Focal formation of the right adrenal gland. Classification and general signs of retention of the left ovary

Date: 10.04.2019

Liquid formation of the right ovary occurs more often than the left.

Causes of fluid appendages

Most often, fluid in the ovary is found in women after 40 years, but can occur at any age. Most scientists believe that pathology occurs due to hormonal imbalance. Moreover, a cyst in the small pelvis can form both as a result of the natural restructuring of the body, and while taking hormonal drugs.

Liquid formation of the left ovary can occur as a result of an ovulation disorder, when a bubble filled with liquid does not burst, its contents do not enter the abdominal cavity, but remain in the follicle, resulting in the formation of a follicular ovarian cyst. Such a pathology, as a rule, passes by itself. In most cases, women of childbearing age face it. The follicular cyst is benign in nature, increases in size due to stretching of the walls (due to the accumulation of internal contents) and is most often accidentally detected during ultrasound.

Liquid formations in the appendages can appear against the background of a long-lasting inflammatory process due to hypothermia. If a woman suffers from weak immunity, then the pathology, as a rule, proceeds with complications. A cyst in the pelvis is often formed due to endometriosis.

Education in the ovary in women can appear against the background of congestion in the pelvic region due to improper functioning of the kidneys. Trigger factors for the development of pathology, in the presence of a tendency to it, often become: nervous shocks, unbalanced nutrition, violation of the regime of work and rest, etc.

Types of fluid foreign matter in the ovaries

When they say that there are fluid formations in the appendages, then we are talking about cysts, which may not manifest themselves for a long time. The following types exist:

Dermoid ovarian cyst often develops in the fetus during pregnancy. This foreign inclusion is filled with fluid and the beginnings of the skin, hair and other tissues of the child. Sometimes it appears throughout life.
The follicular formation is formed against a background of hormonal failure, in which ovulation is not completely carried out, and the follicle is filled with fluid, gradually increasing in size.
Mucinous - filled with mucous contents. Its danger lies in the possibility of malignant degeneration. In most cases, such an extraneous inclusion is formed during menopause.
A paraovarial cyst is a thin-walled neoplasm that is inactive and most often does not manifest itself in any way, having a small size.
Luteal neoplasm occurs immediately after ovulation due to a violation of blood circulation in the tissues of the appendage. Factors that provoke its development are a strict diet and significant physical activity.
Endometrioid fluid neoplasm is formed due to the introduction of an appendage of endometrial cells into the tissue, and sometimes leads to the development of infertility. Among other fluid formations of the ovaries, it is quite common.
Numerous ovarian cysts that are caused by PCOS. Hormonal abnormalities lead to impaired reproductive function and the appearance in the appendages of these formations filled with fluid.
Serous cystadenoma with a watery transparent content of light yellow color. It rarely transforms into a cancerous tumor and is quite common.

Signs of fluid neoplasm

Remember! Only a doctor can tell what this liquid formation of the right or left ovary is and how to treat it. However, an ultrasound scan is performed in a timely manner, allowing to detect an appendage cyst, under the strength of each patient. Unfortunately, small extraneous inclusions in the small pelvis do not manifest themselves in any way, so it is difficult to suspect them.

As the pathology develops in a woman, as a rule, the following symptoms appear:

bleeding from the genital tract outside of menstruation;
soreness in the abdomen;
vomiting and / or nausea;
anovulation;
a feeling of bloating;
pain during intimacy;
cycle disturbances;
bowel movement problems;
frequent urination;
pain in the thigh or lower back.

These manifestations do not always indicate the presence of fluid formation and quite often act as manifestations of other gynecological pathologies, for example, uterine fibroids.

Pathology Diagnostics

Liquid inclusion in the right or left ovary is often detected during ultrasound. To identify the cause of the pathology, a blood test is performed for hormones. This allows you to prescribe effective drug therapy. Most often, patients suffering from appendage cysts have cycle disorders.

If the doctor believes that the education can spontaneously resolve within a few months, then he recommends that the woman do an ultrasound scan in dynamics to monitor the development of the pathology. However, when unpleasant symptoms and complications appear, if there is a risk of developing a malignant process, treatment is carried out.

To exclude the presence of oncology, the patient must donate blood to tumor markers C-125 and CA-19-9. It should be remembered that the positive results of such tests do not always indicate ovarian cancer and may indicate a malignant lesion of other organs. The most reliable study for the detection of cancer of the appendages is considered histology.

How to treat fluid formation of the left or right ovary

If we are talking about a functional cyst, then with a high degree of probability it may disappear itself within a few menstrual cycles. Then, when the education does not regress, its treatment is carried out, the tactics of which are determined by the age of the patient and other factors.

As a rule, the period during which dynamic monitoring is carried out is 3 months. To speed up the process of cyst disappearance, the gynecologist can prescribe hormonal drugs, and for pain, pain medications. Extraneous inclusions of large sizes, or with the likelihood of transformation into a cancerous tumor, are removed surgically.

Liquid formation of the left ovary (or right) is excised by laparoscopic or laparotomy. Surgery is also indicated when a woman who wants to become pregnant has a PCOS and conservative treatment is ineffective. Urgent surgical intervention is performed with torsion of the legs of the ovarian cyst, as well as with other complications.

Then, when there are fluid formations in the ovaries, this indicates the presence of cysts (for example, with PCOS). A single extraneous inclusion may indicate the functional nature of the pathology. A comprehensive examination allows you to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment for the patient.

Analysis of ovarian reserve of ovaries

Causes and treatment of left ovarian enlargement

Right-sided ovarian cyst: types, symptoms and treatment

A cyst of the right ovary is a tumor-like formation that has a delimited capsule and a cavity filled with liquid or other contents. The cavity of the cyst is covered with an epithelium from the inside. Ovarian cystic tumors account for about 25% of all neoplasms of the female organs.

Classification of ovarian cystic formations

The most common types of cysts are:

functional (luteal and follicular);
epithelial (serous and pseudomucinous);
endometrioid;
dermoid.

The listed formations more often occur during puberty and in premenopausal women, when hormonal changes in the body occur. Dermoids can be detected at any age, even in newborn girls, as they are associated with impaired embryonic histogenesis.

Causes of the appearance of cystoma of the right ovary

Many women wonder where their right ovarian cyst came from: the causes of this formation are not exactly known. The main role is given to hormonal disorders of the body.

Risk factors

Women with the following risk factors are most susceptible to the disease:

irregular monthly cycle;
early and late menarche (the beginning of menstruation);
menopause later than 50 years;
chronic processes in the genitals (salpingoophoritis, endometritis, chronic sexually transmitted infections);
infertility;
habitual miscarriage.

The risk of cysts of the right or left ovaries is also increased in women who did not engage in breastfeeding after childbirth.

Important: if you have any of these factors, you should undergo an examination by a gynecologist two or more times a year.

Symptoms of a right-sided ovarian cyst

Most cystic ovarian tumors do not have symptoms until they become too large. A woman may complain of pain in the lower abdomen or discomfort, more to the right. Pain sometimes extends to the lower limb. In 20% of patients, symptoms of cysts of the right ovary are manifested by a violation of reproductive function. Sometimes infertility is the main reason for going to the doctor.

Another symptom of a cyst is irregular menstruation. There may be frequent delays, bleeding between menstruation. Sometimes a woman is bothered by breast engorgement, constipation, and frequent urination. Acute abdominal pain occurs with cyst complications such as torsion of the legs or perforation of the capsule.

Complications of a cyst in the right ovary

Many cystomas can cause infertility, especially if they affect both ovaries. Another complication is malignancy. Ovarian cancer most often complicates papillary-type serous cystadenoma. This type of tumor is distinguished by the presence on its inner wall of small outgrowths or papillae, which are epithelial hyperplasia.

Acute complications of a cyst in the right ovary include torsion of the base and rupture of the wall with the release of contents and blood into the abdominal cavity. These conditions can lead to inflammation of the peritoneum and the formation of inter-intestinal abscesses or adhesions.

Important: for any symptoms of the reproductive system, consult a gynecologist. The sooner a tumor is diagnosed, the easier it is to cure it without any consequences.

Irregular menstruation - one of the signs of an ovarian cyst

Diagnosis of ovarian cystadenomas and cysts

The presence of a cyst, a gynecologist can already suggest with a bimanual examination. On palpation next to the appendages, a rounded elastic dense formation with a smooth surface is found. It can be slightly painful. To confirm the diagnosis, ultrasound and radiography are performed. Ultrasound sometimes suggests the type of tumor. For example, a two-chamber or multi-chamber cyst of the right ovary may be a pseudomucinous cyst. Serous cystadenoma usually has one chamber.

If you have difficulty diagnosing, an MRI or CT scan can be performed. If the symptoms of complicated cystoma resemble appendicitis, then for the differential diagnosis, a puncture of the posterior vaginal fornix is \u200b\u200bmade.

Right ovarian cyst treatment

With cysts of the right ovary, the symptoms largely determine the treatment. If there are manifestations of a complicated tumor, then the method of choice is open laparotomy. During the operation, the abdominal cavity and its organs are examined, the contents of the cyst are removed. Education is excised at the border of healthy tissue. If possible, try to repair the ovary. When there are signs of malignancy (metastases, papillary outgrowths on the wall), all appendages and nearby lymph nodes are removed. Sometimes you have to remove the uterus.

If there are no acute manifestations, when choosing a method of treatment are taken into account:

cyst size
its origin and form,
age of the patient
accompanying illnesses.

With small formations (up to 6 cm) without signs of malignancy, hormone therapy is often performed. If the cystoma decreases or disappears during the course, then conservative treatment is continued for several more months. When the tumor is not amenable to medical treatment and increases in size, an operation is performed. Preference is given to a less traumatic method of intervention - laparoscopy.

With some cystic tumors, hormonal treatment can not bring results. For example, with a dermoid. In the cavity of this cyst are hair, bones, adipose tissue, which cannot disappear on their own. Therefore, with a dermoid cyst on the right ovary, treatment is always surgical.

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What is dangerous fluid formation in the ovary

After undergoing an ultrasound, some women find that the ovary contains fluid formation. It is far from always in such cases that one should sound the alarm, because this kind of cyst often passes by itself along with the next monthly cycle.

The danger of such formations is caused if it is observed:

Pain after and during intercourse;
Drawing pain during exercise;
Nausea etc.

In this case, we can talk about the development of the neoplasm and the need for its detailed examination. It should be said that fluid formation of the left ovary or right is characteristic of women after forty years, but can be detected at any age.

Causes of tumors in the ovary

Such neoplasms are quite common, however, to study the nature of their occurrence is still rather difficult. However, we can definitely say that fluid formation in the ovary is a consequence of hormonal failure. The nature of this malfunction can be both pathogenic, caused by the body itself, and artificial, arising as a result of taking hormonal drugs.

Regardless of the cause of the pathology, it needs further examination and study, otherwise the following consequences may occur:

Diagnosis and treatment of formations in the ovary

Basic examinations, conducted when a fluid formation of the left ovary is suspected, is reduced to ultrasound and a blood test for hormonal levels. This approach allows you to get general information about the state of the body and prescribe further therapy. For the most part, in women with such a pathology, the menstrual cycle and ovulation are disrupted, primarily reproductive, and then other human systems, are affected.

If the body is prone to the occurrence of neoplasms, then stress, lifestyle, malnutrition, non-observance of the regime of work and rest, etc. can push it to develop anomalies. If you find a follicular cyst or fluid formation in the right ovary, you should immediately seek help from specialists.

When you are concerned about the manifestation of certain symptoms of the disease or it is found that the ovary contains a liquid formation after an ultrasound examination, then you need to make an appointment with a specialist.

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Cyst of the right ovary: causes of formation, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Often a woman does not suspect the existence of a cyst on the ovary, and then at the next visit to the gynecologist learns about the pathology. A cyst is not dangerous while it is small. But it is not known when it will begin to increase, and then the complications are very serious. More often a cyst is found on the right ovary. This is most likely due to the fact that it is better supplied with blood than the left. That is why complications arise here more often. During treatment, everything is done so as not to deprive the young woman of the opportunity to become pregnant and safely give birth.

Types of Cysts

An ovarian cyst is a cavity formed by stretching the membrane in any part of it. There are several types of neoplasms that differ in the origin and nature of the content.

It is noted that cysts on the right ovary occur more often than on the left. It functions more actively, as it is better supplied with blood due to its proximity to the abdominal artery. Hormones produced by the pituitary gland (FSH and LH), which directly regulate the processes occurring in them, enter the ovaries with blood. In the right ovary, dominant follicles more often mature. In it, hormone production is more active.

Functional

There are two types of ovarian cysts: functional and non-functional.

Functional are directly related to hormonal processes occurring in the ovaries; they form in a certain phase of the cycle. These include:

Follicular cyst. It is formed in the membrane of the dominant follicle in the first phase of the cycle.
Luteal cyst. It occurs after ovulation in the corpus luteum, which forms in the bursting follicle after the release of the egg.

The peculiarity is that functional cysts can disappear on their own after the hormonal background returns to normal. As a rule, such cysts form on the right ovary.

Non-functional

Unfunctional. Such neoplasms themselves do not disappear, develop independently of the cycle processes. These include:

Endometrioid. It is formed on the surface of the ovary when particles of the uterine mucosa get on it (the cause is endometriosis, which develops as a result of hormonal imbalance). Due to the uneven structure of the particles, cracks are formed in them, which are filled with menstrual blood. Clotted blood has a dark brown color. Therefore, such an ovarian cyst is also called chocolate.
Paraovarial. Formed from the rudimentary appendage of the ovary. The cyst is connected to the body of the ovary with a leg, located near the fallopian tube. This is a congenital pathology that occurs in the embryo at the time of the formation of reproductive organs. Tumor growth occurs after puberty.
Dermoid. It is formed during intrauterine development at the time of the formation of organs from the embryonic leaves. Each of them contains cells of a certain type, from which various body tissues are created. Inside, hair, particles of skin, bones, and dental tissue are found.

Non-functional cysts on the right ovary are found at approximately the same frequency as on the left. Functional, as well as paraovarial neoplasms belong to retention (are formed due to stretching of the membrane with a secretory fluid).

Video: How functional ovarian cysts form

Reasons for education

The main reason for the formation of functional ovarian cysts is a violation of the ratio of pituitary hormones and, accordingly, a malfunction in the development of a dominant follicle.

A follicular cyst is formed with an excess of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The dominant follicle does not rupture, a secretory fluid accumulates in it, in the end, a bubble with a diameter of up to 10 cm is formed in its wall.

The corpus luteum cyst is formed if the norm of the content of luteinizing hormone in the blood that stimulates its growth is exceeded. The ratio of FSH / LH can independently recover to normal within 2-3 cycles, in which case the functional cyst of the right ovary disappears. If this does not happen, then hormonal treatment is used to normalize the background.

The cause of such disorders is inflammatory and infectious diseases of the uterus and appendages, diseases of the thyroid gland and pituitary gland, improper metabolism, depletion of the body or obesity. The cause of hormonal failure can be stress and the presence of bad habits.

An endometrioid tumor arises as a result of pathological proliferation of the endometrium with an excess of estrogen in the body. Disruption is facilitated by the use of hormonal drugs for contraception or replacement therapy. Contributes to the excessive proliferation of the endometrium, damage to the surface of the uterus during inflammatory processes, the formation of scars and adhesions after surgery (abortion, curettage).

Note: Particles of the endometrium can be thrown with blood into the abdominal cavity if, for example, a woman has sex during menstruation. The cause of the ingress of such particles into the ovaries may be an increase in intra-abdominal pressure when lifting weights.

Paraovarial neoplasms most often begin to grow against the background of inflammatory processes, after abdominal injuries, operations in the abdominal cavity (for example, removal of the appendix). The cause of tumor growth may be overheating of the lower body (bathing in a hot bath), impaired development of the genital organs.

Dermoid cyst has a genetic origin. Her growth begins in women of any age. Provoking factors are genital diseases, the effects of toxins on the body, including nicotine and drugs.

As a rule, a cyst of the right ovary is found in reproductive age, when hormonal disorders occur most often. At risk are women who are obese, infertility, menstrual irregularities, having bad habits and promiscuous sexual relations.

Complications of cyst formation

The disease proceeds in 2 forms: complicated and uncomplicated. Complications arise if the neoplasm reaches a size of 3 cm or more. The following conditions are dangerous:

Twisting the legs, the cessation of blood supply. Possible necrosis and blood poisoning.
Capsule rupture. If it swells and bursts, then the contents are poured into the abdominal cavity, which leads to peritonitis. Together with the capsule, the shell of the ovary may rupture, its apoplexy will occur.
Hemorrhage (internal bleeding). Such a process is most characteristic of the right ovary, since it has a direct connection with the abdominal aorta. Possible hemorrhage inside the ovary, as well as in the abdominal cavity. If the hemorrhagic cyst is large, the bleeding is strong, only urgent surgery can save a woman.
Malignancy. In some cases, there is a degeneration of an endometrioid or dermoid cyst into a cancerous tumor.

As doctors warn, the main cause of complications is usually an untimely visit to the doctor. Feeling unwell, women often self-medicate with the help of home remedies, not knowing the diagnosis, losing valuable time. Often, on the advice of acquaintances, they warm up the lower abdomen, which is strictly forbidden to do.

The consequences may be suppuration, peritonitis, sepsis, disruption of neighboring organs, bleeding, anemia, removal of the ovary and infertility.

Cysts during pregnancy and childbirth

With a significant increase in tumors, the onset of pregnancy is difficult. They can provoke menstrual disorders, lack of ovulation. In addition, neoplasms are able to block the entrance to the fallopian tubes, making fertilization impossible.

If during pregnancy a small ovarian cyst is found on the right or left side (less than 3 cm in diameter), then its development is constantly monitored (a luteal cyst, for example, resolves weekly).

In the case of rapid growth and the danger of twisting, hemorrhage or other complications, the neoplasm is removed. If this is not done, then even in the absence of pathological processes, an enlarging cyst can put pressure on the uterus, hindering the growth and development of the fetus, disrupting blood circulation. This provokes an abortion or premature birth.

During childbirth, attempts can provoke a rupture of the cyst and its contents into the abdominal cavity and birth canal. At the same time, a situation arises that is dangerous to the woman's life. An urgent abdominal operation is required.

Video: Corpus luteum cyst during pregnancy

Symptoms

If the cyst of the right ovary has a diameter of less than 2 cm, then the woman does not feel her presence. Tumor growth leads to pulling pain in the groin on the right side.

There are violations of the cycle: increased or weakened menstrual bleeding, delayed menstruation, inability to become pregnant. Spotting spotting appears between menstruation due to leakage of the contents of the cyst.

A large capsule presses on adjacent organs. In this case, a woman has constipation, flatulence, difficulty urinating. Pressure on the intestines leads to nausea, heartburn.

With inflammation of the ovarian cyst, located on the right side, the same symptoms occur as with appendicitis (cutting pains in the lower abdomen, pain during palpation of this area, nausea, vomiting). Therefore, in some cases, an inaccurate diagnosis can be made, and the picture of the disease becomes clear already during the operation.

Symptoms of complications are severe abdominal pain, fever, anemia, uterine bleeding.

Diagnosis and treatment

Large cysts are already detected by palpation. Ultrasound (external and transvaginal) is used to determine their size, location and type. The presence or absence of pregnancy is also established.

To learn about the accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity, a puncture of the posterior wall of the vagina is performed. The method of laparoscopy is used. If necessary, you can immediately remove the cyst during the procedure.

Blood tests for hormones, tumor markers, blood and urine tests for the presence of pathogens are done.

Drug treatment is carried out if functional cysts larger than 5 cm are detected. For this, drugs containing estrogen and progesterone (Jeanine, Duphaston, Jes) that normalize the hormonal background are used. In case of detection of inflammatory processes, antibiotics are prescribed.

Paraovarial, endometrioid and dermoid cysts are removed surgically, as they are not able to decrease or dissolve under the influence of drugs. Most often, the removal is performed by the laparoscopic method. Young women usually try to maintain the ovary and reproductive function.

Women older than 45 can be partially or completely removed from the ovary, as the risk of malignant degeneration is higher.

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Some women receive approximately the following ultrasound results: "fluid formation in the ovary was detected." Such a conclusion means that an appendage has formed, which may disappear within several cycles or needs treatment. Liquid formation of the right ovary occurs more often than the left.

Failures in reproductive function in most cases are due to early entry into puberty, as well as repeated abortions. Of ovarian cysts with liquid contents, women often suffer from abnormalities in the endocrine system.

Liquid formation of the left ovary can occur as a result of an ovulation disorder, when a bubble filled with liquid does not burst, its contents do not enter the abdominal cavity, but remain in the follicle, resulting in the formation of a follicular ovarian cyst. Such a pathology, as a rule, passes by itself.In most cases, women of childbearing age face it. is benign in nature, increases in size due to stretching of the walls (due to the accumulation of internal contents) and is most often accidentally detected during ultrasound.

Types of fluid foreign matter in the ovaries

When they say that there are fluid formations in the appendages, then we are talking about cysts, which may not manifest themselves for a long time. The following types exist:

Dermoid ovarian cyst often develops during pregnancy. This foreign inclusion is filled with fluid and the beginnings of the skin, hair and other tissues of the child. Sometimes it appears throughout life.
The follicular formation is formed against a background of hormonal failure, in which ovulation is not completely carried out, and the follicle is filled with fluid, gradually increasing in size.
Mucinous - filled with mucous contents. Its danger lies in the possibility of malignant degeneration. In most cases, such an extraneous inclusion is formed during menopause.
A paraovarial cyst is a thin-walled neoplasm that is inactive and most often does not manifest itself in any way, having a small size.
Luteal neoplasm occurs immediately after ovulation due to a violation of blood circulation in the tissues of the appendage. Factors that provoke its development are a strict diet and significant physical activity.
Endometrioid fluid neoplasm is formed due to the introduction of an appendage of endometrial cells into the tissue, and sometimes leads to the development of infertility. Among other fluid formations of the ovaries, it is quite common.
Numerous ovarian cysts that are caused. Hormonal abnormalities lead to impaired reproductive function and the appearance in the appendages of these formations filled with fluid.
Serous cystadenoma with a watery transparent content of light yellow color. It rarely transforms into a cancerous tumor and is quite common.

Signs of fluid neoplasm

As the pathology develops in a woman, as a rule, the following symptoms appear:

bleeding from the genital tract outside of menstruation;
soreness in the abdomen;
vomiting and / or nausea;
anovulation;
a feeling of bloating;
pain during intimacy;
cycle disturbances;
bowel movement problems;
frequent urination;
pain in the thigh or lower back.

These manifestations do not always indicate the presence of fluid formation and quite often act as manifestations of other gynecological pathologies, for example, uterine fibroids.

If pain occurs during intimacy and / or after physical activity, nausea and other unpleasant symptoms, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible. Such a clinical picture may indicate the development of a cyst.

Pathology Diagnostics

If the doctor believes that the education can spontaneously resolve within a few months, then he recommends that the woman do it in dynamics to monitor the development of pathology. However, when unpleasant symptoms and complications appear, if there is a risk of developing a malignant process, treatment is carried out.

How to treat fluid formation of the left or right ovary

Liquid formation of the left ovary (or right) is excised by laparoscopic or laparotomy. Surgery is also indicated when a woman who wants to become pregnant has a PCOS and conservative treatment is ineffective. Urgent surgery is performed with the ovary, as well as with other complications.

If the patient is in menopause and suffers from serious diseases of blood vessels, heart, metabolic disorders, and the cyst has a diameter of not more than 5 cm and cannot degenerate into a malignant tumor, then the operation is not performed. In this case, conservative therapy with drugs is used.

In the human rights system, the right to education occupies a special place. This right is included in international (and, in particular, European) human rights standards, which is reflected in part 1 of article 26Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), h. 1 tbsp. 13 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966),article 2 Protocol No. 1 (1952) to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950), Art. 14 European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000).

It is interesting to note that the right to education, no matter how surprising it may seem, especially in our time, when there are intensive processes of rapprochement of European states in the field of education, - the only thingof social rights present in the aforementioned Protocol 1 to european Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and in relation to which a whole system of human rights measures is being built. This fact confirms the extremely important place and role of the right to education in the system of modern democratic values. In Art. 2 of this Protocol No. 1 refers, in particular, to such crucial concepts of this law as:

a) its universality (no one can be denied this right),

b) the obligations of the state in the field of education and training 3 and

c) the obligation of the state to respect the religious and philosophical beliefs of parents when providing their children with education in accordance with these beliefs. four

AT Constitution of the Russian Federation(1993) general issues of the right to education are enshrined in Art. 43, the text of which we consider necessary to give here in full:

Before characterizing the right to education in accordance with this article of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, one should determine its place and role as an element of the human rights system.

The concept of “human rights and freedoms”, despite its seemingly extremely widespread use in the modern period, does not, however, have a single and universally recognized interpretation. Nevertheless, there are some such points that, at any interpretation, reflect the nature and essential properties of what is reflected in this concept.

The first one.This concept reflects the fact that people (individuals or their groups, associations) have certain individual, group or socially significant needs and interests (personal (civil), economic, political, social, cultural).

Second. These needs and interests are characterized, on the one hand, by the recognition by individuals (social groups, public associations) of their social place and the role that he plays (or can play) in society, and on the other, recognition by society and its social institutions, before total and mainly, the state of these places and roles. From this angle, there are rights and freedoms at the same timeand social claims of people (groups, associations), i.e. addressed to society and the state requirementsto satisfy their particular economic, social and other needs and interests (a), and a kind of politically and legally formalized by the principles and provisions of the educational policy and the laws of the state of the consent of the latter with these claims and their satisfaction, protection and protection (b )

In a truly legal democratic society, both of these sides are in harmony, i.e. in a state of balancing the needs and interests of society 5 and its members, the state and its citizens, collective and individual principles of public life. 6

The third.Claims can be both natural and social in nature. In the first case, they reflect the needs and interests inherent in each person as a biosocial being, in the second - the needs and interests inherent in an individual as a citizen of a particular state. In this regard, the distinction between rights and freedoms becomes clear. of manand citizen.As for the way, with regard to the rights and freedoms of the individual, in this case we are dealing with our integration of the first two aspects, since the concept of the individual is somehow connected with the peculiarities of the combination of “human” and “civil” as a particular person socializes.

Fourth.Rights and freedoms are the measures guaranteed by the current legislation of the possible, permissible and, therefore, limited in certain regulatory frameworks of socially significant behavior of various participants in public relations. In this sense, the concept of “law and freedom” is on the same semantic plane, and even to a certain extent coincides in its content with the concept of “legal subjective rights”, which refers to the content of any legal relationship.

Fifth.Despite its semantic affinity, the concepts of “law” and “freedom” as the central categories of the theory of human rights (L.I. Glukhareva, V.M. Kapitsyn, E.A. Lukasheva, R.A. Mullerson, etc.) are still are not equivalent. The rightsAre social claims that imply activethe role of the state in their provision, protection and protection (the right to life, the right to security of person, the right to housing, etc.). Of freedom- social claims, suggesting, on the contrary, passivethe role of the state in the implementation by relevant entities of their needs and interests (freedom of speech, religion, freedom of political association, etc.). 7 Otherwise, the state as the leading social institution of society cannot and should not be arbitrary, i.e. at your own discretion, illegallyto intervene in the implementation of such individually and socially significant acts. Another thing is when such freedoms are used to the detriment of other people, society and the state i.e. there is an abuse of these freedoms. In this case, the state not only can, but already has an obligation to act actively in the interests of the rights and freedoms of other members of society, society itself and its own state interests. But it is here that the extremely important, complex and almost always relevant question arises about the criteria and methods of state intervention in the realization of rights and freedoms.

A brief excursion into the theory of human rights makes it possible to reveal the essence and content of the concept of “the right to education” in more detail. Given the above, the characteristic of the concept of “right to education” can be represented by the following provisions.

1. Each person, regardless of his place of birth and residence, nationality, gender and other characteristics characterizing his social status, from the moment of his birth may claim (personally himself or through his parents (or other legal representatives - guardians, trustees) so that society, in the person of its institutions and, above all, state ones, helps it in constructive socialization, that is, in incorporating it into such social (cultural, economic, moral, legal and other) ties that it would be careless to take a definite place in the social hierarchy and realize his certain personal and social needs and interests.

2. These claims are expressed as a conclusion can be drawn from the results of a literal interpretation of the word “everyone” by any person, regardless of place of birth and residence, gender, racial, rational, religious or other characteristics. This is understandable, since such claims can only take place in human society. Outside of him, such claims are meaningless. With regard to the right to education, each person can claim to ensure that public institutions provide him with constructive socialization through the acquisition, assimilation and development of a certain amount of knowledge, skills.

At the same time, the word “everyone” has an abstract character, abstract in the sense that any person is not only in “universal” connections with other people, but, most importantly, in fairly strictly defined political and legal relations with specific the state and its legislation, being a citizen (subject) of such a specific state. Thus, a citizen, depending on the type of state, political regime that prevails in a given society, features of the political and legal status of this citizen, a different “set” of rights and freedoms, also corresponds to a set of obligations of the state (and in its person and society) in guaranteeing these rights and freedoms, both natural and social.

But can a state guarantee the same “educational” claim to a citizen of another state? Without going into details of this topic, we confine ourselves to the observation that in the Russian Federation (as, indeed, in any other modern democratic state), indeed, everyone can realize their needs and interests of an educational nature, but only if this “everyone” lives on the territory of the Russian Federation legally. eight

3. The right to education, more precisely, its implementation presupposes, as noted, the active role of the state in guaranteeing this type of social claim. Of course, society itself is in no way alienated from its role, since it is still a question of socialization (general or professional), but the main role belongs nevertheless to the state as the leading social institution that determines the vector of the historical development of society and its ethno-national, cultural, social -economic, political and legal integrity, "self". And when the question is sometimes raised in the media, who should be the main “responsible” for education - society or the state - such a statement of the question, in our opinion, is fundamentally wrong. It is another matter that a particular state at one stage or another of its development in the person of its specific representatives (the President, the government, and the highest education management bodies) pursues an unproductive, ill-conceived strategy for its educational policy, which we have encountered in recent years in our country. However, this in no way leads to the conclusion that the state as a leading social institution “should” be excluded from the number of subjects of educational management.

4. Any right, including the right to education, is, in a sense, an obligation. Moreover, as evidenced by legislation, legal practice, and life itself as a whole, many rights in people “appear” only after a person has fulfilled certain social (and legal) duties. In turn, the exercise of rights leads to the emergence of new duties, those to the emergence of other rights, etc. In other cases, we see that some rights simply merge with obligations (an example of this is the right exercised by a teacher to teach a certain discipline and at the same time his obligation to teach, but only after a labor contract is concluded between him and the educational institution).

The right to education also belongs to this kind of rights. Up to a certain age (this age is different in different countries), to a certain level (level) of the education system (this level is also different in different countries), and also taking into account the degree of socio-economic development of a society, the right to education is practically and legally a person’s responsibility (citizen) to receive and master that other minimum of knowledge, skills, which (minimum) guarantees the necessary and sufficient conditions for the social communication of this citizen. Usually, this obligation to receive “minimal” education is associated with the institution of school (general) education and is legally enshrined in constitutional and other legislative acts. So, the obligation to obtain general education is provided for in part 1 of article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (see above). The same obligation is provided, say, by part 2 of Art. 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine, part 4 of Art. 27 of the Constitution of Spain, part 2 of article 26 of the Constitution of Japan, etc. It is another matter that basic education is declared compulsory in some countries (Russia, Spain), in others - complete secondary education (Ukraine), in third - primary education (Italy ) But, for example, under the Polish Constitution, compulsory education is for everyone under the age of 18 (part 1 of article 70). In the same part 2 of Art. 26 of the Constitution of Japan establishes the obligation of all, in whose care children are, to ensure their education, although what kind of education in question, the law does not stipulate.

Analysis of numerous texts of articles of international acts, constitutional acts of various states, as well as Art. 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the right to education, the study of various scientific studies and comments on the legislation, give grounds to highlight, in addition to the above, a number of important features of this right to education.

The first one.The right to education is integral law , which, albeit to varying degrees, can be attributed to different groups of human rights and freedoms - social, cultural, civil (personal). Social(namely, it is usually referred to this group) the right to education is already because education, as has already been shown, is, on the one hand, one of the leading social subsystems of society. In addition, the right to education as a social law presupposes the creation of a system of state guarantees for everyone to receive education, which is the most important condition for his successful socialization.

The right to education is at the same time culturalright. Indeed, it is through education and through education that a person joins various aspects of the culture of mankind in general and national culture in particular. Education is the determining factor in the formation of a person’s personal civil, political, legal, moral culture, i.e. all that constitutes him as a Person.

The right to education is, finally, and civil,personalthe human right that he exercises independently, at his discretion, after he fulfills (with the help of his parents or legal representatives) his civil (general social) obligation to receive a general education. After all, as you know, no one formally (legally, including the Constitution of the Russian Federation) forces a person who has received a general education and cannot force him to go to vocational education institutions to continue his studies. It is another matter that such coercion exists objectively in the sense that life itself, the needs of society, the needs, finally, of the person who has become “mature”, i.e. able to independently make socially significant decisions, a citizen after receiving a "certificate of maturity", determines the need to choose his future life path, and thereby familiarization with a specific type of professional activity, its criteria and requirements. Thus, a person is in a situation the need, i.e. dutiesthe choice of one or another professionaleducation. However, by law, including constitutionally, it is not an obligation that is guaranteed, namely, the possibility of such a choice, on the basis of obtaining a professional education, as well as general education, is not someone's privilege: every person, regardless of gender, nationality, social origin, ability, has the right (has legislative opportunity provided) to receive anyeducation.

As you can see, in this case there is a certain conflict, a mismatch between legislative opportunities and objective, practically (vital) conditionalities in the implementation of the right to education. About these collisions and some other moments connected with them, below will be discussed in more detail.

The second one.The right to education is constitutional law. This right is enshrined and, thereby, guaranteed by the constitutional acts of all modern democracies. This fact alone indicates that the right to education by the state and society through the Basic Law is given exceptional importance. In addition to the above, Art. 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, like many other articles, fixing and guaranteeing other rights and freedoms, confirms recognized by Part 4 of Art. 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation the primacy of international law in the Russian legal system.

Like many other constitutional rights of a person and a citizen, the right to education is presented in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the most generalized form. The concretization of this right finds its expression in a significant educational regulatory body, in which the leading place is occupied by law of the Russian Federation “On Education” (1992)and Federal Law "On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education" (1996).These legislative acts, as well as secondary educational normative legal acts that are the sources of Russian educational law, will be substantively examined in chapter 4 of this manual.

The third.The right to education is relative law. Theories of human rights stand out absolute (basic)human rights and rights relative.The criterion for such a distinction is the possibility limitationsthis or that law by federal legislation, including in conditions of emergency (part 3 of article 55 and article 56 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Absolute rights- these are rights that cannot be limited (the introduction of such a restriction, we repeat, is possible only by federal law) in general and even in conditions of such a state of emergency. In accordance with Part 3 of Art. 56 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation such absolute rights include, for example, right to life, dignity, freedom of conscience and religionand etc. Relative rights- rights that may by federal law in a state of emergency ( right to housing, right to use one's native languageand etc.). Among these relative rights, the Constitution of the Russian Federation also includes the right to education. This means that this right may be limitedfor various reasons on various scales and aspects at the discretion of the federal legislator.

Fourth.The right to education - universal law. This feature has already been paid attention to. Here we only emphasize that the right to education applies not only to all citizens of the Russian Federation (and persons legally residing on the territory of the Russian Federation, without exception), but also to people of different ages. In recent years, this circumstance has become increasingly relevant both abroad and in our country. Say, more and more middle-class citizens and, which is characteristic, especially the elderly (after 55 years and even much older) age are showing real interest in getting the first or second or even third higher education. Such a phenomenon is of interest, first of all, for sociological science, although eductological, pedagogical, and legal studies also cannot bypass it.

Fifth.The right to education implies availability education for everyone. Accessibility of education is, first of all, the freedom to receive both general and professional and postgraduate education in accordance with the beliefs of parents, their own desires and opportunities. In this regard, the accessibility of education is organically linked to the universality of the relevant law. At the same time, as practice shows, this side of the right to education is one of the most problematic for a variety of reasons. In the modern world, there are a number of contradictions in the development of education, including Russian, in terms of ensuring its accessibility.

One of them is to increase the number of students and reduce government spending on education. The proclaimed formal equality for education is also accompanied by another contradiction - the growing inequality in access to education, in the sense that the state should at least not create additional financial difficulties for people who want to receive or are already receiving education.

Another contradiction is closely related to the previous one and reflects the increasing financial difficulties of educational institutions. Objectively increasing demands by the education system to finance its development are accompanied by a reduction in the financial provision by the state of even “their own” - the state - sector of the education system. A striking example of this is the Federal Law No. 122-ФЗ adopted on August 22, 2004, in accordance with which the state made it clear that it is farther and farther away, primarily financially, from the needs of education.

In more detail, the accessibility of education is disclosed in paragraph 3 of Art. 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” as the principle on which the educational policy of the state and society is based. In this law, unlike the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the accessibility of education as a principle of educational policy was legally enshrined in a different wording, namely, how accessibility of education.In Art. 5 of the same law, the concept of general accessibility is defined as independence from race, nationality, language, gender, age and state of health; social, property and official position; social status; living place; attitude to religion, belief; party affiliation; criminal record. Without going into the details of the logical-conceptual analysis, we can state that the main content of both concepts - “access to education” and “general access to education” - practically coincides.

As you can see, the accessibility of education in the legislative constitutional sense is determined by two main factors that mediate the functioning of the education system: the state’s policy in this area, which is described in the next section, and the level of material well-being of its citizens, which today is hardly the main non-legal restriction of the right to education.

It is noted that cysts on the right ovary occur more often than on the left. It functions more actively, as it is better supplied with blood due to its proximity to the abdominal artery. Hormones produced by the pituitary gland (FSH and LH), which directly regulate the processes occurring in them, enter the ovaries with blood. In the right ovary, dominant follicles more often mature. In it, hormone production is more active.

Functional

There are two types of ovarian cysts: functional and non-functional.

Functional are directly related to hormonal processes occurring in the ovaries; they form in a certain phase of the cycle. These include:

Follicular cyst. It is formed in the membrane of the dominant follicle in the first phase of the cycle.
Luteal cyst. It occurs after ovulation in the corpus luteum, which forms in the bursting follicle after the release of the egg.

The peculiarity is that functional cysts can disappear on their own after the hormonal background returns to normal. As a rule, such cysts form on the right ovary.

Non-functional

Unfunctional. Such neoplasms themselves do not disappear, develop independently of the cycle processes. These include:

Endometrioid. It is formed on the surface of the ovary when particles of the uterine mucosa get on it (the cause is endometriosis, which develops as a result of hormonal imbalance). Due to the uneven structure of the particles, cracks are formed in them, which are filled with menstrual blood. Clotted blood has a dark brown color. Therefore, such an ovarian cyst is also called chocolate.
Paraovarial. Formed from the rudimentary appendage of the ovary. The cyst is connected to the body of the ovary with a leg, located near the fallopian tube. This is a congenital pathology that occurs in the embryo at the time of the formation of reproductive organs. Tumor growth occurs after puberty.
Dermoid. It is formed during intrauterine development at the time of the formation of organs from the embryonic leaves. Each of them contains cells of a certain type, from which various body tissues are created. Inside, hair, particles of skin, bones, and dental tissue are found.

Video: How functional ovarian cysts form

Reasons for education

The main reason for the formation of functional ovarian cysts is a violation of the ratio of pituitary hormones and, accordingly, a malfunction in the development of a dominant follicle.

Follicular a cyst is formed with an excess of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The dominant follicle does not rupture, a secretory fluid accumulates in it, in the end, a bubble with a diameter of up to 10 cm is formed in its wall.

Cyst corpus luteum It is formed if the norm of the content of luteinizing hormone in the blood that stimulates its growth is exceeded. The ratio of FSH / LH can independently recover to normal within 2-3 cycles, in which case the functional cyst of the right ovary disappears. If this does not happen, then hormonal treatment is used to normalize the background.

Endometrioid the tumor occurs as a result of pathological proliferation of the endometrium with an excess of estrogen in the body. Disruption is facilitated by the use of hormonal drugs for contraception or replacement therapy. Contributes to the excessive proliferation of the endometrium, damage to the surface of the uterus during inflammatory processes, the formation of scars and adhesions after surgery (abortion, curettage).

Note: Particles of the endometrium can be thrown with blood into the abdominal cavity, if, for example, a woman has sex during menstruation. The cause of the ingress of such particles into the ovaries may be an increase in intra-abdominal pressure when lifting weights.

Paraovarial neoplasms most often begin to grow against the background of inflammatory processes, after injuries of the abdomen, operations in the abdominal cavity (for example, removal of the appendix). The cause of tumor growth may be overheating of the lower body (bathing in a hot bath), impaired development of the genital organs.

Dermoid the cyst is of genetic origin. Her growth begins in women of any age. Provoking factors are genital diseases, the effects of toxins on the body, including nicotine and drugs.

Complications of cyst formation

The disease proceeds in 2 forms: complicated and uncomplicated. Complications arise if the neoplasm reaches a size of 3 cm or more. The following conditions are dangerous:

Twisting the legs, the cessation of blood supply. Possible necrosis and blood poisoning.
Capsule rupture. If it swells and bursts, then the contents are poured into the abdominal cavity, which leads to peritonitis. Together with the capsule, the shell of the ovary may rupture, its apoplexy will occur.
Hemorrhage (internal bleeding). Such a process is most characteristic of the right ovary, since it has a direct connection with the abdominal aorta. Possible hemorrhage inside the ovary, as well as in the abdominal cavity. If the hemorrhagic cyst is large, the bleeding is strong, only urgent surgery can save a woman.
Malignancy. In some cases, there is a degeneration of an endometrioid or dermoid cyst into a cancerous tumor.

The consequences may be suppuration, peritonitis, sepsis, disruption of neighboring organs, bleeding, anemia, removal of the ovary and infertility.

Cysts during pregnancy and childbirth

If during pregnancy a small ovarian cyst is found on the right or left side (less than 3 cm in diameter), then its development is constantly monitored (a luteal cyst, for example, resolves at 14-16 weeks).

Video: Corpus luteum cyst during pregnancy

Symptoms

If the cyst of the right ovary has a diameter of less than 2 cm, then the woman does not feel her presence. Tumor growth leads to pulling pain in the groin on the right side.

A large capsule presses on adjacent organs. In this case, a woman has constipation, flatulence, difficulty urinating. Pressure on the intestines leads to nausea, heartburn.

Symptoms of complications are severe abdominal pain, fever, anemia, uterine bleeding.

Diagnosis and treatment

Large cysts are already detected by palpation. Ultrasound (external and transvaginal) is used to determine their size, location and type. The presence or absence of pregnancy is also established.

Blood tests for hormones, tumor markers, blood and urine tests for the presence of pathogens are done.

Women older than 45 can be partially or completely removed from the ovary, as the risk of malignant degeneration is higher.

- a tumor-like liquid formation, but only the appearance binds to the tumor of a real cyst. A retention cyst is a kind of sac containing fluid; there is no cyst metastasis. Retention of the ovary is the most common, but the most harmless form of cyst.

Types of retention formations

Basically, the retention formation of the right and left ovary are benign, in rare cases, some of them can degenerate into cancer. There are two main types of retention formations:

. Divided into two subtypes - follicular cyst and corpus luteum cyst. This is the most common type of cyst, more common in women who are ready for childbirth, and less often in women after menopause and in newborns.
Endometrioid cyst. Endometriosis is a pathology in which the inside of the uterus is outside the body. Such formations are also called "chocolate" because of the dark brown color. Symptoms of such a cyst are nausea, bouts of pain in the abdomen during menstruation. Often happens and loss of consciousness.

Treatment of retention ovarian cyst

Adequate treatment for retention of the left and right ovary can only be prescribed by a gynecologist. There are two effective methods of treating such formations:

Observation - some retention formations are able to resolve by themselves after a few months. If your gynecologist suggested you come for a second ultrasound in a few months, then he chose a wait-and-see position. Perhaps when you visit the ultrasound cabinet again, you will not see the cyst in the picture.
Removal - this type of treatment is prescribed for pronounced manifestations of symptoms - severe pain, nausea, large education. The retention cyst of the right and left ovary can also be promptly removed to accurately determine that it is not malignant.

Focal formation of the right adrenal gland. Classification and general signs of retention of the left ovary

Causes of fluid appendages

Types of fluid foreign matter in the ovaries

Signs of fluid neoplasm

Pathology Diagnostics

How to treat fluid formation of the left or right ovary

Analysis of ovarian reserve of ovaries

Causes and treatment of left ovarian enlargement

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Right-sided ovarian cyst: types, symptoms and treatment

Classification of ovarian cystic formations

Causes of the appearance of cystoma of the right ovary

Risk factors

Symptoms of a right-sided ovarian cyst

Complications of a cyst in the right ovary

Diagnosis of ovarian cystadenomas and cysts

Right ovarian cyst treatment

What is dangerous fluid formation in the ovary

Causes of tumors in the ovary

Diagnosis and treatment of formations in the ovary

Cyst of the right ovary: causes of formation, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Types of Cysts

Functional

Non-functional

Video: How functional ovarian cysts form

Reasons for education

Complications of cyst formation

Cysts during pregnancy and childbirth

Video: Corpus luteum cyst during pregnancy

Symptoms

Diagnosis and treatment

Types of fluid foreign matter in the ovaries

Signs of fluid neoplasm

Pathology Diagnostics

How to treat fluid formation of the left or right ovary

Functional

Non-functional

Video: How functional ovarian cysts form

Reasons for education

Complications of cyst formation

Cysts during pregnancy and childbirth

Video: Corpus luteum cyst during pregnancy

Symptoms

Diagnosis and treatment

Types of retention formations

Treatment of retention ovarian cyst