The nose, as the initial respiratory department, under normal conditions through which all exhaled and inhaled air passes, in the relationship between the body with an external environment, is important. On the eve of the nasal cavity, all people have hair that play a protective function. Therefore, furuncules are more often developing on the eve of the nasal cavity. In the nose cavity never occurs.
The nasal cavity in the middle line is divided by the nasal partition. In the front departments, closer to the nostrils, in the thickness of the mucous membrane, the grid of blood vessels is superficially contained. With different vasculitis, with rheumatism, infectious diseases, atherosclerosis and other diseases, blood vessels open and nasal bleeding occur. These most often bleeding places of the nasal cavity are referred to as kiselbach zones, by the name of the author, which described them.
In the nasal cavity in the field of Hoan there is a massive venous plexusion, from which significant bleeding can occur under different pathological conditions.
Nose functions
Being the initial area of \u200b\u200bthe upper respiratory tract, the nasal cavity performs, above all, the respiratory function. The amount of air that passes in an adult through both half of the nasal cavity with a normal structure is 500 cm3 for one breath, and since a healthy person conducts 16-18 breaths in 1 min, then during which time passes through the nose about 9 liters of air.
The next function of the nose is the protective, which is heating, moisturizing and purifying air from dust particles and microbial bodies. Air warming in the nasal cavity occurs due to the good vascularization of the mucous membrane and the presence of venous cavernous tissue in the area of \u200b\u200bnasal shells. The heating level depends on the blood flow in the nasal cavity of the mucous membrane. When inhalation of cold air, blood vessels are reflexively expanding, increases in the volume of nasal sinks, nasal moves are narrowed.
This provides closer contact of the inhaled air with the mucous membrane and better air warming. Air is moistened due to the evaporation of the mucus, which is highlighted by glassoid cells of the mucous membrane, and is discharged into the nasal cavity through the teslaon canal. Ensuring the constant moisture of the nasal mucosa is extremely necessary for the function of a fiscal epithelium, the hairs of which is normal to coated with a thin layer of mucus. All these needs, the mucous membrane distinguishes about 0.5 liters of moisture per day.
Studies have shown that 40-60% of dust particles and bacteria that are in the air are delayed in the nasal cavity. When breathing through the mouth, all the mass of microbes and dust is sent to the lower respiratory tract, causing appropriate changes.
Along with the purification function, a bactericidal function should be noted, which manifests itself in the bacteriological effect of mud and lysocin nasal mucus.
The following function is resonator. The nose and its incomplete sinuses are the final department of the represented tube of speech and voice apparatus. A number of sounds are formed in the nose cavity, both vowels and consonants. In addition, the individual features of the structure of the nasal cavity and the incomplete sinuses give a certain individual timbre, individual sonors.
The olfactory function of the nose is caused by irritation by the plowing substances of the peripheral department of the olfactory analyzer, laid in the mucous membrane of the olfactory zone of the nasal cavity.
And finally, no less important is the cosmetic function of the nose. Look at the people around others and imagine them without nose. At the same time, a pleasant person will immediately turn into your consciousness in the repellent mask. There is a special science - cosmetology, a large place in which rhinoplasty occupies.
The nasal cavity is the cavity, which is the beginning of the human respiratory path. It is an air channel, which in front is communicated with the outer medium (through the nose holes), and the back - with the nasopharynk. In the nasal cavity there are smells, and basic functions are heated, purification from foreign particles and moisturizing the incoming air.
The walls of the nasal cavity are formed by the bones of the skull: with lattice, frontal, tear, wedge-shaped, nose, parallers and topperless. The nasal cavity from the oral cavity is graduated with a solid and soft sky.
The outer nose is the front of the nasal cavity, and the paired holes are connected to the cavity of the pharynx.
The nasal cavity is divided into two halves, each of which has five walls: lower, top, medial, lateral and rear. The halves of the cavity are not entirely symmetrical, since the partition between them is usually slightly rejected to the side.
The most complex structure at the lateral wall. It is hanging inside the three nasal sinks. These shells serve to separate from each other of the upper, middle and lower nasal stroke.
In addition to bone tissue, the structure of the nasal cavity includes cartilage and connecting parts that are featured by mobility.
The threshold of the nasal cavity from the inside is lined with a flat epithelium, which is a continuation of the skin. In the connective bowl under the epithelium, the roots of shrubid hair and sebaceous glands are laid.
The blood supply to the nasal cavity provides the front and rear lattice and wedge-packed artery, and the outflow is a wedge-sky Vienna.
The outflow of lymphs from the cavity of the nose is carried out in the chin and subband lymph nodes.
In the structure of the nasal cavity distinguish:
- Upper nasal stroke, located only in the back of the nasal cavity. As a rule, he is twice as short as middle course. The rear cells of the lattice bone are opened;
- Middle nasal stroke located between the middle and lower shells. Through the channel in the form of a funnel, the middle nasal stroke is reported to the front cells of the lattice bone and the frontal sinuses. This anatomical connection explains the transition of the inflammatory process to the frontal sinus in a cold (front);
- The bottom nasal move passes between the bottom of the nasal cavity and the lower shell. It communicates with the eyeball through the nose-cutting duct, which ensures the flow of tear fluid into the nasal cavity. By virtue of such a structure, the nasal discharges are enhanced with crying and, on the contrary, the eyes are quite common in the cold.
Features of the structure of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity
The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity can be divided into two areas:
- The upper nasal sinks, as well as the upper part of the middle nasal shells and nasal partitions occupies the olfactory area. This area is enjoyed by pseudo-layer epithelium containing neurosensory bipolar cells responsible for the perception of odors;
- The rest of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is occupied by the respiratory area. It is also lined with pseudo-layer epithelium, but it contains glass-shaped cells. These cells are distinguished by a mucus that is necessary for air humidification.
Regardless of the area of \u200b\u200bthe plate of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity relatively thin and contains in its composition of the gland (serous and mucous) and a large number of elastic fibers.
The submucous base of the nasal cavity is quite thin and contains:
- Lymphoid fabric;
- Nervous and vascular plexus;
- Glands;
- Fat cells.
The muscular plate of the nasal mucosa is developed weakly.
Functions of the nasal cavity
The main functions of the nasal cavity include:
- Respiratory. The air inhaled through the nasal cavity makes the arcuate path, during which it is cleared, warmed and moistened. The heating of the inhaled air contributes to numerous blood vessels and thin-walled veins located in the nasal cavity. In addition, the breather inhaled through the nose puts pressure on the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, which leads to the excitation of the respiratory reflex and greater expansion of the chest than when inhaling through the mouth. Impairment of nasal respiration, as a rule, is reflected in the physical state of the whole organism;
- Olfactory. The perception of odors occurs due to the olfactory epithelium located in the epithelial tissue of the nasal cavity;
- Protective. Sneezing, which occurs as irritation of the ending of a triple nerve contained in the air with rudely suspended particles, provides protection against such particles. Toothing helps to purify with inhalation of harmful air impurities. At the same time, the tear flows not only outside, but also in the cavity of the nose through the roseal canal;
- Resonator. The nasal cavity with the oral cavity, the throat and the galley sinuses serve as a resonator for voice.
Structure
The space of the nasal cavity is the beginning of the human respiratory system. This is a kind of air canal, through which a message occurs with an outer medium by using the nasal holes and from the back with the nasophal. It contains olfactory organs in its composition, its main functions are to carry out the process of warming, cleaning the incoming air and release it from various unnecessary particles.
In the front area there is an external nose, the compound of which with the cavity of the pharynx is ensured by holes in the rear area. The cavity itself is divided into two departments with five walls each, which are called the title, top, medial, lateral and rear. The partition between the two halves has a deviation to the side, so the symmetry between them does not have to be discussed. The lateral wall is characterized by the most complex structure, since it is dried into the inner part three nasal shells. Their function lies in separation from each other three types of moves: the top, middle and lower.
Along with the bone tissue, the nasal cavity includes a cartilage and connecting part, which are characterized by a significant degree of mobility.
The nasal cavity, in its very initial part, is covered with an epithelial cloth with an inner side, which is the continuation of the cover of the skin. The connective layer, which is located under the epithelium, contains the sebaceous glands and root parts of the bristle hair.
The cavities are supplied with blood through the front and rear lattice and wedge-shaped arteries, Vienna is responsible for the waste of blood, which has a wedge shape. Lymph makes outflow in lymph nodes located under the lower jaw and chin.
Mucous membrane
In addition, the following options for disorders in the nasal cavity are possible:
- Sinegia nasal cavity. It implies the formation of adhesions as a result of various injuries and surgical operations. Eliminated by means of laser exposure, after which there is a minimum risk of re-emergence of adhesions.
- Polyps. Polyposis refers to the number of manifestations of the rhinosinusitis of the chronic type, for which the changes in the device of the mucous membrane of the apparel sinuses are characteristic. The polyp can be eliminated from the nose by the destruction of its legs, while the operation to eliminate them can be repeated with the interval of ten days.
Treatment
In the treatment of diseases of the nasal cavity, the use of two methods is relevant: surgical and conservative. The conservative method involves the removal of the eats of the nasal cavity, the use of medical drugs to eliminate the inflammation, as well as the prevention of the spread of malicious microorganisms. The use of antibiotics has a fairly effective effect. In addition, it can be recommended in some cases the use of funds that ensure the narrowing of the nasal mucosa. Preparations are used locally and as a common means.
Surgical intervention can be recommended if necessary, restore the patency of the nose moves, restore the full ventilation of the nasal sinuses. It is carried out in chronic forms of the disease, the presence of foreign bodies in the nose, as well as the occurrence of soft formations in the form of cones. Operations require special tools and devices. The decision on the need for surgery has the right to take only a specialist after the relevant research.
Washing nasal cavity
It is recommended to rinse the nose in the occurrence of its ethony and the absorption of the mucus, which is characteristic of diseases of the cold and infectious nature. Under the washing of the nose, the introduction of a complex of hygiene and preventive measures to eliminate allergens and microbial mucus, a decrease in inflammation and removal of the ethnicity. Effectively washing the nose with special solutions with bactericidal and therapeutic characteristics.
The nasal cavity is the beginning of the respiratory path. It is through it that the air falls into the body on a special channel, which connects the external medium and the nasophal. In addition to the main respiratory function, it performs a number of tasks: protection, cleansing and moisturizing. With age, the size of the cavity increases, in the elderly it is approximately three times more than the babies.
Structure
The nasal cavity is quite complicated. It consists of several parts, which include the outer part of the nose and the nasal passage, a number of bones of the skull, which it is formed, cartilage, covered with the outer side of the skin, and with the inner-mucous membrane. This is only a general list of what the nasal cavity is.
Its structure is quite complicated. So, the outer part of the nose is the wings (or more popular name - nostrils) and the back. The last component includes the middle part and the root, which goes into the frontal part of the face. On the side of the oral cavity, the nose is limited to a solid and soft sky. And from the inside the cavity is formed bones of the skull.
The nose itself consists of two nostrils, between which the cartilage partition is installed. In each of them there is a rear, lower, lateral, upper and medial walls. Also, the anatomy of the nose includes a special zone, which consists of blood vessels. By the way, this is one of the causes of frequent bleeding in this area. The partition divides the nose into 2 parts, but not all of all they are the same. It can be twisted as a result of damage, injuries or due to the appearance of formations.
Nasal moves are conditionally divided on the eve of the cavity. The first part is lined with flat epithelium and covered with small hairs. And directly in the nose cavity there is a fiscal epithelium.
Outdoor
Do not forget that air purification is still in the nostrils. At the entrance there are hair beams that are designed to hold large dust particles coming from the air. And the inner surface of the passage is lined with mucous glands, which protect the organism from the incoming microbes, reducing their ability to reproduce.
The nose has a root that is located between the eyeballs. His back is drawn down. The lowest part of the nose, where the air intakes are located - nostrils, is called the top. By the way, the holes through which breathing is carried out, in all people of different sizes. This is due to the fact that the partition is unevenly separated by the nose, it takes place not strictly in the middle, but rejected into some kind of side.
From the lateral sides are the wings of the nose. The outer part of it is formed by two bones and cartilage. The latter are in the nasal partition and the bottom of its edge are connected to soft tissues there. In the wings of the nose, up to 4 cartilage elastic plates are also located, there is a connecting tissue between them, and they are coated with mimic muscles.
Putting cavities
Also in the structure includes the oscillation sinuses: wedge-shaped, frontal, topless, cages of the lattice labyrinth. They are divided into front and rear. Such a classification is necessary primarily for doctors, because their pathology differ.
Parry gaymors of the sinuses of the nasal cavity are also called maxillary. In shape they resemble the pyramid. The second name they received due to their location. They border one wall with a nasal cavity. It has a hole that connects the sinus with an average nasal move, it is its overlap leads to the development of inflammation, which is called a sinusitis. The cavity is limited from above the lower wall of the orbit, and its bottom reaches the roots of the teeth. In some they can even take place in this sinus. Therefore, sometimes even ordinary caries causes the appearance of an odontogenic hymorite.
The magnitude of the maxillary cavities may vary, but each of them has additional recesses. They are called bays. Specialists distinguish with zoom, parallers, frontal, alveolar deepening.
The man's nasal cavity includes paired frontal sinuses. The rear walls are bordered with a brain, his frontal fraction. In the lower part of them there is a hole that connects them to the frontal-nose channel leading to the middle nose. When developing inflammation in this area, the diagnosis of the front is determined.
In the wedge-shaped bone there is a sinuses of the same name. The upper wall rests in the pituitary gland, side into the cavity of the skull and the carotid artery, the lower goes to the nose and the nasophal. Because of this neighborhood, inflammation in this area is considered dangerous, but, fortunately, it is rarely found.
Also otolaryngologists allocate lattice sinuses. They are placed in the nasal cavity and are divided into rear, medium and forefront, depending on the location of their dislocation. The front and medium are connected to the average nose, and the rear - with the top. In fact, it is an union of various cellular bone cells. They are connected not only with the nasal cavity, but also among themselves. Each person may have from 5 to 15 specified sinuses that are located in 3 or 4 rows.
Formation of a structure
In the process of human growth, ranging from his birth, the nasal cavity changes. For example, children have only two sinuses: lattice labyrinth and topless. In this case, the newborn can only find their primitives. They develop in the process of growth. The frontal cavities in the kids are absent. But approximately 5% of people, they do not appear and over time.
Also in children are essentially narrowed nasal moves. This often becomes the cause of difficult breathing. The back of the nose root in newborns is not particularly expressed. The final formation is completed only by 15 years.
Do not forget that with age, nervous endings are beginning to die - neurons responsible for smelling. That is why older people often do not hear many odors.
Ensuring breathing
In order for the air not only to enter the body, but also could be cleaned, it is intended to moisten the nasal cavity. The structure and functions of it provide a special passage of air.
The cavity consists of three shells that are separated by moves. It is on them to pass air flows. It is worth noting that only the bottom shell is true, because, unlike the middle and top, it is formed by bone tissue.
The lower run is connected to the eyeball through the nose-cutting duct. The average reported with the topless and frontal sinuses, it forms the average and front cells of the lattice labyrinth. The back end of the upper nasal shell forms the sinus of the main bone. The upper move is the rear cells of the lattice bone.
The sinuses are apparent closures of the nose. They are supraged with a shell containing a small amount of mucous glazed glazes. All partitions, sinks, sinuses, apparent cavities significantly increase the surface of the walls belonging to the upper respiratory tract. Thanks to all plexus and the nasal cavity is formed. The structure is not limited to the inner labyrinths. It includes the outer part intended for the fence of air, its purification, heating.
The principle of operation of the upper respiratory tract
At the entrance to the outer nasal passage, the air falls into a well-heated cavity. High temperatures in it are achieved due to a large number of blood vessels. Air warms up fairly quickly and reaches the body temperature. At the same time, it is also cleaned from dust and microbes due to the natural barrier from hair beams and mucus. Also in the upper part of the nasal cavity, an olfactory nerve is branched. It controls the chemical composition of air and regulates depending on it inhabitant.
When the nasal cavity ends, the structure and functions of which are designed to ensure breathing, the nasophaling begins. It is located behind the nasal and oral cavity. The lower part of it is divided into 2 tubes. One of them is respiratory, and the second is the esophagus. They crossed in a sip. This is necessary so that the person can inhale air and alternatively - through the mouth. This method is not very convenient, but it is necessary in cases where the nasal passages are closed. After all, it is for this that the mouthful and nasal cavities are connected, they are separated only by the sky partition.
But it is worth noting, when breathing through the mouth, the air is not capable of needing to be cleaned and warm up. That is why healthy people should always try to inhale air exclusively nose.
Mucous membrane
Starting from the outer part of the nose, the inner surface of the cavity is elected by special cells. On each cm 2 there is about 150 mucous glands. They produce substances that provide a protective function. The mucous membrane is designed to protect the body from the harmful effects of microbes that fall into it through the air. Their main action is aimed at lowering the ability of pathological organisms to reproduction. But besides, a large number of leukocytes is distinguished through the cell cracks of blood vessels. They counteract the incoming microbial flora.
A huge part of the nasal cavity and the apparent sinuses are covered with small filamentous cilia. For several dozen such formations, it moves away from each cell. They constantly hesitate, making wave-like movements. They quickly bend in the direction of holes intended for the exit, and slowly return in the opposite direction. If they are greatly increased, then the picture is obtained, resembling a field of wheat, which is worried about the power of the wind.
In the nose cavity, the air must be cleaned. And the eyelash epithelium is just to ensure that the detainees can be quickly excreted from the nasal cavity.
Functions of cavity
In addition to ensuring breathing, the nose is designed to perform a number of other tasks. Scientists have found that proper breathing ensures the correct operation of the whole organism. So, the main functions of the nasal cavity:
1) Breathing: it is due to the flow of air from the external environment, the saturation of all tissues of oxygen is ensured;
2) Protection: during the passage over the nose, the air is cleared, warmed, disinfected;
3) Sellery: odor recognition is necessary not only in a number of professions (for example, in the food, perfumery or chemical industry), but also for normal vital activity.
A reflex challenge of the necessary actions can be attributed to the protective function: it may be sneezing or even temporary respiratory stop. The desired signal is sent to the brain nerve endings when irritating substances on them.
Also, the nasal cavity performs a resonator function - gives voice to the voice, tonality and individual color. Therefore, during the cold, it changes, becomes bent. By the way, it is a complete nasal breathing that stimulates normal blood circulation. It contributes to the fact that the normal outflow of venous blood from the skull is performed, lymph circulation is improved.
Do not forget that the nose and the nasal cavity have a special structure. It is thanks to a large number of air-capacious sinuses, the mass of the skull is greatly facilitated.
Providing a protective function
Many are inclined to underestimate the importance of nasal breathing. But without the normal performance of this function, the body is more susceptible to infections. The entire inner surface of the nose should be slightly moistened. This is achieved due to the fact that the glazing cells and the corresponding glands produce mucus. All particles falling into the nose are glued to it and are displayed with the help of a rash epithelium. The purification process directly depends on the state of this layer, which ensures the basic functions of the nasal cavity. If the cilia is damaged, and this may occur as a result of the suffered disease or injury obtained, then the movement of the mucus will be broken.
Also, protection serve lymphatic follicles, which are located on the eve of the nasal cavity and perform an immunomodulatory function. For this purpose, plasma cells are intended, lymphocytes and sometimes grainy leukocytes. All of them are a gate for pathogenic bacteria that can get into the organism with air.
Possible problems
In some cases, the nasal cavity cannot fulfill all its functions in full. If there are problems, breathing makes it difficult, the protective function is weakened, the voice changes, the smell is temporarily lost.
The most common disease is rhinitis. It can be a vasomotor - the problem is based on the deterioration of the tone of the vessels, which are in the submucosal shell of the lower shells. Allergic rhinitis is just an individual reaction of the body to potential stimuli. These include dust, fluff, pollen and others. Hypertrophic rhinitis is characterized by an increase in the volume of connective tissue. It develops as the consequence of other types of chronic nose diseases. Also, a runny nose can be a consequence of too long taking vasoconstrictor drugs. This phenomenon is called medication rhinitis.
The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity may suffer due to injuries or surgery. In these cases, synechia may form. Also in cases of launched rhinosinusitis, there is an excessive heaping of the mucous membrane. In many situations, it is accompanied by an allergic runny nose. Another problem with which the patient may encounter is the appearance of neoplasms. There may be cysts, osteomes, fibromes or papillomas in the nose.
Also, do not forget that the nasal cavity itself often suffers, but the apparent sinuses. Depending on the place of development of inflammation, the following diseases distinguish.
- With damage to the maxillary sinuses, a sinus is developing.
- Inflammatory processes in the sections of the lattice labyrinth are called etmoidit.
- Frontitis is called pathological problems with frontal cavities.
- In cases when it comes to inflammation of the main sinus, they say about sphenoid.
But it happens that problems begin in all cavities at the same time. Then the otolaryngologist can determine the diagnosis of pansynusitis.
ENT doctors can diagnose the acute or chronic nature of the disease. They are distinguished by the degree of severity of symptoms and frequency of manifestation of the disease. Often, conventional colds, which were not cured in time, are often cured.
Most often, experts face hymorites or frontitles. This is due to the structure and location of the frontal and maxillary sinuses. It is because of this that they are amazed most often. Feeling painful sensations in the area of \u200b\u200bthese cavities, it is better to go to a otolaryngologist who can diagnose and choose adequate treatment.
The main anatomical formation of the head and neck.
The nose is the most speaker part on the face located in the immediate vicinity of the brain. To understand the mechanisms for the development of pathological processes and ways to prevent the dissemination of infection, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the structure. Adjustion of training at a medical university begins with the alphabet, in this case, with the study of the basic anatomical formations of the sinuses of the nose.
Being the elemental link of the respiratory tract, it is associated with other respiratory system bodies. The connection with the rotoglotus gives the base to assume an indirect relationship with the digestive tract, since often the nasopharynx mucus falls into the stomach. Thus, one way or another, pathological processes in the sinuses of the nose can affect all these structures, causing the disease.
In the anatomy, it is customary to divide the nose for three main structural parts:
- Outdoor nose;
- Directly the nasal cavity;
- Puttingular separation sinuses.
All together they constitute the chief olfactory body, the main functions of which are:
- Respiratory. It is the first link in the respiratory path, it is through the nose in the norm in the norm passes inhaled air, the wings of the nose in respiratory failure play the role of auxiliary muscles.
- Sensitive. It is one of the main senses, thanks to receptor olfactory hairs, it is able to capture odors.
- Protective. The mucus, released by the mucous, allows you to delay dust particles, microbes, disputes, and other large-part particles, not allowing them to carry them deep into the body.
- Warming. Passing through the nasal stroke, the cool air is heated, due to the capillary vascular grid close to the surface.
- Resonator. Participates in the sound of one's own voice, causes the individual characteristics of voice timbre.
Video in this article will help to better figure out the structure of the incomplete cavities.
We will analyze the structure of the nose and sinuses in pictures.
Outdoor departments
Anatomy of the nose and the incomplete sinuses begins with the study of the external nose.
The outer part of the olfactory organ is represented by bone and soft structures in the form of a triangular pyramid of incorrect configuration:
- The upper part is called the back, which is located between the abnormal arcs, is the narrowest part of the external nose;
- Nasolabial folds and wings limit the bodies organ;
- The vertex is called the tip of the nose;
From the bottom, on the basis of the nostrils. They are represented by two rounded strokes through which the air enters the respiratory tract. Limited with wings with lateral side, partition - with medial.
The structure of the external nose.
The table presents the main structures of the external nose and the notation, where they are in the photo:
| Structure | How are arranged |
|---|---|
| Bone Axet | · Nasal bones (2), in the number of two pieces; · Nasal area of \u200b\u200bthe frontal bone (1); · Process from the upper jaw (7). |
| Cartilage part | · Quadranular cartilage forming a partition (3); · Side cartilages (4); · Big cartilages that form wings (5); · Small cartilage forming wings (6) |
| Nasal muscles. | These are predominantly rudimentary, belong to the mimic muscles and can be regarded as auxiliary, as they connect during respiratory failure: · Rising nose wing; · Lifting upper lip. |
| Blood supply. | The venous network is reported to intracranial head vessels, so hematogenic means infection from the nasal cavity can fall into brain structures, causing serious septic complications. Arterial system: Venous system: |
The structure of the external nose.
Nose cavity
Posted by three choans or nasal sinks, between which the nasal moves of a person are located. They are localized between the oral cavity and the front smear of the skull - the inlet of the skull.
| Characteristic | Top | Middle | Nizhnya |
|---|---|---|---|
| Localization | The space between the middle and upper sinks of the lattice bone. | · The space between the lower and medium sinks of the lattice bone; · Divided into basal and sagittal parts. | · The lower edge of the sink of the lattice bone and the bottom of the nasal cavity; · Connected with the ridge of the upper jaw and the bones of the sky. |
| Anatomical structures | The olfactory region is the receptor zone of the olfactory tract, the exit to the cavity of the skull through the olfactory nerve. The main sinus opens. | Almost all sinuses of the nose are opened, except for the main sinus. | · Rosellular canal; · Evstarchie (auditory) pipe. |
| Function | Sensitive - smells. | Direction of air flows. | Provides tears outflows and intercom with the inner ear (resonator function). |
The structure of the nasal cavity.
When conducting rhinoscopy, the ENT doctor can only see the average move, beyond the rososcope, the top and bottom are located.
Sinet nose
Facial bones contain hollow spaces, normally filled with air and nasal-connecting nose are the apparent sinuses. There are four types of them all.
Photo of the structure of the sinus.
| Characteristic | Wedge-shaped (basic) (3) | Topper (Gaimorov) (4) | Frontal (front) (1) | Gold (2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opening | Exit to the top. | Exit to the middle move, odda in the upper medial corner. | Middle nose. | · Front and medium - on average; · Rear - to the top. |
| Volume | 3-4 cm 3. | 10, -17.3 cm 3 | 4.7 cm 3. | Different |
| Features | Common borders with the base of the brain, where are: Pituitary Sleepy arteries. | The biggest; Have a triangular shape | From birth - not visualized, complete development takes place by 12 years of life. | · Individual number of each person - from 5 to 15 rounded hollow holes; |
| Blood supply | Walled-shaped artery; Branches of meningial arteries | Topper artery | Topper and eye artery | Great and tear artery |
| Inflammation of the nasal sinus | Sphenoiditis | Hymorit | Frontit | Etmoite |
Nose through the sinuses of the nose pass air flows. The photo you can see the structure of the nasal sinuses, their mutual location. With inflammatory changes, the sinuses are often filled with mucous membranes or mucous-purulent contents.
The incomplete sinuses are also communicated and among themselves, which is often the infection, spreading, flows from one sinus to another.
Toppers
Are the largest, have a triangular form:
| Wall | Structure | Structures |
|---|---|---|
| Medial (nose) | The bone plate corresponds to most of the middle and lower strokes. | Pulp odds connecting the sinus with the cavity of the nose |
| Front (facial) | From the lower edge of the soccer to the alveolar tower of the upper jaw. | Dog (canine) jam, a depth of 4-7 mm. At the top edge of the fossa leaves a porznorny nerve. Through this wall is carried out puncture. |
| Top | Borders with orbit. | In the thicker passes the porznilny nerve; Venous plexus borders with an eyeball through a cavernous sinus located in a solid brain sheath. |
| Rear | Buds upper jaw. | Cutting knot; Upper-dry nerve; Cutting venous plexus; Topper artery; |
| Lower (bottom) | Alveolar extension of the upper jaw. | Sometimes it is revealed to the sinus of the roots of the teeth. |
Education of the Gaimore Outlines
Grident
The lattice labyrinth is a single bone where the lattice sinuses are in a person, it borders with:
- frontal top;
- wedge-shaped behind;
- topper skill.
It is possible to distribute into orbit in the front or rear sections, depending on the individual characteristics of the anatomical structure. Then they border with the front smelting of the skull through the lattice plate.
This justifies instructions when opening the sinuses - only in the lateral direction, so as not to damage the plate. Close to the record also passes a visual nerve.
Frontal
They have a triangular shape, are located in the scales of the frontal bone. Have 4 walls:
| Wall | Features |
|---|---|
| FEABLE (Lower) | It is the upper wall forming an eye; Is located next to the cells of the lattice bone lattice and the nose cavity; The channel is located - this is the message of the nasal sinuses with an average nose, 10-15 mm long and a width of-4 mm. |
| Facial (front) | The strongest is 5-8 mm. |
| Brain (rear) | Borders on the front smear of the skull; Consists of compact bone. |
| Medical | Is a partition of the frontal sinuses |
Wedge-shaped
Formed by walls:
| Wall | Features |
|---|---|
| Nizhny | Constitutes a nasopharyngeal nose roof of the nasal cavity; Consists of spongy bone. |
| Upper | The lower surface of the Turkish saddle; From above, the area of \u200b\u200bthe frontal share (olfactory gyms) and the pituitary gland. |
| Rear | Basilar area of \u200b\u200bthe occipital bone; The strongest. |
| Lateral | It borders with the cavernous sinus, it is in close proximity to the inner carotid artery; Overucking, block, first twig of triple and discharge nerves. Wall thickness - 1-2 mm. |
The video in this article will help to understand exactly where the incomplete sinuses are located and what they are formed:
On the anatomy of the apparent sinuses of the nose, you need to know all health workers and people suffering from hymifiers. This information will help to understand where the pathological process develops and how it can spread.
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