics. Since it is impossible to approach endlessly to the point, since the current forces can become infinitely large.

The idea called the theory of superstrun can solve this problem. The theory argues that all particles instead of being pointing are actually small energy threads. Ie, all the objects of our world consist of vibrating threads and energy membranes. Nothing can be infinitely close to the thread, because one part will always be a little closer than the other. This "loophole" seems to solve some of the problems of infinity, making an idea attractive to physicists. Nevertheless, scientists still have no experimental evidence that the theory of strings is correct.

Another way to solve a point problem is to say that the space itself is not continuous and smooth, and in fact consists of discrete pixels or grains, sometimes called a spatial-temporal structure. In this case, two particles will not be able to approach each other endless, because they should always be separated by the minimum size of the grain of space.

Point of black hole

Another applicant for the title The smallest particle in the universe is singularity (the only point) in the center of the black hole. Black holes are formed when the substance is condensed into a sufficiently small space, which gravity captures, forcing the substance to draw inside, ultimately condensing into a single point of infinite density. At least according to the current laws of physics.

But most experts do not consider black holes indefinitely dense. They believe that this infinity is the result of an internal conflict between two acting theories - the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. They suggest that when quantum gravity theory can be formulated, the true nature of black holes will be disclosed.

Plank Length

Energy threads and even the smallest particle in the universe may be the size of the "string length".

The strap length is 1.6 x 10 -35 meters (the number 16 in front of which 34 zero and decimal point) is an incomprehensible small scale, which is associated with various aspects of physics.

Platform Length - "Natural Unit" of measuring length, which was proposed by the German physicist Max Plak.

The strap length is too small for any tool to measure, but in addition, it is believed that it is the theoretical limit of the shortest measurable length. According to the principle of uncertainty, no tool should never be able to measure anything less, because in this range the universe is probabilistic and uncertain.

This scale is also considered a distinctive line between the overall theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.

The planacian length corresponds to the distance where the gravitational field is so strong that it can start making black holes from the field energy.

Obviously now, the smallest particle in the universe is about the size of the strap length: 1.6 · 10 -35 meters

conclusions

From school bench, it was known that the smallest particle in the electron of the electron has a negative charge and a very small mass, equal to 9.109 x 10 - 31 kg, and the classic electron radius is 2.82 x 10-15 m.

However, physicists are already operated with the smallest particles in the planacian universe which is approximately 1.6 x 10 -35 meters.