In the cavity of the middle ear there are bones. Human vehicle: the structure of the ear, function, pathology

Date: 04.03.2020

Ear is a perception body responsible for rumor, thanks to the ears, a person has the ability to hear sounds. This body is thought out by nature to the smallest detail; Studying the structure of the ear, a person understands how nevertheless a living organism is complicated, as so many interdependent mechanisms that provide vital processes are fed.

The human ear is a pair body, both ears are localized symmetrically in the temporal shares of the head.

The main departments of the organ of hearing

How is the Human Ear? Doctors allocate the main departments.

Outdoor ear - it is represented by a sink ear leading to a hearing tube, at the end of which a sensitive membrane is installed (drumming membrane).

The middle ear - includes an internal cavity, inside is a hitrophic compound from small bones. This department also includes an Eustachia tube.

And part of the inner ear of a person, which is a complex complex of formations in the form of a labyrinth.

The ears are supplied with blood with the help of a carotid artery branch, and innervators with a trigeminal nerve and wandering.

The ear of the ear begins with the outer, visible part of the ear, and dumbfounded inside, ends deep inside the skull.

Own sink is an elastic concave cartilage formation, topped with a layer of superchips and skin. This is an external, visible part of the ear, protruding on the head. Part of the ear shell from below differs with softness, this is the ear of the ear.

Inside it under the skin is not cartilage, but fat. The structure of the ear shell in humans is distinguished by immobility; Human ears do not respond to the sound of the movement, as, for example, in dogs.

At the top of the sink is framed by roller curl; From the inside it goes into an arrangement, they are distinguished by a long recess. Outside, the passage in the ear is slightly covered with a cartilage protrusion - a kozelk.

Own sink, having a funnel form, provides a smooth movement of sound oscillation into the internal structures of the human ear.

Middle ear

What is located in the middle of the ear? Several functional sectors are distinguished:

definite doctors drum cavity;
superior protrusion;
eustachia tube.

The drum cavity is excluded from the auditory drumpoint. The cavity contains air falling on Eustachia Passage. A feature of the middle ear of a person is the chain of the smallest bones in the cavity that are inextricably linked with each other.

The structure of the human ear is considered difficult because of its most hidden inner department, closer than all located relative to the brain. There are very sensitive, unique in kind of education: half-breached tubules in the form of tubes, as well as snail, outwardly resembling a miniature shell.

Semicircular tubes are responsible for the work of a person's vestibular apparatus, which regulates the balance and coordination of the human body, as well as the possibility of its acceleration in space. The snail function is to convert the sound stream to the pulse transmitted to the analyzing brain department.

Another curious feature of the ear structure is the abandonment bags, front and rear. One of them interacts with snail, the second - with a semiccur. In the bags there are rolled apparatuses consisting of phosphosphal crystals, as well as carbon dioxide.

Vestibular apparatus

The anatomy of the human ear includes not only the body of the body's hearing aid, but also the organization of body coordination.

The principle of operation of semicircular channels consists in moving inside their liquid, which gives the microscopic-cilia, which are laid out the walls of the tubes. From the position taken by a person depends on which hair will put the liquid to press. As well as a description of what kind of signal will eventually receive the brain.

Age reduction of hearing

Over the years, hearing acuity decreases. It is determined by the fact that some of the hairs inside the snail gradually disappears, without the possibility of recovery.

Sound processing processes in the organ

The process of perceiving sounds in the ear and our brain takes place on a chain:

Initially, the ear sink, catches the oscillations of the sound from the surrounding space.
Sound oscillation goes in a rumor, reaching the drum membrane.
She begins to hesitate, passing the signal to the middle ear.
The middle department receives a signal and transmits it with an auditory bone.

The structure of the middle ear is brilliant in its simplicity, but the wellness of the parts of the system makes the scholars, the bones, the hammer, anvil, are stronger, are closely interrelated.

The scheme of the structure of the internal bone components does not provide for the disunity of their work. The hammer, on the one hand, communicates with the drum membrane, on the other hand, adjoins the anvil, which, in turn, is connected to the shirwell, opening and closing the oval window.

Organic layout, providing accurate, well-established, continuous rhythm. Hearing bones convert sounds, noise, in the distinguished by our brain signals and are responsible for the severity of hearing.

It is noteworthy that the middle ear of a person is connected to the nasopharynxal department using the Eustachia channel.

Features of the organ

- the most difficult auditory link, located inside the temporal bone. There are two windows of different shapes between the middle and domestic departments: oval window and circular.

Externally, the structure of the inner ear looks like a kind of labyrinth, starting in anticipation, leading to the snail and semicircular channels. The internal cavities of the snail and channels contain liquids: endolymph and perilimf.

Sound oscillations, passing through the outer and medium sections of the ear, through the oval window, fall into the inner ear, where performing oscillatory movements, cause and snail and tubular lymphatic substances. I hesitate, they are annoyed with low-voltage receptor inclusions that form neuropuls transmitted to the brain.

Care for ears

Own sink is subject to external contamination, it is necessary to wash it with water, washing the folds, the dirt often accumulates in them. In the ears, more precisely, in their aisles from time to time, special highlights of yellowish color appear, it is sulfur.

The role of sulfur in the human body is the protection of the ear of entering it the midges, dust, bacteria. Stringing the auditory stroke, sulfur often worsens the quality of hearing. The ear has the ability to self-cleaning from sulfur: chewing movements contribute to the disappearance of dried sulfur particles and the conclusion of them from the organ.

But sometimes this process is violated and not on time withdrawn accumulations in the ear harden, forming a plug. To remove the plug, as well as in diseases arising in the outer, middle and inner ear, you need to contact a otorinolaryngologist.

Human sink injuries may occur with external mechanical impacts:

falls;
cuts;
punctures;
binding of soft ear tissues.

Injuries are due to the structure of the ear, the advantage of its outer part. With injuries, it is also better to apply for medical care to Laura or to a traumatologist, he will explain the structure of the outdoor ear, its functions and dangers that lie down in everyday life.

Video: Ear Anatomy

There are quite a lot of diseases that sign about their development in the ears. To determine which particular disease struck the hearing body, you need to understand how a person's ear is arranged.

Scheme of auditory body

First of all, let's see what the ear is. This is a huumow-test pair body that performs only 2 functions: the perception of sound impulses and responsibility for the position of the human body in space, as well as for holding equilibrium. If you inside a person's ear, the structure implies the presence of 3 parts:

outdoor (external);
average;
internal.

Each of them has its own equally intricate device. Connecting, they are a long tube penetrating into the depths of the head. Consider the structure and functions of the ear in more detail (it is best to demonstrate the human ear diagram).

What is an outdoor ear

The structure of the human ear (external part) is represented by 2 components:

sink ear;
external ear passage.

The sink is elastic cartilage, which entirely covers the skin. It has a complex shape. In the lower segment there is a mole - this is a small skin fold, filled in a fatty layer. By the way, it is the outer part that has the highest sensitivity to various kinds of injury. For example, at the fighters in the ring, it often has a very far from the primordial form.

The ear sink serves as a peculiar receiver for the waves of sound, which, falling into it, penetrate into the hearing body. Since it has a folded structure, the sound enters the passage with insignificant distortions. The degree of error depends, in particular, from where the sound comes from. Its location is horizontal or vertical.

It turns out that more accurate information data on where the sound source is located in the brain. So, it can be argued that the main feature of the shell is to catch the sounds that should flow into the human ear.

If you look a little deeper, you can see that the sink prolongs the cartilage of an external aisle. Its length is 25-30 mm. Next, the zone of cartilage is replaced by bone. The external ear completely lifts the skin, in which the glands of 2 types are contained:

sulfur
shan.

The external ear, the device of which we have already described, is separated from the middle part of the hearing body by means of the membrane (it is also called the eardrum).

How is the middle ear

If we consider the middle ear, the anatomy is lies in:

cavity drum;
pipe Eustachieva;
culture cottage.

All of them are interrelated. The drum cavity is an outlined space of the membrane and the area of \u200b\u200bthe inner ear. The place of its location is temporal bone. The ear structure here looks like this: in the front part there is an union of the cavity of the rolling with a nasopharynk (the function of the connector is performed by the pipe of Evstachiev), and in its rear part - with a depository process by entering its cavity. In the drum cavity there is air, which in the Eustachius pipe falls there.

The anatomy of human ear (child) up to 3 years has a significant difference from how an adult ear is arranged. The kids have no bone passage, and it did not grow up the back-shaped process. Children's secondary ear is represented by only one bone ring. Its inner region has the shape of a groove. It is just a drum membrane. In the upper zones of the middle ear (where there is no this ring) the membrane is connected to the lower edge of the scales of the beam.

When the kid reaches 3 years of age, the formation of its ear passage is completed - the structure of the ear becomes the same as in adults.

Anatomical Features of the Interior Department

The inner ear is the most difficult department. Anatomy in this part is very complicated, so she was given the second name - "Meat Labyrinth of Ear." It is located in the stony zone of temporal bone. To the middle ear implies windows - round and oval. Comprises:

thread;
snails with a Cortium Organ;
semicircular channels (filled with liquid).

In addition, the inner ear, the structure of which involves the presence of a vestibular system (apparatus), is responsible for the permanent holding of the body in a state of equilibrium, as well as for the possibility of accelerating in space. The oscillations arising in the oval window are transmitted to the fluid that fills the semicircular channels. The latter serves as an irritant for receptors located in the snail, and this is already the reason for the launch of nerve impulses.

It should be noted that the vestibular apparatus has receptors in the form of hairs (stereocilium and cocylony), which are on special elevations - Makulach. These hairs are alone opposite others. Looking, stereociles provoke the occurrence of excitement, and the cinema helps braking.

Let's summarize

In order to more accurately imagine the structure of the human ear, the diagram of the hearing body should be before the eyes. It is usually depicted a detailed device of human ear.

It is obvious that the human ear is a rather complex system consisting of many different formations, and each of them performs a number of major and indeed indispensable functions. Ear scheme demonstrates it clearly.

Regarding the device of the outer part of the ear, it should be noted that each person has individual, due to genetics, features that in no way affect the main function of the hearing body.

Ears need regular hygienic care. If you neglect this necessity, you can partially or completely lose the ear. Also, the lack of hygiene is able to lead to the development of diseases affecting all parts of the ear.

Ear - a pair body that performs the function of the perception of sounds, and also monitors equilibrium and provides orientation in space. It is located in the temporal region of the skull, it has a derivation in the form of external oars.

The structure of the ear includes:

outer;
middle;
internal department.

The interaction of all departments contributes to the transfer of sound waves converted into a neural impulse and entering the human brain. Ear anatomy, analysis of each of the departments, makes it possible to describe the full picture of the structure of hearing agencies.

This part of the overall hearing system is an ear shell and a hearing pass. The sink in turn consists of adipose tissue and skin cover, it is determined by the reception of sound waves and the subsequent transfer to the auditory. This part of the ear is easily deformed, that is why it is necessary to avoid any coarse physical impacts.

Transmission of sounds occurs with some distortion, depending on the location of the sound source (horizontal or vertically), it helps to better navigate the surrounding environment. The next, behind the ear shell, is the cartilage of an external ear passage (average size 25-30 mm).

The scheme of the exterior department

To remove dust and mud sediments, the structure has sweat and sebaceous glands. A binding and intermediate link between the outer and middle ear is the drummeal. The principle of the rotation consists in catching sounds from an external auditory passage and turn them into fluctuations in a certain frequency. Transformed oscillations go to the middle ear.

The structure of the middle ear

The department consists of four parts - directly eardrum and auditory bones located in its area (hammer, anvil, stirring). The above components ensure the transmission of sound into the inner part of the hearing organs. Hearing bones form a complex chain that carries out the transmission process of oscillations.

Middle Department

The structure of the middle branch ear also includes an Eustachiev tube connecting this department with a nasopharyngeal part. It is necessary to normalize the pressure difference inside and outside the membrane. If the balance is not respected, it is possible or rupture a membrane.

The structure of the inner ear

The main component is a labyrinth - a complex design in its form and the functions performed. The labyrinth consists of the temporal and bone. The design is located in such a way that the temporal part is inside the bone.

Diagram of the Interior Department

The inner part contains the auditory body for the name of the snail, as well as the vestibular apparatus (responsible for the total equilibrium). The considered department has several other auxiliary parts:

semicircular canals;
sump;
stiring in an oval window;
round window;
drum staircase;
spiral snail channel;
bag;
staircase in anticipation.

Snail - spiral-type bone canal, divided into two identical parts by partition. The partition in turn is separated by stairs connecting from above. The main membrane consists of tissues and fibers, each of which responds to a certain sound. The membrane includes an apparatus for the perception of sound - Cortis organ.

Having considered the design of the hearing agencies, it can be concluded that all units are mainly due to sound-conducting and sound-visible parts. For the normal functioning of the ears, it is necessary to comply with the rules of personal hygiene, avoid colds and injuries.

There are quite a lot of diseases that sign about their development in the ears. To determine which particular disease struck the hearing body, you need to understand how a person's ear is arranged.

Scheme of auditory body

outdoor (external);
average;
internal.

What is an outdoor ear

The structure of the human ear (external part) is represented by 2 components:

sink ear;
external ear passage.

sulfur
shan.

The external ear, the device of which we have already described, is separated from the middle part of the hearing body by means of the membrane (it is also called the eardrum).

How is the middle ear

If we consider the middle ear, the anatomy is lies in:

cavity drum;
pipe Eustachieva;
culture cottage.

When the kid reaches 3 years of age, the formation of its ear passage is completed - the structure of the ear becomes the same as in adults.

Anatomical Features of the Interior Department

thread;
snails with a Cortium Organ;
semicircular channels (filled with liquid).

Let's summarize

In order to more accurately imagine the structure of the human ear, the diagram of the hearing body should be before the eyes. It is usually depicted a detailed device of human ear.

Regarding the device of the outer part of the ear, it should be noted that each person has individual, due to genetics, features that in no way affect the main function of the hearing body.

Ear is a complex organ that performs two functions: a hearing by which we perceive sounds and interpret them, thus communicating with the environment; and maintaining equilibrium of the body.

Auricle - catches and sends sound waves into the inner hearing channel;

Rear Labyrinth, or semicircular channels - directs movement to the head and brain to regulate body equilibrium;

Front Labyrinth, or snail - contains sensory cells, which, catching the vibration of sound waves, transform mechanical pulses into the nervous;

Auditory nerve - sends common nerve impulses to the brain;

Bones of middle ear: hammer, anvil, rapidly - get vibrations from auditory waves, strengthen them and transferred to the inner ear;

External auditory passage - catches the sound waves coming from the outside, and directs them to the middle ear;

Eardrum - the membrane, vibrating sound waves from entering it and transmitting vibrations along the fire chain in the middle ear;

Eustachian tube - Canal connecting the drumppe with a throat and allows you to maintain
In equilibrium, the pressure generated in the middle ear, with the pressure of the environment.

The ear is divided into three departments whose functions are different.

; The outdoor ear consists of ear shell and an external auditory channel, its purpose consists in catching sounds;
; The average ear is in the temporal bone, separated from the inner ear with a movable membrane - a drummeal - and contains three articular bones: hammer, anvil and rapidly participating in the transmission of sounds Snail;
The inner ear, also called the labyrinth, is formed from two departments that perform various functions: anterior labyrinth, or a snail, where the Cortis is a body, responsibility for rumor, and rear maze, or semicircular channels in which pulses are produced involved in maintaining equilibrium Body (article "Equilibrium and hearing")

The internally ear, or the labyrinth, consists of a very durable bone skeleton, an ear capsule, or a bone maze, inside of which a membrane mechanism with a structure similar to a bone, but consisting of membrane tissue. The inner ear is hollow, but filled with liquid: there is a perilimph between the bone maze and the membrane, while the maze itself is filled with endolymph. The front labyrinth, the bone shape of which is called snail, contains structures that generate auditory impulses. The rear labyrinth involved in the regulation of body equilibrium has a bone skeleton consisting of a cubic part, the run-up and three channels in the form of an arc - semicircular, each of which includes space with a flat plane.

Snail, called so because of its spiral shape, contains a membrane consisting of channels filled with liquid: the central channel of the triangular cross section and a curl containing endolymph, which is located between the exterior staircase and the drum staircase. These two stairs are partially separated, they go to large snail channels covered with thin membranes separating the inner ear from the medium: the drum staircase begins with an oval window, while the runner of the rundder reaches a rounded window. A snail having a triangular shape consists of three faces: the top, which is separated from the ladder of the eve of the membrane of the raisner, the bottom, separated from the drum staircase, the main membrane, and the side, which is attached to the sink and is a vascular groove that produces endolymph. Inside the snail there is a special hearing agency - Cortiev (the sound perception mechanism is described in detail in the article "