Your name zones of Zakharyin Ged received by the names of clinicians who discovered this phenomenon in the human body - a Russian therapist G.A. Zakharyin(1829 - 1897) and an English neurologist G. Geda(H.Head - 1861 - 1940).
What Zakharyin-Ged zones ? – These are areas of the skin with increased pain sensitivity (dermatomes), the pain of which is caused by diseases internal organs(splanchotomes). In certain areas of the skin, the so-called referred pain appears, as well as fever (hypersthesia) and redness (hyperemia).
The existence of connected zones of the skin and organs was first described by the Russian therapist-clinician G.A. Zakharyin in 1989, and later, in more detail, by the Englishman Henry Ged, his studies date back to 1893-1896.
Zones of mutual innervation exist not only on the trunk, but also on the head, neck, arms and legs. Anatomically, the presence of such zones is associated with a segmental structure. spinal cord. Through certain vertebrae, sensitive fibers pass both to areas of the skin and to internal organs. This interposition, in turn, is due to the processes of embryonic laying and the subsequent development of organs and tissues of the body. With the growth of the embryo and fetus, the location of organs and skin segments with associated innervation changes significantly, some organs “leave” quite far from their original location, but the neural connection remains. So, for example, the ovaries "descend" into the pelvis from the neck, and the remaining innervation, with ovarian problems, signals pain in the neck.
It should be noted that the entire human body has a segmental structure, which corresponds to the processes of embryogenesis. So, if you expand the diagram of the human body so that the limbs are directed perpendicular to the sides, you can clearly understand some of the relationships between the spine and limbs.
If the internal organ suffers, impulses about the pathology radiate (spread) along the sensitive fiber to the spinal cord, this causes local excitation of this segment. It turns on the second bundle of neurons - part provides skin sensitivity (afferent), and part - efferent or motor - innervates the muscles. With prolonged excitation of the nerve centers of the spinal cord, both afferent and efferent neurons are depleted, which leads to pathological changes in the skin areas - the formation of dermatomes, hyperesthesia, etc. Through the spinal cord, the pathological impulse passes to the brain, which also forms a stable pain sensation in the corresponding skin zone.
You can diagnose a problem organ by lifting an area of skin with subcutaneous fatty tissue, or by making a light pinprick in this area - the impulse is reflected in the diseased organ by burning and pain.
Pain manifestations in the projection areas of the skin may indicate the primary signs of organ damage.
In the absence of other diagnostic methods, the Zakharyin-Ged schemes make it possible to assume a disease of the organ by the presence of painful skin areas. Sometimes hyperesthesia of one area of the skin corresponds to the defeat of several organs.
As a therapy for Zakharyin-Ged zones, the following are used: acupuncture (acupuncture), moxibustion (biologically heated active points special smoldering sticks), acupressure ( acupressure). Other massage procedures also help eliminate pathological tissue changes and accelerate the process of restoring the health of organs.
from the books of Ogulov A.T.
In 1893-1896. the well-known English neuropathologist Henry Ged described in detail certain areas of the skin in which, in case of a disease of the internal organs, reflected pains appear, as well as pain and temperature hyperesthesia (hyperpathy). Such areas of the skin are called Zakharyin-Ged zones. since the outstanding Russian clinician-therapist G.A. Zakharyin for the first time (1889) estimated their diagnostic value.
Sometimes, even without touching, a part of the body (skin, muscles, periosteum, vessel, fascia), which is a representative of the internal organ, begins to hurt on its own, and the value pain sensation often proportional to the pathological state of the organ.
The state of the internal organs also changes the appearance of the projection zones. An example is moles, papillomas, keratomas that appear again or increase in chronic pathology. warts, etc. The appearance of a vascular pattern on the skin of the face, redness or blue of the lips, nails, change appearance body, that is, the development of stoop or scoliosis, is all a reaction of peripheral projection zones to internal pathologies present.
The sensations associated with the receptors of the internal organs on the surface of the body and are extremely important for regulating the functioning of the viscera rarely reach the level of consciousness. They carry out reflex regulation of the functions of internal organs through the reflex centers in the thalamus. in the medulla oblongata or midbrain. Some impulses from these receptors, however, reach the cerebral cortex and cause sensations such as thirst, hunger, nausea, pain on the surface of the skin.
The localization of irritation, as well as the ability to distinguish their various qualities, depends on the specific connections between the sense organ and the brain. The significance of the brain in the generation of sensations is clearly seen in the observed phenomenon of "reflected pains." A well-known example is the experience of people who suffer from heart disease but complain of pain in their left shoulder. In fact, of course, the stimulus originates in the heart and the corresponding nerve impulse comes to the same area of the brain as the impulses that actually occur in the shoulder, chest or arm.
Pathological processes in the integument of the body and the musculoskeletal system can reflexively affect the internal organs and their relationships. For example, scoliosis lumbar of the spine, resulting from a forced position of the body, with developed unilateral muscle hypertonicity, contributes to a change in the position of internal organs, and this, in turn, leads to a violation of their functional relationships. There is also a feedback: with the pathology of internal organs, the position of the body changes. For example, one can point to the fact that chronic illness kidney causes an elevated shoulder from the same side of the body.
Chronic lung disease is often accompanied by the occurrence of kyphosis in thoracic region spine and chest stiffness.
The absence of sensitive and other connections between the projections of correspondence and internal organs, with already existing violations in them, indicates a serious danger present in the body.
When the skin or muscle is injured in the area of representation of the diseased organ on the human body, a long-term non-healing of the resulting wound is observed.
Correspondence zones can be used in diagnosing pathologies and monitoring the course of treatment, as well as for stimulating an organ or system.
With a well-chosen form of treatment, representative zones react by shrinking in area with a decrease in pain sensitivity, while their external manifestation changes (smell, color, sensations, discharge, etc.). If, on the contrary, the area of representations increases and their sensitivity increases, then it can be argued that the method of treatment has not been chosen correctly and the treatment process may be delayed or aggravated.
Projections of organs are located on the skin, muscles, bones, periosteum, ligaments.
Representations on the skin can be manifested by swelling, itching, redness, psoriatic plaques, skin rashes, etc.
On the muscles, the projections are expressed by seals, nodules, soreness.
Projections on the periosteum are also manifested by pain, hypersensitivity or inflammatory process.
On the vessels, representations are expressed by soreness along the vessel, swelling of the intima of the vessel, and induration.
On each internal organ there are projections of almost all organs and systems. For example, throughout the large intestine there are representations of the head, kidneys, liver, hands, face, facial nerve etc.
DIAGNOSTIC REPRESENTATIONS ON THE HUMAN FACE AND NECK
1. Rectum. On the face, it is represented by a projection zone on the surface of the skin of the upper left forehead area. A functional disorder can be manifested by skin pigmentation, acne, redness, growth of moles.
2. Sigmoid colon. Its representation is located on the surface of the skin of the upper left side of the forehead. Functional impairment can be manifested by skin pigmentation, acne, redness, moles.
3. Liver. The representation is located between the eyebrows, in the space between the base of the bridge of the nose and the line connecting the superciliary arches on the skin of the forehead. Liver pathology is accompanied by skin irritation, acne, pigmentation, moles.
4.Small intestine. Its projection is in the middle part of the forehead, with intestinal pathology it is manifested by skin disorders (pigments, acne, redness).
5. Descending part of the colon. Its representation is located on the left lateral surface of the skin of the forehead. Functional disorders are manifested on the skin (pigmentation, dryness of this area, increased porosity, acne).
6. Left adrenal gland. The projection is located in the medial superciliary region of the left half of the face. With a functional disorder of the adrenal gland, soreness of the periosteum of the superciliary region appears, the skin reacts with irritation.
7. Area of the pelvis of the left kidney. Projected onto the skin inner surface corner of the left eye and lacrimal duct. The pathological process in the area of the renal pelvis is sometimes expressed by the reaction of the skin in this area (darkening, pigmentation, redness, enlargement of pores, growth of papillomas, wen). Sometimes the problem contributes to the formation of blockage of the lacrimal duct, the inflammatory process in it, and profuse lacrimation.
8. Upper pole of the left kidney. It is projected onto the superciliary arch and the skin of the upper part of the eyelid. The violation is manifested by a vascular pattern (swelling), acne, redness, porosity on the skin.
9.Left lobe liver. Projected onto the white of the eye. Violation in the liver is manifested by a red vascular pattern on the white of the eye.
10. Body of the gallbladder, spleen. The projection is located on the skin and on the periosteum of the temporal bone of the left side of the face. With the pathology of the bladder, redness, acne appears on the skin, dark spots, increases its porosity, venous pattern. The periosteum of the temporal bone also reacts, it becomes painful on palpation.
11. The left side of the transverse colon. The representation is located in the lower medial part of the corner of the left eye. Its dysfunction is manifested by bulging of the skin from the inner corner of the eye under the lower eyelid to the outer side of the face, sometimes redness or pigmentation.
12. Pancreas. Its representation is located on the lower part of the bridge of the nose, on the border of the connection with the tip of the nose. Pathology is manifested by skin irritation, pigmentation, and sometimes a venous vascular pattern.
13. Bile-excretory ducts of the liver and gallbladder. The projection is located in the lower part of the temporal bone of the left half of the face. With their pathology, redness, pigmentation, acne and vascular pattern are observed on the skin, with prolonged pathology - porosity. The periosteum of the temporal region becomes painful. Often the pathology is accompanied by a headache of temporal localization. Additionally, it can be noted that sometimes with blockage bile ducts yellowness of the skin of this area of the face is noted.
14.Left kidney. The projection is represented by the left auricle(skin and cartilage base). The ear canal is a projection of the ureter, inner ear- projection Bladder. At pathological conditions kidneys hearing is reduced, inflammation occurs inner ear, vestibular disorders appear. In some cases, hardening of the cartilaginous base is observed. Sometimes it softens, sulfur excretion from the ear canal increases.
15. Cardiac pathologies. The projection is presented in the upper left part of the left cheek at the junction with the orbit. Pathologies are expressed by swelling of the skin, redness, pigmentation, vascular pattern in the infraorbital region.
16. Ureter of the left kidney. It is projected onto the skin of the face by a line running from the corner of the eye along the cheek to the lower part of the chin. When it is irritated by sand, small stones or inflammation in it, a drawing of a line or part of a line of white or red color appears on the skin (depending on which part of the autonomic nervous system prevails - sympathetic or parasympathetic).
17. Left lobe of the liver. Its representation is located on the face on the left side, in the region of the muscles of the jaw joint. Manifested involuntary increased tone muscle group, the development of arthrosis of the joint. Rarely, the disorder projects onto the skin in the form of a pigment or irritation.
18. Left mammary gland. The projection is located on the skin of the left cheek at the intersection of a vertical line extending from the outer part of the corner of the eye and a horizontal line passing through the upper pole of the wings of the nose. The diameter of the projection of the mammary gland on the cheek will be approximately equal to the distance from the corner of the eye to its iris. Pathology is manifested by pigmentation, redness, increased porosity, swelling of the skin.
19. Left lung. It is projected onto the skin of the left cheek, covering the zygomatic part. Pathology can be manifested by redness, angiopathic pattern, porosity, pigmentation, acne, dryness, unevenness or roughness of the skin surface.
20. Cardiac disorders (more often - rhythm disturbance). Projected on the skin of the tip of the nose in the form of redness, angiopathy, acne.
21. Bronchus of the left lung. It is projected on the skin of the wing of the left half of the nose. Violations are expressed by a vascular pattern, redness, acne, pigmentation.
22. Aperture, costal arch. Projected on the skin along the nasolabial fold. Violations are manifested by redness of the fold, dry skin in it.
23. Lesser curvature of the stomach. It is projected onto the skin and mucous membrane of the upper lip. Pathology is manifested by transverse cracks on the lip, herpetic eruptions, peeling of the skin, loss of color of the lips, the appearance of the effect of wrinkling the lips.
24. Onion of twelve duodenal ulcer, pyloric part of the stomach. The projection zone is located on the skin outside the corner of the mouth. Violations are manifested by pigmentation, reddening of the skin, seizures and cracks in the corners of the mouth, with degenerative processes - the growth of moles.
25. Adrenal gland of the left kidney. Projected to the skin and muscles upper division cabbage soup on the left lateral axial line, as well as to the left and right of it along the muscular lateral surface. Pathology is manifested by muscle pain on palpation, on the skin it is sometimes manifested by irritation, pigmentation, papillomatosis.
26. Left inguinal fold and area of the pupart ligament. The projection is on the left outer surface chin skin. Violations are manifested by reddening of the skin, acne, age spots.
27. Left ovary in women, left testicle in men. The representation is located on the skin of the chin on the left side, near the left chin crease. Pathology is manifested by reddening of the skin, acne, dryness and peeling of the skin, the growth of moles during degenerative processes.
28. Left mammary gland. It is projected on the chin on the left side under the lower lip on the bone tuberosity. Pathology is manifested by increased pain sensitivity, redness, pigmentation or acne on the skin, growing moles.
29.Pubic symphysis. Its representation on the face is on the chin, in the chin fossa. Pathology is manifested by soreness of the periosteum of the chin during its palpation examination
30. Left kidney. It is projected onto the skin and muscles of the lateral surface of the neck (along the left lateral axial line), as well as to the left and right of it along the muscular surface. Pathology is manifested by muscle pain on palpation. Pigmentation, redness appear on the skin, papillomas grow.
31. Greater curvature of the stomach. The projection is the sternocleidomastoid muscle on the left side of the head. The disorder is manifested by increased tone and pain on palpation. The place of attachment of the muscle to the skull is projected onto the upper part of the stomach and the esophagus that enters it. The place of attachment to the clavicle is the projection of the pylorus.
32. Left appendage with ovary, left lobe prostate with an egg. Projected on the upper third carotid artery left. It is manifested by swelling and soreness, an increase in lymph nodes in this area.
33. Bladder. It is projected onto the skin from the chin to the epiglottis of the neck. Dysfunction is manifested by redness, pigmentation, growth of moles or acne on the skin.
34. The pelvis of the left kidney. The projection is located on the left side of the neck, on the muscles of the lateral surface towards the base of the neck (along the lateral axial line). It is manifested by pain on palpation with irradiation to different parts of the body and head, on the skin - papillomas (infection of the pelvis), dryness, roughness.
35. Pancreas. The representation is located at the base of the neck on the left side, between the clavicle and the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Manifested by palpation examination of muscle pain, radiating to the shoulder, arm, shoulder blade, hand, fingers, breast area, sometimes to the pancreas.
36. Left lobe thyroid gland. It is projected onto the lower part of the neck along the esophagus, into the supraclavicular region and the region of the jugular notch. It is manifested by muscle soreness of these areas, tissue swelling, the skin is manifested by an angiopathic pattern (redness), papillomas.
37. Left ureter. The representation is located on the left side of the neck along the lateral axial line from the projection of the pelvis of the left kidney to shoulder joint. In pathological conditions during palpation examination, the muscular projection is painful. On the skin, the violation is manifested by age spots, papillomas;
38 and 41. The pyloric part of the stomach. It is projected onto the area of attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the collarbone. Pathology is manifested by soreness of the attachment area.
39. Uterus, prostate lobes, perineum. The representation is located in the central lower part of the chin. The violation is manifested by soreness of the periosteum on palpation, on the skin - by redness, pigmentation, acne, with degenerative processes in the organs it is characterized by the growth of moles.
40. Right mammary gland. It is projected on the chin on the right side under the lower lip on the bone tuberosity. It is manifested by increased pain sensitivity, on the skin from above it is expressed by redness, acne, pigmentation, moles during degenerative processes.
41. and 38. The pyloric part of the stomach. The projection is located on the right at the base of the neck in the area of attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the collarbone. With functional disorders of the department and during palpation examination, the projection is painful.
42. Right ureter. The representation is located on the right side of the neck along the lateral axial line, from the projection of the pelvis of the left kidney to the shoulder joint. In pathological conditions of the ureter and during palpation examination, the muscular projection is painful, on the skin the violation is manifested by pigment spots, papillomas.
43.gallbladder. The projection is located on the right side of the base of the neck, in the region of the angle formed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the right clavicle. Depending on the pathological state of the bladder, when pressing on its projection zone, pain radiates to the right temporal region of the head, right shoulder, hand and fingers of this hand, shoulder blade, chest, face, teeth, thyroid gland, skin of the neck, body of the gallbladder.
44.Right lobe thyroid gland. It is projected onto the lower third of the neck of the supraclavicular region on the right side along the esophagus. It is manifested by muscle soreness in this area, tissue swelling. The skin in this place in pathological conditions of the gland is manifested by porosity, redness, papillomas.
45. Lohanka of the right kidney. The projection is located on the right side, on the muscles of the lateral surface of the base of the neck, along the lateral axial line. With the pathology of the renal pelvis, pain occurs during palpation examination of the muscles with irradiation to different parts of the body and head. On the skin, the violation is manifested by papillomas (infection of the pelvis), dryness, roughness, moles.
46. Gynecology, right appendage with ovary, right lobe of the prostate gland with testis. It is projected on the upper third of the carotid artery on the right. The violation is manifested by swelling and soreness of the artery, an increase in the lymph nodes of this area.
47. Lesser curvature of the stomach. The projection is the sternocleidomastoid muscle on the left side of the neck. The upper section of the stomach and the esophagus entering the stomach are projected to the place of attachment of the muscle to the skull, and the pylorus of the stomach is projected to the place of attachment of the muscle to the collarbone. Indigestion is manifested by increased muscle tone and pain on palpation.
48. Right kidney. It is projected on the neck on the right, on the muscles located on the lateral axial line. Pathology in the kidney is manifested by pain on palpation of the lateral muscular surface, sometimes with irradiation to various areas of the head, arm and upper shoulder girdle, and neck. With deep pathology during pressure, irradiation goes to the right kidney. On the skin, disorders are expressed by papillomatosis, redness, dryness and roughness.
49. Right ovary in women, right testicle in men. The representation is located on the skin of the chin on the right side, near the right chin crease. Pathology is manifested by redness, dryness and peeling of the skin, acne, growth of moles during degenerative processes.
50.lymphatic system iliac region. On the face, the iliac region (inguinal fold) is projected by a fold extending to the lower jaw from the corners of the mouth as a continuation of the nasolabial fold. With pathological processes in the groin, the problem can manifest itself as skin irritation, pigmentation, acne.
51. Adrenal gland of the right kidney. It is projected on the skin and on the muscles of the upper neck on the right, on the lateral axial line, as well as in front and behind it along the muscular surface. With a functional disorder, muscle pain sensitivity is present, sometimes with irradiation to various areas of the head and neck. The skin reacts with irritation, the growth of papillomas.
52. Small intestine. The representation is located under the base of the lower lip. In pathology, it manifests itself on the skin with irritation, pigmentation, and the growth of moles.
53. Greater curvature of the stomach. It is projected onto the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip. The violation is manifested by cracks, herpetic eruptions, peeling, loss of color, the appearance of the effect of wrinkling the lips.
54.Hormonal system. The projection area is the space on the face between the nose and upper lip. When the system is disturbed, acne, irritation, pigmentation appear on the skin, hairline grows.
55. Signs of scleroderma. The skin becomes deeply wrinkled. Sometimes there is an increase in hairline (in women).
56. Small intestine. The projection is located in the lower part of the cheek under the cheekbone of the face. Disturbances in the small intestine are expressed by skin irritation, acne, unevenness or roughness.
57.xiphoid process. The projection is located under the base of the nose. When it is injured or a pathological condition occurs, increased pain sensitivity, acne, and redness appear in the area of \u200b\u200bthe base of the nose.
58. Greater curvature of the stomach. Projection is the inner region of the left nostril. In case of indigestion, the nasal mucosa reacts with the formation of inflammation, edema, and herpetic eruptions.
59. Lesser curvature of the stomach. The projection is the inner region of the right nostril. In case of indigestion, the nasal mucosa reacts with the formation of inflammation, edema, and herpetic eruptions.
60. Urinary bladder, ureter of the right kidney. It is projected onto the ear canal and inner ear. At inflammatory processes in the organs there is pain in the ear canal, sometimes there is inflammation, increased sulfur secretion, hearing is reduced.
61. Bronchus of the right lung. It is projected on the skin of the wing of the right half of the nose. Violations are expressed by a vascular pattern at the base of the wing of the nose, redness, pigmentation.
62. Right mammary gland. The projection is located on the skin of the right cheek at the intersection of a vertical line extending from the outer part of the corner of the eye and a horizontal line passing through the upper pole of the wings of the nose. The problem is manifested by redness, pigmentation, acne, growth of moles, skin swelling.
63. Right lobe of the liver. The projection is located on the area of the muscles of the jaw joint. It is manifested by an involuntary increased tone of the muscle group, the development of arthrosis of the joint, and occasionally the violation is projected onto the skin in the form of pigment or irritation.
64. Ureter of the right kidney. It is projected on the face by a line running from the inner corner of the right eye to the outer part of the chin. When it is irritated by sand moving along the ureter, small stones or inflammation in it, a white or red line appears on the skin (depending on which part of the autonomic nervous system prevails - sympathetic or parasympathetic).
65. Right lung. It is projected on the skin of the cheek of the right half of the face, covering the zygomatic part. Lung pathology can be manifested by redness, angiopathic pattern, porous skin, pigmentation, acne, dryness, unevenness, roughness of the surface.
66. Right kidney. Projected on the right auricle. The size of the ear is proportional to the size of the kidney: a big ear is a big kidney. A kidney disorder manifests itself on a cartilaginous basis. It becomes painful and more dense, in some cases, on the contrary, too soft.
67. Stagnation in renal structures. It is projected onto the region of the eye socket. It appears on the skin in the form of wen, papillomas, dark spots.
68. The right part of the transverse colon. The representation is located in the lower medial part of the corner of the left eye. Dysfunction is manifested by swelling of the skin from the inner corner of the eye under the lower eyelid to the outer side of the lime, sometimes redness or pigmentation.
69. Infection of the kidney. The information zone is the conjunctiva of the eye. External manifestation infectious disease- conjunctivitis, blepharitis, barley, eyelid edema.
70. Right kidney. The projection zone is located on the skin of the right eye socket (periorbicular region). At functional disorders kidneys, the skin of the orbit is expressed by swelling, redness, darkening, the appearance of fatty plaques, and the growth of papillomas.
71. Body of the gallbladder with ducts. The projection zone of the gallbladder is the temporal region of the head. With its functional disorders, the skin of the temporal region reacts, on which acne, age spots, porosity appear. The periosteum of the temporal bone also reacts, it becomes painful on palpation.
72. Right lobe of the liver. It is projected onto the protein shell of the right eye. Violation in the liver is expressed by a red vascular pattern on the shell of the eye.
73. Lohanka of the right kidney. The projection zone is located in the inner corner of the eye in the region of the lacrimal duct. Inflammation or irritation of the pelvis is expressed by blockage of the lacrimal duct, inflammation in it, lacrimation, and skin irritation.
74. Right adrenal gland. The projection zone is located above the right eyebrow with inside. His disorder is expressed by soreness of the periosteum of the superciliary region, skin irritation.
75. Ascending colon (ileocecal angle). The projection site is the upper right corner of the frontal region on the skin. Pathology is manifested by pigmentation, acne, skin irritation, growth of moles.
76. Transverse colon. Its projection is in the lower part of the forehead above the superciliary arches. With its functional violation, a skin reaction occurs (pimples, age spots, porosity, redness, growth of moles).
77. Appendix. Its projection zone is located on the skin in the upper part of the forehead on the right. When it is inflamed, the skin reacts with redness, dryness, pigmentation.
78. Stomach. The projection is located on the skin of the cartilaginous part of the bridge of the nose (the middle region of the nose). On the left side of the nose, the greater curvature of the stomach is projected, and on the right side, the lesser, pyloric stomach and duodenum are projected. In pathology, the skin reacts with irritation, pigmentation.
79. Bladder. The projection zone is located in the upper part of the forehead (the place where the hairline begins to grow). In pathology, pigmentation, skin irritation, hair loss, dandruff in this area of the head, psoriatic plaques are observed.
80. Uterus in women, genitals in men. The projection area is located in the upper part of the forehead, under the projection of the bladder. In pathology, the skin is irritated.
For diseases various bodies possible pain in areas far removed from the pathological focus, or the development of hypersensitivity in these areas. Certain areas of the skin and mucous membranes corresponding to a particular organ are known as the Zakharyin-Ged zones. Pain in the Zakharyin-Ged zones located on the face can occur in diseases of the teeth and in the pathology of internal organs due to the irradiation of excitations coming from the affected organ along the fibers of the vagus and phrenic nerves to the cells of the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.
In somatic pathology, the localization of zones in the face and head is usually less severe compared to odontogenic pains, which have precise boundaries and points of maximum pain syndrome severity. In case of disease of the teeth of the upper jaw, the Zakharyin-Ged zone is localized for the incisors in the fronto-nasal region. The pains of greatest intensity occur in the region of the superciliary arch, retreating 1.5 cm from its middle. For canines and premolars, the Zakharyin-Ged zone is localized in the nasolabial region of the corresponding side.
When the 2nd premolar and 1st molar are affected, the pain is localized in the cheek area, the zone of maximum pain is in the central temporal cavity. In case of disease of the 2nd and 3rd molars, the Zakharyin-Ged zone is the mandibular region with the area of maximum pain at the point located anterior to the ear tragus.
In case of pathology of the teeth of the lower jaw for the incisors, canine and 1st premolar, the Zakharyin-Ged zone is the chin zone: if you draw a straight line down from the corner of the mouth to the intersection with the edge of the lower jaw, then it will indicate the point of maximum pain intensity. For the 2nd premolar, the zone is not defined; The 1st and 2nd molars give reflected pain in the hyoid region, the maximum pain is noted downward and backward from the angle of the lower jaw or in the region of the external auditory canal. In diseases of the 3rd molar, the maximum pain is localized in front of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The pain completely disappears after the treatment of the causative tooth.
1. Rectum. On the face, it is represented by a projection zone on the surface of the skin of the upper left part of the forehead. A functional disorder can be manifested by skin pigmentation, acne, redness, growth of moles.
2. Sigmoid colon. Its representation is located on the surface of the skin of the upper left side of the forehead. Functional impairment can be manifested by skin pigmentation, acne, redness, moles.
3. Liver. The representation is located between the eyebrows, in the space between the base of the bridge of the nose and the line connecting the superciliary arches on the skin of the forehead. Liver pathology is accompanied by skin irritation, acne, pigmentation, moles.
4. Small intestine. Its projection is in the middle part of the forehead, with intestinal pathology it is manifested by skin disorders (pigments, acne, redness).
5. Descending part of the colon. Its representation is located on the left lateral surface of the skin of the forehead. Functional disorders are manifested on the skin by pigmentation, dryness of this area, increased porosity, acne.
6. Left adrenal gland. The projection is located on the medial superciliary region of the left half of the face. With a functional disorder of the adrenal gland, soreness of the periosteum of the superciliary region appears, the skin reacts with irritation.
7. Area of the pelvis of the left kidney. It is projected onto the skin of the inner surface of the corner of the left eye and the lacrimal duct. The pathological process in the area of the renal pelvis is sometimes expressed by the reaction of the skin in this area (darkening, pigmentation, redness, enlargement of pores, growth of papillomas, wen). Sometimes the problem contributes to the formation of blockage of the lacrimal duct, the inflammatory process in it, and profuse lacrimation.
8. Upper pole of the left kidney. It is projected onto the superciliary arch and the skin of the upper part of the eyelid. The violation is manifested by a vascular pattern (swelling), acne, redness, porosity on the skin.
9. Left lobe of the liver. Projected onto the white of the eye. Violation in the liver is manifested by a red vascular pattern on the white of the eye.
10. Body of the gallbladder, spleen. The projection is located on the skin and periosteum of the temporal bone of the left side of the face. With the pathology of the bladder, redness, acne, age spots appear on the skin, its porosity and venous pattern increase. The periosteum of the temporal bone also reacts, it becomes painful on palpation.
11. Left side of the transverse colon. The representation is located in the lower medial part of the corner of the left eye. Its dysfunction is manifested by bulging of the skin from the inner corner of the eye under the lower eyelid to the outer side of the face, sometimes redness or pigmentation.
12. Pancreas. Its representation is located on the lower part of the bridge of the nose, on the border of the connection with the tip of the nose. Pathology is manifested by skin irritation, pigmentation, and sometimes a venous vascular pattern.
13. Bile-excretory ducts of the liver and gallbladder. The projection is located in the lower part of the temporal bone of the left half of the face. According to their pathology, redness, pigmentation, acne and vascular pattern are observed on the skin, with prolonged pathology - porosity. The periosteum of the temporal region becomes painful. Often the pathology is accompanied by a headache of temporal localization. Additionally, it can be noted that sometimes with blockage of the bile ducts, yellowness of the skin of this area of \u200b\u200bthe face is noted.
14. Left kidney. The projection is represented by the left auricle (skin and cartilaginous base). The ear canal is a projection of the ureter, the inner ear is a projection of the bladder. In pathological conditions of the kidney, hearing is reduced, inflammation of the inner ear occurs, and vestibular disorders appear. In some cases, hardening of the cartilaginous base is observed. Sometimes it softens, sulfur excretion from the ear canal increases.
15. Cardiac pathologies. The projection is presented in the upper left part of the left cheek at the junction with the orbit. Pathologies are expressed by swelling of the skin, redness, pigmentation, vascular pattern in the infraorbital region.
16. Ureter of the left kidney. It is projected onto the skin of the face by a line running from the corner of the eye along the cheek to the lower part of the chin. When it is irritated by sand, small stones or inflammation in it, a pattern of a line or part of a line of white or red color appears on the skin (depending on which part of the autonomic nervous system prevails - sympathetic or parasympathetic).
17. Left lobe of the liver. Its representation is located on the face on the left side, in the region of the muscles of the jaw joint. It is manifested by an involuntary increased tone of the muscle group, the development of arthrosis of the joint. Rarely, the disorder projects onto the skin in the form of a pigment or irritation.
18. Left mammary gland. The projection is located on the skin of the left cheek at the intersection of a vertical line extending from the outer part of the corner of the eye and a horizontal line passing through the upper pole of the wings of the nose. The diameter of the projection of the mammary gland on the cheek will be approximately equal to the distance from the corner of the eye to the iris. Pathology is manifested by pigmentation, redness, increased porosity, swelling of the skin.
19. Left lung. It is projected onto the skin of the left cheek, covering the zygomatic part. Pathology can be manifested by redness, angiopathic pattern, porosity, pigmentation, acne, dryness, unevenness or roughness of the skin surface.
20. Cardiac disorders (more often - rhythm disturbance). Projected on the skin of the tip of the nose in the form of redness, acne, angiopathy.
21. Bronchus of the left lung. It is projected on the skin of the wing of the left half of the nose. Violations are expressed by a vascular pattern, redness, acne, pigmentation.
22. Diaphragm, costal arch. Projected on the skin along the nasolabial fold. Violations are manifested by redness of the fold, dry skin in it.
23. Lesser curvature of the stomach. It is projected onto the skin and mucous membrane of the upper lip. Pathology is manifested by transverse cracks on the lip, herpetic eruptions, peeling of the skin, loss of color of the lips, the appearance of the effect of wrinkling the lips.
24. Bulb duodenum, pyloric part of the stomach. The projection zone is located on the skin outside the corner of the mouth. Violations are manifested by pigmentation, reddening of the skin, seizures and cracks in the corners of the mouth, with degenerative processes - the growth of moles.
25. Adrenal gland of the left kidney. It is projected onto the skin and muscles of the upper neck on the left lateral axial line, as well as to the left and right of it along the muscular lateral surface. Pathology is manifested by muscle pain on palpation, on the skin it is sometimes manifested by irritation, pigmentation, papillomatosis.
26. Left inguinal fold and area of the pupart ligament. The projection is on the left outer surface of the skin of the chin. Violations are manifested by reddening of the skin, acne, age spots.
27. Left ovary in women, left testicle in men. The representation is located on the skin of the chin on the left side, near the left chin crease. Pathology is manifested by reddening of the skin, acne, dryness and peeling of the skin, the growth of moles during degenerative processes.
28. Left mammary gland. It is projected on the chin on the left side under the lower lip on the bone tuberosity. Pathology is manifested by increased pain sensitivity, redness, pigmentation or acne on the skin, growing moles.
29. Pubic symphysis. Its representation on the face is on the chin, in the chin fossa. Pathology is manifested by soreness of the periosteum of the chin during its palpation examination.
30. Left kidney. It is projected onto the skin and muscles of the lateral surface of the neck (along the left lateral axial line), as well as to the left and right of it along the muscular surface. Pathology is manifested by muscle pain on palpation. Pigmentation, redness appear on the skin, papillomas grow. 31. Greater curvature of the stomach. The projection is the sternocleidomastoid muscle on the left side of the head. The disorder is manifested by increased tone and pain on palpation. The place of attachment of the muscle to the skull is projected onto the upper part of the stomach and the esophagus that enters it. The place of attachment to the clavicle is the projection of the pylorus.
32. The left appendage with the ovary, the left lobe of the prostate gland with the testis. It is projected on the upper third of the carotid artery on the left. It is manifested by swelling and soreness, an increase in lymph nodes in this area.
33. Bladder. It is projected onto the skin from the chin to the epiglottis of the neck. Dysfunction is manifested by redness, pigmentation, growth of moles or pimples on the skin.
34. The pelvis of the left kidney. The projection is located on the left side of the neck, on the muscles of the lateral surface towards the base of the neck (along the lateral axial line). It is manifested by pain on palpation with irradiation to different parts of the body and head, on the skin - papillomas (infection of the pelvis), dryness, roughness.
35. Pancreas. The representation is located at the base of the neck on the left side, between the clavicle and the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Manifested by palpation examination of muscle pain, radiating to the shoulder, arm, shoulder blade, hand, fingers, breast area, sometimes to the pancreas.
36. Left lobe of the thyroid gland. It is projected onto the lower part of the neck along the esophagus, into the supraclavicular region and the region of the jugular notch. It is manifested by muscle soreness of these areas, tissue swelling, the skin is manifested by an angiopathic pattern (redness), papillomas.
37. Left ureter. The representation is located on the left side of the neck along the lateral axial line from the projection of the pelvis of the left kidney to the shoulder joint. In pathological conditions, during palpation examination, the muscular projection is painful. On the skin, the violation is manifested by age spots, papillomas.
38 and 41. The pyloric part of the stomach. It is projected onto the area of attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the collarbone. Pathology is manifested by soreness of the attachment area.
39. Uterus, prostate lobes, perineum. The representation is located in the central lower part of the chin. Violations are manifested by soreness of the periosteum on palpation, on the skin - redness, pigmentation, acne, with degenerative processes in the organs, it is characterized by the growth of moles.
40. Right mammary gland. It is projected on the chin on the right side under the lower lip on the bone tuberosity. It is manifested by increased pain sensitivity, on the skin from above it is expressed by redness, acne, pigmentation, moles during degenerative processes.
42. Right ureter. The representation is located on the right side of the neck along the lateral axial line, from the projection of the pelvis of the left kidney to the shoulder joint. In pathological conditions of the ureter and during palpation examination, the muscular projection is painful, on the skin the violation is manifested by pigment spots, papillomas.
43. Gallbladder. The projection is located on the right side of the base of the neck, in the area of the angle formed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the right clavicle. Depending on the pathological state of the bladder, when pressing on its projection zone, pain radiates to the right temporal region of the head, right shoulder, hand and fingers of this hand, shoulder blade, chest, face, teeth, thyroid gland, neck skin, body of the gallbladder.
44. Right lobe of the thyroid gland. It is projected onto the lower third of the neck of the supraclavicular region on the right side along the esophagus. It is manifested by muscle soreness in this area, tissue swelling. The skin in this place in pathological conditions of the gland is manifested by porosity, redness, papillomas.
45. The pelvis of the right kidney. The projection is located on the right side, on the muscles of the lateral surface of the base of the neck, along the lateral axial line. With the pathology of the renal pelvis, pain occurs during palpation examination of the muscles with irradiation to different parts of the body and head. On the skin, disorders are manifested by papillomas (infection of the pelvis), dryness, roughness, moles.
46. Gynecology, right appendage with ovary, right lobe of the prostate gland with testis. It is projected on the upper third of the carotid artery on the right. Violations are manifested by swelling and soreness of the artery, an increase in the lymph nodes of this area.
47. Lesser curvature of the stomach. The projection is the clavicular-mastoid muscle on the left side of the neck. The upper section of the stomach and the esophagus entering the stomach are projected to the place of attachment of the muscle to the skull, and the pylorus of the stomach is projected to the place of attachment of the muscle to the collarbone. Indigestion is manifested by increased muscle tone and pain on palpation.
48. Right kidney. It is projected on the neck on the right, on the muscles located on the lateral axial line. Pathology in the kidney is manifested by pain on palpation of the lateral muscular surface, sometimes with irradiation to various areas of the head, arm and upper shoulder girdle, and neck. With deep pathology during pressure, irradiation goes to the right kidney. On the skin, violations are expressed by papillomatosis, redness, dryness, roughness.
49. Right ovary in women, right testicle in men. The representation is located on the skin of the chin on the right side, near the right chin crease. Pathology is manifested by redness, dryness, peeling of the skin, acne, growth of moles during degenerative processes.
50. Lymphatic system of the iliac region. On the face, the iliac region (inguinal fold) is projected by a fold extending to the lower jaw from the corners of the mouth as a continuation of the nasolabial fold. With pathological processes in the groin, the problem can manifest itself as skin irritation, pigmentation, acne.
51. Adrenal gland of the right kidney. It is projected on the skin and on the muscles of the upper neck on the right, on the lateral axial line, as well as in front and behind it along the muscular surface. With a functional disorder, muscle pain sensitivity is present, sometimes with irradiation to various areas of the head and neck. The skin reacts with irritation, the growth of papillomas. 52. Small intestine. The representation is located under the base of the lower lip. In pathology, it manifests itself on the skin with irritation, pigmentation, and the growth of moles.
53. Greater curvature of the stomach. It is projected onto the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip. The violation is manifested by cracks, herpetic eruptions, peeling, loss of color, the appearance of the effect of wrinkling the lips.
54. Hormonal system. The projection area is the space between the nose and the upper lip. When the system is disturbed, acne, irritation, pigmentation appear on the skin, hairline grows.
55. Signs of scleroderma. The skin becomes deeply wrinkled. Sometimes there is an increase in hairline (in women).
56. Small intestine. The projection is located in the lower part of the cheek under the cheekbone of the face. Disturbances in the small intestine are expressed by skin irritation, acne, unevenness or roughness. 57. The xiphoid process. The projection is located under the base of the nose. When it is injured or a pathological condition occurs in the nose area, increased pain sensitivity, acne, and redness appear.
58. Greater curvature of the stomach. Projection is the inner region of the left nostril. In case of indigestion, the nasal mucosa reacts with the formation of inflammation, edema, and herpetic eruptions.
59. Lesser curvature of the stomach. The projection is the inner region of the right nostril. In case of indigestion, the nasal mucosa reacts with the formation of inflammation, edema, and herpetic eruptions.
60. Bladder, ureter of the right kidney. It is projected onto the ear canal and inner ear. With inflammatory processes in the organs, pain appears in the ear canal, sometimes inflammation occurs, increased sulfur secretion, and hearing decreases.
61. Bronchus of the right lung. It is projected on the skin of the wing of the right half of the nose. Violations are expressed by a vascular pattern at the base of the wing of the nose, redness, pigmentation.
62. Right mammary gland. The projection is located on the skin of the right cheek at the intersection of a vertical line extending from the outer part of the corner of the eye and a horizontal line passing through the upper pole of the wings of the nose. The problem is manifested by redness, pigmentation, acne, growth of moles, skin swelling.
63. Right lobe of the liver. The projection is located on the area of the muscles of the jaw joint. It is manifested by an involuntary increase in the tone of the muscle group, the development of arthrosis of the joint, and occasionally the violation is projected onto the skin in the form of pigment or irritation.
64. Ureter of the right kidney. It is projected on the face by a line running from the inner corner of the eye to the outer part of the chin. When it is irritated by sand, small stones or inflammation in it, a pattern of a line or part of a line of white or red color appears on the skin (depending on which part of the autonomic nervous system prevails - sympathetic or parasympathetic).
65. Right lung. It is projected on the skin of the cheek of the right half of the face, covering the zygomatic part. Pathology can be manifested by redness, angiopathic pattern, porosity, pigmentation, acne, dryness, unevenness or roughness of the skin surface.
66. Right kidney. Projected on the right auricle. The size of the ear is proportional to the size of the kidney: a big ear is a big kidney. Kidney damage manifests itself on a cartilaginous basis. It becomes painful and more dense, in some cases, on the contrary, too soft.
67. Congestion in the renal structures. It is projected onto the region of the eye socket. It appears on the skin in the form of wen, papillomas, dark spots.
68. Right side of the transverse colon. The representation is located in the lower medial part of the corner of the left eye. Dysfunction is manifested by swelling of the skin from the inner corner of the eye under the lower eyelid to the outer side of the face, sometimes redness or pigmentation
69. Infection of the kidney. The information zone is the conjunctiva of the eye. The external manifestation of an infectious disease is conjunctivitis, blepharitis, barley, eyelid edema.
70. Right kidney. The projection zone is located on the skin of the right eye socket (periorbicular region). With functional disorders of the kidney, the skin of the orbit is expressed by swelling, redness, darkening, the appearance of fatty plaques, and the growth of papillomas.
71. Body of the gallbladder with ducts. The projection zone of the gallbladder is the temporal region of the head. With its functional disorders, the skin of the temporal region reacts, on which acne, age spots, porosity appear. The periosteum of the temporal bone also reacts, it becomes painful on palpation.
72. Right lobe of the liver. It is projected onto the protein shell of the right eye. Violation in the liver is expressed by a red vascular pattern on the shell of the eye.
73. The pelvis of the right kidney. The projection zone is located in the inner corner of the eye in the region of the lacrimal duct. The pathological process in the area of the renal pelvis is sometimes expressed by the reaction of the skin in this area (darkening, pigmentation, redness, enlargement of pores, growth of papillomas, wen). Sometimes the problem contributes to the formation of blockage of the lacrimal duct, the inflammatory process in it, and profuse lacrimation.
74. Right adrenal gland. The projection zone is located above the right eyebrow from the inside. His disorder is expressed by soreness of the periosteum of the superciliary region, skin irritation.
75. Ascending colon (ileocecal angle). It is projected onto the upper right corner of the frontal region on the skin. Pathology is manifested by pigmentation, acne, skin irritation, growth of moles.
76. Transverse colon. Its projection is in the lower part of the forehead above the superciliary arches. With a functional violation, a skin reaction occurs (pimples, age spots, porosity, redness, growth of moles).
77. Appendix. Its projection zone is located on the skin in the upper part of the forehead on the right. When it is inflamed, the skin reacts with redness, dryness, pigmentation.
78. Stomach. The projection is located on the skin of the cartilaginous part of the bridge of the nose (the middle region of the nose). On the left side of the nose, the greater curvature of the stomach is projected, and on the right side, the lesser, pyloric stomach and duodenum are projected. In pathology, the skin reacts with irritation, pigmentation.
79. Bladder. The projection zone is located in the upper part of the forehead (the place where the hairline begins to grow). In pathology, pigmentation, skin irritation, hair loss, dandruff in this area of the head, psoriatic plaques are observed.
80. Uterus in women, genitals in men. The projection area is located in the upper part of the forehead, under the projection of the bladder. In pathology, the skin is irritated.
Question #11
Reflex changes in the functioning of the systems of internal organs, due to irritation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and teeth.
In the oral mucosa there are many receptors that perceive all kinds of irritations of the external and internal environment.
Irritation of oral receptors often causes reactions in the heart, digestive organs, endocrine glands and other organs, changing their activity. In turn, diseases of the internal organs and systems of the body may cause pathological symptoms in the oral cavity. This is due to the fact that the oral cavity and the facial area are the effector field of the reverse influence of "pathological" reflexes from the internal organs. The relationship of the organs of the oral cavity with the internal organs has not only a reflex, but also a humoral nature.
Afferentation from the receptor formations of the mucous membrane of the mouth and teeth forms an upward influence on various departments nervous system. This is due to the presence of close anatomical and physiological relationships between the central formations of the trigeminal nerve, which innervates the organs and tissues of the oral cavity, and the reticular formation of the brain stem.
In diseases of the teeth and other organs of the maxillofacial region, afferent impulses increase significantly, which leads to a generalized spread of excitation. Irradiation of excitation, which occurs with a very strong toothache (for example, with pulpitis), leads to the fact that a person is not able to localize it, i.e. indicate the diseased tooth.
With some dental diseases, long-term pain syndrome can create foci of dominant excitation in the corresponding nerve centers. Under these conditions, any extraneous stimuli (touch, bright light, harsh sound) increase the pain.
Question #12
Human skin and tendon reflexes, their significance in dental practice.
Tendon reflexes occur with mechanical stimulation of the muscles and tendons. Their slight stretching leads to excitation of tendon receptors and a-motor neurons of the spinal cord. As a result, there is a contraction of muscles, primarily extensor muscles. The most important tendon reflex in lower limbs is knee, or patellar. In this reflex, stimulation of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris causes its contraction.
The method of obtaining it is as follows: the patient sits down and crosses his legs, and the examiner strikes the lig with a hammer. patellae proprium. Due to the reflex contraction of the quadriceps femoris, the lower leg makes an anterior swing. If the patient cannot sit, then the examiner raises the leg at the knee joint so that the lower leg hangs freely, and then strikes the tendon.
The main condition for obtaining a reflex is that all the muscles of the leg are completely relaxed. Relatively often, this condition is not met: the patient keeps the antagonists tense, as a result of which the reflex is not evoked. Then resort to various artificial methods to eliminate this undesirable phenomenon. There are quite a few of these tricks; the most commonly used are the following: the Jendrassik method. The patient crosses his legs and, bending the fingers of both hands with a hook, grabs them for each other and strongly stretches his arms to the sides; the researcher at this time causes a reflex. Sometimes, if all attempts to evoke a reflex fail, it is enough to make the patient walk around the room for several minutes, after which the reflex is already called up (Kroner's method). The reflex arc of the knee reflex passes at the level of three spinal segments: 2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbar (L2 - L4), with the 4th lumbar playing the main role. The knee reflex belongs to the most constant reflexes. Its absence, especially one-sided, usually indicates an organic disease of the nervous system. Only in the form of a very rare exception can such areflexia be observed in perfectly healthy people. We say that a reflex is evoked when, in terms of strength, it does not represent anything special; the reflex is alive when there is a moderate increase; the reflex is increased when there is undoubtedly a significant increase in the reflex.
A change in the reflex in the opposite sense is characterized as follows: the reflex is sluggish, when there is a slight decrease in it; the reflex is lowered when its weakening is very significant; the reflex is absent when it cannot be evoked by any auxiliary methods.
The next most important tendon reflex is the Achilles tendon reflex. In it, irritation of the Achilles tendon gives a contraction of the calf muscle. It is called like this. The freestyle kneels on a chair so that the feet hang over the edge of the chair, and relaxes the muscles if possible. The examiner strikes the Achilles tendon with a hammer, resulting in plantar flexion of the foot.
In bed, it is best to examine the Achilles reflex with the patient in the prone position. The doctor raises the patient's shin, holding the foot, which leads to a state of slight dorsiflexion. At the same time, the Achilles tendon is somewhat stretched, and a gift is applied along it with a hammer. When the patient is positioned on the back, the study is somewhat less convenient, since the blow with the hammer has to be done from the bottom up. The inhibition of this reflex is much less pronounced, and therefore, as a rule, in practice it is not necessary to use any tricks to evoke it.
The arc of the Achilles reflex passes through the first and second sacral segments (S1 - S2), and the main role belongs to the first sacral. The Achilles reflex is also one of the most constant
On the hands, most often you have to deal with two tendon reflexes - c m. biceps and with m. triceps.
The biceps reflex consists in the contraction of this muscle from a blow to its tendon.
It is called like this. the doctor takes the patient by the forearm, bends him at the elbow at an obtuse angle and hits the biceps tendon with a hammer. As a result, a single flexion at the elbow occurs. This reflex is very constant, but still not the same as the knee and Achilles. Apparently, it can be absent in a certain percentage of cases or, which is practically the same thing, be expressed extremely weakly. Its reflex arc passes through the fifth and sixth cervical segments (c5 - C6).
The triceps reflex consists in the contraction of this muscle from a blow to its tendon. The way to call it is that the doctor puts it on his left hand upper limb the patient, bent at the elbow at an obtuse angle, strikes with a hammer on the tendon of the triceps muscle in the lowest part of the shoulder. At the moment of impact, a single extension at the elbow occurs. Regarding this reflex, as well as the previous one, we can say that it is very frequent, but apparently not absolutely constant or can be extremely weakly expressed in a certain percentage of cases. Its reflex arc passes through sixth and seventh cervical segments (C6 - C7).
On the head, the most popular tendon reflex is the m. masseter.
It is called like this: the patient is asked to open his mouth slightly, put the end of a wooden spatula on his lower jaw teeth, and hold the other end with his left hand. Then the spatula, like a bridge, is hit with a hammer. The mouth closes. The same reflex can be evoked by hitting the chin with a hammer or at the place of attachment of the upper end of the masticatory muscle on the zygomatic bone. This reflex, which has little practical significance and little studied, apparently exists in most healthy people.
Its reflex arc passes through the bridge of Varolii, and its leading and abducting halves are contained in the same nerve - the trigeminal.
Special mention deserves one reflex on the lower extremities, which is observed more often.
in pathological cases than in healthy people.
It is considered either a bone reflex, or a purely muscular (“idiomuscular”), or a tendon reflex. They call it either the Mendel reflex, or the Mendel-Bekhterevsky normal, or the "reflex of the back of the foot."
It is called by tapping on the back of the foot, in the region of the cuboid and third sphenoid bones, and consists in a more or less clear extension of the 2nd to 4th fingers., In healthy people, it is far from constant.
Approximately in the same uncertain position is another reflex described by Oppenheim: no one talks about its normal type, but its pathological form is given great importance. It consists of the following. With the handle of the hammer or fingers, the hands are drawn along the inner surface of the crest of the tibia from top to bottom, while applying strong pressure. In a healthy person, plantar flexion of the fingers and sometimes the entire foot occurs.
Skin reflexes
In the foreground in this group is the plantar reflex. To evoke it, some skin irritation is applied to the patient's sole - the fledgling is pricked with a pin, the handle of the hammer, the tip of the pin, etc. is passed over the skin. At the same time, plantar flexion occurs in the vast majority of healthy people fingers. A certain percentage of people already have irritations of ordinary strength. and in many - with too much irritation, the reflex takes on a slightly different form. First, in addition to the movement of the fingers, there are movements of the entire leg, which, as it were, pulls away from the irritating object: the thigh is bent in the pelvis, the lower leg is in the knee, and the foot is dorsiflexed. Secondly, the fingers - all or part of them - instead of plantar flexion produce a back flexion. In whatever form the plantar reflex proceeds, for healthy person it is characteristic that all movements are performed lively, quickly, energetically. Only such factors interfere with its manifestation, carious callosity of the sole in persons walking in very rough shoes or barefoot, and sometimes even such moments as frozen and terribly dirty feet. Sometimes one sees the absence of a plantar reflex in such neglected patients as soon as they are brought from the village. When they are brought into a decent appearance, washed, warmed up, the reflex turns out to be obvious. The reflex arc of the plantar reflex passes at the level of the first and second sacral segments (S1 - S2).
The next important reflex is the abdominal one. It consists in reducing abdominal muscles with irritation of the skin of the abdomen. To study it, they do this: the patient lies on his back with a slightly bent legs and relaxes as many muscles as possible. The examiner draws the handle of the hammer along the skin of the abdomen in the longitudinal, or transverse, or oblique directions, as a result of which the abdominal muscles contract. Since the abdomen is large, this area is divided into two parts: one above the navel, the other below, and they talk about "upper abdominal or "supraumbilical" reflex and "lower abdominal" or "infraumbilical".
Some divide this region not into two parts, but into three, which is why the boundaries between them become completely conditional. Only very flabby, atrophied abdominal walls in women who have given birth a lot and very high degrees of obesity in people of both sexes are the condition under which this reflex can decrease down to zero. Its reflex arc passes at the level of the 6th - 12th thoracic segments (D6 - D12), and the 6th - 9th thoracic segments are timed to the supraumbilical, and the 10th - 12th to the infraumbilical.
Then there is another important skin reflex in men - a reflex with m. cremaster. On consists in raising the testicle upward due to irritation of the skin of the thigh. It is called like this: the patient lies on his back, slightly spreading his hips and relaxing his muscles. cremaster on the side of irritation and pulls up the testicle. Occasionally abbreviation m. cremasteris occurs simultaneously on both sides. This reflex is very fatiguable and after several trials it usually disappears for a while.
The reflex arc of this reflex passes at the level of the 1st - 2nd lumbar segments (L1-L2).
You have seen that, with the exception of one cranial reflex that you have become familiar with, the reflex with m. masseter, - for everyone else, the reflex arc passes through the spinal cord. Hence, by the way, the name “spinal reflexes” arose.
Such an understanding of the internal mechanism of reflexes is quite applicable and indisputable in relation to tendon reflexes. In relation to skin reflexes, this classical concept competes with another one, which calls skin reflexes “cerebral” and conducts their reflex arc through the brain. According to this understanding, the reflex arc of skin reflexes is not built as elementarily as tendon reflexes. It does not consist of only two neurons - one sensory and one motor. The half that leads to it consists of the entire sensory pathway - from the terminal apparatus in the skin to the cerebral cortex, that is, it is made up of a chain of three and even, perhaps, four sensory neurons.
The abducent half is formed by the cortico-muscular pathway, i.e., a chain of two motor neurons.
Bow of both halves reflex arc takes place in the cerebral cortex. Concluding the exposition of this section, for the sake of clarity, I will cite once again the existing views on the substratum of skin reflexes.
1. Diagnostic projection zones internal organs of the head and neck
1. Rectum. 2. Sieve. 3. Liver. 4. Small intestine. 5. Descending part of the colon. 6. Left adrenal gland. 7. Area of the pelvis of the left kidney. 8. Upper pole of the left kidney. 9. Left lobe of the liver. 10. The body of the gallbladder. 11. Left side of the transverse colon. 12. Pancreas. 13. Bile-excretory ducts of the liver and gallbladder. 14. Left kidney. 15. Cardiac pathologies. 16. Ureter of the left kidney. 17. Left lobe of the liver. 18. Left mammary gland. 19. Left lung. 20. Heart disorders. 21. Bronchus of the left lung. 22. Diaphragm, costal arch. 23. Lesser curvature of the stomach. 24. Bulb of duodenum. 25. Adrenal gland of the left kidney. 26. Left inguinal fold, pupart ligament. 27. Left ovary in women, left testicle in men. 28. Left mammary gland. 29. Pubic symphysis. 30. Left kidney. 31. Stomach large curvature. 32. The left appendage with the ovary, the left lobe of the prostate gland with the testis. 33. Bladder. 34. The pelvis of the left kidney. 35. Pancreas. 36. Left lobe of the thyroid gland. 37. Left ureter. 38 and 41. The pyloric part of the stomach. 39. Uterus, prostate lobes. perineum. 40. Right mammary gland. 42. Right ureter. 43. Gallbladder. 44. Right lobe of the thyroid gland. 45. The pelvis of the right kidney. 46. Gynecology, right appendage with ovary, right lobe of the prostate gland with testis. 47. Stomach less curvature. 46. Right kidney. 49. Right ovary in women, right testicle in men. 50. Lymphatic system of the iliac region. 51. Adrenal gland of the right kidney. 52. Small intestine. 53. Greater curvature of the stomach. 54 . Hormonal system. 55. Signs of scleroderma. 56. Small intestine. 57. The xiphoid process. 5V. Lesser curvature of the stomach. 59. Greater curvature of the stomach. 60. Ureter of the right kidney, bladder. 61. Bronchus of the right lung. 62. Right mammary gland. 63. Right lobe of the liver. 64. Ureter of the right kidney. 65. Right lung. 66. Right kidney. 67. Stones, sand, congestion in the kidney structures. 68. Right side of the transverse colon. 69. Infection of the kidney. 70. Right kidney. 71. Body of the gallbladder with ducts. 72. Right lobe of the liver. 73. The pelvis of the right kidney. 74. Right adrenal gland. 75. Ascending colon (ileocecal angle). 76. Transverse colon. 77. Appendix. 76. Stomach. 79. Bladder. 80. Genital organs.
2. Diagnostic projection zones of internal organs on the human body
1. Thyroid disorders. 2. Stomach (greater curvature). 3. Bulb of the duodenum. 4. Angina syndrome. 5. Pancreas. 6. Reduced immunity. 7. Heart failure. 8. Capsule of the spleen, scapulohumeral periarthritis. 9. Valvular disorders of the heart. 10. Violation of the blood supply to the shoulder joint. 11. Ischemia of the heart. 12. Heart rate. 13. Parenchyma of the spleen. 14. Stomach, 15. Pancreas. 16. Left kidney. 17. Zones: A, E-ovaries, B, D-tubes, C-uterus (F.); A, E - testicles, B, C, D - prostate (M.). 18. Descending colon. nineteen. radial nerve (cervical osteochondrosis). 20. Parenchyma of the left kidney. 21. median nerve(cervical osteochondrosis). 22. Radial nerve (cervical osteochondrosis). 23. Area of functional weakening of organs. 24. Left lung. 25. Arthrosis of the left hip joint. 26. Uterus, prostate. 27. Violation of blood circulation of the left leg, arthrosis of the hip joint. 28. Arthrosis of the left hip joint. 29. Sexual disorders. 30. Arthrosis of the left knee joint. 31. Tail part and body of the pancreas. 32. Arthrosis of the left knee joint. 33. Stomach (greater curvature). 34. Violation of the blood supply to the left leg. 35. The bottom of the gallbladder. 36. Bulb of the duodenum. 37. Body of the gallbladder. 38. Duct of the gallbladder. 39. Arthrosis of the left ankle joint. 40. Disorder of the left kidney. 41. Bladder. 42. Gallbladder. 43. Stomach (greater curvature). 44. Pancreas. 45. Genital organs. 46. Arthrosis of the ankle joint. 47. Bladder. 48. Liver. 49. Natopysh (stone in the gallbladder). 50. Stomach (small curvature). 51. Gallbladder. 52. The right half of the bladder. 53. Right kidney. 54. Arthrosis of the right ankle joint. 55. Bile ducts. 56. Body of the gallbladder. 57. Bulb of the duodenum. 58. The bottom of the gallbladder. 59. Blood circulation of the right leg. 60. Stomach (small curvature). 61. Arthrosis of the right knee joint. 62. Head and body of the pancreas. 63. Arthrosis of the right knee joint. 64. Violation of blood circulation in the right leg, arthrosis of the hip joint. 65. Sexual disorders. 66. Uterus, prostate. 67.68. Arthrosis of the right hip joint. 69. Right lung. 70. Area of functional weakening of organs. 71. Radial nerve (radicular ischemia cervical). 72. Parenchyma of the right kidney. 73.74. Ascending colon. 75. Ulnar nerve(radicular ischemia of the cervical region). 76. Median nerve (radicular ischemia of the cervical region). 77. Violation of the blood circulation of the small pelvis. 78. Small intestine. 79. Disorders of the right kidney. 80. Stomach (small curvature). 81. Gallbladder. 82. Liver parenchyma. 83. Automatic breathing. 84. Violation of blood circulation of the right shoulder joint. 85. Gastritis, stomach. 86. Liver capsule. 87. Respiratory failure. 88. Gallbladder. 89. Bulb of the duodenum. 90. Stomach (small curvature).
3. Diagnostic projection zones of internal organs on the body
1. Violations in skeletal system. 2. The head of the pancreas. 3. Basilar insufficiency. 4. Upper pole of the right kidney. 5. Lower pole of the right kidney. 6. Ureter of the right kidney. 7. The bottom of the gallbladder. 8. Right side of the transverse colon. 9. Duct of the gallbladder. 10. Representation of the right mammary gland. 11. Liver capsule, scapulohumeral periarthritis. 12. Energy imbalance in the lung. 13. Right kidney with bladder. 14. Right lobe of the liver. 15, 16. Right kidney. 17. Right adrenal gland. 18. Violation of blood circulation of the pelvic organs on the right. 19. Ascending colon. 20. Small intestine on the right. 21. Inflammation elbow joint. 22. Parenchyma of the kidney. 23. Head and body of the pancreas. 24. Ascending colon. 25. Bladder (right half). 26. Small intestine. 27. Small intestine ( Right side). 28. Right ovary in women and right testicle in men. 29. Ligaments of the right hip joint. 30. Sexual organ (right side). 31. Right lung. 32. Ascending colon. 33. Nervous system. 34. Small intestine. 35. Infringement sciatic nerve. 36. Arthrosis of the right hip joint. 37. Arthrosis of the right knee joint. 38. Right kidney. 39. Ligament apparatus of the right knee joint. 40. Right ureter. 41. The bottom of the gallbladder. 42. The body of the gallbladder. 43. Ducts of the gallbladder. 44. Ligaments of the right ankle joint. 45. Tendovaginitis. 46. Large intestine. 47. Ligaments of the left ankle joint. 48. Duct of the gallbladder. 49. Body of the gallbladder. 50. The bottom of the gallbladder. 51. Ureter of the left kidney. 52. Ligament apparatus of the left knee joint. 53. Left kidney. 54. Arthrosis of the left knee joint. 55. Arthrosis of the left hip joint. 56. Sexual organ (left side). 57. Infringement of the sciatic nerve. 58. Small intestine ( left-hand side). 59. Heart, small intestine. 60. Nervous system. 61. Descending colon. 62. Left lung. 63. Heart disorders. 64. Ligaments of the left hip joint. 65. Left ovary in women and left testicle in men. 66. Disorder of the genital organs. 67. Small intestine. 68. Left half of the bladder. 69. Body and tail of the pancreas. 70. Descending colon. 71. Heart disorders. 72. Parenchyma of the left kidney. 73. Small intestine on the left. 74. Large intestine on the left. 75. Stomach. 76. Violation of the circulation of the pelvic organs on the left. 77. Left adrenal gland. 78. Pancreas. 79.80. Left kidney. 81. Left kidney with bladder. 82. Energy center of the heart. 83. Capsule of the spleen, scapulohumeral periarthritis. 84. Mammary gland. 85. A - heart failure, B - valvular disorders of the heart, C - ischemia, angina pectoris, D - cardiac arrhythmias. 86. The left part of the colon. 87. Left ureter. 88. Lower pole of the left kidney. 89. Upper pole of the left kidney. 90. Basilar insufficiency. 91. Tail part and body of the pancreas. 92. Subluxation at the base of the skull. 93. Lymphatic and renal imbalance.
1829-1897; H. Head, English neurologist, 1861-1940; synonymous with Ged's zone) limited areas of the skin (zones), in which, in diseases of the internal organs, reflected pain often appears, as well as changes in sensitivity in the form of pain and temperature hyperesthesia. The anatomical and physiological basis for the emergence of such zones is the metameric structure of the segmental apparatus of the spinal cord (Spinal Cord) ,
having a constant anatomical connection both with certain areas of the skin (dermatomes) and with internal organs (splanchnotomes). During embryonic development the relative position of the internal organ and the segment of the spinal cord that innervates it changes significantly, but their neural connections are preserved. for example, in an embryo it is laid at the level of the neck, and in the process of maturation of the fetus it moves to, while maintaining autonomic nerve connections with the cervical part of the spinal cord. Therefore, with inflammation of the ovary, the reflected (aching, dull) is often localized in the neck and shoulder girdle (Lapinsky). When an internal organ is damaged, pathological impulses are transmitted along sensitive nerve fibers to the innervating organ and cause a segmental apparatus, including second neurons skin sensitivity and motor neurons (innervating). Prolonged excitation leads to depletion of neurons, which is manifested by hyperesthesia associated with a decrease in the threshold of pain and temperature sensitivity in the corresponding dermatome. Pathological impulses along the conductors of sensitivity (Sensitivity) are conducted to the cerebral cortex, forming pain localized within the corresponding dermatome. In the emergence of Z. - G. Z., in addition to spinal mechanisms, apparently, axon reflexes also matter (see Nervous system) .
There is a certain layout of Z. - G. Z. on and limbs ( rice
.); Z. - G. Z. were also found in the head and neck. To identify Z. - G. Z., several methods are used: light pricks are made with a pin in the area of the skin projection of the affected internal organ (to determine hyperesthesia); slightly clamped between the large and index fingers and slightly lift the skin with subcutaneous tissue (with the pathology of the corresponding internal organ, more or less intense pain occurs); touch with a test tube with warm water or a warm wet sponge to the skin in the area of Z. - G. Z. (in the presence of a pathology of the corresponding internal organ, burning and pain are noted). Identification of pain and hyperesthesia, comparison of its boundaries with the schemes of Z. - G. Z. suggest an internal organ. However, it should be remembered that the same areas of the skin can occur in diseases of various organs. Diagnostic difficulties are caused by the so-called visceral irritations, as well as the presence of the phenomenon of repercussion (Repercussion) .
Within Z. - G. Z. are often detected (see Pain points) .
Z. - G. Z. also use reflex therapy for diseases of internal organs as a place of application of exposure. Apply, cauterization, point, etc. Bibliography: Bersenev V.A. The structure of the viscerocutaneous sensitive syndrome (Zakharyin-Ged zones), Zhurn. neuropath. and psychiat., vol. 79, no. 7, p. 884, 1979; Volkov V.S. and others. Clinical significance of the Zakharyin-Ged zones for pain in the region of the heart, vol. 23, no. 6, p. 117, 1983; Gusev E.I., Grechko V.E. and Burd G.S. Nervous diseases, M., 1988; Solomyansky A.E. On the skin-temperature zones of Zakharyin - Geda, Zhurn. neuropath. and psychiat., vol. 74, no. 7, p. 1020, 1974. areas of the skin in which, in diseases of certain internal organs, reflected pain occurs, as well as pain and temperature hyperesthesia.
1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First health care. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.
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