What is a doctor is a big medical encyclopedia. The origin of the word doctor

The date: 21.09.2019

DOCTOR, term, in the modern application of it designating a person who has received completed higher medical education . Story. Name V. is found in the oldest Russian documents. So, for example, in the charter of Prince Vladimir, belonging to 996, they find the words: "... monasteries and baths of them, hospitals and their doctors." In the Charter of Yaroslav, published in 1016, almost repeated the same expressions: "... monasteries and baths of them and their doctors, hospitals and their doctors." In the ancient Russian chronicles (Nikonovsky List, 1091), it is mentioned: "... and the structure of the bath, and physician, and hospitals to all coming to the physician". Name V. In these documents is assigned Figure 3. Intravena needle. Persons who have supported. Assistance in institutions of a charitable nature, "Laddle", usually located under monasteries. These "riders" were made by the clerks, strish, the very often, the clergy clergy, the priests on the station chapter was charged in the duty of BGGG "Treats" and "Medicine" and at the same time to "teach and punish the fear of God." In Moscow Rus, V.-foreigners already appear ("Darchia, Lekari"). At the beginning of the XVII century. The pharmacy order was formed, the supervision of V.-foreigners was submitted. By the same time, the first attempts to regulate the doctor. Activity. By the end of the XVII century. B. threatened the death penalty or reference to Siberia for bad treatment. In the XVII century, the first Russian instruments of foreign drugs appear. Start systematic honey. Education and regular medical law was found in the XVIII century. By decree, Peter I, in 1706, at the Moscow "military hospital" the first "surgical school" was opened, and soon the second of the same school in St. Petersburg was then opened. Petrovsky decrees regulate medical activities in a fairly detailed, right up to personal behavior in.: "In order for the doctor to do a good foundation and practice, I have, sober, moderate and kindly, and in the right case of Chin I could send it in the right case. military). Despite the fact that V., who received at least elementary training, was almost no, decree of 1729 instructs: "Fill to watch the people who wander and unaccustomed in drugs do not treat the people, and they did not dare underly under the cruel finability and the punishment. " Pharmacies received a disposal: "... so that the ointles and the patches without mercy, and the internal medicines without real recipes doctoral and diligents did not let." Along with this "Regimental Lekaryam" was ordered to "Colonel, Lieutenant Colonels and Majoras of Beard Shaving and Pueruki Trit." Legislation regulating medical activities developed extremely slowly; It is enough to indicate that Decree 1789 "All doctors, leaders and overwhelming grandmothers" in some of their parts were considered valid until the revolution of 1917 (see also History of medicineand Naval sanitary). The rights and obligations of V. on the Soviet legislation are the right to medical title and work: a) V., who graduated from higher honey. Educational institutions in the USSR and received diplomas from them to the medical title, and b) the doctors who graduated from foreign Uns, who received diplomas from them to the title of Medicine and surrendered the corresponding test at one of the highest honey. Schools of the Union of the SSR. Exception from the last rule is allowed in relation to those of the doctors who have graduated abroad, to-rye possess scientists or practical experience. The latter are allowed to prof. work and without passing state tests with the permission of the Naroscope and the People's Commissariat. Qualification V. (medical diploma) is assigned to the RSFSR, ZSFSR (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to persons who received the offset of 10 semesters of a medical university and surrendered government tests; In the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR to get the title of V. V. Communion at the end of the medical university of a year-old practical experience and passing thesis (Ussr) .- Each doctor who wants to do prof. work is obliged to register in health care at its place of residence and get a registration certificate. Registration is made by health based on documents certifying the right of this person on medical title. In the absence of v. of documents or their doubtfulness, Heotlotsell appoints honey. An employee is deadlines (in the RSFSR-6 months) to submit undisputed documents and for this period may allow him prof. work. If it is impossible to document the right of this person on the medical title, this face, subject to the presentation of reviews about previous work, can be allowed to state. Tests and in this case restores the title by obtaining a diploma from honey. university. V., who did not work in the profession over five years, if they have a diploma, allowed to prof. work only on the passage of verification experience in clinics or large years.-san. institutions for a period of 1 to 6 months, depending on the duration of the break and the experience of the previous work. Healthcares are granted law, in the event of a discovery of obviously insufficient knowledge, to oblige the latter to undergo inspection experience in HEAD.-Sanitary accounting for a period of up to 1 year, and in these cases, a registration certificate issued earlier may be selected by health care with an agreement with the Union of Medicalrud. Doctors registered in Healthcares are provided with all rights regarding medical practice and practicing medical and adm. V., engaged private practiceThere are obliged to record the BN in special books, laid and sealed health. These V. Books are obliged to submit according to the requirements of Health, judicial or investigative authorities. In the books are noted, besides general information About Mr. (history, Status, diagnosis), also all the data of the appointment, operations made and issuing B. Certificates. Certificates doctors issue a state of health, birth, crawling, death, and injuries received. The procedure for issuing, in other cases and the form of certificates is governed by the special orders of health authorities. Each doctor is obliged no later than 24 hours to inform the nearest health care about each case of an acutely prosecution, poisoning, murder, applying severe injuries or suicide who met in his practice. Cases of prof is also subject to mandatory notice. poisoning and the most important prof. diseases (no later than a week, and in the case of mass poisoning - immediately). Each V., regardless of whether he is in service or is a private representing, can be attracted to the examination of persons called in the Red Army, and to the production of forensic honey. Examination. Equally, every V., engaged in practical medical activities, obliged in cases requiring ambulance. Aid, to render this. According to the instructions of the NKZ, NKVD and NKT RSFSR and the Central Bank of March 11, 1926, to cases requiring the first emergency careThese include severe traumatic injuries, poisoning and sudden diseases that threaten danger to life. In case of refusal to assist V., it can be criminalized under Article 157 of the Criminal Code (RSFSR), which punishes the deprivation of freedom to one year or a fine to one thousand rubles. The law also regulates the right to produce V. operations. Operations The rule can only be made by V. and only in medical institutions, with the exception of cases of ambulance and emergency care and the simplest operations, according to a special list published by the NKDR. Such operations include puncture, intravenous administration medicinal substances, opening abscesses, phlegmon, removal of easily accessible, superficially lying tumors of the skin and mucous membranes, etc., every hir. Intervention can be made by V. only with the consent of the BN, and in relation to persons younger than 16 years or mentally ill-with the consent of the parents or guardian. The exception is allowed only in emergency operations, but necessary to save lives or an important body, if Bh is unconscious, or towards children and mentally ill, when parents cannot be interviewed without the risk of late. In these cases, the doctor must resolve the need to require a consultation with another doctor, and if this consultation is associated with the risk of late, the solution of the need for the operation is provided to a doctor with a notification of any such case of health care within 24 hours. In addition to general normsregulating prof. The activities of all V., individual instructions and provisions are provided for the rights and obligations of individual categories of V. as a sign of a specialty (Sanitary V., Court. Honey. Experts, V.-Social Inspector, Instructor Guard Mat. and young .), as well as on the basis of the position (chief physician, head of the department, the prosector, the reinforcement, etc.). In view of specific working conditions, it is necessary to dwell on the rules governing the work of the district (INSTRUM. NKZ, NKU. NKT RSFSR and the Central Bank of March 11, 1926)! B., Head of the Plot, is a responsible person for the site, and all the staff has been subordinate to him. V. is a manager of loans released for the maintenance of the site. Regarding the service of the population. Using V. is obliged to produce daily, except for weekends and celebration days, an outpatient reception, while the reception time cannot exceed 5 hours for a doctor, not heading the hospital, and 4 hours, if in addition to the ambulance in V. there are also stationary beds. The writing and reception hours of patients are recorded by agreement between the V. Head and the Wolder Executive Committee. Reception and learning are made at the discretion of the head of the head.; If there are several branches in the B-Tse, the reception and extract of patients are made by the head of the department. To resolve patients at home, district V. is obliged only in cases that require urgent intervention, when the patient without hazardous life or explicit harm to health cannot be taken to leap. institution. These cases include: a) pathological genera, b) poisoning, c) life-threatening bleeding, d) severe injuries, e) appearance epidem. Diseases. When calling for help at home V. must be provided vehicles. Court. The examination and opening of the district V. is obliged only in the absence of a court.-honey. expert, what day and hour is the court.-honey. Examination is established by agreement between the bodies of the inquiry or investigation and V. for each departure to the court.-honey. The examination of the district V. must receive a set remuneration. The number of doctors and their distribution. By the end of 1913, on the territory of the Russian Empire, 24.031 civilian V. was listed, including 21.709 (90.3%) of men and 2.322 (9.7%) women. Of the total number of V. in the cities, 71% lived in the Neloboral settlements 29%. When calculating the territory, now occupied by the USSR, the number should be reduced by reducing the territory (province b. The kingdom of Polish, Baltic, etc.). In 1914g.v. On the territory without these provinces was listed 18.320. After 1917, the number of V. begins to grow rapidly due to a significant increase in admission standards. Universities caused by an acute need for V., and the discovery of a number of new honey. Schools (Moscow, Smolensk, Krasnodar, Simferopol, Omsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Dnepropetrovsk). In 1928, the USSR has already been listed 57,500 V., on the RSFSR-42.500 and the USSR-10.700. Significantly changed the penis. Percentage of women in. Every year it increases and reaches 38. According to data for 1926, 74% lived in the RSFSR, in the village-21.3%, not indicated exactly-4.7%. Thus, in the percentage of the "scissors" between the city and the villages even more separated. However, this discrepancy does not mean deterioration in the service of the rural population with medical assistance and is explained mainly stormy growth special species Leg.-san. Aid in cities. According to the report of the Chief Medical Inspector in 1913, one V. had (based on the entire population) by 6.900 inhabitants, in cities - at 1.400 inhabitants and in rural areas-No 20.300. If you take the data on the RSFSR to compare "73. For 1926 and take into account only employees in the health authorities V., we have on one V. 4.037 people. In the cities in 1926 according to the RSFSR, there were one B. 829 people. population in the European part of the RSFSR and 2.409-in Asian; In the villages, respectively - 11.131 and 35.516. Extremely uneven distribution and between individual areas. According to Healthcares in 1928, the average consulting coefficient of medical care is wounded by 2.8 per 10,000 population. The most secure districts are Crimea (8.7), Leningrad region (7.2), CPO (5.0) and the North Caucasus (3.7) - by 10,000. Pokers below average give areas: Vyatsky (1,3) , Central Committee (1.6), Siberian Edge (1.6), Medium-Volzhsky (1.9). In the last place is Changes (0.7) and Kyrgyzstan (0.8). By the number of USSR doctors occupies one of the first places among other countries, as can be seen from the following table, driven by Dayachman (" Preventive medicine", 1926, x" 7-8): Tab. 1. countries number of doctors S.-A.S.Sh ............. ". 145.966 England .............] 49. 589 USSR .. ............! 46.937 Germany ............ | 36.186 Achstria ............. I7.196 Poland ... .......... i6.850 Belgium ............. T4.500 Denmark ..............! 2.178 Sweden .. ...........! 2.060 Bulgaria ............ | 1.166 Latvia ............. I843 Finland ...... ..... | 826 * Data for 19 25. The coefficient service of the USSR occupies one of the last places (see Table 2, compiled according to the same data). Tab. 2. Countries Austria ..... .. England ........ Denmark ........ Belgium ....... Sweden ....... Latvia ....... Finland ..... . Poland ....... Bulgaria ...... * The data for 1925 falls on one V. *. 760Hell. 900 "■ 980 about 1.500 "1.600" 2.000 "2.200" 3.200. " 4.000 "4.100" 4.700 "with general, quite sufficient to saturate network, the number of V. The uneven distribution of their distribution leads to the fact that, in the presence of a significant number of unemployed V. in large university centers (Moscow, Leningrad, Kharkov, Ro-Stov-on -Dsnu), on the periphery, especially the rural network and in the national republics and regions a large number of unsubstituted medical vacancies. In addition, even in cities there are significant difficulties in replacement of posts by medical professionals due to the lack of them caused by the rapid growth of special institutions. The need for qualified specialists in some sectors (from-laryngologists, radiologists, transplators, etc.) is not satisfied even in large centers, which leads to a significant development of partnership. Events, which are aimed at the proper support of Leg.-San. Networks doctors can be broken down. Main categories; a) activities to conduct an internship, improving V. and on planned training of specialists; b) measures for the compulsory direction on the periphery of "state-required" V.-State. Fellowships in honey. universities, interns, alternators clinics and interns who received during training, experience or specialization content (scholarship) from the state or local organs; c) Events for establishing benefits for various categories of V.-Events of the first kind have a goal to prepare employees on the industry practical work, in which there is a particular sharp need. This goal is primarily responsible for in-t internships for young doctors. During the one-year experience, in the conditions of the closest topics, in which young V. will have to work in the future, he receives practical skills, he did not give him a school; Training of specialists is carried out by one-year internship (V. Okhmatmlad, Riegradt, sanitary, V.-venereologists for rural veins. Points and veins. detachments, etc.), by passing the wedge, ordinature and three-year graduate school. Widely developed by last years The network of improvement courses makes it possible to increase its qualifications to a significant amount of V. (more than 4,000 in one RSFSR). The second category activities are reduced to a number of legislation that bind doctors who received the scholarship from the state to work in the area to appoint Naroscharava or its local authorities. This obligation applies to state students. scholars, which are headed by the health authorities to service in obligatory, on the staff orders of the clinic, V., who have passed the paid experience, and interns who have passed a three-year specialization with a scholarship. The sentence of the scholarship is set for a year for the year of the scholarship, but a total of three years cannot be exceeded in the RSFSR. State Fellowships, evading the mandatory service or exempted from it for one reason or another, are obliged to compensate the state not only to the scholarship, but also middle Cost Training in honey. University for the entire period of receiving scholarships. The third group of events benefits provided by certain categories in. - It is intended to create an incentive for replacing those medical positions, the working conditions on the to-rye are particularly severe. This includes medical posts on the outskirts, rural and san. B., Court. Experts, psychiatrists, Epid workers. organizations. The law establishes for V. listed categories a number of advantages, which are mainly reduced to the following. In relation to workers sent (at least by their personal request) to the service in remote areas, if the distance between the initial residence and the place of new work exceeds 1.000 kMj.-D. Path or 500. kMthe following benefits are installed, the following benefits (Decree of the CEC and SCC of the USSR dated May 11, 1927): The lifting no less than the monthly salary (but not higher than double) for the community and not lower than one quarter of the salary for each family member and daily during the way . When dismissing workers, they are issued the cost of return. When serving in the first belt of remote areas, employees receive percentage allowance for a content of 10% after each year, and in the second belt, the allowances are made for every three years of work until 100% salary is achieved. For every 3 years of work in the first belt and 5 years, three-month is provided in the second additional vacation; After 5 years of work, a scientific campaign is given for up to 6 months; Children of workers aimed at remote areas enjoy the right to enter educational institutions on the same conditions with individuals of physical labor. For honey. Employees sent to the periphery and rural areas are established by the following benefits: the payment of lifting in the amount of the monthly salary and * / "salary for each family member; Payment of travel and baggage, payout daily during the way and extra for 6 days. For V., aimed at the periphery, retains the right to a living area at the place of their former residence for 6 months; B., working in rural areas, is provided with a monthly vacation with the right to summarize vacation for 3 years (post. WTCIK and SNK RSFSR of July 9, 1928). For Plotovyov V., San. V., serving the rural population, V. Psychiatric. institutions, court.-honey. Experts and V. Anticipative organizations have been established three periodic increases for the content of the content for every three years of service in the amount of 20% of the salary (for V. Anticipative organization-30%), preferential conditions for the receipt of children in educational institutions, free education in them and the preferential right in scholarships on a par with workers; Scientific business trips every 5 years with preservation of content and issuing scholarships. Plotovy and doctors of psychiatric medical institutions are provided with free apartments with heating and lighting. B.,. A commanded to fight epidemics, are satisfied by daily in an increased amount. Doctors who have lost disability due to diseases of infectious diseases, or families V., killed from infectious diseases, is paid a strengthened pension in the manner and amount established for persons who have lost its disability or died due to labor injury. In the event of death or disability, which followed from infection during the work on the plague, V. or their families are appointed by the personal pension as persons who have exceptional merits to the republic .-- ■ Military V., see Military-sanitary.- V. Sanitarian, see Sanitary doctor.- Choosing a medical profession, see Professional selection.-Qualification and improvement of doctors, see Medical education.- Honey. Professions, see Medical personnel .-Professional organization of doctors, see Medicalthing. LIT:Danilevsky V., doctor, his vocation and education, Kharkov, 1921; Karapovich G. and Chernyak with, professional rights and duties of the medical worker, Moscow, 19 27; L and F-W and C J., ideological pedigree of our doctor, "Pro-Filactic. Medicine ", 1927, .№ 10. V. Vladimirov. Doctors like carriers of infectious diseases. Subject to observance necessary measures Precautions doctors typically should not be carriers of infectious diseases. These measures are reduced to the following: firstly, the doctor should not have communication with other patients, if he feels unhealthy himself. In life, there is usually no chance that the doctor, knowingly sick with some infectious disease, in contact with his patients, but it does not exclude the possibility that he, having an increased T ° caused by influenza, light angina or other, still inexplicable b-New , It goes to perform my prof. work. This should not have places. The pathogens of both influenza and angina can by drip infection (conversation, cough, sneezing) are transmitted to other persons. Very often, small angina is caused by a diphtheria stick, and the doctor will continue to clarify the true nature of his disease, will be distributed in this case diphtheria causative agents. The same applies to Scarlantine. Often Scarlatina gives relatively late rashes or flows at all without rash, and only the defeat of the oz is its original symptom. Naturally, in this case, the doctor, which will not pay attention to his indisposition and spare, phenomena in Zeva, may be a carrier of a scarlatographic disease. This is illustrated precisely established and described in the literature the fact of the development of the Scarlantine epidemic in the village of Lomme-Dalen, near Christianity caused by the fact that one girl caught behind the Scarlantic sick and the sick herself in the Christianity of a light angina, having arrived at Lomme-Dalen, infected the scarletin there Only their home, but in the future and a number of other families in the village. Doctors who first work in the Scarlatinous branches, at least they suffered scarletin as a child, quite often silent angns. Such angins for others should be considered dangerous. In view of all this, a doctor who has any defeat of the language, has no right to fulfill its prof. work. If there are no exactly established facts of transmission through third healthy sackers of scarletna, measles, rubella, cough, pork, natural and chickenpox, the possibility of mechanical transmission of the contagious beginning of these b. By driving infected objects or infected clothes, no one denies. Therefore, it is clear that the doctor should not be in the same suit, without a bathrobe, concerned the heterogeneous bench, that is, to move in his clothes from the cores to the scarlatine, then to the therapist, patient, diphtheria or, finally, to healthy people etc. Common hygienic. Events (washing hands, face and disinfection of their instruments, etc. d.) should be observed especially carefully every time. It is known that quite healthy people are carriers diphtheria sticks. Therefore, the doctor working in diphtheria compartments is obliged to periodically check by bacteriological. Research Flora of its mouth and nose. In case of detection of virulent diphtheria bacill, it is obliged to remove on the time of this carrying out of contact with other bend. The transfer of the doctor to someone intestinal infection is usually not found. The causative agents of cholera, abdominal typhoid, paratif and dysentery are, ch. Obr., in the secretions of the BN, and therefore the use of a doctor dealing with this kind of bench, ordinary gig. The events and protection of their clothing and footwear from pollution are sufficient to not be mechanically involved in different persons. Diseases transmitted through blood parasitic pathways as raw and returnal TiffsThe doctor can convey to others by transferring infected parasites (lice) from the patient to healthy. Similar facts could occur during our former in the period civil War Pandemic of rapid typhus for the extreme sequity of the population. Under normal conditions, this is not observed. The transfer of faces, Siberian ulcers and other infections is possible only mechanical. By the gross violation of gig. Rules (contamination of the infectious material of the hands, tools, etc.). d. Galts. Doctor as a cause of illness. In recent years, a number of major studies have appeared that strongly moved the old question about the influence of the psyche on various physiologist. and Pat. Processes in the human body. The collective work edited by Oswald Schwartz (Oswald Schwarz) gave a monographic processing of everything that is known about psychogenesis different symptoms From the side of the cardiovascular apparatus, respiratory organs, digestive, genital and a number of other functions. In the named work, a detailed lighting of the title, Bauer, Brown, Geyer, Straudberg, Mayer, Maeer, Straudberg, Bauer, Braun, Heyer, Straudberg, Mayer, finally found that the brain bark, according to the conditional reflexes mechanisms, has an unexpectedly strong Influence on the most distant body areas from it. This most received a complete interpretation and explanation of various examples of suggestions and self-sufficiency, the influence of affects, mental injuries, etc. In this regard, and, accordingly, continuously growing interest in the methodology of mental treatment of neurosis (hypnosis, rationalistic psychotherapy, Freud psychoanalysis, individual psychology Adler, labor therapy), of course, a question arose about the possibility of perfectly involuntary negative psychotherapy, expressed in the fact that B. It is often in oppressively acting on the bn, trauma-root, deepening existing disorders and even causing new ones. Throughout the years following the imperialist war, some German psychiatrians, a rough, Bumek (KRETSCMER, Gruhle, Bumke) - Entirely independently of each other, began to talk about the heahedral diseases, indicating how often careless remarks V., hopeless diagnoses, unnecessary explanations on the topic of heredity, etc. They cause patients with a state of anxious waiting and long anxiety, as a result of which the tissue tone decreases and the functions disorder appears. This affects individuals with elevated suggestibility. At the recent, this question served as the topic of works and several Russian authors, gynecologists, psychiatrists. In these works, examples of reactive-depressive states caused by diagnoses are given: "Myocarditis", "arteriosclerosis", "little heart", "the expansion of aorta", "breast toad" and even "bend of the uterus", "Qatar R" chronic form " and so on. From psychiatric diagnoses, the inhibuning effect has often psycho-sustained, with its first syllable "Psycho", which is in the eyes of the B - irrefutable indication of mental-psychosis; In some cases, "sizophrenia" caused a deep affect of longing and despair, "cerebrals" inspired the thought of weakening the brain, "degenerative hysteria" forced her hands and throw a successfully started treatment, the "sclerosis of the brain" sharply lowered the former before satisfactory working capacity (Cannabich ). These terms are particularly acting, when Bh has sees them on formal printing blanks. It should be thought that, just as the bn in the hands of the certificate that he has cancer or the initial form of progressive paralysis, should also not be issued certificates about sizovo-fries and many other incurable states, especially in cases where B-ny only slightly outlined and is completely compensated, due to the preservation of a common vital tone. The homogeneous decrease in this tone can cause decompensation not only at nervous, but also with many other diseases. LIT:Dick V., On "Hyrogenic" diseases in gynecology, "Bulletin of Modern Medicine", 1927, No. 5; K a nn and b and x Yu, to the prevention of certain forms of reactive depressions of a homogenic nature (collector "Prevention of nerve diseases", M., 1928); Krechmer E., Medical Psychology, M., 1927; Luria R., doctor and psychogenesis of certain diseases internal organs, "Kazan Medical Journal", 1928, J * 1; Gruhle H., Psychiatrie Fur Arzte, V., 1922; In U M K E, Der Arzt Als Ursache Seelischer Storungen, Deutsche Med. Wochenschrift, 1925, No. 1; S with H W A R z O., Psychoge-Neese und Psychotherapie Korperlicher Symptome, Wien, 1925. Y. Cannabih.

Recently, we all understand that human life is priceless. There is nothing more expensive than the lives of our relatives, loved ones, children, just outsiders. Sometimes it happens that we are not in our will lose their loved ones and acquaintances, there are circumstances above our desires. But on the state of your health, we can affect: worsen it or do it better. This is helped by medicine workers.

The profession of doctor has existed for a long time. It can be safely noted that it is one of the most important for humanity. From the very birth and to death, a person needs qualified medical care, an understanding during complex life situations, solving the spicy problems, which even relatives can not always be said.

Who is a doctor: profession or vocation?

Before becoming a good specialist, the future doctor must pass a lot of tests. They affect absolutely all spheres of his life. Training in this area begins immediately after graduation and lasts at least 6 years. Difficulties are found in the first year: it is necessary to delve into several complex areas of medicine immediately, in no case can you relax and skip lectures, because the lack of any information may later be able to someone. In addition, you need for a long time Personal life and friends put on second place.

The choice of a doctor's profession is difficult not only because of the spending of a huge amount of time to study, it places increased demands and the personality of the future inhever: it must be responsible, decisive, kind, merciful, patient, empathy. Can a real doctor be worn and unresponsive to human grief. Sometimes, sacrificing its plans and interests, the doctors should go to help people, even when there is a risk of their own health.

Profession The doctor is more than just learning specific actions, skills and knowledge. This is a vocation of a person, his purpose and place in life.

The emergence of this profession

The history of the profession of a doctor begins with antiquity. More for many hundred years before our era existed special peoplewhich could treat all diseases. They enjoyed brewed tools for medical care - herbs, fruits and their roots, tincture. Then these people stand out in a special rank, as they were considered the messengers of the gods, because the disease was perceived as a punishment of higher strength. Such medicines were respected and afraid, claiming that their occupation was considered magical and magical. The profession of the doctor arose with the appearance of one bright and intelligent personality.

Many medicine as science is associated with famous person - Hippocrates. It was he who began to carefully study the characteristics of the human body. By the way, known to all the separation of people by the type of temperament takes its beginning from his works. This man turned the consciousness of people, helped them to free themselves from the stereotype of the communication of medicine and religion. He proved that any disease is a consequence of a pathological process in the human body and appears for quite natural reasons. Asclepid, Galen, Vesaliy and other outstanding researchers are ancestor medical science and the emergence of the profession of a doctor.

The relevance of a medical specialist in our time

In the community of everyday life, we do not think about what role doctors play in our life. And their help is sometimes invaluable, because these specialists are recognized every day, prevent the most complex diseases, they save adults and children, meet the kids and accompany the sick people from the life.

Every year new diseases, epidemics appear in the world, and doctors are designed to stand guard of the health of all mankind. They often sacrifice relationships close people, their health for each patient, providing him with a chance for life. Pros and disadvantages of the doctor's profession often scare away young people from her. But those who consciously went to learn to the doctor firmly know why they do it.

What is the work of the doctor?

Medicine does not stand still, it is actively developing. The emergence of new diseases, natural cataclysms, war, disaster provoke the search for new solutions and methods to combat problems. Therefore, flexibility and susceptibility to new knowledge are the main qualities that the doctor should have. The characteristic of the profession begins with the fact that the specialist in this area should have a versatile development. This is necessary to build a constructive dialogue between the doctor and the patient. The medic should also be a psychologist to find an approach to the patient, to instill faith in him in recovery, firmly, confidently and calmly talk to all patients. Profession The doctor suggests the following duties:

giving help;
determining the causes of diseases;
diagnostics;
treatment;
rehabilitation;
prevention of diseases;
educational work among certain groups of the population;
development and use of new drugs and diagnostic methods.

Disadvantages of this profession

As in any scientific direction, there are disadvantages of the doctor's profession. Disadvantages are manifested even during the period of study to learn from the doctor, you need to spend at least 6 years, to work out a huge amount of information. Then devote some more years (2 years) for mastering a certain specialization and acquisition of practice. Everything else, you have to sacrifice free time, personal life and health for the save of other people. But it's worth it!

IN post-Soviet spaceIt happened, doctors do not use special financial privileges, so this profession is not always the prestigious.

Doctor for children

A specialist who treats children is called a pediatrician. Profession Children's doctor is very interesting and responsible. Such a specialist is observed for the growth and development of children from 0 and to 18 years. Students who wish to become pediatricians even learn separately from all, since the health of children requires special attention.

For each age period of small patients, their features of the development and the emergence of various pathological processes are characteristic. After all, a big mistake is considered to be the opinion that the child is a small copy of the adult, it means that they have the same diseases. Disorders of growth, psychomotor development, posture is characteristic only for our small inhabitants. Pros and disadvantages of the doctor's profession for children are also often found in the practice of such specialists. Especially acutely perceived by the doctors complex diseases of kids. The extinct look, which should glow, pale cheeks, who are obliged to be pink, sad expression, unusual for children, leave no medical heart indifferent. That is why the main direction in pediatrics is the prevention of diseases.

Dentistry as a separate direction in medicine

The profession is a dentist no less important and necessary. Tooth problems sooner or later arise from everyone. Preventive prevention is also necessary. Children are the formation of the right bite, alignment of a row of teeth, preventing the occurrence of caries. In adults, there are serious problems, for example, the installation of teeth after an accident, implantation, gums and so on. Like attending doctors, dentists are also divided into several specializations: surgeons, therapists, orthopedics, orthopedists, periodontologists.

In this scientific direction, the profession of a doctor deserves greater respect. Its description is not limited to treatment or prevention. Dentologists as nobody needs to be holding, empathy and patience. After all, not everyone will like to feel nasty smell From mouth, perform jewelry work during sealing or operation.

What qualities should a good specialist possess?

Several qualities have already been mentioned above, without which it is impossible to master such a specialty as the profession of a doctor. The description of this profession always ends with the requirements for the personality of the doctor. A good specialist must possess:

high level of intelligence;
intuition;
responsibility;
emotional stability;
sociability;
observation;
mercy;
empathy;
confidence;
determination.

Some specializations require special skills, and, it means, both qualities or suitable physician natural data. So, for example, surgeons must have thin and long fingers for successful holding Operations, orthopedists should be strong to enter the vertebrae or joints.

Doctor profession - how to get it?

In order to become a doctor, it is necessary to prepare long before admission to the university. Applicant must have excellent knowledge of biology, chemistry, physics. Having finished learning, students still can not work, they need to receive a specialization under the supervision of an experienced colleague (ordinature or internship). This period takes from 1.5 to 2 years.

The profession of the doctor is very complicated, but interesting. It benefits both the patient and the physician itself. After all, it is very nice to feel your importance and necessity.

Doctor. Apparently, goes back to the same basis as the verb lie. The current meaning of the noun has evolved when the verb has not yet had a negative shade. Thus doctor - This is the one who speaks, and to lie (See) In the old days, it was just "talking."

Doctor. Let those doctors of medicine, who accidentally fall into hand, this is my book, but "the doctor" is "the one who is lying", as well as "Rvach" - "The one who tears" and "weaver" - "Who is a chant " But the "lie" in the language of our ancestors did not necessarily mean to "lie", "speak in a lie." It often meant simply "speak", "chat."

When the father shouts the father in Pushkin's "Drilling" to children who brought him terrible news: "Vriting, blame, Baby!" - He uses the word "lie" in our current sense: "Lhyeta more!" But when, in the "Captain daughter", Father Gerasim says to his wife: "Not all VRI, what you know!" - It does not make sense to "lie" here at all. This is just "chatting", "bold."

Here with this value and the word "doctor" is connected. In antiquity, it meant: "The one who treats conspiracies." Having come to the patient, such a Vuner "Ried" over it is some kind of magical spell words, something is "bayal". Therefore, he received the title "Doctor", or "Balia" - "Bahar". Both of these words meant one thing: "Boroton".

rod. P. doctor, to heal, St.-Slav. Doctor ἰατρός (sup., acute.), Bulg. doctor "Sorcerer", Serboorv. VRPCH "JERNESTER", SLOY. Vráč "Doctor". These words produce from to lie and grumble. In this case, original. Sign "Caster, sorcerer"; See mi. EW 395 and Sl.; Preobs 1, 100 and syl.; Liden, AnlaUTG. 19; Torbjornssone 2, 90; Solmsen, Unters. GR. Lautl. 263; Sobolevsky, AFSLPH 33, 610; Brandt, RFV 25, 217 and Sl.; Infants, AFSLPH 33, 15; WUS 12, 60; Endzelin, SBE 20. Excessive Doubts of Trutman (BSW, 360). [Cm. More Lviv, "Uz in. Slav. ", 9, 1954, p. 152; BE 7, 1957, p. 33 and Sl., P. 38 and cl. - T.]

, recognition and treatment of diseases and injuries. This is achieved by constantly improving medical knowledge and medical mastery, such as: a study of a number of interrelated fundamental, common medical and special clinical disciplines, the experience of direct communication with the patient, its needs and suffering.

The word "doctor" in Bulgarian means narchar, sorcerer; in Serbohorvatsky - withers, sorcerer, Volkhv, Narchar, and "Doctors" - strust, guess, predict, treat (sign).

Story

Medical ethics

Engaged medical activitiesThe doctor is guided by:

The Ethical Code of the Russian Doctor (Code of Medical Ethics of the Russian Federation, approved by the 4th conference of the Association of Doctors of Russia, November 1994; Approved by the All-Russian Pirogovsky Congress of Doctors on June 7, 1997)
ethical requirements of the Association in which the doctor is
international norms of professional ethics, excluding not recognized by the Association of Russian Doctors, the Regulation on the admissibility of passive euthanasia
- "International Code of Medical Ethics"
- "Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights" UNESCO (2005)

Medical ethics Exploring the concepts of O. medical debt (deontology), about diseases and their complications related to the actions of medical personnel (rational).

The duties of the doctor consists of keeping medical mystery - due to legal norms and ethical motives The requirement for representatives of the medical profession is not to announce information regarding the state of health, personal or family life patients, information that became famous honey. Employees due to their profession, by virtue of particular confidence, usually provided to persons of the medical profession on the part of patients in the calculation, that everything trusted will not find further publicity. Russian law formulates a medical mystery as "information about the fact of the appeal of a citizen for the provision of medical care, its health and diagnosis, other information obtained during it medical examination and treatment. "

Medical deontology

Deontology cannot provide any meaningful certainty on many issues of today and centuries-old prescription (for example, on ethical aspects of abortion, euthanasia, concealing information, experiments in the treatment of patients).

Stormy development of biomedical technologies actively invading life modern man From birth to death, as well as the impossibility of solving the solutions of moral problems within the framework of traditional medical ethics - cause serious concern of society.

In practical medicine, the following problems come to the fore [ ] :

unpreparedness of citizens to engage in their own health, the lack of effective activities to enlighten the population,
indifference of society to medical problems
unwillingness to treat old people
lack of serious medical science
false idea of \u200b\u200bthe role of money in medicine,
abortion problem, demographic problem,
low qualifications of medium medical personnel,
unparallement of medical and preventive institutions.

Social role

The doctor traditionally enjoys a special status in any society, and high ethical and legal requirements are presented to it.

The social status of a doctor in Russia is contradictory. An inconsistency of the level of qualification and labor tension should be recognized by the magnitude of the material remuneration. Thus, doctors often work in excess of the time established standards and volume, according to the inflexible schedule, and earn less than other specialists, whose education is comparable in duration and complexity.

It is believed that the "real" doctor is a benchmark for the general public in matters of not only health protection (should, for example, do not smoke, do not use alcoholic beverages, Maintain an active lifestyle, to eat correctly), but also morals. It is believed that the doctor must be fully dedicated to the case of medicine, merciful, demanding of itself, modest in everyday life and needs, sober in assessments, show the power of the Spirit and decisiveness in difficult life situations.

Problems of doctors in Russia

Potted Terapeut

Evidence of the success of the latest health care reforms that had to accelerate and improve the quality of medical care to patients through the activities of precinct therapists, and at the same time there are facts speaking their practical utility. The district therapist, which received a large load for the lack of sufficient time and equipment, turned into a dispatcher, guiding a patient or to "narrow" specialists, or at hospitalization. The doctor has lost a sense of responsibility for the patient shared between many specialists, the patient remained in a "suspended" condition, as a result the qualifications declined, fell competent interest, prestige and in general the quality of customer service, the question of the usefulness of their financing appeared. Therapist loses interest in the patient due to paper red troops and cumbersome reporting, reducing the time of the patient's reception for a number of reasons:

the need for routine filling hospital sheets, certificates and other documents,
requirements for financial statements, including the issuance of drugs for preferential recipes,
monthly issuance of the same recipes to a chronic patient who does not have any needs in the advice of the attending physician

The proposed solutions of the problem:

the laying of part of the bureaucracy on additional workers (in turn increases spending on its content),
using software.

2. Question O. medical and Economic Standards.

There is an opinion that existing treatment standards are the reason for the following problems:

restriction of the patient's personality accounting
small spectrum of standard selection of drugs and methods of therapy,
"Cap" clinical thinking of a doctor

These problems are a consequence of the "defect" of the existing social Policy. A number of doctors offer the adoption of new regulatory documents.

Some doctors believe that the essence of the medical profession is to fulfill the standards developed, which exist now almost for all cases medical practice. "Standards protect the patient from the genius of the doctor." Other doctors believe that in Russia doctors following these standards, negligible.

Nevertheless, doctors are united that fully eliminating standards in medicine is unreasonable, and few people doubt the need for their existence.

3. Restriction of the necessary laboratory and technical capabilities for proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

4. Obliving active visits, so on. "Hospiters at home," complicates the tracking of the clinic of diseases and overall deprives the therapist opportunities to track its condition in detail.

5. Disorder continuity between interconnected medical institutions:

"DEPARTMENT" to the clinic of the results of the patient's survey,
nonfalling the epicridge of the patient hospitalized in a planned manner.

6. Restriction of patient reception time solving the problem: increase the reception time of the primary patient up to 30 minutes, re-15 minutes

Intellect and Education

Based on the opinion of some doctors, one of the serious problems of domestic medicine is a significant intellectual lag of doctors. "It is very bad in medical institutions." Often, students are engaged in these textbooks on which the preceding generations of doctors studied.

Media (media)

Russian media regularly arrange the "cognitive" show about magic, fortune investigation, evil eye and damage, etc. In the transmissions there is no counterparts of physicians or psychologists on the problem under discussion, or it is subject to extremely short. The regularity of shows such a show focuses prejudice from the population in the utility of various kinds of "healers", and also motivates the refusal to medical carethat, in turn, can be fatal in a number of diseases.

TV viewers together S. folk councils And the information from traditional medicine receives information containing the "occult obscurantism," said Metropolitan Ufa Nikon. According to the Declaration of Telecommunication Principles, one of its functions is "educational". Specialists of the ROC consider this item is violated by obscurants that lobbying "occult education". The health of the population and the status of medicine, according to them, suffer damage from the "educational function" of the media. The consequences of such an enlightenment are treated by real doctors.

Also one of the problems associated with the media is the inconsistency of the stated and real level of income and equipment of medical workers and institutions. Despite the National Project "Health" widely advertised in the media, the wage level 2/3 of health workers with higher education Begins with the amount of just over 4,000 rubles.

Falsification of drugs

Statistics of successful treatment using falsified medicines absent. Falsificates, having at best the effect compared to placebo, and in the worst - fatal, undermine the patient's trust in specialists and medicine as a whole. Their wide advertisement by producers, relative cheapness and the absence of any reliable information about the usefulness of the drug, the uncontrolcity of the actual production of substances, in the amount of the factors enhancing distrust of medicine. The absence of an expected effect from the use of a medication can force the patient to doubt the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy as such. Falsification medicinal preparations Reduces the mutual trust of the patient and the doctor, inflicts financial and physical damage, pursue the patient's health to the actual delay of his treatment, which directly contradicts the goal of the doctor's work.

Remuneration and financing

However, the problems of decent remuneration and financing are the cause of a number of other problems of Russian medicine:

personnel hunger
lack of technical equipment
low qualifications, experience and interest in obtaining them

So, B. special Research Survey 264 Headers of therapeutic and Preventive Institutions (LPU) on Vices modern medicine It showed that in the first place (95%) is the insufficiency of the material base, on the second (74.5%) - the absence of incentives and interest, and 28% of respondents indicated the absence of social, legal and moral protection of doctors. Not all graduates of medical universities work doctors, with medical diplomas in Russia more than 600 thousand people. For example, in the Chelyabinsk region, only 10-20% of people who have completed medical university have begun work in the specialty in 2010.

Russian doctors have their own professional holiday, celebrated in the 3rd Sunday of June - the day of the medical worker and celebrated in the 1st Monday of October - the International Day of the doctor.

"Myths" about doctors

The level of well-being of medical workers does not affect their professional activities:

Hospitality therapists cannot subscribe to medical journals in 48.2- 31%, and "narrow specialists" to 63.3% of cases, which reduces their self-education opportunities to improve and maintain qualifications.

At the present stage, a considerable role is played in the formation of health of the population of medicine:

Mortality of the population of working age, with the exception of cases incompatible with life, is 80% depends on the quality of medical care.

Notes

Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Rus.). Russian newspaper. - Article 235 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. - "Article 235. illegal session of private medical practice or private pharmaceutical activities 1. An occupation of private medical practice or private pharmaceutical activities by a person who does not have a license for an elected type of activity, if it has affected the negligence causing harm to human health, is punished with a fine in the amount of up to one hundred and twenty thousand rubles or in the amount of wages or other income convicted Period up to one year or restriction of freedom for up to three years, or imprisonment for the same period. (as amended. Federal laws From 08.12.2003 N 162-FZ, dated December 27, 2009 N 377-ФЗ) 2. The same act, resulting in negligence, the death of a person is punishable by imprisonment for up to five years. " Checked October 19, 2016.
Doctor, explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov.
Doctor (1), Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim.
Doctor (I), Big Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia 1969-1978.
Doctor (I), medical Egglopedia. 1. Malaya medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First health care. - M.: Large Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. encyclopedic Dictionary Medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984
Oath of the Russian Doctor (approved by the 4th conference of the Association of Doctors of Russia, Moscow, Russia, November 1994)
Great Soviet Encyclopedia

A doctor is a person who has received completed higher medical education and binding to devote their knowledge of the impact to prevent diseases, preservation of human health.

The practitioner is engaged in preventing (prevention), recognition (diagnostics) by the hecting (therapy) of diseases. This is achieved by constantly improving the medical knowledge of ivraceotic skills, such as: a study of a number of interrelated fundamental, common medical psychiatric clinical disciplines, the experience of direct contact with the spacient, its needs of the destination. Successful treatment, even when used recent achievements Medical science, to the wise degree is art.

Veterinary doctor - face with higher veterinary education. Dental physician - has a medium medical education.

The doctor is also called:

Ordinator

Medic (lat. Medicus)

Aesculapius

Treatment, Corepiece (Dr.-Rus. Legal)

Healer

Healman

Kudesnik

The doctor's profession refers to one of the most ancient. The roots of healing have a close relationship with mysticism, theology, philosophy.

Before the beginning professional activity The Russian doctor swars on to observe the principles set out in the "Oath of the doctor" (1999). "Oath" contains 8 ethical principles and obligations. The doctor is a profession with a special section in the Criminal Code, describing professional offenses.

The "oath" of the hypocrat is the most famous and ancient professional vocabulary of the doctor. "Oath" contains 9 ethical principles or obligations:

1) commitments to teachers, colleagues and students,

2) the principle is not harmful

3) obligations to assist the patient (the principle of mercy),

4) the principle of care for the benefits of the patient and the dominance of the patient's interests

5) the principle of respect for life and negative attitude towards euthanasia,

6) the principle of respect for life and negative attitudes towards abortion,

7) the obligation to refuse intimate relations with patients,

8) the obligation of personal improvement,

9) Medical Mystery (Privacy Policy).

The doctor traditionally enjoys a special status in any society, and high ethical and legal requirements are presented to it.

Medical activity is largely ideal for, and society requires a doctor of the unmistakable and ideal performance of their professional duties. At the same time, society is covered by the most declared and known from the moral qualities of a doctor who formed in medicine since the time of ancient Greece - intense, that is, the desire to work without receiving remuneration.

Qualities that the doctor should have

Patience and deservedness;

Goodwill and friendliness;

Responsibility;

Accuracy;

Tact;

Optimistic;

Attentiveness;

Readiness at any time to provide need medical care;

Unselfishness.

Places of work:

Research institutes;

Medical institutions (hospitals, sanatoriums, wellness camps, clinics, maternity, dispensaries, rehabilitation centers, traumatological points, female consultations, medical schools, health care, ambulance, medical and obstetric items);

Educational institutions (schools, kindergartens and preschool institutions, institutions, colleges, technical schools, colleges);

Social organizations (children's homes, shelters, nursing homes and disabled, child houses, children's centers of creativity and leisure);

Enterprises;

Law enforcement agencies (courts, children's distributors, colonies, prosecutor's office, district internal affairs management);

Ministry of Emergency Situations, Salvation Services;

Military organizations.

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