What a person can be nouns. Noun in Russian.

The noun is a very important and numerous part of speech. It is no coincidence that it is from a noun that schoolchildren begin to study morphology.

  There is an assumption that the first words of the human language were nouns when it was still in its infancy.

A noun is a part of speech that designates an object. In linguistics, the term "subject" refers to the widest range of phenomena.

This can be an object, a creature, a phenomenon of nature or social life, a state, an abstract concept, etc.

Nouns are an extremely diverse and numerous part of speech. But recognizing a noun is quite simple, because all the words related to this part of the speech answer the questions “Who?” Or “What?”

To demonstrate how diverse nouns can be in our language, we give examples:

Words denoting the actual object, thing, object ( table, cupboard, computer, wall, toy ).

Being. This group includes:

Words that call a person ( man, woman, youth, old man );

Animals ( cat, bear );

Professions ( scientist, tractor driver, doctor );

Fictional creatures ( alien centaur ).



  Natural phenomena and social life ( snow, frost, revolution ).

Names of substances and substances ( water, metal, jam ).

Names of abstract signs, actions, states expressed in objective form ( beauty, construction, thirst );

Names of abstract concepts ( word, volume, form ).

A number of grammatical categories are inherent in nouns.

Rod  In Russian, nouns are masculine ( knife, moose, boy ), female ( sister, village, station ) and medium ( building, sun, child ) kind.

You can determine the gender of a noun by the gender of the word with which it is combined. For example:

My table. Bright felt-tip pen.   (Masculine)

My book. Bright picture.   (Feminine).

My village. Bright event.   (Neuter gender).

In order to determine the gender of a noun, you need to put the word in the singular, since in the plural this category is not defined ( my tables - my books - my villages ).



  Stands out special group  general nouns ( crybaby, orphan, dormouse ) The form of a word that is combined with such nouns in speech depends on the gender of the face that they denote. For example: little crybaby (girl) - little crybaby (boy) .

Number.  Nouns vary in numbers. For example:

singular, plural

car, cars

birch, birch

tree, trees

In Russian, there are nouns that are used only in the singular ( milk, chalk, potatoes ) or only in the plural ( ink, railings, watches, pants ).

Case  Nouns vary in cases. There are six cases in Russian: nominative (Who? What?), Genitive (Who? What?), Dative (To whom? What ?, accusative (Who? What?), Instrumental (By whom? What?) And prepositional (About ? About what?).

Changing the noun in cases and numbers is called declension. There are three types of declension of nouns. To determine the declension, you need to put the word in the singular form of the nominative case.

To the first decline  include masculine, feminine, and general nouns ending in -a. For example: soil, song, grandfather, uncle, badass .

To the second declension  relate:

Masculine nouns with zero ending ( horse, slope, sanatorium ) ending in –o ( little house );

Middle genus ending in -o (-e) ( field, village, building ).

To the third declension  refer to nouns female  with zero ending ( daughter, night, steppe ).

Diverse nouns differ in that in different forms they have case endings inherent in different declensions. This group includes 12 words: time, stirrup, burden. udder, crown, flame, tribe, seed, name, banner, child, path .



  Nouns of the same declension have the same, typical endings in the same case form. For literate writing, you must be able to correctly determine the declension of nouns.

Definition of a noun:

A noun is a part of speech that designates an object and expresses the categorical grammatical meaning of objectivity in particular grammatical categories of animation / inanimate, gender, number and case. Nouns call objects in the broad sense, that is, not only specific objects of the surrounding reality, their totality or components, but also living beings, as well as actions and conditions in the distraction from their producers, properties and quantities in the distraction from their carriers. Consequently, the meaning of objectivity is an abstract grammatical meaning common to all nouns without exception.

Proper / common nouns:

Proper nouns   indicate the individual name of an individual item. Main grammatical feature   own nouns is the lack of change in numbers. For example, "Lada" Alps have grammatical form  only pluraland Artek, Moscow - only singular. Main spelling feature   own nouns is to capitalize them. In literary texts and in speech, there is the use of proper nouns, which have only the singular form, in the plural form. In this case, the noun ceases to denote an individual subject, but acquires the meaning of generalizing any phenomenon or objects or has an estimated connotation, that is, it actually changes its semantics, for example: Vasya Ivanov -   good man. The Ivanovs are on vacation. In the first example - the individual nomination of the subject, in the second - the generalized name of the subject. In any case, juxtaposing one's own nouns by number without changing the lexical meaning is impossible. Common Nouns   designate an object from a number of similar, homogeneous objects, concepts, substances. Main grammatical feature   is a change in numbers if there are no semantic restrictions; main spelling feature   is a lowercase spelling.

Animate / Inanimate Nouns:

The division of nouns into animated and inanimate, of course, is based on the semantic factor. However in grammar absent the identity of the concepts "animate - inanimate" and "living - inanimate". Often biologically living objects are considered as grammatically inanimate, for example, oak, birch, spruce. And biologically inanimate objects are often considered as grammatically animate objects, for example, a dead man, a dead man, a doll, a robot, an idol and many others. In addition, grammatical animation and inanimate characteristic of only specific nouns that can vary in numbers.

It should be noted that the main factor in determining animation or inanimate in Russian is grammatical factor  , namely - coincidence of the endings of the nominative and accusative plural for inanimate nouns and the nominative and genitive plural for animate nouns.   It is worth noting that this method of determining grammatical animation / inanimate is practically universal and does not present difficulties for students. Among the many nouns there are those that show fluctuations in belonging to one of the categories, for example, some names of microorganisms or insects and fish. Many linguistic sources indicate that nouns such as youth, students, people are inanimate nouns. It should be clarified that these nouns denote the totality of biologically living objects, belong to the category of collective nouns, which do not change in numbers, so it is impossible to establish their grammatical animation / inanimate. In our opinion, these and other nouns that do not have plural forms should not be included in any of the two categories, it is enough to indicate that they are not animated / inanimate by the grammatical indicator, which, as noted earlier, is recognized by all linguists decisive factor.

Specific and material nouns:

Suffice it to say that only specific   nouns can vary in numbers and combine with quantitative numerals, as they indicate a specific subject, have, as a rule, a complete declination paradigm, and can be grammatically defined as animate or inanimate. Real nouns denote matter, abstract - an abstract concept, collective - an object as a set, all of them cannot be changed in numbers and combined with quantitative numerals, that is, counted, which means they have an incomplete declination paradigm (it consists of only 6 members) and are out of grammatical animation / inanimate. We note, however, that the amount of substance can be measured, therefore material nouns can be combined with words of measure, which does not change the other characteristics of this category of words. So, the selection of all lexical and grammatical categories of nouns important   for the systemic characterization of a noun, and, regardless of what is noted in each specific textbook of the Russian language, and what is not noted, it is not worth neglecting lexico-grammatical categories.

The gender category for a noun is a classification category. At of all  nouns, except those that are always used in the plural, the initial form determines the grammatical gender. One need only remember that nouns by birth do not change  . You should use various methods for determining the gender of mutable nouns and immutable nouns.

Modifiable Nouns   can have forms and meanings of the masculine and feminine gender, the form of the middle gender, there are nouns of the general gender and those that are outside the category of the gender. The main indicator of the gender of mutable nouns is morphological  , which is represented by two varieties: 1) for nouns that have a solid base and zero ending or soft base and materially expressed ending in a paradigm (table, wall, earth, window, field), morphological indicator is the ending of the nominative case   singular: -a (-s) - for the feminine gender, zero ending - for the masculine, -o, -e - for the middle gender. 2) for nouns with a soft base and zero ending in the nominative case (stump, laziness) or a basis for hissing (cloak, rye), morphological indicator is the end of the genitive  , since in the nominative case these nouns do not differ: stump, sloth, cloak, rye.

Other genders for mutable nouns are semantic, derivational and syntactic. Semantic indicator used to distinguish the gender of nouns denoting male or female persons: mother, father, aunt, uncle, grandmother, grandfather. In this case, the category of the genus is nominative.

Word-forming indicator   used if the noun has a suffix of subjective assessment: hostess, house, zayushka. To determine the genus of such nouns, it is necessary to drop the suffix of subjective assessment and return to the producing basis: hare, mistress, house, and then turn to the morphological indicator of the genus. Students should pay attention to the ending of a noun with the suffix of subjective assessment.

Syntactic indicator   allows you to determine the gender of general nouns in the text. It is known that in the Russian language there are nouns that can equally denote persons of both masculine and feminine gender, that is, appear in the meaning of both masculine and feminine, while the formal generic indicator relates them to the feminine. It is not possible to determine the specific gender from the lexical meaning of these nouns, since the meaning of either of the two genera can only appear in context, hence the choice of the gender indicator is syntactic. One mutable noun may have two or more indicators, and this is worth noting.

Immutable Nouns   They are mainly borrowed from different languages, do not have special gender indicators in the Russian language, since they do not have a basis and an ending; therefore, the most significant factor in determining their gender is semantic factor . Before determining the gender of immutable nouns, it is necessary to find out from the explanatory dictionaries or from the dictionaries of foreign words their lexical meaning in Russian. You should pay attention to the fact that most nouns belong to the same genus, but there is a group of words that, while retaining their lexical meaning, can be used in two generic forms, for example: reserved seat and reserved seat, spiny lobster, keys and key, strong coffee and coffee strong, cuffs and cuff. It is customary to say about these nouns that they have fluctuations in gender, and the forms themselves to be called generic variants of the word. In case of difficulty in determining the gender of a noun, one should turn to dictionaries. Correctly determining the gender of a noun is very important, since it depends on the correct choice of syntactic forms compatible with the noun (adjective or verb in the past tense) in students' independent written works and their oral speech.

Types of declension of a noun:

All mutable nouns in the Russian language are changed according to certain patterns, which are called the type of declension. Linguistics stand out three substantive declensions, adjective declension and possessive declension.   Distribution of nouns by main substantive   types of declension depends on the gender of the noun. It should be noted that for some reason, school linguistics ignores the possessive and adjective declension of nouns, which seems completely unjustified. Consider the types of declination in more detail.

To the first decline   include feminine, masculine, and general nouns with endings -    and, I (water, earth, line, uncle, orphan).

To the second declension   masculine nouns with a zero ending (home, horse, edge, hut, ball), except for the word path, and all nouns with the ending -o, -e (window, field, hobby, little house, wolf) belong to.

To the third deviation   zero feminine nouns (  door, oven, night )   of the middle kind on -   me (name, banner), noun of the middle gender child and masculine path .    Secondary and masculine nouns in school grammar refer to controversial noun .

Declining is called possessive   nouns with endings of both substantive and adjective declensions. Such nouns include Russian surnames with suffixes -in, -in, -ov, -ev .

Declination is called adjective nouns with two-letter endings of adjectives and participles, for example: day off, counselor, worker, animal, comma, student, call signs.

Among the nouns, non-declining names stand out  having in all uses only one form, in which different numerical and case values \u200b\u200bare enclosed: muffin, metro, stew, coffee, role, sconce, lady, miss; Russian surnames in -ovo, -ago: Zhivago, Durnovo, Maria and Boris Khitrovo; on, s: Black, Twisted, Cherry. The declination of these surnames, applicable only to males, valid in colloquial speech  . Nameless people include Ukrainian by origin names -to: Vasilenko, Kovalenko, Lepko; foreign-speaking descent, as well as female personal names and surnames formed on foreign-language samples: Jacqueline, Jacobson.

The category of number indicates the number of animate and inanimate objects. The main content of the number category is contrast   the values \u200b\u200bof the real unity of the object and the value of the real separate set of these same objects. The category of numbers is formed by the grammatical meanings of units. and many others numbers, which finds expression in the contrast of case forms and many others numbers. It should be noted that singular forms   can denote both a single subject (a boy is reading a book) and many subjects (a man   designed for love) In relation to the category of numbers, all nouns are divided into two groups: nouns used in forms both numbers  , and nouns used in the form single number  . The category of number has the meaning of real singularity or the meaning of real multiplicity only in specific nouns that can be considered.

Other nouns have only one grammatical form of number and do not have the meaning of a number. So, proper, material, abstract, collective nouns are in the singular form (Cupid, Victor, gold, silk, blue, joy, agents, rags). Units form the number does not serve as a designation of a single subject, formally it gives them the opportunity to participate in contrasting in number, but in the formation of forms pl. including a change in lexical meaning. Proper names   in the form of many. h. designate family members or relatives (Ivanov brothers, Petrov family )   , different people with the same names, type of people. Real plural nouns including designate different varieties or brands of materials, plant species, types or types of substances. Some abstract   plural nouns including designate specific manifestations of various properties, qualities or conditions (joys of life) or long-lasting and intense in nature manifestations of a person’s physical or moral conditions (fears, pains, sorrows).

The case category of the noun expresses the relation of the noun to other words of the phrase and sentence, is an inflectional category. The relations of the noun with other words reflect the various relationships that exist between objects, signs and actions in objective reality. In a sentence Over the gray plain of the sea, the wind collects clouds (Gorky)  . The case of the noun wind is a subject of speech-thought, an actor, does not depend on other words in a sentence, is subject, wine. the case of the noun of the cloud expresses the object of the action, that is, the object to which the action switched to collect depends on the verb, is a direct complement, tv. case of a noun over the plain   reveals the relationship of the action to the place of its fulfillment, depends on the verb, is a circumstance of the place, gender. the case of the noun of the sea reveals the sign of an object, depends on the circumstances of the place, is an inconsistent definition. In the Russian language, six cases are distinguished: nominative (initial) case and indirect cases - genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. It is important to note that the case form is determined by the question of the declension paradigm, and the syntactic meaning of any indirect case is determined by the syntactic question. Wed: The forest smells like needles  . The word form in the forest answers the morphological question in than?  , which testifies to the prepositional case, and to the syntax question where?  , which allows you to qualify the word form as a circumstance of a place. Thus, when studying the case category in the middle classes, it is advisable to draw the attention of students to the word function in the syntactic unit, which will make it possible to easily determine the syntactic relations in the structure of the word combination and sentence. It is also important to pay attention to the norms of using case forms of a noun with prepositions, for example: according to the decree, thanks to the good weather, upon arrival in Moscow, to miss each other etc. This contributes not only to increasing the literacy of students, but also accustoms to the careful handling of the word.
  According to our observations, a generalization of any material studied allows us to achieve good results  in learning, significantly increases the literacy level of students, allows you to meaningfully perceive language phenomena, develops logical thinking.

In this chapter:

  §one. General characteristic of a noun

The noun is an independent significant part of speech.

1. The grammatical meaning  - "thing".
  Nouns include words that answer questions:
Who! , What?

2. Morphological features:

• constant - common / own, animate / inanimate, gender, type of declination;
• mutable - number, case.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence  any, especially frequency: subject and complement.

Guys love the holidays.

As a reference and introduction, a noun is not a member of a sentence:

- Sergey!- Mom calls me from the yard.

(Sergey  - appeal)

Unfortunately,time to go do homework.

(Unfortunately  - introductory word)

  §2. Morphological features of nouns

Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are fickle (or mutable). Immutable attributes relate to the whole word as a whole, and mutable to the forms of the word. So noun Natalya  - animated, own, zh.R., 1 cl. In whatever form it may be, these signs will persist. Noun Natalya  may be in the form of units and many others numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconsistent signs of nouns. In the illustration, lines from dots lead to such inconsistent or variable morphological characters. You must learn to distinguish which signs are constant and which are unstable.

  §3. Common Nouns - proper nouns

This is a division of nouns according to the peculiarities of meaning. Common nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any item from their series, and proper nouns are called a separate specific item.
Compare nouns:

• child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
• Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, Repka - own

Common nouns are diverse. Their categories by value:

• specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
• abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
• material: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
• collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator

Proper nouns include names of people, animal names, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc. Alexander, Sasha, Sasha, Bug, Ob, Urals, “Teenager”, “Gingerbread Man”  etc.

  §four. Animation - Inanimate

Animate nouns are called “living” objects, and inanimate nouns are not “living”.

• Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (fairy tale character acting like a living face)
• Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter

For morphology, it is important that

• in plural animate nouns
  Near the school, I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. Pad. \u003d Rod. Pad.), And in inanimate nounsform of wine. pad. matches the shape of them. pad .: I love books and films (vin. pad. \u003d im. pad.)
• at singular  in animated masculine nouns  form of wine. pad. coincides with the genus form. pad .:
  The fox saw Kolobok (vin. Pad. \u003d Rod. Pad.), and inanimate masculine nouns  form of wine. pad. matches the shape of them. pad .: I baked a bun (vin. pad. \u003d them. pad.)

The remaining nouns form them., Wines. and gender. cases vary.

Means sign of animation-inanimate  can be determined not only on the basis of meaning, but also on the set of word endings.

  §5. Kind

Gender in nouns  is a constant morphological feature. Nouns do not change by gender.

There are three kinds in the Russian language: male, female  and average. The ending sets for nouns of different gender are different.
In animated nouns, attribution to a male or female gender is motivated by gender, as the words indicate persons of male or female gender: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, young man - girletc. The grammatical attribute of the genus correlates with gender.
In inanimate nouns, belonging to one of the three genera is not motivated. The words   ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- of various kinds, and gender is not determined by the meaning of words.

The morphological indicator of the genus are endings.
If the word ends:

  a, y  or a, ohm, e  in the singular and s, s, am, s  or   ov, ami, ohin plural ,   then this is a masculine noun

a, s, e, y, oh, ein the singular and s, am or s, ami, ahin the plural, then this is a feminine noun

o, a, y, o, oh, e  in the singular and a, am, a, ami, ah  in the plural, the noun is of the middle gender.

Do all nouns belong to one of three genders?

No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting in that they can relate to both male and female persons. These are the words: smart girl glutton, dormouse, greedy, crybaby, ignoramus, ignoramus, scoundrel, badass, slut, scoundrel, muddler, kopush, daredevil  etc. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She is so smart!  AND: He is so smart!  The value of the gender of an animated person can be recognized by the form of the pronoun (as in our example) or the adjective or verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up.  Such nouns are called general nouns.

General nouns do not include words calling professions. You may already know that many of them are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist  etc. But they can denote both male and female persons. My mother is a good doctor. My father is a good doctor.  Even if the word refers to a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both masculine and feminine: The doctor has come.  AND: The doctor has come.

How to determine the gender of immutable words?

There are immutable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian, they have a genus. How to determine the gender? This is easy if you understand what a word means. Refer to the examples:

Monsieur - Madame  - in words denoting an animate face, gender corresponds to gender.

Kangaroo chimpanzee  - words calling animals male.

Tbilisi, Sukhumi  - words - city names - male.

Congo, Zimbabwe  - words - names of states - neuter.

Mississippi, Yangtze  - words - river names - female.

Coat, muffler  - words denoting inanimate objects are more often neuter.

Are there any exceptions? There is. Therefore, it is recommended to be careful about immutable words and remember how they are used. The gender is expressed not by the ending (there are no endings in non-declining words), but by the form of other words that are associated with an immutable noun in meaning and grammatically. These may be adjectives, pronouns, or past tenses. For example:

Mississippi  wide and deep.

Brief adjectives in the form of indicate that the word   Mississippi  J.R.

  §6. Declination

Declinationis a type of change of words. Nouns vary in numbers and cases. Number and case are variable morphological characters. Depending on what forms the word has in different numbers and cases, in the aggregate of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.

There are three declensions in nouns: 1st, 2nd and 3rd.  The vast majority of Russian nouns are the nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchanging morphological feature of nouns.

1st declination include feminine and masculine words with endings but,i am  in initial form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandfather, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture -ending [a].

2nd declension includes masculine words with zero endings and neuter endings about, e   in initial form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building -ending [u] , genius, Alexey.

3rd declination include   feminine words with zero ending  in initial form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lies.

Initial form  - This is the form of the word in which it is usually fixed by dictionaries. For nouns, this is the form of the nominative case of the singular.

Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on oia, i : lecture, building, genius.

How to designate endings in such words?

Do you remember that the letters i am  and   ethat are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter and -vowel, indicate two sounds? Lecture  - [ı’a], building  - [ı’e], and the sound [ı ’] is the last consonant of the basis. So in words like lectureending [a] in type words building  - [e], and in words like genius- zero ending.

Therefore, feminine nouns: lecture, station, demonstration  relate to the 1st declension, and male: genius  and middle: building- to the 2nd.

Comment requires another group of words. These are the so-called middle nouns in me , the words way and child. These are controversial nouns.

Diffused nouns  - these are words with endings characteristic of the forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. All of them are very ancient. Some of them are frequency in today's speech.

List of nouns in me: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.

See their spelling. All spelling. Spelling of nouns

  §7. Number

Number- This is a morphological feature, changeable for some nouns and unchangeable, constant in others.
The vast majority of Russian nouns vary in numbers. For example: home - home, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns that vary in numbers have both singular and plural forms and ending in these forms. In a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in basis. For example: man - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.

A minority of Russian nouns does not change in numbers, but takes the form of only one number: either singular or plural.

Singular nouns:

• collective: nobility, children
• material: gold, milk, yogurt
• abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, good
• some of their own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, Petersburg

Plural nouns:

• collective: seedlings
• material: cream, cabbage soup
• abstract (or abstract): chores, choices, twilight
• some of their own, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
• some specific (subject) watches, sledges, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates

Remember:

Most items designated by nouns that have only the shape of a single or multiple faces are not countable.
In such nouns, the number is an unchanged morphological trait.

  §8. Case

Case  - This is an unstable, variable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:

1. Nominative
2. Genitive
3. Dative
4. Accusative
5. Instrumental
6. Prepositional

It is necessary to know firmly the case questions, with the help of which it is determined in the form of which case the noun stands. Since, as you know, nouns are animate and inanimate, for each case there are two questions:

• I.p. - who what?
• R.p. - whom ?, what?
• D.p. - to whom; to what?
• V.p. - whom? what?
• T.p. - by whom ?, with what?
• P.p. - (About who about what?

You see that for animated nouns the questions of win.p. and gender. n., and for the inanimate - to them. n. and wines. P.
In order not to make a mistake and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.

For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (whom ?, what?) the park  (wine. p.), alley  (wine. p.), a girl  (wine. p.), of man(wine. p.).

Do all nouns change in cases?

No, not all. The nouns that are called are not changed: immutable.

Cockatoo (1) is sitting in a cage in a store. I go to the cockatoo (2). This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: -What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5). With cockatoo (6) interesting.

Word cockatoo  met in this context 6 times:

• (1) who ?, what? - cockatoo  - I.p.
• (2) I go (to) whom ?, what? - (k) cockatoo  - D.p.
• (3) I look (at) whom ?, what? - (on) cockatoo  - V.p.
• (4) I know (o) whom ?, what? - ( o) cockatoo  - p.p.
• (5) no one? What? - cockatoo  - R.p.
• (6) interesting (s) by whom ?, by what? - (c cockatoo)  - T.p.

In different cases, the form of unchanging nouns is the same. But the case is easily determined. This is helped by case questions, as well as other members of the proposal. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. in a word changing in cases, it will be in the form of the same case as the unchanging noun itself.

Example:   - (o) who ?. than? - p.p.

  §9. The syntactic role of nouns in a sentence

Mother is sitting by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looks at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. “Mom,” I call her.

Mother -subject

Near the window -circumstance

Journal- addition

Photos  - addition

People  - definition

Nature  - definition

Mother- subject

Teacher  - predicate

Geography  - definition

Mama  - addresses, like introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, are not members of a sentence.

  Test of strength

Check how you understand the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What nouns indicate individual specific objects, and not groups of homogeneous objects?

   • Proper names
   • Common Names

2. Which nouns are more diverse in meaning?

   • Proper names
   • Common Names

3. Is animation-inanimate expressed grammatically: a set of endings?

4. How can I find out the gender of a noun?

   • By value

5. What are the names of nouns with endings characteristic of different declensions?

   • Unshakable
   • Diverging

6. What is the sign of a noun? good, evil, envy?

   • Permanent (immutable)
   • Fickle (mutable)

7. What questions need to be asked to determine the case of a noun?

   • Who! What?

8. Define the case of a noun cockatoo  in a sentence: How much can you talk about this cockatoo?

9. Can a noun be any member of a sentence?

10. Are nouns acting as appeals members of a sentence?

Right answers:

1. Proper names
2. Common Names
3. By combining with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and endings
4. Diverging
5. Permanent (immutable)
6. Who! What?

In contact with

A noun is an independent significant part of speech uniting words that

1) have a generalized meaning of objectivity and answer questions who? or what ?;

2) are their own or common, animate or inanimate, have constant sign  gender and inconsistent (for most nouns) signs of number and case;

3) in the proposal most often appear as subject or additions, but can be any other members of the proposal.

A noun is a part of speech, when highlighted, grammatical signs of words come to the fore. As for the meaning of nouns, this is the only part of speech that can mean anything: an object (table), face (boy), animal (cow), sign (depth), abstract concept (conscience), action (singing) , relation (equality). From the point of view of meaning, these words are united in that they can ask the question who? or what ?; this, in fact, is their objectivity.

Nouns

Within the words of different parts of speech, it is customary to distinguish categories by value — groups of words united by their lexical meaning, affecting their morphological characteristics. The belonging of a word to a certain category by meaning (lexical and grammatical category) is determined on the basis of its lexical meaning, expressed by the basis of this word.

In nouns, two groups of categories are distinguished by value:

1) property / commonality;

2) concreteness / abstractness / materiality / collectiveness.

Common nouns denote objects without distinguishing them from the class of the same type (city, river, girl, newspaper).

Proper nouns denote objects, distinguishing them from the class of homogeneous objects, individualizing them (Moscow, Volga, Masha, Izvestia). Own names must be distinguished from proper names — ambiguous names of individualized objects (“Evening Moscow”). Own names do not necessarily include their own name (Moscow State University).

Concrete nouns are called sensually perceived objects - things (table), faces (Marina), which can be perceived by sight and touch.

Abstract nouns denote abstract concepts (joy), signs (whiteness), actions (drawing).

Real nouns denote substances (milk, cream, sand).

Collective nouns denote aggregates of homogeneous objects (foliage) or persons (children).

The meaning of the morphological identification of precisely these groups of nouns in meaning is that the belonging of a noun to these categories affects the morphological sign of the number of a given noun. So, the form of both numbers have common nouns (home - home). Words of other groups often take the form of only one of the numbers (mostly only one)

Animate and inanimate nouns

Nouns have a constant morphological sign of animation.

The sign of animation of nouns is closely related to the concept of living / nonliving. Nevertheless, animation is not a discharge in value, but actually a morphological sign.

All morphological characters are characterized by the fact that they have a typed formal expression - they are expressed by morphological morphemes (endings or morphing suffixes - see morphemic). Morphological features of words can be expressed.

1) intra-word-formative morphemes of the word itself (table-Ø-tables),

2) extraordinarily - by formative morphemes of coordinated words (new coat - new coat),

Both of these means of expression can be represented together. In this case, one grammatical meaning is expressed in a sentence several times - both intra-wordly and non-wordly (new table-Ø - new table-s).

Animation as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. Firstly, animation / inanation is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:

1) animated nouns have the same ending plural. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns male. sort this applies to units. number;

2) inanimate nouns have the same ending plural. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns male. sort this applies to units. number.

In Russian, nouns with animation variations are represented: their V. p. Can coincide with both I. p. And R. p., For example, (see) microbes / microbes, describe the character and / character-s, creatures-o / creatures-Ø;

In feminine and neuter gender nouns having singular forms, animation is not formally expressed (youth, students), they are not formally characterized by animation.

Animation has an extraverbial expression: the end of an adjective or participle in a V. consistent with a noun differs depending on the animation or inanimate of the noun, cf .: (see) new students, but new tables.

The extra-verbal expression of the animated nouns is more universal than the intra-verbal: it expresses the animated even in the case of the immutability of the noun: (I see) beautiful Madame, but beautiful coats.

Animation of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extralinguistic reality: animated nouns are called living beings, and inanimate are inanimate objects, but there are cases of violation of this pattern.

Animation, as already mentioned, is a constant sign of a noun. It should be borne in mind that the different meanings of the same word can be differently designed according to animation, for example: I see a genius (person) - I appreciate a genius Ø (mind).

Noun  - this is the part of the speech that calls the subject and answers the questions "who what?".  Nouns have a number of characteristics with which you can classify all nouns by type.

The main features of a noun.

• The grammatical meaning of the word noun - overall value  subject, all that can be told about this subject: this what ? Or who ? This part of speech can mean the following:

1) Name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living things ( dog, man, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of the phenomena of nature and life ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of attributes and abstract properties ( whiteness, freshness, blue).

• Syntactic sign of a noun- This is the role that it plays in the proposal. Most often, a noun acts as a subject or complement. But in individual cases  nouns can also act as other members of a sentence.

Mama  cooking delicious borsch (subject).

Borsch is prepared from beets, cabbage, potato  and others of vegetables (addition).

Beetroot is vegetable  red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden  - the most useful (definition).

Mama- culinary specialist  knows how to surprise his household at the table, mom- friend  knows how to listen and console (appendix).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as treatment:

Mama, I need your help!

• By lexical grounds  Nouns can be of two types:

1. Common names  are words that mean general concepts  or call a class of items: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names  - these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), animal names, names of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events and the like: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara  and etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

1. Proper names are always capitalized.
2. Proper names have only one form of number.
3. Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Victor Ivanovich Popov, “Loneliness in the Network”, Kamensk-Uralsky.
4. The names of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and with a capital letter: “Girl with Peaches”, “Mtsyri”, “Aurora”, “Science and Technology”.
5. Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can become a category of proper names: Boston - Boston (a type of dance), the truth is the Pravda newspaper.

• By type of designated objects nouns  fall into two categories:

1. Animated Nouns  - those nouns that denote the names of wildlife (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question. "Who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. Inanimate Nouns  - those nouns that relate to the material and answer the question "what?": wall, board, machine, ship  and etc.

• By value  nouns can be divided into four types:

Real- a kind of nouns calling substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust  and others. This type of noun has only one form of number - the one we know. If a noun has a singular form, then it cannot have a plural form and vice versa. The quantity, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using quantitative numerals: few, many, few, two tons, cubic meterand etc.

Specific- nouns that call specific units of objects living or inanimate nature: man, pillar, worm, door. These nouns vary in numbers and are combined with numbers.

Collectiveare nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - army, many leaves - foliage etc. This category of nouns can exist only in the singular and is not combined with quantitative numerals.

Abstract (abstract)  - these are nouns that call abstract, non-existent in the material world, concepts: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.