Foreign bodies - objects alien to the body that penetrate the tissues, cavities and organs through the skin, natural holes body or through wounds. Foreign bodies can be objects of production - nails, rivets, pieces of wire, pins, buttons or other objects, as well as pieces of unchewed food that accidentally get into the mouth, bones, bread crusts, dentures.

Removal of a foreign body that has fallen under the skin or under the nail. Most often, small foreign bodies penetrate through the damaged skin: sharp chips, pieces of metal shavings, glass fragments, fragments of thin drills, plant thorns, etc. They usually lie shallow in the thickness of the skin or under it. Their extraction is usually not difficult. The splinter is removed after disinfection of the skin and instrument with alcohol, 5% iodine tincture. After removing a small foreign body, the wound must be carefully treated, the wound site should be lubricated with tincture of iodine and a bandage applied so as not to cause the development of infection from contaminated foreign bodies and a random tool (if one was forced to use). In case of contact with the skin or soft tissues poisonous foreign bodies should immediately consult a doctor.

At gunshot wounds foreign bodies (bullets, shell fragments) penetrate into deeply located tissues and organs. Removing them can only be done in a medical hospital.

The entry of a foreign body into Airways(man chokes). If the airways are only partially blocked by a foreign body that has entered them, then in most cases the victim can cough and clear the airways on his own. To increase the effectiveness of the cough shock, the victim must take a deep breath in front of him, take in more air. If the attempt failed and there was no one nearby who could provide effective assistance, you can make another attempt - to apply self-help techniques.

With both hands, with jerky strong pushes, you should press on your abdomen, located between the navel and chest (closer to the navel). It is better to stand with your back against the wall. Another way: sharply, leaning forward in jerks, you should bend over the back of the chair 3-4 times, pressing on it with your stomach in the above area each time with considerable force.

Receptions of assistance to the injured person who happened to be nearby. With the development of respiratory disorders, life threatening(dyspnea with difficulty inhaling and exhaling, cyanosis around the mouth, increasing cyanosis of the entire skin, anxiety or lethargy, increased heart rate), before the doctor arrives, the victim should be given urgent help by any person nearby.

If the victim's airway is completely blocked, he can neither breathe, nor speak, nor cough. Usually the victims in a panic grab their throats. The face acquires a purple-bluish tint, tears flow in a hail, convulsions and loss of consciousness occur. Such a victim may die within three minutes if he is not given effective assistance. The cause of death will be asphyxia (suffocation) as a result of blocking the respiratory tract by a foreign body, which caused oxygen starvation of the brain.

Even in such a situation, the victim can almost always be saved. There are simple special techniques to help in such circumstances. If the victim, for example, has choked, but has not yet lost consciousness and can stand on his feet (stand), the person providing assistance should take a position behind the victim and wrap his arms around him in the stomach area (between the navel and chest, closer to the navel). Hands of a person rendering first aid, should be locked into a "lock" or clenched into fists (then it is better to cross them). With strong movements, the rescuer must press on the stomach in the direction both up and inward, while trying to squeeze the stomach also from the sides.

When squeezed, air is pushed out of the lungs and can push the foreign body out of the airways. It is usually necessary to make two or three of these vigorous pitching. If there was a food "gag", as a rule, one such procedure is enough for it to fly out and the person to breathe. The meaning of this manipulation is that a sharp increase in intra-abdominal pressure is created, which is transmitted to the diaphragm and lungs. There is always a small amount of air in the lungs, which is quite enough to remove the stuck food bolus.

If the first attempt was unsuccessful, open the victim's mouth and check if the foreign body can be reached with the fingers, or tilt the victim forward and hit between the shoulder blades 5 times hard. This usually helps to dislodge the foreign body. However, the shift can have not only a positive, but also an aggravating effect, it even happens that it provokes fatal outcome. In the absence of an immediate threat to life, a technique aimed at displacing foreign bodies in the respiratory tract should not be carried out.

If necessary, repeat the pressing procedure 4 times. After that, alternate five blows between the shoulder blades with five pressures on the abdomen. If the foreign body does not come out, immediately call an ambulance.

If the victim is already unconscious, he must be laid with his back on a hard surface and with strong shocks, press on upper part abdomen, away from solar plexus about the width of a hand. Next, you need to check if the foreign body has come out into the oral cavity, and extract it. If the casualty is not breathing, the caregiver should start artificial respiration"from mouth to mouth" (see paragraph 7.3).

If the chest does not expand after two or three breaths, it should be assumed that the airway is still blocked by a foreign body. Then it is necessary to resume pressing movements, then artificial respiration, and in the absence of a pulse, simultaneously carry out indirect massage hearts.

Foreign bodies in the respiratory tract do not always lead to such tragic consequences, but if there is even the slightest suspicion that something foreign has got into them, this should be taken as seriously as possible and immediately refer the victim to a doctor. A foreign body can cause a process in the lungs or bronchi, which, in external manifestations, is similar to chronic pneumonia or chronic bronchitis.

Removal of foreign bodies in the eye. Grains of dust, soot and insects can get into the eye. In this case, you should not rub the eye, as this contributes to additional irritation and pain. Foreign bodies that have entered the eye are best removed by flushing with a solution of boric acid or clean water from a kettle, from cotton wool or gauze, putting the victim on the healthy side and directing the jet from the outer corner of the eye (from the temple) to the inner (toward the nose).

If a foreign body gets under the skin (or under the nail), it can be removed only if there is confidence that this can be done easily and completely. At the slightest difficulty, contact

to the doctor. After removing the foreign body, it is necessary to lubricate the wound with tincture of iodine and apply a bandage.

Foreign bodies that have entered the eye are best removed by washing with a jet of water from a glass, cotton wool or gauze, using a drinking fountain, directing the jet from the outer corner of the eye (from the temple) to the inner (towards the nose). You should not rub your eyes.

First aid for fainting, heat and sunstroke and poisoning

In a pre-fainting state (complaints of dizziness, nausea, tightness in the chest, lack of air, darkening in the eyes), the victim should be laid down with his head slightly lower than the body, since during fainting there is a sudden outflow of blood from the brain.

It is necessary to unbutton the victim’s clothing that restricts breathing, provide fresh air, give him a drink cold water, to give sniff ammonia. Putting cold lotions and ice on your head should not be. Face and chest can be wetted cold water. The same should be done if fainting has already occurred.

With heat and sunstroke, there is a rush of blood to the brain, as a result of which the victim feels sudden weakness, headache, vomiting occurs, and breathing becomes shallow. Help is as follows: the victim must be taken out or taken out of a hot room or removed from the sun in a shade, cool room, providing fresh air. It should be laid so that the head is higher than the body, unfasten clothing that restricts breathing, put ice on the head or make cold lotions, moisten the chest with cold water, give ammonia to sniff. If the victim is conscious, you need to give him to drink 15-20 drops of valerian tincture in one third of a glass of water.

If breathing has stopped or is very weak and the pulse is not palpable, it is necessary to immediately begin artificial respiration and heart massage and urgently call a doctor.

In case of gas poisoning, including carbon monoxide, acetylene, natural gas, gasoline vapors, etc., appear headache, "knocking in the temples", "ringing in the ears", general weakness, dizziness, palpitations, nausea and vomiting. With severe poisoning, drowsiness, apathy, indifference occur, and with severe poisoning- an excited state with erratic movements, loss or holding of breath, dilated pupils.

In case of all poisoning, immediately remove or remove the victim from the poisoned area, unfasten clothing that restricts breathing, provide fresh air, lay him down, raise his legs, cover him warmly, give ammonia to smell.

An unconscious victim may vomit, so turn his head to the side.

When breathing stops, artificial respiration should be started immediately.

The concept of "foreign body" should be understood as a foreign object or a living organism (insects) that has entered the tissues by penetrating through a wound or natural openings. For example, a small object can freely pass through the entire digestive tract and leave the body during bowel movements, but it can get stuck, thereby causing intestinal obstruction. BUT sharp objects, when passing through the esophagus and stomach, can cause serious damage. That is, all foreign bodies that enter the internal cavities organism, they can either be freely located in them, or they will be introduced into the tissues.

FOREIGN BODY IN THE AIRWAY

Foreign body inhalation is the most common problem among children. In this case, a disease of the bronchi and lungs can develop. In children of the first year of life, the course of bronchopulmonary complications is the most severe.

As foreign bodies, pieces of food, plant seeds (sunflower, corn, watermelon, etc.), small bones (fish) most often act. The introduction (aspiration) of seeds most often occurs in autumn period. They are difficult to diagnose, so their presence in the bronchi can last long time, while they increase in size, swell, decompose, crumble when removed, which leads to aspiration of individual particles penetrating into smaller bronchi with the further development of pneumonia (pneumonia).

Foreign bodies of inorganic origin, which are often found in children, include parts of toys, springs, pins, milk teeth, designer parts, pencil and pen tips, ball bearings, etc. Among total foreign bodies entering the respiratory tract in children, metal foreign bodies make up approximately 4-5% - they are relatively safe and the most favorable, since they are the easiest to diagnose, and when removed, they are not crushed and are completely removed.

The ingress of a foreign body into the respiratory tract is always unexpected and happens in the most different conditions(often when eating). This is facilitated by talking, laughing, coughing, sudden fright, crying, falling. In addition, during vomiting, foreign bodies from the stomach and esophagus can also enter the respiratory tract.

Depending on the nature and form, foreign bodies are localized in different parts of the upper respiratory tract. Among children, cases of getting into the larynx are common.

The main signs of a foreign body entering the respiratory tract:

• Sharp paroxysmal cough that suddenly starts in a healthy child
• Suffocation
• Stenotic (severely labored) breathing with retraction of the inferior places of the chest
• Cyanosis(cyanosis) of the skin of the face
• Loss of consciousness(in rare cases, when a foreign body completely blocks the airways for a long time)
• Recurrent bouts of coughing
• Hoarseness

Foreign body in the throat

Larynx The child has periodic bouts of whooping cough. At the same time, older children complain of a foreign body sensation and pain when swallowing.

Small objects (thin bones, pins, sewing needles, etc.) when they enter the larynx do not block its lumen, therefore, as a rule, they do not interfere with breathing. Foreign bodies of an angular and pointed shape can be introduced into the mucous membrane of the larynx, violating its integrity. In this case, the child complains of pain behind the sternum or in the throat, which is aggravated by sudden movements and coughing, and blood impurities may appear in the sputum. Such cases pose the greatest danger, since if it enters the respiratory tract, the child retains free breathing through the larynx, and after a few hours, as a result of tissue damage, suffocation may occur.

The main signs of a foreign body entering the larynx:

• Dyspnea
• Persistent hoarseness
• Cough (intermittent, worse at night)

In some cases, the child may experience pronounced bouts of whooping cough, accompanied by cyanosis of the face and vomiting.

Foreign body in the trachea

When a foreign body enters the trachea, respiratory failure occurs to a lesser extent. If the foreign body is small, it can move freely in the trachea (in this case, you can clearly hear it hitting the walls of the trachea, larynx and vocal cords during movement during inhalation and exhalation, with laughter, crying, coughing, anxiety of the child).

When a foreign body enters the bronchi, the child's breathing becomes free, he calms down, the cough becomes less prolonged. Therefore, adults who monitor the child very often do not apply for medical care, which leads to the occurrence of various complications, manifested in the form of diseases of the lungs and bronchi.

Prevention and first aid in case of foreign bodies entering the upper respiratory tract

Adults (parents, educators, teachers) should constantly monitor the child, not allow small children to play with small objects, wean them from the habit of taking everything in their mouths, and not leave children unattended.

With early age The child needs to be taught the correct calm behavior during meals. Fish and meat bones, fruit bones, grains should be removed from the child's food. Avoid talking to your child while eating.

Adults involved in the upbringing of children should be aware of the danger of possible introduction (aspiration) of foreign bodies and the severe irreversible changes associated with this development. bronchopulmonary system which can lead to disability and even death of the child.

In the event of a foreign body entering the respiratory tract or at the slightest suspicion of its aspiration, the child must be urgently taken to medical institution where he will undergo a thorough diagnosis and, if necessary, receive the necessary treatment.

See also the article.

FOREIGN BODIES IN THE NOSE, EAR, THROAT, EYE

The entry of foreign bodies into nose occurs during eating (if the child is talking or laughing), vomiting, and also when the child himself puts them into nasal cavity. In addition, roundworms can enter the nasal cavity through the esophagus (first roundworms (worms) penetrate into the oral cavity, then into the nose). If sharp objects enter the nose, they injure the mucous membrane, causing one-sided discharge with blood impurities. With a long stay of a foreign body in the nasal cavity, the discharge becomes bad smell, swelling of the corresponding half of the nose may appear, the child complains of headaches.

When a foreign body enters ear(peas, beads, small parts of toys, as well as small insects that themselves can crawl into the ear), it is usually located in the cartilaginous part of the ear canal. However, the tympanic membrane can also be damaged - in this case, a foreign body enters the tympanic cavity. If the foreign body in the ear is rounded, it does not bother the child much, sharp objects can cause pain, and insects cause severe itching and painful sensations. See also the article.

Foreign bodies pharynx can be varied in size, character, shape, etc. Basically, they enter the pharynx from the oral cavity with food (bones, bones, etc.) or accidentally. Small and thin foreign bodies can be located in the deepening of the mucous membrane, and large ones can occupy the entire pharyngeal cavity. Fish bones tend to get stuck in the region of the root of the tongue and in palatine tonsils. Being in the pharyngeal cavity, a foreign body can cause severe irritation. If an infection joins this, inflammation develops, which leads to swelling of the surrounding tissues.

Only a specialist doctor can remove a foreign body from the pharynx. Under no circumstances should you do this on your own! Also, you should not knock on the back of the child in the hope that the foreign body will come out, as sharp objects or bones can penetrate even deeper into the wall of the pharyngeal mucosa, which will lead to more serious damage and even death.

When a foreign body enters eye, it can be located both outside and inside eyeball. All foreign bodies of the eye cause mechanical trauma, which can lead to infectious complication. When any object (grain of sand, shavings, insects, etc.) gets into the eye, pain, lacrimation, burning, photophobia appear.

If a foreign body enters the eye or eyelids, the child must be given first aid - see article.

A foreign body that has entered the ear has an inorganic and organic origin. A medicine (tablets, capsules) and even an ordinary sulfur plug can become a foreign object. Sulfur in the form of a stony conglomerate with uneven edges causes sharp pain and cause hearing loss. Most often when a foreign body enters the external ear canal, an inflammatory reaction occurs and pus accumulates in case of untimely extraction.

By damaging the tissues of the organ of hearing, a foreign body can lead to serious complications, so emergency first aid is mandatory. A person can pull some objects out of the ear canal on their own, without even having medical education. But often an attempt to pull out a foreign body only exacerbates the problem and injures the osteochondral canal. It is better not to resort to self-help, but to seek qualified medical assistance.

Features of foreign bodies entering the organ of hearing

A foreign body of the ear is an object that has entered the external auditory canal, the cavity of the inner or middle ear. Objects that are in the organ of hearing can be: parts hearing aid; earwax; live microorganisms; insects; plants; cotton wool; plasticine; paper; small children's toys; stones and the like.

A foreign object in the ear causes severe pain, can sometimes be observed: hearing loss; nausea; vomit; dizziness; fainting; feeling of pressure in the ear canal. It is possible to diagnose the ingress of a foreign object into the osteochondral canal using a procedure that is called otoscopy in medicine. Remove foreign object different ways, the choice of method is determined by the parameters and shape of the body. There are three known methods for extracting an object from the ear: surgical intervention; removal using basic tools; washing.

Otolaryngologists share foreign objects ear into internal and external. Most often, foreign objects are exogenous - they got into the cavity of the organ from the outside. Objects localized in the ear canal are divided into two groups: inert (buttons, toys, small parts, foam plastic) and live (larvae, flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches).

Symptoms that indicate a foreign object has entered the ear

Most often, inert bodies can stay in the ear for a long period of time and not cause pain and discomfort, but due to their presence in the organ, a feeling of congestion occurs, hearing decreases and hearing loss develops. At first, when an object enters the ear, a person can feel its presence in the ear canal when running, walking, bending down or to the side.

If an insect is in the osteochondral canal, its movements will irritate the ear canal and cause discomfort. Living foreign bodies often provoke severe itching, burning in the ear and require immediate first aid.

The essence of first aid when a foreign body enters the ear canal

The most common way to remove a foreign object from the ear is through a lavage procedure. This will require warm pure water, 2% boron solution, potassium permanganate, furatsilin and a disposable syringe. During the manipulation, the liquid from the syringe is released very smoothly so as not to cause mechanical damage eardrum. If there is a suspicion of injury to the membrane, it is strictly forbidden to flush the organ.

In the event that an insect is stuck in the ear, creature should be immobilized. To do this, 7-10 drops of glycerin, alcohol or oil are poured into the ear canal, then the inert object is removed from the organ by washing the canal. Plant objects such as peas, legumes or beans should be dehydrated with a 3% boron solution before removal. Under the influence of boric acid, the trapped body will become smaller in volume and it will be easier to remove it.

It is strictly forbidden to remove a foreign object with improvised objects, such as matches, needles, pins or hairpins. Due to such manipulations, a foreign body can push deep into the auditory canal and injure the eardrum. If washing at home is ineffective, a person should consult a doctor. If a foreign object has penetrated the bony part of the ear or is stuck in the tympanic cavity, it can only be removed by a specialist during a surgical operation.

If a foreign body gets deep into the organ of hearing, there is a huge risk of damage:

• tympanic cavity and membrane;
• auditory tube;
• middle ear, including antrum;
• facial nerve.

Due to ear injury, there is a risk of heavy bleeding from the bulb jugular vein, venous sinuses or carotid artery. After a hemorrhage, a disorder of the vestibular and auditory functions, resulting in strong noises in the ear, vestibular ataxia and an autonomic reaction.

The doctor will be able to diagnose an ear injury after studying the medical history, patient complaints, performing otoscopy, x-rays and other diagnostics. To avoid numerous complications (hemorrhage, intracranial injuries, sepsis), the patient is hospitalized and a special course of treatment is carried out.

First aid for a non-living foreign body in the ear

Small items do not cause severe pain and discomfort, so when they are detected, the removal procedure will be almost painless. Larger objects obstruct the passage sound waves through the auditory tube and cause hearing loss. A foreign object that has sharp corners most often injures the skin of the ear and the tympanic cavity, thereby pain syndrome and bleeding. If there is a wound in the organ, an infection gets into it and inflammation of the middle ear occurs.

For the first medical aid when a foreign inanimate body enters the organ of hearing, you should contact an otolaryngologist. First of all, the doctor examines the external auditory canal: with one hand, the doctor pulls the auricle and directs it up and then back. On examination small child the otolaryngologist shifts the ear shell down, then back.

If the patient turned to a specialist on the second or third day of illness, visualization of a foreign object will be more difficult and microotoscopy or otoscopy may be necessary. If the patient has any discharge, then their bacteriological analysis and microscopy are performed. If an object enters the ear cavity through injury to the organ, the specialist prescribes an x-ray.

It is not advisable to try to remove a foreign body on your own, without the necessary sterile instruments and medical knowledge. If an incorrect attempt is made to remove an inanimate object, a person can damage the osteochondral canal and infect it even more.

Most simple method removal of an object from the organ of hearing is considered therapeutic washing. The doctor heats the water, then draws it into a disposable syringe with a cannula. Next, the specialist inserts the end of the cannula into the auditory tube and pours water under slight pressure. The otolaryngologist can perform the procedure from 1 to 4 times. Other medicines in the form of solutions can be added to ordinary water. If fluid remains in the ear cavity, it should be removed with a turunda. Manipulation is contraindicated if a battery, a thin and flat body is stuck in the external auditory canal, since they can move deep into the ear under pressure.

The doctor can remove the foreign object with the help of an ear hook that winds up behind it and pulls out from the organ. During the procedure, visual observation should be carried out. If the patient does not experience severe pain, then the object can be removed without anesthesia. Minor patients are given general anesthesia.

Upon completion of the manipulation, when the object is removed from the osteochondral canal, the otolaryngologist performs a secondary examination of the organ. If a specialist detects wounds in the organ of hearing, they must be treated with boron solution or other disinfectants. medicines. After removing the foreign body, the doctor prescribes an antibacterial ear ointment.

With severe inflammation and swelling of the osteochondral canal, the object cannot be removed. You should wait a few days, during which the patient must take anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and decongestant medications. If the foreign object cannot be removed from the ear with instruments and different ways, otolaryngologist suggests surgical operation.

Emergency care in case of a foreign living body getting into the organ of hearing

When a foreign living object enters the ear, it begins to move in the ear canal, thereby delivering a lot to the person. discomfort. The patient, due to the ingestion of an insect, begins nausea, dizziness and vomiting. Small children have seizures. Otoscopy allows diagnosing a living object in an organ.

The otolaryngologist first of all immobilizes the insect with a few drops of ethyl alcohol or oil-based medicines. Next, the procedure for washing the bone-cartilaginous canal is carried out. If the manipulation turned out to be ineffective, the doctor removes the insect with a hook or tweezers.

Sulfur Plug Removal

Excessive formation of sulfur occurs due to its increased production, curvature of the osteochondral canal, improper hygiene ear. When a sulfur plug occurs, a person has a feeling of congestion in the organ of hearing and high blood pressure. When the cork comes into contact with the eardrum, a person may be disturbed by noise in the organ. A foreign body can be diagnosed by examining an otolaryngologist or by performing an otoscopy.

Delete sulfur plug best experienced doctor. Before washing, the patient should drip a few drops of peroxide into the ear for 2-3 days before the start of the manipulation to soften the sulfuric lump and facilitate its further extraction. If this does not bring results, the doctor resorts to instrumental removal of a foreign object.

First aid for a foreign body in the ear should be provided by a qualified otolaryngologist after a detailed examination and appropriate research. The choice of a method for removing a foreign object falls on the shoulders of the doctor. The specialist takes into account not only the size, features and shape of the body that has entered the ear canal, but also the preferences of the patient. Removing an object from the ear by rinsing is the most gentle treatment method, which in 90% of cases helps to get rid of the problem. If therapeutic lavage is ineffective, the doctor recommends removing the foreign body using instruments or surgical intervention. Timely provision of emergency care can prevent the occurrence of complications and hearing problems in the future.

Foreign bodies ( small items, bones, buttons, etc.) often get into the pharynx and esophagus and, stuck there, lead to difficulty in eating, to damage, and if they stay there for a long time, to perforation of the pharyngeal wall or esophagus, development purulent process in the surrounding tissues. The ingress of a foreign body into the body can cause discomfort and become a real threat to health.

First aid when a foreign body enters the body:

If a foreign object enters the ear
- Nothing should be inserted into the ear and do not attempt to remove a foreign body with cotton swab or paperclips. Thus, it is only possible to push the foreign body inward and damage its fragile structure.
- In the case where the object is partially sticking out of the ear, it is worth asking another person to carefully remove it, for example with tweezers.
- It is worth tilting the head with the affected ear down and shaking it - so gravity will help push the object out.

When an insect is in the ear, you also need to first tilt your head with the affected ear up and let it crawl out on its own. If such manipulation does not help, it is worth pouring mineral or vegetable oil into the ear. It should be warm, but not hot. And then you need to pull the tip of the ear a little back and up - so straighten auditory canal. In this case, the insect will have to suffocate and float up in the arranged "oil bath". But oil can only be used to remove living creatures. This method should not be used if you suspect an injury. eardrum(signs: pain, bleeding or discharge from the ear).
You can try rinsing your ear with a syringe. We take the most ordinary syringe, without a needle and warm water for washing. And in this case, this technique is unacceptable if there is a suspicion of injury to the membrane.
In the case when all these methods did not help, and after removal, pain remains in the ear, hearing decreases or the feeling of a foreign body does not go away, you should consult a doctor.

First aid for a foreign body in the eye:
If a mote gets into the eye, you should wash your hands, rinse the eye with clean water or sterile saline. To do this, use a small glass or glass, fill it with water and apply to your face, immersing your eye in it, blink.
You can go into the shower and direct a gentle stream of water through the shower onto your forehead, while trying to keep your eyes open.
If you have to help another person in such a situation, you should wash your hands, seat the person in a well-lit place. To examine the eye, pull the lower eyelid down and ask the victim to look up. Then lift up upper eyelid and ask the victim to look down. When it turns out that a foreign body is floating on the surface of the eye with a tear, you should try to rinse the eye very gently with a pipette or a light pressure of water.
If a large object gets into the eye, do not try to remove it yourself - contact the nearest eye department.

First aid for a foreign body in the nose:
Do not insert a cotton swab or any other instrument into the nostril. Also, do not inhale the object or forcefully blow it out. Start breathing through your mouth until the object is removed. It is worth trying to pinch a healthy nostril and very quietly blow out a foreign body from a diseased nostril.
You can ask someone else to carefully remove the object with tweezers. But this must be done carefully, trying not to push it further. And in this case, you should seek the help of specialists.

First aid for a foreign body in the skin
It is usually possible to easily and safely remove a small foreign body from the surface of the skin, such as a splinter or glass shard. To do this, wash your hands and the affected skin area with soap and water. Treat the tweezers with alcohol, take magnifying glass, a needle from a syringe or a sewing needle (also treated with alcohol). Gently lift or tear the top layers of skin over the foreign body by picking it up with the tip of the needle and remove it with tweezers. Then you need to squeeze out a few drops of blood to remove the germs that have got inside with them. The affected area of ​​the skin is washed again and dried. In the case when it is not possible to independently extract a foreign matter from skin, it is worth contacting the nearest surgical department for help.

First aid for a foreign body in the respiratory tract:

By location, foreign bodies of the larynx are most common. As you know, the respiratory tract begins with the nose, then the air goes into the nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and, finally, into the lungs. The larynx contains the vocal folds. This place is the narrowest, so usually foreign bodies do not pass further and remain here.
Pieces of food most often get into the respiratory tract. The risk of this is increased if the person talks while eating. When there is still food in the mouth, and the person takes a breath while talking, some pieces can be carried away with the air flow and get into the larynx. In children, various parts of toys, which they break off and accidentally inhale, often act as foreign bodies.

Signs of foreign bodies entering the respiratory tract

Symptoms of the presence of a foreign body in the larynx are suffocation. Asphyxiation occurs due to a decrease or disappearance of the lumen of the respiratory tract, and coughing can be regarded as a reflex attempt by the body to remove the source of irritation. A foreign body in the airways is a dangerous phenomenon, for which assistance should be provided as soon as possible. It is necessary to force the victim to exhale sharply so that the foreign body comes out with a stream of air.

First aid for foreign bodies in the respiratory tract:
Everyone knows that if a person chokes, he should be patted on the back. Indeed, this technique has the right to exist, but only if performed correctly. Usually, trying to help, people slap the choking person on the back with an open, straight palm. This should not be done. Firstly, a straight palm does not give the desired quality of impact, and secondly, with such a blow, there is a high probability of causing pain to the victim. The person who is in stressful situation and close to panic, it only gets in the way. Trying to say something, he takes even deeper breaths, which contributes to a stronger wedging of a foreign body into the respiratory tract. It becomes even worse for the victim if the person providing assistance has no idea which part of the back needs to be beaten. The blow is always applied to the area between the shoulder blades, in the projection of the respiratory tract. When swiping the clap, you need to hold the palm as follows: the fingers are closed, tightly pressed against each other and slightly bent so that the palm is concave (in the shape of a boat). Such cotton is more effective. At the moment of its precise application, the foreign body and the walls of the respiratory tract vibrate. Sensory endings react to the resulting irritation, and a cough occurs reflexively.

This remedy can be useful only in some cases, for example, if the foreign body is small and does not cause pronounced suffocation, but only a cough. If a person is clearly suffocating (this can be determined by several signs - by noisy attempts to inhale, a change in complexion (red, then with a bluish tinge), loss of control over their behavior by the victim, often expressed in chaotic movement), one should, without wasting time, move to other procedures. The caregiver stands behind the victim, embraces him chest hands at the level of the middle (in women - under the breast). Hands can be clasped in a lock or you can take one hand on the wrist of the other. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure coordination of actions with the victim, telling him that on command he will have to exhale as hard and short as possible. After the “exhale” command, the caregiver sharply squeezes the victim’s chest and at the same time leans forward, forcing the person to do the same. This is repeated several times until desired effect.
Small foreign bodies can slip below the vocal folds and end up in the trachea or bronchi. In this case, they either wedge into the lumen of the bronchus, closing it, or move up and down under the action of the air flow. In the first case, there is shortness of breath, more or less pronounced depending on the diameter of the closed bronchus, in the second - discomfort and movement of the object in the airways, shortness of breath and cough.
It happens that a person, choking, finds himself alone, when no one can help him. In this situation, it is important not to panic and try to help yourself. For this, it is prayed to try to make several sharp exhalations in a row. To strengthen them, you can clasp your chest with your hands and, at the time of each exhalation, squeeze it strongly, while leaning forward.
There is also such a way of self-help - while exhaling, throw straight arms forward and sharply lean there.
If the measures listed above do not help, you should immediately take the victim to the hospital, where the foreign body will be surgically removed.

First aid for foreign bodies in the esophagus:
The victim must be urgently referred to a doctor. It is forbidden to eat or swallow bread crusts to push a foreign body into the stomach. If a foreign body from the esophagus has entered the stomach, then in 2-3 days it will come out painlessly naturally. If a foreign body enters the stomach and intestines, one should not restrict food, and also take laxatives. A starvation diet, reducing peristalsis, delays the exit of a foreign body, laxatives, on the contrary, significantly increase the contraction of the intestinal walls, which can contribute to their damage by a foreign body. In such cases, it is necessary to give soft bread, cereals, kissels, that is, such food that, enveloping a foreign body, would protect the walls of the stomach and intestines from damage. If the swallowed object was sharp (nail, needle, fork, etc.), you should immediately go to the hospital, where the foreign body may be surgically removed.