What is a doctor - a large medical encyclopedia. Doctor information about

The date: 21.09.2019

The word "doctor" in Bulgarian means sorcerer, sorcerer; in Serbo-Croatian sorcerer, sorcerer, sorcerer, sorcerer, and "doctors" - tell fortunes, guess, predict, treat(quackery).

Story

medical ethics

Being engaged in medical activity, the doctor is guided by:

Code of Ethics of the Russian Doctor (Code of Medical Ethics of the Russian Federation, approved by the 4th Conference of the Russian Association of Doctors, November 1994; approved by the All-Russian Pirogov Congress of Doctors on June 7, 1997)
the ethical requirements of the association to which the doctor is a member
international norms of professional ethics, except for the provision on the admissibility of passive euthanasia, which is not recognized by the Association of Doctors of Russia
- "International Code of Medical Ethics"
- UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005)

medical ethics explores the concept of medical duty(deontology), about diseases and their complications associated with the actions of medical personnel (iatrogenies).

It is the physician's responsibility to keep medical secrecy- due to legal norms and ethical motives, the requirement for representatives of the medical profession not to disclose information relating to the state of health, personal or family life patients, information that became known honey. employees by virtue of their profession, by virtue of the special trust placed usually on the medical profession by patients in the expectation that everything trusted will not find further publicity. Russian law formulates medical secrecy as “Information about the fact that a citizen applied for medical care, the state of his health and diagnosis, other information obtained during his medical examination and treatment".

Medical deontology

Unfortunately, deontology cannot provide any meaningful certainty on many issues. today and centuries ago (for example, according to ethical aspects abortion, euthanasia, concealment of information, experiments in the treatment of patients).

The rapid development of biomedical technologies that are actively invading life modern man from birth to death, as well as the inability to get an answer to the moral problems that arise in this case within the framework of traditional medical ethics, cause serious public concern.

Uncertainty in theory leads to contradictions and tragedies in practice, for example, in transplantology[[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[C:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]] [ ] .

In practical medicine, the following problems come to the fore:

the unwillingness of citizens to take care of their own health, the lack of effective activities to educate the population,
society's indifference to medical problems,
unwillingness to treat the elderly,
lack of serious medical science,
misconception about the role of money in medicine,
abortion problem, demographic problem,
low qualification of paramedical personnel,
understaffing of medical institutions.

social role

The doctor traditionally enjoys a special status in any society, and high ethical and legal requirements are imposed on him.

The social status of a doctor in Russia is controversial. It should be recognized that the level of qualifications and the hardships of labor do not correspond to the amount of material remuneration. For example, physicians often work long hours, overscheduled, inflexible hours, and earn less than other professionals whose education is comparable in length and complexity.

It is generally accepted that a “real” doctor is a standard for the general public in matters not only of health protection (should, for example, not smoke, not use alcoholic drinks, lead active image life, eat right), but also morality. There is an opinion that a doctor should be completely devoted to the cause of Medicine, merciful, demanding of himself, modest in everyday life and needs, sober in his assessments, show fortitude and determination in difficult life situations.

Problems of doctors in Russia

Local therapist

There is no evidence of recent reforms of the health care system intended to speed up and improve the quality of medical care for patients through therapists, at the same time, there are facts that speak against their practical usefulness. The local therapist, who received a heavy workload for not having enough time and equipment, turned into a dispatcher, directing the patient either to "narrow" specialists, or to hospitalization. The doctor lost a sense of responsibility for the patient, shared among many specialists, the patient remained in a "suspended" state, as a result, qualifications decreased, professional interest, prestige and the overall quality of patient care fell, and the question arose of the usefulness of their financing. The therapist loses interest in the patient as a result of paperwork and constant reporting, multiplied by the minimum time to see the patient for a number of reasons:

the need for routine filling sick leave, certificates and other documents,
financial reporting requirements, including the provision of prescription drugs,
monthly issuance of the same prescriptions to a chronic patient who does not need the advice of the attending physician

Suggested solutions to the problem:

assigning part of the bureaucracy to additional workers (in turn, increases the cost of maintaining it),
use of the software.

2. Question about medical and economic standards.

There is an opinion that the existing standards of treatment are the cause of the following problems:

limiting consideration of the individuality of the patient,
a small range of standard selection of drugs and therapies,
"hardening" of the doctor's clinical thinking

These problems are the result of a “defect” in the existing social policy. A number of doctors propose the adoption of new regulatory documents.

Some doctors believe that the essence of the medical profession lies in the implementation of the developed standards that now exist for almost all cases. medical practice. "Standards protect the patient from the genius of the doctor." Some doctors believe that there are very few doctors in Russia who follow these standards.

Nevertheless, doctors are unanimous that it is unreasonable to completely exclude standards in medicine, and few people doubt the necessity of their existence.

3. Limitation of necessary laboratory and technical capabilities for correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

4. Forgetting active visits, the so-called. "home hospitals", complicates the tracking of the clinic of diseases and, in general, deprives the therapist of clearly monitoring his condition.

5. Discord continuity between interconnected medical institutions:

“not bringing” the results of the patient’s examination to the clinics,
non-receipt of an epicrisis of a patient hospitalized in a planned manner.

6. Limiting the time of patient reception problem solving: increase the time of admission of the primary patient up to 30 minutes, repeated up to 15 minutes

Intelligence and education

Based on the opinion of some doctors, one of serious problems domestic medicine is a significant intellectual lag of doctors. “They teach very badly in medical schools.” Often students use the same textbooks that previous generations of doctors used to study.

Mass media (media)

The Russian media regularly put on "educational" shows about magic, divination, the evil eye and corruption, and so on. In the programs, there is no counter-opinion of doctors or psychologists on the problem under discussion, or it is stated extremely briefly. The regularity of showing such shows feeds the prejudice among the population in the usefulness of various kinds of “healers”, and also motivates them to refuse medical assistance which in turn can be fatal in a number of diseases.

viewers along with people's councils traditional medicine receive information containing "occult obscurantism", says Metropolitan Nikon of Ufa. According to the declaration of principles of television broadcasting, one of its functions is "educational". The specialists of the Russian Orthodox Church believe that this point is violated by obscurantists who are lobbying for "occult education". The health of the population and the status of medicine, according to them, suffer damage from the "educational function" of the media. The consequences of such enlightenment are treated by real doctors.

Also, one of the problems associated with the media is the mismatch between the declared and real levels of income and equipment. medical workers and institutions. Despite the national project "Health" widely advertised in the media, the level of wages 2/3 health workers with higher education starts with an amount of just over 4,000 rubles.

Counterfeit drugs

Statistics of successful treatment using falsified medicines is absent. Counterfeits, having at best an effect comparable to a placebo, and at worst - deadly, undermine the patient's confidence in specialists and medicine in general. Their widespread advertising by manufacturers, relative cheapness and the lack of any reliable information about the usefulness of the drug, the lack of control over the verification of the actual production of substances, in total, are factors that increase distrust in medicine. The absence of the expected effect from the use of the drug may make the patient doubt the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy as such. falsification medicines reduces the mutual trust of the patient and the doctor, causes financial and physical damage, endangers the patient's health by actually delaying his treatment, which directly contradicts the goal of the doctor's work.

Remuneration and funding

In other words, the problems of decent remuneration and funding are the cause of a number of other problems among the medical staff:

lack of people
lack of technical equipment
low qualifications, experience and interest in obtaining them

Yes, in special study survey of 264 heads of medical and preventive institutions (HCIs) about vices modern medicine showed that in the first place (95%) is the lack of material resources, in the second (74.5%) - the lack of incentives and interest, and 28% of respondents indicated the lack of social, legal and moral protection of doctors. Not all graduates of medical universities work as doctors, with medical diplomas in Russia there are more than 600 thousand people. For example, in the Chelyabinsk region, only 10-20% of people who graduated from a medical university started working in their specialty in 2010.

Russian doctors have their own professional holiday, celebrated on the 3rd Sunday of June - Medical Worker's Day and celebrated on the 1st Monday of October - International Doctor's Day.

"Myths" about doctors

The level of well-being of medical workers does not affect their professional activities:

Inpatient therapists cannot subscribe to medical journals in 48.2-31% of cases, and "narrow specialists" up to 63.3% of cases, which reduces their opportunities for self-education to improve and maintain their qualifications.

On the present stage medicine plays a small role in shaping the health of the population:

The mortality rate of the working-age population, with the exception of cases incompatible with life, is 80% dependent on the quality of medical care.

Priests and monks

Holy Confessor Archbishop Luke (Yasenetsky-Voino Valentin Feliksovich)

In earthly life at the doctor “There are only two paths: the path of good and the path of evil. And everyone chooses one of them"- Archbishop Luke

“Suffering cannot always be removed, but it is possible to help a person (medically or mentally) endure it. And a person can grow to a great measure of his dignity through this cooperation of body and soul, in which the doctor plays his significant role, because he can support the body and can inspire a person to life.- Anthony of Surozh

Nun Ignatia (Puzik Valentina Ilyinichna), phthisiopathologist

Currently alive:

Hegumen Anatoly (Berestov Anatoly Ivanovich), chief pediatric neuropathologist of the city of Moscow (1985 - 1995)
Priest Georgy Shevchenko (Shevchenko Yuri Leonidovich), Minister of Health of Russia (1999 - 2004)

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Notes

(Russian). Russian newspaper. - Article 235 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. - “Article 235. Illegal occupation of private medical practice 1. Engaging in private medical practice or private pharmaceutical activity by a person who does not have a license for the chosen type of activity, if this negligently caused harm to human health, is punishable by a fine in the amount of up to 120 thousand rubles or in the amount of other income of the convicted person for a period of up to one year, or by restriction of liberty for a period of up to three years, or by deprivation of liberty for the same period. (as amended by Federal Laws No. 162-FZ of 08.12.2003, No. 377-FZ of 27.12.2009) 2. The same act, negligently resulting in the death of a person, is punishable by imprisonment for up to five years.” Retrieved October 19, 2016.
, Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary.
, Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim.
, Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia 1969-1978.
, Medical Ecyclopedia. 1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984
Oath of the Russian doctor (approved by the 4th Conference of the Russian Association of Doctors, Moscow, Russia, November 1994)
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
.
« Topical issues Biomedical Ethics” Prof. I.V. Siluyanova, I All-Russian Congress of Orthodox Doctors of Russia, Belgorod, September 28, 2007
Alexander Chuchalin, Chief Therapist of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences - II Congress of Orthodox Doctors of Russia, Voronezh, October 2009
V. S. Paukov, "Pathology - Course of lectures" edited by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences M. A. Paltsev M.: Medicine, 2007
"Big Medical Encyclopedia" Chapter. ed. N. A. Semashko M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1928
the federal law dated November 21, 2011 N 323-FZ (as amended on December 31, 2014) "On the fundamentals of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation" Article 13
Lisitsin Yu. P. "Some theoretical problems of medical ethics and medical deontology" Therapeutic archive; 1981;5:10-13
Cite error : Wrong tag ; Reference14 footnotes have no text
M. A. Osipov “Citizens, substitute your hearts!”, text: Marina Nefedova, “Neskuchny Sad” magazine, 2009; 2:30-32
"On Modern Medical Ethics" Metropolitan Anthony of Surozh St. Petersburg: Vozrozhdenie, 2009
« infectious diseases» Rakhmanova A. G., Neverov V. A., Prigozhina V. K. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001
"Confession of a local doctor", Medical newspaper "Medical Bulletin", 2009; 29:23
Sergey Mamai "Voluntariness is equivalent to arbitrariness", Medical newspaper "Medical Bulletin", 2009; 29:7
(2016).
Archbishop of Ufa and Sterlitamak Nikon, Open letter to the General Director of Channel One
. Russian newspaper. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
The secret enemy of the prestige of the profession of a doctor // B. K. Shamugiya, Ph.D., Honored Doctor of Ukraine, laureate of the International Prize. G.-G. Reckewega, National medical University them. A. A. Bogomolets; Medical newspaper "Health of Ukraine"
Vinogradova T. V. The results of a sociological study among doctors and heads of medical institutions on the activities of health care institutions in conditions of instability. In the book: Development of information technologies and problems of health and healthcare management: Proceedings of Ros. scientific-practical. conf. Izhevsk; 2006. 100-102.
Maksimova T. M. Social stratification among medical workers as a problem of public health protection. Health Ros. Federation. 2004; 3:35-38.

Literature

Shansky N. M., Bobrova T. A. Doctor // School etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Origin of words. - M .: Bustard, 2004. - ISBN 5-7107-8679-9.

An excerpt describing the Doctor

North shook his head.
- No, my friend, he did not know until his very last minute. He died like that, believing that he had lived a good and kind life. And he never managed to understand why his friends turned away from him, and why he was expelled from Occitania by them. No matter how hard they try to explain it to him ... Would you like to hear how this betrayal happened, my friend?
I just nodded. And the North patiently continued its amazing story...
– When the church found out through the same knight that Magdalene was also the Guardian of the Smart Crystal, the “holy fathers” had an irresistible desire to get this amazing power into their own hands. And, of course, the desire to destroy the Golden Mary multiplied a thousand times.
According to the plan superbly calculated by the "holy fathers", on the day when Magdalene was supposed to die, the knight who betrayed her was handed a letter from the envoy of the church, allegedly written by Magdalene herself. In this ill-fated "message" Magdalene "conjured" the first Knights of the Temple (her closest friends) never to use weapons again (even in defense!), As well as in no other way known to them that could take away someone else's a life. Otherwise, the letter said, in case of disobedience, the Knights of the Temple will lose the Key of the Gods... as they will be unworthy of it.

It was absurd!!! It was the most deceitful message they had ever heard! But Magdalena was no longer with them... And no one could ask her about anything else.
“But couldn’t they communicate with her after death, Sever? I was surprised. “After all, as far as I know, many Magicians can communicate with the dead?”
– Not many, Isidora... Many can see entities after death, but not many can hear them accurately. Only one of Magdalena's friends could freely communicate with her. But it was he who died just a few days after her death. She came to them in essence, hoping that they would see her and understand... She brought them a sword, trying to show that they must fight.
For a while, the opinions of the Perfect Ones were outweighed first one way, then the other. There were now many more of them, and although the rest (newcomers) had never heard of the Key of the Gods, the "Magdalene's letter", in fairness, was read out to them too, skipping lines that were not intended for their ears.
Some of the new Perfects, who wanted to live a quieter life, preferred to believe Mary's "letter". Those who were devoted to her and Radomir with their hearts and souls could not believe in such a wild lie ... But they were also afraid that, if they made a mistake in their decision, the Key of the Gods, about which they knew very little, could simply disappear. The severity of the Duty entrusted to them pressed on their minds and hearts, giving rise to shaky uncertainty and doubts in them for some time ... The Knights of the Temple, reluctantly, sincerely tried to somehow accept this strange “message”. Moreover, it was allegedly the last message, the last request of their Golden Mary. And no matter how strange this request may seem, they were obliged to obey it. At least the Templars closest to her... How they once obeyed the last request of Radomir. The Key of the Gods now remained with them. And they were responsible for its safety with their lives... But it was for them, the first Knights of the Temple, that it was most difficult - they knew and remembered too well - Radomir was a Warrior, just like Maria was a warrior. And nothing in the world could make them turn away from their original Faith. Nothing could make you forget the commandments of real Cathars.
And the first Knights of the Temple, with many newly arrived Templars, decided not to give up...
Even realizing that, perhaps, they were going against the last will of the Golden Mary, they still could not so easily surrender their weapons when, some fifteen years after the death of Magdalene, the army of the church sent their faithful servants to “pacify” Cathar forever ... Erase them from the face of Occitania, so that new shoots of their bright Faith never sprout, so that they no longer remember on Earth their Ancient and Pure Knowledge ...
But the number of Knights of the Temple was too small compared to the custom-made "army of the devil", and the Templars died in the hundreds, going against tens of thousands...
They sincerely believed in their devoted hearts that they were not betraying Mary. They believed that they were right, despite the orders of their friends, despite the pressure from the "new" Cathars. But soon there were almost no Knights of the Temple left. As there are no more real Qatars left in Occitania ...
Well, later, almost no one even remembered that once, while the Golden Mary lived, this Teaching was completely different... It was strong, warlike and proud.
My heart was aching and chilly. Could it be that someone who had been with Maria for so many years was able to betray her so terribly in the end? ..
- Tell me, Sever, can you tell me more about the moment of betrayal? I can neither heart nor soul understand this. Even my brain can't accept it...

I stood shocked, not wanting to believe that the most wonderful Empire on Earth was destroyed so simply! .. Again, this was a different time. And it was difficult for me to judge how strong people were then. But after all, the Cathars had the purest, never giving up, proud hearts, which allowed them to go, without breaking, to the terrible human fires. How could they believe that the Golden Mary would allow such a thing? ..
The idea of the church was, indeed, devilishly brilliant... At first glance, it even seemed that it brought only kindness and love to the "new" Cathars, not allowing them to take someone's life. But this is only at first glance... For real, this "bloodless" doctrine completely disarmed Qatar, making them helpless against the cruel and bloodthirsty army of the Pope. After all, as far as I understood, the church did not attack while the Cathars remained warriors. But after the death of the Golden Mary and the ingenious plan of the "holy" fathers, the clergy only had to wait a little while the Cathars became helpless at will. And then - to attack ... When there will be no one to resist. When the Knights of the Temple will remain a small handful. And when it will be very easy to defeat Qatar. Without even staining their gentle, well-groomed hands in their blood.
These thoughts made me sick... Everything was too easy and simple. And very scary. Therefore, in order to take my mind off sad thoughts for at least a moment, I asked:
– Have you ever seen the Key of the Gods, Sever?
“No, my friend, I saw him only through the Magdalene, as you saw just now. But I can tell you, Isidora, he cannot fall into "dark" hands, no matter how many human sacrifices it would cost. Otherwise, there will be nowhere else such a name - Midgard ... This is too great power. And if it falls into the hands of the Thinking Dark Ones, nothing will stop their victorious march through the remaining Earths... I know how hard it is to understand this with the heart, Isidora. But sometimes we have to think big. We are obliged to think for all those who come ... and make sure that they would certainly have somewhere to come ...
“Where is the Key of the Gods now?” Does anyone know, Sever? - Anna, who had been silent until now, suddenly asked seriously.
– Yes, Annushka, in part – I know. But I can't tell you about it, unfortunately... In one thing, I'm sure that the day will come when people will finally prove worthy, and the Key of the Gods will shine again on the top of the Northern Country. Only it will take more than one long hundred years before that ...
“But we will die soon, why should you be afraid, Sever? Anna asked sternly. – Tell us, please!
He looked at her in surprise and, after a moment's delay, slowly answered.
- You're right, honey. I think you deserve to know... After the cruel death of the Golden Mary, Radan took the Key of the Gods to Spain to hand it over to Svetodar. He believed that, even being so young, Svetodar would keep the treasure entrusted to him. If need be, even at the cost of his precious life. Much later, being already an adult, going in search of the Wanderer, Svetodar took with him a wondrous treasure. And then, after six decades of long and difficult lived years, already leaving home, he decided that it would be most reliable and correct to leave the Key of the Gods there, in the Northern Country, in order to avoid possible disaster in his native Occitania. He did not know what news awaited him at home. And he did not want to risk the Key of the Gods.
“So the Key of the Gods has been in the North Country all this time?” Anna asked seriously, as if asserting what she had heard.
“Unfortunately, I don’t know, dear. Since then I have had no more news.
- Tell me, wouldn't you like to see a new future, Sever? .. Wouldn't you like to see with your own eyes new earth.. - I could not resist.
– Not in my right, Isidora. I have already outlived my life here and must go Home. Yes, and it's time. I saw too much grief here, there were too many losses. But I will wait for you, my friend. As I told you, my distant world is also yours. I'll help you get home...
I stood lost, not understanding what was happening ... Not able to understand my beloved Earth, nor the people living on it. They were given wonderful KNOWLEDGE, and instead of knowing it, they fought for power, destroyed each other, and died... Thousands died, not having time to live their precious lives... And taking the lives of other good people.
“Tell me, Sever, the Knights of the Temple didn’t all die, did they?” Otherwise, how would their Order have grown so widely later?
- No, my friend, some of them had to stay alive in order to save the Order of the Templars of Radomir. When the church attacked Occitania, they went to friends in neighboring castles, taking with them the head of John and the treasure of the Templars, on which they were going to create a real army, thinking and acting independently, regardless of the wishes of kings and popes. They again hoped to recreate the world that Radomir dreamed of. But to create it this time free, powerful and strong.
(You can read about the remaining Occitan Cathar Warriors (Templars) in the book “Children of the Sun”, which will include excerpts from the original letters of Count Miropoix, the Perfect Warrior who defended the fortress of Montsegur in 1244, the surviving witness to the death of the Montsegur Cathars .As well as extracts from the real records of the Carcassonne Inquisition and the secret archives of the Vatican).
- So, after the death of the Golden Mary, the Cathars were divided, as it were? On the "new" Qatar and the old warriors of Magdalene?
“You are right, Isidora. Only the “new”, unfortunately, all died at the terrible Papal bonfires ... This is what the “holy” church was striving for.
Why didn't the Templars return? Why didn't they recapture Occitania? I exclaimed bitterly.
“Because there was no one to win back, Isidora,” Severus quietly whispered, “there were very few Templars who left. The rest died defending the "new" Qatar. Remember, I told you - each castle and town was defended by about a hundred Knights. Against tens of thousands of the Pope's Crusaders. It was too much even for the strongest...
The new "Perfect" did not defend themselves, giving themselves and others to extermination. Although, if they had helped, the Empire of Light would probably still flourish, and you could still meet the living Cathars... After all, the Perfect Ones were burning in hundreds (only in Beziers 400 of them burned down!) - together they would have defeated any army! .. But they didn't want to. And the Templars died for them. Which, even realizing that they would lose, could not calmly watch how old people, women and children perish ... How the best burn ... Burn because of the stupidest lies.
– Tell me, Sever, did the Golden Mary ever get to the Northern country? – again wanting to change the direction of the conversation, I asked.
Sever for a long time carefully peered into my face, as if wanting to penetrate into my very soul. Then he smiled sadly and said softly:
– You are very quick-witted, Isidora... But I cannot tell you this. I can only answer yes. She visited the sacred Land of her ancestors... the Land of Radomir. She succeeded with the help of the Stranger. But more I have no right to speak even to you... Forgive me.
It was unexpected and strange. Telling me about events that, in my understanding, were much more serious and important, the North suddenly categorically refused to tell us such a “trifle”! .. Of course, this interested me even more, making me hope that somehow, before I'll die, I'll still have time to find out. Somehow I can do it....
Suddenly, the door to the room flung open sharply - Caraffa appeared on the threshold. He looked surprisingly fresh and contented.
– So-so-so... Madonna Isidora has guests!.. Very funny. From Meteora itself, if I'm not mistaken? The Great North in person!.. Would you introduce me, Isidora? I think it will be very useful for all of us!
And laughing contentedly, Caraffa calmly sat down in a chair ...

A doctor is a person who has received a completed higher medical education and undertakes to devote his knowledge and skills to the prevention and treatment of diseases, the preservation and strengthening of human health.

The practitioner deals with the prevention (prevention), recognition (diagnosis) and treatment (therapy) of diseases and injuries. This is achieved through continuous improvement of medical knowledge and medical skills, such as: the study of a number of interrelated fundamental, general medical and special clinical disciplines, the experience of direct contact with the patient, his needs and suffering. Successful treatment, even when used recent achievements medical science, to a large extent is an art.

A veterinarian is a person with a higher veterinary education. Dentist - has a secondary medical education.

The doctor is also called:

Resident

Medic (lat. medicus)

Aesculapius

Lechets, healer (other Russian lechets)

Healer

healer

sorcerer

The medical profession is one of the oldest. The roots of healing have a close connection with mysticism, theology, and philosophy.

Before starting a professional activity, a Russian doctor swears to abide by the principles set forth in the Physician's Oath (1999). "Oath" contains 8 ethical principles and obligations. A doctor is a profession that has a special section in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation that describes professional offenses.

The Hippocratic Oath is the most famous and ancient professional oath of a doctor. The "Oath" contains 9 ethical principles or obligations:

1) obligations to teachers, colleagues and students,

2) the principle of no harm,

3) obligations to provide assistance to the sick (principle of mercy),

4) the principle of caring for the benefit of the patient and the dominant interests of the patient,

5) the principle of respect for life and a negative attitude towards euthanasia,

6) the principle of respect for life and a negative attitude towards abortion,

7) an obligation to renounce intimate relationships with patients,

8) commitment to personal improvement,

9) medical secrecy (principle of confidentiality).

The doctor traditionally enjoys a special status in any society, and high ethical and legal requirements are imposed on him.

Medical activity is largely idealized, and society demands from the doctor an unmistakable and ideal performance of his professional duties. At the same time, society hides behind the most declared and well-known of the moral qualities of a doctor, which has been formed in medicine since the time of ancient Greece - selflessness, that is, the desire to work without receiving remuneration.

Qualities a doctor should have

Patience and endurance;

Kindness and friendliness;

Responsibility;

Accuracy;

Tact;

optimism;

Attentiveness;

Willingness at any time to provide medical assistance to those in need;

Unselfishness.

Places of work:

Research institutes;

Medical institutions (hospitals, sanatoriums, health camps, clinics, maternity hospitals, dispensaries, rehabilitation centers, trauma centers, antenatal clinics, medical units, health centers, outpatient clinics, feldsher-obstetric centers);

Educational institutions (schools, kindergartens and preschool institutions, institutes, colleges, technical schools, colleges);

Social organizations (orphanages, shelters, homes for the elderly and disabled, children's homes, children's centers for creativity and leisure);

Enterprises;

Law enforcement agencies (courts, children's reception centers, colonies, prosecutor's office, district departments of internal affairs);

Ministry of Emergency Situations, rescue services;

military organizations.

Doctor. Apparently, it goes back to the same stem as the verb to lie. The modern meaning of the noun developed when the verb did not yet have a negative connotation. Thus doctor is the one who speaks lie(see) in the old days simply meant "to speak."

Doctor. Do not be offended by those doctors of medicine who accidentally fall into the hands of this book of mine, but after all, a “doctor” is “one who lies”, just like a “grabber” is “one who tears” and “weaver” is “who weaves ". But “to lie” in the language of our ancestors did not necessarily mean “to lie”, “to tell a lie”. It often meant simply "to speak", "to chat".

When in Pushkin's "The Drowned Man" the father shouts to the children who brought him terrible news: "Lie, lie, imps!" - he uses the word "lie" in our modern sense: "Lie again!" But when in Captain's daughter"Father Gerasim says to his wife:" Do not lie everything that you know! - here "to lie" does not at all have the meaning of telling a lie. Here it is just "talking", "muttering".

It is with this meaning that the word "doctor" is associated. In ancient times, it meant: "the one who heals with conspiracies." Coming to the patient, such a sorcerer "lied" over him some magic words-spells, something like "bayal". That is why he received the title of "doctor", or "baliya" - "bahar". Both of these words meant the same thing: "mumbler."

genus. P. doctor, heal, st.-glor. doctor ἰατρός (Supr., Ostrom.), Bolg. doctor"sorcerer", Serbohorv. vrȃch "soothsayer", Slovenian. vrač "doctor". These words come from lie and grumble. In this case, the original value "caster, sorcerer"; see mi. EW 395 et seq.; Converter 1, 100 ff.; Lyden, Anlautg. nineteen; Thorbjornsson 2, 90; Solmsen, Unters. gr. Lautl. 263; Sobolevsky, AfslPh 33, 610; Brandt, RFV 25, 217 et seq.; Mladenov, AfslPh 33, 15; WuS 12, 60; Endzelin, SBE 20. Troutman's Doubt Needless (BSW, 360). [Cm. also Lvov, “UZ In. Slav., 9, 1954, p. 152; BU 7, 1957, pp. 33ff., pp. 38ff. - T.]

A doctor is the profession of a man who swore an oath to Hippocrates fiftycent for the benefit of your health.

Synonym: doctor, healer, sculpted, doctor, "physician" (English), "médecin" (French), "lääkäri" (Finnish).

It is believed that by the end of his training, the doctor remembers about fifty thousand terms, as well as the logical connections between them. This amount of information is equivalent to having five foreign languages at the conversational level. Therefore, doctors should be considered one of the most educated representatives of humanity, because few people can distinguish, for example, argumentation from augmentation or a Scientologist from a dentist.

Who is it

According to Wikipedia, the doctor: a person who devotes his knowledge and skills to the prevention and treatment of diseases, the preservation and promotion of human health, who has received the right to engage in medical practice in the prescribed manner”, which fully describes the activities of a doctor.
It is logical to assume that this refers to a person with higher medical education which has living patients.

However, some doctors deliberately try to change first two letters in the name of their profession, working as professionals unloading trucks with supplies from pharmaceutical companies.

How it works

In the work of a doctor, there are three main tasks to which all his attention should be directed (after the daily execution of a ritual tons of papers, of course). A doctor becomes after the longest study among higher education: 6 years of institute + 2-3 years of residency, which is paid work in the chosen specialty without a salary burdening the conscience.

Prevention

Despite the fact that the level of health of the population is slightly more than half dependent on lifestyle (and it is the main prevention), hopes for effectiveness preventive medicine have collapsed long ago: no one wants to do anything until someone unpleasant begins to loom in the distance.

Primary

The real mass prevention, which, in fact, all sorts of collectors of fines and writers of laws, dedicating unwashed serfs to the population of the country in the sacraments of hygiene and healthy lifestyles, incl. food hygiene, the need physical activity, as well as monitoring the cleanliness of dumps for the sale and preparation of products and medicines.

Unfortunately, this part of medicine cannot be counted on: popularization and propaganda in this country are considered words with a more negative meaning than bureaucracy and bribery.

At this stage of medical care, the subject is correctly referred to as "potential", it is a pity that this term has not yet been adopted.

Secondary

This prevention option almost always depends on the person himself, since it represents a natural “life after”. For example, life after a heart attack comes down to (already secondary) prevention of the occurrence of another such joy with the heart in the future: a strict diet, regular medication, and so on.

Diagnostics

When it was not possible to prevent something, then it is necessary to establish exactly what the actual problem is.

Therapy

Actually, treatment.
The ideal therapy is called etiotropic, that is, directed at the very cause of the disease; all medical sciences strive for this option, but so far infectious diseases have come as close as possible to it, the etiotropic treatment of which is antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs.

One of the main duties of a doctor is to teach the patient not to take medicines (except for vital ones), controlling his health with a lifestyle. In reality, this rarely happens, so dozens of new drugs come out every year.

Home reading

A doctor is the business of doctors.

Professionals	Doctors: Neurologists Psychiatrists (Psychotherapists) Therapist Urologist Gorloukhonos
Objects of influence	Patients: Potential Stupid (Very stupid) Addictive Drinker Beautiful
Pseudo-doctors

Etymology of the word

Synonyms

Medic (lat. medicus)
Lechets, healer (other Russian lechets)
healer

Story

medical ethics

Being engaged in medical activity, the doctor is guided by:

Code of Ethics of the Russian Doctor (Code of Medical Ethics of the Russian Federation, approved by the 4th Conference of the Russian Association of Doctors, November 1994; approved by the All-Russian Pirogov Congress of Doctors on June 7, 1997)
the ethical requirements of the association to which the doctor is a member
international norms of professional ethics, except for the provision on the admissibility of passive euthanasia, which is not recognized by the Association of Doctors of Russia
- "International Code of Medical Ethics"
- UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005)

medical ethics explores the concept of medical duty(Deontology), about diseases and their complications associated with the actions of medical personnel (iatrogenies).

It is the physician's responsibility to keep medical secrecy- due to legal norms and ethical motives, the requirement for representatives of the medical profession not to disclose information relating to the state of health, personal or family life of patients, information that has become known to medical professionals. employees by virtue of their profession, by virtue of the special trust usually placed in the medical profession by patients in the expectation that everything trusted will not find further publicity. The Russian Constitution formulates medical secrecy as "information about the fact of applying for medical care, the state of health of a citizen, the diagnosis of his disease and other information obtained during his examination and treatment."

moral crisis

Uncertainty in theory leads to contradictions and tragedies in practice, for example, in transplantology.

In practical medicine, the following problems come to the fore:

the unwillingness of citizens to take care of their own health, the lack of effective activities to educate the population,
society's indifference to medical problems,
unwillingness to treat the elderly,
lack of serious medical science,
misconception about the role of money in medicine,
abortion problem, demographic problem,
low qualification of the doctor,
low qualification of paramedical personnel,
understaffing of medical institutions.

Widespread use and justification of abortion in modern society, according to some people, represents a threat to the future of mankind and is a sign of moral degradation. There is an opinion that fidelity to the doctrine of the sanctity of human life from its very origins ( “I swear… to show the highest respect for human life.”- see " Doctor's oath") is incompatible with the recognition of the freedom of choice of a woman in control of the fate of the fetus.

social role

The doctor traditionally enjoys a special status in any society, and high ethical and legal requirements are imposed on him.

It is generally accepted that a “real” doctor is a model for the general public in matters of not only health protection (should, for example, not smoke, not drink alcohol, lead an active lifestyle, eat right), but also morality. There is an opinion that a doctor should be completely devoted to the cause of Medicine, merciful, demanding of himself, modest in everyday life and needs, sober in his assessments, show fortitude and determination in difficult life situations.

Problems of doctors in Russia

Local therapist

The reform of the domestic healthcare system involves bringing medical care closer to the patient prehospital stage. A huge number of clinics built in previous years, thousands of trained doctors and nurses did not significantly improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment. The district therapist, who has a heavy workload and does not have a modern material and technical base, has turned into a dispatcher who directs the patient either to "narrow" specialists or to hospitalization. The doctor shared responsibility for the patient with many specialists, as a result, qualifications decreased, professional interest and prestige fell.

The problems that the district doctor encounters reduce the quality of his medical activities and satisfaction with their work:

1. Loss of time allotted for direct communication with the patient due to:

duration of work with documents, including:
the need to routinely fill out sick leaves, certificates and other documents,
financial reporting requirements, including the provision of prescription drugs,
monthly issuance of the same prescriptions to a chronic patient who does not need the advice of the attending physician

Solution:

transfer part of the burden of filling out documents to special employees,
use effectively Newest technologies to implement special software.

2. Question about medical and economic standards.

There is an opinion that the existing standards of treatment are the cause of the following problems:

limiting consideration of the individuality of the patient,
a small range of standard selection of drugs and therapies,
"hardening" of the doctor's clinical thinking.

These problems are a consequence of the "defect" of the existing standards, as they are outdated. It is necessary to adopt new regulatory documents

Some doctors believe that the essence of the medical profession lies in the implementation of the developed standards that now exist for almost all cases of medical practice. "Standards protect the patient from the genius of the doctor." Some doctors believe that there are very few doctors in Russia who follow these standards.

Nevertheless, doctors are unanimous that it is unreasonable to completely exclude standards in medicine, and few people doubt the necessity of their existence.

3. Limitation of the necessary laboratory and technical capabilities for correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

4. Forgetting active visits, the so-called. "hospital at home", complicates the tracking of the clinic of diseases.

5. Discord continuity between interconnected medical institutions:

"disclaimer" to the polyclinics of the results of the patient's examination,
non-receipt of an epicrisis of a patient hospitalized in a planned manner.

6. Limiting the time of patient reception problem solving: increase the time of admission of the primary patient up to 30 minutes, repeated up to 15 minutes

Intelligence and education

Based on the opinion of some doctors, one of the serious problems of domestic medicine is the significant intellectual lag of doctors. “They teach very badly in medical schools.” Often students use the same textbooks used by previous generations of doctors.

Mass media (media)

As it seems to some specialists, “informative” programs about magic, divination, the evil eye and corruption, etc. regularly appear on television. ...they are directed so sophisticatedly and cunningly that the abilities of sorcerers and fortune-tellers, the possibility of inducing the evil eye and damage, etc. passed off as reality. In the programs, there is practically no counter-opinion of doctors, psychologists, clergy on the presented problem, or it is stated extremely briefly and is necessarily put by the subsequent comments of the occultists in such a light that "they still do not understand much."

TV viewers, together with the people's councils of traditional medicine, receive information containing "occult obscurantism", Metropolitan Nikon of Ufa believes. According to the declaration of principles of television broadcasting, one of its functions is "educational". The specialists of the Russian Orthodox Church believe that this point is violated by obscurantists who are lobbying for "occult education". The health of the population and the status of medicine, according to them, suffer damage from the "educational function" of the media. The consequences of such enlightenment are treated by real doctors.

Also one of the problems associated with the media is the incorrect coverage of the level of income and equipment of medical workers and institutions. Despite the widely publicized national project "Health" in the media, the salary level of 2/3 of medical workers with higher education starts from the amount of just over 4,000 rubles.

Counterfeit drugs

The statistics is silent about the percentage of unsuccessful treatment due to the use of counterfeit medicines. Counterfeits can undermine confidence not only in some individual specialist, drug or brand, but also in medicine in general, since the lack of the expected effect from the use of a medication may make the patient doubt the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy as such. In fact, the falsification of drugs is a threat to one of the cornerstones of medical practice - the trust of the patient and the doctor to each other.

doctor and life

We must not forget that the profession of a doctor often occupies a central place in his life and leaves a special imprint on personal attitudes and needs, spiritual, family, psychological aspects of his life.

Medical activity is largely idealized, and society demands from the doctor the unmistakable and ideal performance of his professional duties. At the same time, society hides behind the most declared and well-known of the moral qualities of a doctor, which has been formed in medicine since ancient Greece - disinterestedness, that is, the desire to work without receiving remuneration.

However, a doctor should not associate the degree of his responsibility for providing medical care solely with material remuneration and its value, turning his profession into a source of enrichment. At the same time, decent remuneration of medical workers is an important task of society and the state.

Some previously available, mostly moral and ethical, incentives are lost today, and "doctors have no interest in the final result of their work" .

But do not hope that good funding and the elimination of theft will lead to quality medical care. "There will be a lot of money - more unnecessary medicines and unnecessary examinations will be prescribed." .

In a special study, a survey of 264 heads of medical institutions (HCIs) about the flaws of modern medicine showed that in the first place (95%) is the lack of material base of HCIs, the second (74.5%) is the lack of incentives and interest, and 28% of respondents pointed to the lack of social, legal and moral protection of doctors.

Not all graduates of medical universities work as doctors; there are more than 600,000 people with medical diplomas in Russia.

In the Chelyabinsk region, only 10-20% of people who graduated from a medical university start working in their specialty, the rest leave the healthcare system.

Russian doctors have their own professional holiday - Medical Worker's Day.

"Myths" about doctors

The level of well-being of medical workers does not affect their professional activities:

General practitioners of hospitals cannot subscribe to medical journals in 48.2-31% of cases, and "narrow specialists" up to 63.3% of cases

At the present stage, medicine plays a small role in shaping the health of the population:

The mortality rate of the working-age population, with the exception of cases incompatible with life, is 80% dependent on the quality of medical care

Physicians-writers

"Be happy happiness others - this is the real happiness and the earthly ideal of life for anyone who chooses the medical profession "- N. I. Pirogov

l “The profession of a doctor is a feat. It requires dedication, purity of spirit and purity of thoughts.- A.P. Chekhov

Born in the 20th century:

Priests and monks

Holy Confessor Archbishop Luke (Yasenetsky-Voino Valentin Feliksovich)

In earthly life at the doctor “There are only two paths: the path of good and the path of evil. And everyone chooses one of them"- Archbishop Luke

“Suffering cannot always be removed, but it is possible to help a person (medically or mentally) endure it. And a person can grow to a great measure of his dignity through this cooperation of body and soul, in which the doctor plays his significant role, because he can support the body and can inspire a person to life.- Anthony of Surozh

Nun Ignatia (Puzik Valentina Ilyinichna), phthisiopathologist

Currently alive:

Hegumen Anatoly (Berestov Anatoly Ivanovich), chief pediatric neuropathologist of the city of Moscow (1985 - 1995)
Priest Georgy Shevchenko (Shevchenko Yuri Leonidovich), Minister of Health of Russia (1999 - 2004)

Notes

Physician's Oath (adopted in 1999)
Oath of the Russian doctor (approved by the 4th Conference of the Russian Association of Doctors, Moscow, Russia, November 1994)
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Shansky. NM School etymological dictionary of the Russian language. The origin of words 7th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2004. - 398,

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What is a doctor - a large medical encyclopedia. Doctor information about

Story

medical ethics

Medical deontology

social role

Problems of doctors in Russia

Local therapist

Intelligence and education

Mass media (media)

Counterfeit drugs

Remuneration and funding

"Myths" about doctors

Priests and monks

see also

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Literature

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An excerpt describing the Doctor

Who is it

How it works

Prevention

Primary

Secondary

Diagnostics

Therapy

More

Home reading

Etymology of the word

Synonyms

Story

medical ethics

moral crisis

social role

Problems of doctors in Russia

Local therapist

Intelligence and education

Mass media (media)

Counterfeit drugs

doctor and life

"Myths" about doctors

Physicians-writers

Priests and monks

see also

Notes