Pros and cons of Russian education. Pros and cons of higher education

Guests in the studio:

Lipina Svetlana Arturovna - Director of Science of the Eurasian Institute of Economics and Ecology, Head of the Laboratory of the RANEPA, Professor of the National research university"Higher School of Economics", Doctor of Economics.

Syzdykova Zhibek Saparbekovna - Deputy Director of the Institute of Asian and African countries at Moscow State University. Lomonosov. Doctor of historical sciences, professor.

Smolin Oleg Nikolaevich - State Duma deputy, first deputy chairman of the Education Committee; - Doctor of Philosophy, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education, Honored Worker of Higher Education Russian Federation(record).

Shukran Suleymanova: The main directions of the ongoing policy in the field of education of our country in last years were: the introduction of a unified state exam, the development of a multi-level higher education in accordance with the Bologna system, the reduction of teaching and teaching staff, the introduction of elements of paid education in secondary schools, the reduction in the number of universities. On January 1, 2013, a new law “On Education in the Russian Federation” (dated December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ) came into force, replacing the laws “On Education” of 1992 and “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” of 1996.

Many provisions of the law on education have been criticized. For example, there has been growing dissatisfaction with the removal of the 20 percent cap on service fees in kindergarten, as a result of which kindergartens will now be able to establish 100 percent payment for the maintenance of children.

Mandatory standards are being introduced for preschoolers, and experts fear that each standard involves an assessment of results, which will lead to a kind of USE for kindergarteners.

Preschool education becomes an independent level of education and is regulated by federal state educational standards. At the same time, the law separates it from “care and care” for children, which significantly expands the opportunities for the non-state sector in the field of these services. This is a positive aspect of the transformation.

At the same time, on the one hand, the law guarantees free education for schoolchildren within the framework of the new standards (the volume of teaching hours will be even greater than now). But on the other hand, for classes conducted in excess of those prescribed in the standards, the school has the right to charge a fee. Another new provision has also been introduced - now teachers can officially tutor, but on condition that they are not with their students.

With regard to secondary vocational education, now you can enter college without exams. Heated disputes unfolded around the abolition of the level of primary vocational education. Now it is included in secondary vocational education, which offers two types of programs - the training of skilled workers and mid-level specialists.

In the field of higher professional education, Rosobrnadzor conducted a comprehensive audit of all Russian universities for compliance with accreditation and licensing requirements. New law obliges private universities to participate in monitoring the quality of education on an equal basis with state ones (now this happens voluntarily). All universities recognized as inefficient will be closed until September 1, 2013.

So, fundamentally new provisions in the field of education in the Russian Federation can be reduced to the following:

Schools will have priority enrollment rights elementary grade those who live in the assigned territory; individual selection of children in schools with in-depth study of subjects will be carried out only in the middle and senior classes; It will be possible to close the village school only with the approval of the village meeting.

At the level of secondary vocational education: closure of vocational schools that offer initial vocational education programs; the right of educational institutions to integrated programs and the selection of students.

In universities: USE results will be valid for 5 years; reduction of preferential places; setting a quota for the admission of disabled people within 10 percent, all other categories will go to study free of charge at the preparatory departments of universities ( free education at the preparatory department of the university is allowed only once); all universities, including private ones, will be required to participate in the monitoring of the Ministry of Education and Science.

One of the main positive innovations of the law, according to the Minister of Education Dmitry Livanov, is that the document for the first time at the legislative level establishes a special status for pedagogical workers.

The range of forms of education has been expanded, thereby increasing the availability of education in general. Russians will now be able to receive education free of charge, not only within the same educational institution in full-time department. For this, the possibility of using modular and distance technologies, e-learning, as well as networking is introduced. educational organizations. This also applies to non-state institutions.

In addition, the provisions of the law reflect the interests of employers and future employees - graduates of educational institutions. The Minister of Education stressed that everyone should be sure that after training he will have good job with a decent salary.

Considering the problems identified with the implementation of the education reform in Russia, I would like to cite the opinion of the bright opponent of the current policy in the presented area - Andrei Fursov, a Russian historian, sociologist, publicist, organizer of science.

“In recent years, the sphere of education has become the field of a real battle between supporters of its reform and their opponents. Opponents - professionals, parents, the public; supporters - mainly officials and "research structures" serving their interests - are pushing through the "reform", despite widespread protests. I write the word "reform" in quotation marks, because reform is something constructive. What is being done with education in the Russian Federation is destruction, conscious or through stupidity, incompetence and unprofessionalism, but destruction.

According to him, education reform led to negative consequences, such as: a significant drop in the level of education, an increase in corruption and social tension, an increase in the bureaucratization of the educational sphere, and as a result of all this, a manifestation of an increase in incompetence and lack of professionalism.

One way or another, despite the provisions of the recent adopted law seeming encouraging, we can conclude that in the analysis carried out, the consequences of reforming the structure of Russian education are still mostly negative. Whether this is due to the adaptation of the education system to new policies in this area, or to a mistakenly accepted course of change, this topic will always remain relevant. In turn, society should be oriented towards the fact that it will always give rise to discussions and disputes, as a result of which old mistakes will be taken into account and new amendments will be introduced.

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Prognostics is the science of predicting the future. Philosophy poses two problems of forecasting (futurology): the first - the future does not exist as an object, the second - forecasting as a study of trends in the development of being - is not a science. At the same time, any theory, any form of social consciousness involves thinking about the future, without hope for the future there is no meaning to the present.

Comments

The task was initially set incorrectly. Not only is the matter not in the amount of knowledge, but in the way of their presentation / control, which is increasingly at odds with reality and motivates the modern schoolchild to acquire this knowledge less and less. So also the requirements of this very reality to the volume of assimilated knowledge, on the contrary, GROW! And especially the requirements for breadth and a combination of different directions (the so-called generalism) are growing.

In general, it is a big mistake to try to copy Western or anyone else's experience from the current (or rather, yesterday's) reality, which has already been formed and, in a sense, has worked itself out, as a model for stupid imitation. While real benefit it can only be if we take this experience as a basis and think about where it can be moved further. And you need to move to where no one has yet been!

About the "forgetting" school knowledge. They are not needed in their original form after decades. The important thing is what conclusions a person will make for himself at a time when this knowledge is being processed in his head. What values ​​it will form, what goals it will set, etc. That's why we need Onegin's uncle and American cast iron. And if someone seriously believes that the criterion for the effectiveness of learning is the preservation in the head of as many of these facts as possible in their original form, then this person very seriously misunderstands something.

In general, this approach itself, based on “quantity”, is initially flawed here. Because it's not about quantity. The choice is between zero and infinity. Either a person forms in himself an internal culture of constant self-learning in the form and at the pace that brings him and the whole society the maximum positive return, or he turns into ballast and begins to degrade, becomes the maintenance of society.

I came across such articles in abundance, starting almost from the 1980s. I was in elementary school then. Someone enthusiastically wrote that they now have same-sex classes (akhtung?), Someone choked on the American “selective” system, where one deffko chose something like dancing, drama and some other humanitarianism. And now, Barack Obama is calling for special attention to STEM aka matan, after the Chinese began to deal with Americans in strategically important industries for them. Finished with "freedom of choice of specialization."

Tell me, please, why the hell do we need to copy this whole system, with all its glitches? The fact that Americans are still excelling at some things is achieved not because of, but in spite of, the superficial approach to mass education. There are already voices about convergence, multispecialization, rethinking the role of the school as such - we still admire “practicality”. Practicality is good, but only if there is a strong theoretical base. Otherwise, you get another lost generation a la the 90s, but without a reserve from the past. Latin America or Africa.

In short, the system needs a total redesign and an extremely sober analysis of all the elements that can be introduced into it in finished form. Introducing financial literacy lessons is, in principle, not difficult and can give a very good effect of plugging a hole. It is more difficult with some politicized aspects of global literacy, such as world religions and cultures - here attempts are made to impose a view on this from the standpoint of individual cultures, which is fraught with the disintegration of society. As for the literacy of computer, biological, general scientific, creative thinking, there are still many challenges for the Western school, and here useful chips can certainly be found in the Soviet experience. As in European, American or Asian tigers. By the way, when these same tigers built their education virtually from scratch, they did not do what the West did - they did what no one else had done, and they began to go to them for experience. They also went to us - in the 1930s. When our great-grandfathers laid this system - I mean education-science-technology-economics, not politics - they did not focus on the contemporary reality of low-productive peasants without electricity, and Western workers were not a model for them either. They saw something different - an image of a high-tech and highly humane, in comparison with their time, future. And in general it was built. Another thing is that today you will not surprise anyone with this image, new ones are needed. They are now being created - Koreans, Chinese, Brazilians. And the Americans. Very closely at the same time studying our past achievements and failures.

Button accordion, of course, but well-written ... Read Robert Kiyosaki at your leisure - he writes interestingly on this topic.

Yes, yes, yes, a redesign is needed, everything needs to be changed, but this is simply UNREAL in modern realities = (Think about it, the computerization of schools has begun, and in many rural educational institutions there are still no computers, well, or there is one "monster" on the whole school... And what about the cardinal changes in the system itself? difficult task for now... After all, it is necessary to change immediately and everywhere, and not so that in this school there is one type of education, and in this another ... Eh ...

Why remove subjects, you just need to give a choice of what to teach and what not. Russian, literature, mathematics, perhaps some history of Russia (superficial, a person should know at least a little the history of the country) and the world - a must. The rest is optional. Everything is complicated by the fact that we rarely become what we wanted to become in childhood. Therefore, it may happen that in the 9th grade a student suddenly realizes that he wants to become a chemist, but he does not know chemistry, because he wanted to be an astronaut.

PS: if I was given a choice, I would still go to all subjects. Now I may not remember something, but when I need it, knowledge will definitely come up. And they will be needed, I know.

"Unnecessary" knowledge is not so unnecessary. They form logical connections in the brain, put "anchors" for data sets. Yes, we no longer remember the rules for writing words regarding cases, but we write words correctly, because we have these words fixed on the “anchor” of the case.

Well, besides this, the ability to assimilate and process data is simply developed.

Knowledge is still needed. As a result, all knowledge is needed. And do not confuse knowledge and the ability to obtain it with a set of some facts. The task of education is not to drive a bunch of nonsense into the child's head (although this is also the case), but to raise his cultural and intellectual level to values ​​acceptable to society. It is acceptable to society. Society needed space exploration in the 60s, so mugs young technician and a young radio amateur were almost in kindergartens. And then society suddenly needed humanitarians, and we are seeing the consequences of this today. And the students of small stoned Holland and China, which until recently was an illiterate agrarian country, are building robots and doing serious research. And what do most of our students do? And it is not necessary to say that we take first places in programming olympiads. 5-6 people who make up the winning team is very small on the scale of our country. It's practically nothing. And it is also interesting how many of them will remain working in Russia after graduation?

PS. I can still give answers to all those school questions that the author cites in his article :) And I'm not the only one. So we remember grandfather Lenin, who said: "Studies, studies, studies" :)

Comparing the teaching methods in the developed and in the Russian Federation, we have to state the low efficiency of education in our country. If we analyze all the pros and cons of education in Russia and with what level of knowledge students of schools, colleges, vocational schools or other educational institutions, it can be concluded that the quality educational program leaves much to be desired. However, many educational institutions training program has its own characteristics. This makes parents think about what kind of education would be best for their children, and whether to send them to study abroad.

Characteristics of Russian education in schools

In order to receive a secondary education in the Russian Federation, children need to complete a general educational program designed for 11 years. It consists of the following steps:

• elementary general education, duration 4 years;
• basic general education for 5 years;
• general secondary education of 2 years.

Children in Russian schools study about 20 subjects while receiving secondary education. The quality of mastering the program can be assessed by learning a foreign language. It is taught in schools primary school and until the end of training, and is also included in the list of compulsory subjects of vocational education. But after 14 years of studying it, young people are unlikely to be able to freely communicate on it.

Assessing the pros and cons of education in Russia, there are many more disadvantages:

• ill-conceived evaluation system;
• low qualification of many teachers;
• lack of interest among school students in getting good grades;
• ineffective state exam USE.

When deciding which education to choose for their child, analyzing all the pros and cons of education in Russia, parents give preference to educational institutions where students are exchanged with foreign schools. Also, the characteristics of Russian education show that students can get much better knowledge in various gymnasiums and specialized schools, in which only certain subjects are studied in depth, based on the preferences and abilities of the student. But such educational institutions there are few in the Russian Federation, and parents have to pay hundreds of thousands of rubles a year for education in them, which sometimes costs much more than general education in foreign schools.

Professional educational institutions.

After receiving a basic secondary education, Russian students face the choice of obtaining a profession. At the same time, it should be immediately taken into account how many study in Russia when receiving secondary vocational education. The training system involves an average of 3 years of classes, which mainly depends on the chosen specialty. If we analyze pros and cons of education in Russia in technical schools and colleges, the predominance of shortcomings can be noted:

• ill-conceived system of obtaining knowledge;
• insufficient amount of practice;
• outdated training material, which is often simply irrelevant.

After studying at professional technical schools or colleges, it is difficult for students to find a job, due to the weak level of training in a particular specialty. This indicates that the system vocational training requires serious change and development.

Pros and cons of education in Russia. Features of higher education in Russia

After leaving school, most young people try to get higher education at universities, institutes or academies. It’s worth considering right away how many people study in Russia in order to get a certain level of higher professional training:

• obtaining a bachelor's degree - at least 4 years;
• obtaining a master's degree - at least 5 years;
• training of highly qualified specialists - more than 6 years.

Also, when determining which Russian education to choose, comparing the pros and cons of education in Russia, it is worth considering the level of accreditation of the educational institution and its prestige. But even in the most respected higher education institutions, students are not always able to obtain a sufficient level of knowledge, which in the future may cause difficulties in finding a job in their specialty. It is for this reason that many applicants are trying to get a place in higher education.

The education system in Russia since the collapse Soviet Union has undergone many changes and is still in the process of reform. Today it becomes fashionable to criticize weak sides educational process in schools and universities (which is worth the sensational epic with the Unified State Examination, the pros and cons of which are still being debated), but we must not forget that everything is known in comparison. Let's try to find out whether the modern education system has any advantages.

A little about the system itself

The structure of the education system in modern Russia inherited a lot from the times of the USSR. The child, entering this system, goes through several stages:

• kindergartens or private preschools;
• Primary School(grades 1-4);
• secondary school(grades 5-9);
• higher school (grades 10-11);
• secondary vocational or higher educational establishments;
• postgraduate education (postgraduate studies, advanced training courses, etc.).

Institutions within these 6 links are of 3 types:

• state;
• municipal;
• private.

Education at the school takes place in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard - a single state standard. In turn, educational institutions can combine several types of training:

• state;
• self-education;
• additional.

The forms of studying the material became flexible:

• within the walls of an educational institution (full-time, part-time, part-time);
• intra-family, self-education;
• external student

Recent innovations regarding permission home schooling and delivery of items externally is a definite plus. They help to avoid “equalization”, enable children with chronic diseases study according to the general program in comfortable conditions, and strong students move forward faster.

But this is not the only obvious plus of modern education ...

Not only theory, but also practice

If a Soviet graduate or university student could boast of deep theoretical knowledge in subjects, then modern teenagers from school can afford to plunge into practice thanks to the conditions of the modern education system and the variety of extracurricular institutions.

Schoolchildren and their parents can seriously think about career guidance issues from the 7th grade, attending classes in specialized centers. business games, extracurricular activities, during which children solve real life issues, visiting creative workshops makes them look for applications of the acquired knowledge and gain valuable practical experience.

In their student years, young people can already, while studying at a university, work in parallel, applying the existing theoretical knowledge and practical skills.

Technique does not obscure the soul

Technological progress is inexorably entering the education system, and there are many positive aspects to this:

• interactive whiteboards, audio and video in the classroom, search for material on the Internet make the learning process bright, varied and more visual, which has a positive effect on the quality of learning;
• the use of electronic diaries, through which parents can monitor the progress of their children and have a quick direct connection with the teacher;
• student participation in international olympiads, online contests without leaving home;
• the opportunity to receive additional education in absentia on the Internet.

Technical means broaden one's horizons, open up international experience in the study of the problem. Students' access to foreign electronic libraries, rare materials and archives helps to deeply explore the topic, saving time and money.

But the Russian education system is good not only because it keeps up with the times. As before, live communication between the teacher and students remains paramount, during which the teacher conveys his life experience, positive moral attitudes, not only teaches, but also inspires independent knowledge of the world (of course, if we are talking about the Teacher with a capital letter).

In his “Letter to his son's teacher,” Abraham Lincoln asked: “If you can, teach him to be interested in books ... And give him also free time so that he can meditate on eternal mysteries: birds in the sky, bees in the sun and flowers on the green slopes of the hill.

Attention to calligraphy

The Soviet system of education formed a wonderful reflex in us: a schoolboy should have a notebook in which to write beautifully, without blots. Although to a lesser extent than before, elementary school continues to pay sufficient attention to calligraphy. In our country, children in the 1st grade are given copybooks, forcing them to write with a pen, and calligraphic handwriting is perceived as one of the virtues of a person.

It is no secret that quick skillful movements of the fingers improve the brain, contribute to the development of the speed of thinking. Refusing to teach children calligraphy, we impoverish them, depriving lion's share development of their abilities.

For comparison: in the USA they organize special courses for people who want to learn how to read and write capital letters!

I don't want to, but I must!

The modern school, to some extent, retains the spirit of totalitarianism left over from Soviet times. To many, this will seem negative. Opponents of the current education system may object: get interested, generate a desire to learn, and do not force!

However, in life we ​​do not always do what we want. And the conscious “should” goes hand in hand with us. The school instills in the child the consciousness that some things need to be known, you need to be able to do. It breeds discipline and fosters self-control.

The preservation of a single educational program for the entire state, even if it is not perfect in everything, makes certain requirements for teachers, makes it necessary to obtain comprehensive knowledge, develop logical and creative thinking. Thanks to the compulsory study of literature, grammar of the native language, physics, mathematics and other subjects, students can look at the world from different points vision, subsequently combining them into one picture of the world.

Duties, the fulfillment of public assignments are an unspoken side of the modern educational system. Thanks to this practice, teenagers do not grow up as individualists, but realize that they are part of society, and a certain proportion of their time and effort can and should be given to other people for the good.

What about the USE?

Today it is customary to condemn the unified state exam, introduced under the influence of the Western education system. Many influential teachers argue that preparing for the exam leads to coaching, devaluation of oral answers, and poor grades obtained in the exam give rise to deep stress in schoolchildren.

But the government is not yet ready to abandon the USE for a simple reason: it allows you to successfully fight corruption in the field of education, and a worthy replacement has not yet been invented.

Weaknesses to work with

The modern system of education, no doubt, cannot be called perfect. There are still many major and minor flaws that need to be worked on. Here are some of them:

• The lack of synchronization of knowledge in subjects, as a result of which it is difficult for students to build a complete picture of the world in their minds.
• Limited number of budget places in universities.
• Leveling the significance of the gold medal, which reduces the motivation to study.
• Lack of subjects aimed at educating teenagers as future wives and husbands, parents; insufficient moral component of training.
• Excessive workload of children, as a result of which they lose interest in learning, do not have free time for hobbies, full communication with parents, peers.

Shortcomings in the development of modern educational reforms can be called for a long time. But we, parents and teachers, must remember one thing: in any conditions, it is important not only to educate a child, but also to grow a highly moral strong-willed personality who will use his knowledge and skills to make this world a better place! Knowing the shortcomings, we must pay attention to them and try to make up for the shortcomings of the existing system by personal participation in the life of the child.

CONS OF EDUCATION

Although modern education provides versatile knowledge in various subjects, it still focuses primarily on general average standards, and not on the development of a particular child. The school does not always pay attention to the talents of the student, his abilities and inclinations. Many teachers consider their subject to be the main one, which interferes with the orientation of the child. From this, some subjects are given to schoolchildren quite hard. And all because during the school hour the teacher does not have time to convey to the children everything that is connected with the new topic. Therefore, students learn a lot on their own. But this independence is not possible for all students. Agree, if a student is at school until two o'clock, then in a section or in a circle, then when he comes home at six o'clock in the evening (or even later), study "does not come to his mind." And there are so many things to ask! And abstracts, and poems, and essays ...

Sometimes you think: do they really want to raise geeks from our children from the first grade, capable of assimilating new materials on the fly and in large volumes ?! On weekdays, when you come home from work, you immediately start teaching lessons with your child, it happens that you stay up until night. In the end, no housework. On weekends - the same picture: as we start to teach in the morning, so the whole day goes by. And when do children have a rest (and parents too)? After all, I want to take a walk on the street, and chat with friends, and watch TV. But children sorely lack time for this - lessons, lessons, lessons ... And schoolchildren grow up, literally loaded with endless solutions to tasks, not looking around, not seeing anything around them, forgetting about simple joys. In addition, most of what children learn and learn in school will not be useful to many of them in life. And so all eleven years. And then both parents and children are waiting for the exam. Here, everyone is already dissatisfied, since training is replaced by training and coaching (what if someone does not pass the exam, this is a stain on the school and teachers!).

The disadvantage is that the coveted "gold" medal does not give the graduate any privileges when entering higher educational institutions. Previously, I remember that we, the owners of medals, had only to successfully pass an interview in order to be enrolled in a university. Now the medalists do not have any advantages and benefits upon admission, they have been equalized with everyone else. Then why, one wonders, strain for eleven years, if you will still be “like everyone else”? That is why modern schoolchildren do not have a special craving for learning.

But not everything is so bad in modern education, there are also positive aspects. For example, the volume of school knowledge is quite diverse, which gives the graduate a relatively broad outlook. The child learns to work, build relationships and communicate in a team. The necessary communication skills are developed. Thus, it is embedded in social system. In the process of learning, the child learns to communicate with people of his own and the other sex. School graduates have the opportunity to continue their education and get a good job in the future.

In addition, the study of a foreign language and a computer from the primary grades plays an important role. It is simply necessary for children to freely "swim" in the sea modern technologies. An interactive whiteboard, computers, video and audio equipment are a great help in learning new material in a lesson, this was not the case in our time. For example, foreign language we studied only from the textbook, however, sometimes the teacher let us listen to how another language sounds in the record on the record.

A big plus of modern education is the introduction of new methods of control over grades, for example, a single school journal or an electronic diary. Using an electronic diary, it becomes possible to control the student not only by the teacher, but also by the parents. Thanks to this innovation, we, parents, can at any time find out about homework and the achievement of your child. Now he is unlikely to be able to say that there was no homework assignment. In addition, such a diary made it easier for the teacher to disseminate the necessary information. This applies to how school grades, and parent meetings. It is enough to make a newsletter and warn about the date and time of the class meeting. In addition, we, parents, will be able to make our own adjustments to the theme of the meeting, put forward proposals and discuss exciting topics.

It is clear that modern education- enough a complex system aimed at the comprehensive development and education of the child. Maybe this is good: the student will learn to live in our diverse world with its frantic pace of life. But the main thing is that our children would not break under the “burden” of this all-round development. We parents can't take it anymore.