List of laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature. Antician laureate: who received the Nobel Prize of the World

On Tuesday, October 2, the Nobel week begins - the announcement of the laureates of the Prize for this year. The names of the nominees are kept in the strictest selection, but the media and analysts do not cease to guess who will become the next owner of the prestigious award. The list of potential applicants compiled by Clarivate Analytics is two Russian scientists. RT found out who has chances of getting Nobel in 2017.

On Monday, the ad laureates of the Nobel Prize 2017 will begin. On this day, the name of the owner of the award in physiology and medicine will be known.

On October 3, the laureate will be announced in physics, October 4 - in chemistry, the 6th day will be called the owner of the Nobel Prize of the World. On October 9, the Bank of Sweden will report to whom award is awarded to the Economic Sciences. The date of the announcement of the laureate of the Nobel Prize in literature is not yet clarified.

2017 laureates will receive 9 million Swedish crowns ($ 1.118 million) - this is $ 18 thousand more than a year earlier.

Chances of "Nobel"

Nominees - about three hundred people - the Nobel Committee chooses from the list compiled by the survey of researchers and experts in one area or another. The names of applicants for a prize are not disclosed - its award becomes a surprise even for laureates. The one who was nominated for Nobel, but did not receive it, will be able to learn about it only after 50 years: it is so much time the names of the nominees are kept secret.

Predict to get a premium is extremely difficult. However, analysts continue to express their assumptions. The most accurate predictions is made by Clarivate Analytics (in the past - the division of Thomson Reuters on science and intellectual property): For 15 years, the studies of the prize laureates of 43 people from the list of "most cited scientists of the year compiled by it.

Exact sciences

The Russian Astrophysician, the Chief Researcher of the Institute of Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences of Rass Rashid Alievich Syuniev, is applying for Nobel in physics. Since 1995, Syunayev since 1995 is the director of the Institute of Astrophysics named after Max Planck in Garching (Germany). He is also an invited professor at the institute of higher research in Princeton (USA).

According to Clarivate Analytics, Syunayev can get a premium for "a fundamental contribution to our understanding of the universe, including its origin, the processes of education galaxies, disk accretion on black holes and many other cosmological phenomena."

Also on the list of possible laureates - Mitchell Faigebaum from Rockefeller University (for opening in the field of nonlinear and chaotic physical systems and definition of the confusion of Faigentbaum) and a group of three scientists (Fedon Avuris from the Tomas Watson Research Center in the USA, Cornelis Decker from Delft technical University In the Netherlands and Paul Mac-Eugen from the Cornell University in the USA) who made a great contribution to the development of carbon electronics.

Another Russian, leading researcher at the Institute of Chemical Physics (IFF). N. N. Semenova Ran of Georgy Borisovich Schulpin, marked among the applicants for Nobel in chemistry.

Schulpin, together with the University of California California in Berkel, Robert Bergman and John Bercho, held a colossal work in the field of carbon-hydrogen functionalization.

Chances to get Nobel Prize In chemistry for the discovery and use of perovskite materials for effective energy transformation, Henry Snate (Oxford University), us-Gyu Park (Songyungwan Seoul University) and Tsuto Miyasaki (University of Tin in Japanese Yokohama). Jens Norskov from Stanford University can be awarded award for success in the sphere of heterogeneous catalysis of solid surfaces.

Among the possible laureates on the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine are three American scientists and one British. Professor of oncobiology from the center of cancer. Sandra and Edward Meyers in New York Prize can be awarded for finding the phosphatidalylositol-3-kinase signaling path (PI3K) and explaining its role in tumor growth. One of the most influential neurophysiologists of the world and the employee of the University College of London, Karl Folonon, for the "fundamental contribution to the analysis of the brain visualization data, in particular, by the statistical parametric mapping and voxel-based morphometry". Representatives of the Medical School of the Pittsburgh University of Yuan Chang and Patrick S. Muru - for the opening of herpes virus associated with the sarcoma Caposhi, or Human herpesvirus.

The organization cites a list and probable candidates for the Bank of Swedish Bank for Economic Sciences (unofficially - Nobel Prize in Economics). In 2017, among them - exclusively employees of American universities.

Fighters for peace

The Nobel Prize of the World, as well as a premium in literature, Clarivate Analytics bypass. But his list of "guesses" publishes the directors of the Norwegian Institute for the Problem of the Problems of the PRIO world.

Announced the other day "Sharontist" of the current chapter PRIO Henca Urdal consists of five points.

In the first place in the short list of the PRIO chapter, Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and the European Union Head of Diplomacy Federica Mogorini - organizers of negotiations on the settlement of the situation around the Iranian nuclear program.

"They work hard to correct the effects of war in such conflict zones like Syria, Afghanistan and South Sudan

Then the Turkish newspaper Cumhuriyet and its editor-in-chief of Jan Dundar. According to Urdal, the presentation of Nobel Dundara and the published publication would be an incentive to strengthen freedom of press and civil society in a country where such things are "become rare."

The Prio director believes that the Prize can also receive the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) - for the efforts made to ensure stability and maintaining peace in the region. Closes the list of possible laureates Organization "White Kaski" and its leader Raed Saleh.

In addition, PRIO has published a list of more than forty people and organizations, which, according to the Norwegian Institute, can also be nominated for a prize. Among them, Russian President Vladimir Putin, American and Kazakh leaders - Donald Trump and Nursultan Nazarbayev, as well as other well-known politicians.

The Nobel Prize is the highest award awarded for achieving in science, invention and contribution to culture, as well as for the development of society. The tradition of rewarding people for labor, contributing to the progress of mankind, was introduced on the basis of the Nobel's will. So, for which you can get the Nobel Prize, which implies the presentation of not only a memorable sign, but also a substantial monetary premium, which is more than $ 1 million. The award is given to specialists in physics, chemistry, literature, economics, medicine, as well as for the establishment of peace on Earth.

How to get a Nobel Prize?

They receive such world awards people who were able to make a discovery, and for this you need to go through a certain way. What you need to get the Nobel Prize:

1. You need to start with higher education In areas that have been listed earlier. We'll have to finish the magistracy and protect the dissertation.
2. Having a candidate or doctor of sciences, it is necessary to make a discovery that will be useful for the whole world. As for literature, the work should be original and stand out among all. You should not count that immediately after that you will be brought to the list of applicants, since it usually takes about 30 years from the moment of opening and before receiving the premium.
3. After the discovery is done, it is necessary to work on its popularity, since your works should learn at least 600 leading specialists. For this you need to participate in various exhibitions, presentations, printed in newspapers and magazines, etc. Fame is needed in order to during a survey conducted by the Nobel Committee, professionals mentioned you as a decent participant.
4. After that, the Nobel Committee and the Swedish Academy of Sciences conduct numerous consultations with different experts and from the received, due to the survey, the list is chosen to the most decent applicants. After that, there is a vote in which members of the Nobel Committee participate, which allows to identify the laureates. If a person falls into this list, he soon receives a notice and can prepare for the Nobel lecture.

Speaking about how to get a Nobel Prize in economics, physics and other sciences will be interested in to look into existing predictions by scientists for the future. For example, in physics in the coming years, it is not worth waiting for serious discoveries, since only the strengthening and expansion of the existing theory occurs. Adverse predictions in chemistry, so, according to the Committee, it is already impossible to make any discoveries. The most vast prospects for really brilliant discoveries are in biology. Practical all studies are conducted in the field of clones and genes.

It will also be interesting to know where the Nobel Prize is getting and when the ceremony occurs. So, they collect laureates for awarding on December 10 on the day of the death of Nobel in the capital of Sweden at the Royal Academy of Music, but the Peace Prize is given in the capital of Norway. Award for peace for several years awarded not for what has already been done, and for future achievements to improve life.

Why don't mathematics get a Nobel Prize?

Many are surprised by this fact, but alfred Nobel himself decided. There are several versions, why it happened. For example, mathematics say that the scientist just forgot to dictate it to the secretary, pointing out the list of sciences for which it is worth giving the award, believing that this is, of course. Some argue that Alfred excluded mathematics quite consciously, because creating dynamite, he did not use it, and therefore science is completely unnecessary. According to the third version, forgetting about mathematics, Nobel avenged the fan of his wife, who was a famous professor of this particular science.

Chemist, engineer and inventor Alfred Nobel earned its condition primarily due to the invention of dynamite and other explosives. At one time, Nobel became one of the richest planets.

Total Nobyl beloved 3555 inventions.

At the same time, the glory that the scientist used cannot be called good. In 1888 his brother Ludwig died. However, by mistake, journalists wrote in newspapers about Alfred Nobel himself. Thus, once he read in the press his own necrologist, entitled "Death Merchant is dead." This incident forced the inventor to think about what memory would remain about him in the upcoming generations. And Alfred Nobel changed his testament.

The new will of Alfred Nobel offended by the relatives of the inventor who remained in the end with nothing.

A new testament was announced a millionaire, in 1897.

According to this paper, all the movable and immovable property of Nobel should have been drawn to the capital, which, in turn, should be placed in a reliable bank. Revenues from this capital should be divided into five equal parts annually and are awarded in the form of scientists who made the most significant discoveries in the field of physics, chemistry, medicine; Writers, created literary works; And also to those who have made the most significant "in the unification of nations, the destruction of slavery or a decrease in the number of armies and facilitating the conduct of peaceful congresses" (the premium of the world).

The first laureates

Traditionally, a premium in medicine and physiology is presented first. So the very first Nobel in 1901 became a bacteriologist from Germany Emil Adolf von Bering, which was engaged in the development of diphtheria vaccine.

Following the premium laureate in physics. The first of this award was awarded Wilhelm X-ray - for rays called him name.

The first laureate of the Nobel Prize in the field of chemistry was Jacob Vant-Hoff, which explored thermodynamics for various solutions.

The first writer who was awarded this high award, became René Sully-Proud.

The premium in the field of struggle for the world is awarded the last. In 1901, it was divided between Jean Henri Dunean and Frederick Passion. The Humanist from Switzerland Dunan is the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Frenchman Frederick Passion - leader of the world traffic in Europe.

The history of the Nobel Prize began in 1889, when the brother of the famous inventor of the dynamite of Alfred Nobel died - Ludwig. Then journalists confused the information and posted a necrologist to the death of Alfred, calling him in him the death trader. It was Toga that the inventor decided to leave after himself a softer legacy that would bring joy to those who really deserve.

Instruction

After the announcement of the testament of Nobel broke out - relatives were against the lot of money (as for what at current time) went to the Foundation, and did not get it. But despite the hot condemnation of close inventors in 1900 the Foundation was still founded.

The first presentation of the Nobel Prizes was held in 1901 in Stockholm. Scientists and researchers from different regions were laureates: physics, medicine, literature. The very first person who received such a valuable reward was Wilhelm Conrad X-ray for the opening of a new form of energy and rays that received his name. Interestingly, it was not on the presentation of the X-ray award. The fact that he became a laureate, he found out while in Munich. Moreover, the laureates are usually received by the second premium, but in the sign of deep respect and recognition of the importance of the discovery made by the Rate, he was given a prize first.

The next nomineer on the same prize was the Chemist Jacob Want-Hoff for and research in the field of chemical dynamics. He proved that the Avogadro law is valid and acts for dilute solutions. In addition, Vant-Hoff experimentally proved that osmotic pressure In weak solutions is obeyed by gas laws of thermodynamics. In medicine, his recognition and honor received Emil Adolf von Bering for his opening of blood serum. This study, according to the professional community, has become an important step In matters of treatment of diphtheria. It helped save many human lives that were simply doomed before.

The Nobel Prize for Economics for 2017 was awarded to American Richard Talera, a specialist in the behavioral economy.

On Monday, October 9, the Nobel Committee called the name of the winner of the economy in the economy this year. They became American Richard Taler, Professor of the University of Chicago and one of the founding fathers of the new popular destination in the economic theory of the enterprise economy.

"The contribution of Richard Talera made it possible to build a link between economic and psychological analysis of the process of individual decision-making ... its empirical observations and theoretical conclusions were used to create a new and rapidly developing direction of the behavioral economy, which in turn made a significant contribution to the development of many areas of economic research. and the formation of economic policy, "the Nobel Committee says, which gives Reuters.

Thaler showed that in specific cases, people do not act as it predicts the standard economic theory, Writes Columnist Bloomberg Cass Sanein. People do not consider money interchangeable and postpone them into individual "psychological accounts" (money for mortgage, money for vacation, retirement money). Investors overly emotionally react to unexpected news. People take care of justice - and they are willing to pay to punish people who were unfair. People pay attention and planning, and actually activities, and at the planning stage they can try to disrupt their own actions (for example, throw away high-calorie food from home from home).

SanSetin notes the influence of Taler's ideas on the activities of the authorities around the world: officials use its discoveries to increase pension savings, reduce poverty, raise the level of employment, make roads safer and improve people's health. In addition to Tatler over similar issues, Colin Chamber from the California Institute of Technology, Ernst Fer from Zurich University, George Lévenztein, from the University of Carnegie Mellone and Matthew Rabin from Harvard.

The Nobel Prize in the economy was established by the Swedish National Bank in memory of Alfred Nobel and awarded since 1969. Now the size of the award is 9 million Swedish crowns (1.1 million dollars). In 2016, the Prize was received by Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmstrom for the creation of contract theory.

Who else could get the Nobel Prize in Economics

The taler was not the only undisputed contender for the award this year. Clarivate Analytics annually amounts to the list of possible laureates of the Nobel Prize, taking into account the citement of their work.

This year, the list of possible laureates of the premium in economics includes Colin Camera From the California Institute of Technology and George Lowienstein From the University of Carnegie Melon "for innovative research in the field of behavioral economy and neuroeconomics", Robert Hall From Stanford University "For analyzing the productivity of workers and research of recession and unemployment", as well as Michael Jensen. from Harvard, Stewart Myers. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Ragura Rajan From the University of Chicago "For contribution to the analysis of the decisions made in the field of corporate finance."

Sannesine in his column for Bloomberg calls several other scientists whose contribution, in his opinion, deserves the estimates of the Nobel Committee. He chose those who not only introduced an important theoretical contribution, but also had a significant impact on the world and influenced the lives of many people.

Ester Duflo Massachusetts Technological Institute has been developing mechanisms for assessing the impact of the authorities intervention in the economy. Duflo first used randomized controlled tests - the method widely used in evidence medicine. She watched the lives of two identical groups of people, one of which was subjected to interference from the authorities - it could be measures aimed at reducing incidence, expanding access to loans, reducing poverty or improving education. Another group identical to the first, influence has not been subjected.

Area of \u200b\u200binterest Richard Posner From Chicago University - Analysis of legal norms with the help of economic instruments. His studies help answer the question of what will be probable consequences Such measures as local laws on the control over the rent or the conversion of contracts as "unscrupulous", because they are unfair in relation to the poor. Methods developed taking into account the studies of Posner are used in such areas as manufacturing safety, car accident prevention, antitrust legislation, consumer protection or the definition of private property.

William Nordhaus The University of Yale has made a significant contribution to the development of methods for assessing the social and economic consequences of climate change. His ideas were used in the development of a multitude of legislative initiatives in the United States and outside the country.

William Kip Viscussi From the University of Vanderbilt developed a methodology for money assessment of risks for life and health. The results of its research are used in the work of the Agency for Protection ambient, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Energy, Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Health and social services.

Prepared Lisa Dobkin

During the Nobel week, as usual, attention to the history of this scientific award is sharpened, the great scientists are remembered, which became its laureates, as well as those who have not received it for some reasons. An interesting source of information in connection with this can be available on the Nobel Foundation's website, the nominations directory, which published information about all the candidates nominated for premiums and those who offered each of the candidates. Information about candidates remains secret for 50 years, so now the data from 1901 to 1963 are represented in the catalogs. In particular, the data on the premium in economics is not completely there, as it exists only since 1969.

© Wikimedia Commons.

Those who wish to study the catalog must take into account some features. When classifying by countries, domestic nominees are divided into two groups: "Russian Federation" and "USSR", the "Russian Empire" option is not provided. The partition is quite unpredictable. All applicants for a premium in physiology and medicine, for example, are considered representatives of the USSR, even Ivan Pavlov and Ilya Mesnikov. All those who advanced to the Peace Prize are representatives of the Russian Federation, including, for example, Nikolai II, who in 1901 claimed a premium for the initiative of the convocation of the Hague Conference of 1899 on the laws and customs of the war. Physicists and chemists are randomly distributed between Russian Federation and the USSR.

We will introduce a brief overview of domestic scientists who could get premiums on natural sciences.

Physics premium

In 1905 and in 1912, Peter Lebedev put forward on the award, glorified by his experience, in which he found the pressure of light. This outstanding experimental physicist would certainly have been sooner or later, but in the same 1912, a 46-year-old scientist died of a heart attack.

In 1930, there is Leonid Mandelstam and Grigory Landsberg in the list of nominees and Grigory Landsberg, nominated for the opening of the Raman scattering of light. The prize of this year was the Indian physicist of Chandrayekhara Venkat Raman, independently discovered the same phenomenon. The only difference is that Mandelstam and Landsberg observed scattering effect on crystals, and Raman - in liquids and pairs. Perhaps the Nobel Committee found that Raman was ahead of his Soviet colleagues. As a result, the combination scattering is called Raman scattering, and not the scattering of Mandelstam - Landsberg.

In 1935, a biologist appears in the list of physics premium - Alexander Gurwich, for the opening of the super ultraviolet radiation body tissues. Since Gurvich believed that this radiation stimulates cell division (mitosis), Gurvich called it "mitogenetic radiation". Bulgakov's commentators are called Gurvich with one of the possible prototypes of Professor Persikov from the story "Fat Eggs".

Peter Kapitsa for the first time appears on the list back in 1946. In the future, he repeatedly put forward on a premium, sometimes in one year at the same time different nominators (1946-1950, 1953, 1955, 1956-1960). Among scientists who offered the candidacy of Kapitsa were Niels Bohr and Paul Dirac. He received the Nobel Prize only in 1977, after 31 years after the first nomination.

Vladimir Veksler's candidacy was proposed in 1947. In 1944, this scientist opened the principle of autophazing, which is based on accelerators of charged particles: synchrotrons and synchrophasotrons. Under the leadership of Waxer, Syncrophasotron was built at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dubna. A year later, the principle of autophazing, regardless of the Waxler, opened the American scientist Edwin McMilllan, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1951 (together with Glen Siforg), however, not for the actual principle of autophazing, and for the study at the accelerator of the transuran nuclear elements. Vladimir Veksler was also nominated in 1948 and 1951 (together with Macmillan), 1956, 1957 and 1959, but he never received a prize.

In the same 1947, the Nobel Committee proposed a candidacy and Dmitry Skobeltsyn, which occupied by the physicists of cosmic rays.

In 1952, Pavel Cherenkov was mentioned among those nominated for a prize in physics, which was mentioned in 1934 when Sergey Vavilov was graduate student, he studied the luminescence in the liquid under the action of gamma radiation and found a bluish glow caused by fast electrons broken from gamma rays from atoms Open phenomenon It is known as Chenkovo \u200b\u200bradiation and the "effect of Vavilov - Cherenkov". Chernokov is also highlighted in 1955-1957 and receives a prize in 1958 together with Ilya Frank and Igor Tammom, who gave theoretical explanation of the effect of them (the first extension of Frank and Tamma was a year earlier). In 1957 and 1958, Sergey Vavilov is in the list of nominees, but he died back in 1951, and he could no longer award award.

Lion Landau's story on the number of proposals for his candidacy and high authority of scientists who nominated him reminds the history of Peter Kapitsa, but he still had to wait for recognition not so long, less than ten years. For the first time, Landau's candidacy nominated American physicist Robert Marshak in 1954. Next, follow continuous extensions from 1956 to 1960, and in 1962 Landau finally receives a premium. Interestingly, in the next 1963 five scientists, including Niels Bora, again offered Landau candidacy. Whether these proposals continued further until it is not known, because there is no information for subsequent years in open access.

Among scientists, nominated in 1957, in addition to Vladimir Waxler, there are two more Soviet scientists who are engaged in creating accelerators of charged particles: Alexey Naumov and Gersh Budker.

Another outstanding experimental physicist - Evgeny Zagomsky - repeatedly advanced to the award. It happened from 1958 to 1963, and perhaps further (the scientist died in 1976). The Zabensky became famous for the discovery of electron paramagnetic resonance. This is really a major scientific achievement, undoubtedly worthy of the Nobel Prize.

In 1959, 1960 and 1963, mathematician and physicist Nikolay Bogolyubov, author of a number of discoveries in quantum physics, are mentioned. In his case, it is also very likely that his candidacy proposals continued after 1963. Nikolay Bogolyubov died in 1992.

Abram Ioffe was nominated in 1959. It is hardly the reason for the nomination was the experience of the charge of an electron, which Ioffe produced in 1911, regardless of Robert Milliken (in 1923, Millilen received the Nobel Prize). Most likely, Ioffe was nominated for his later work in the field of physics. solid and semiconductors.

The creators of quantum generators Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov received a premium in 1964 together with the American colleague Charles Towns. Before that, they put forward (along with the same Towns) from 1960, 1962 and 1963.

In 1962, a geochemist and crystallograph Nikolay Belov was nominated for the prize. It is most likely that the theory of symmetry developed by them the theory of the density packs of atoms in crystals, which allowed to study the structures large number Minerals.

Chemistry Prize

In the first couple of dozen years, the existence of the Nobel Prize was still trying to more or less adhere to words from Alfred Nobel's will: "... those who for the previous year Made the greatest contribution to the progress of mankind ... " Later, it was reasonably refused at all, but such an outstanding scientist as Dmitry Mendeleev did not receive a prize for chemistry, because the main main thing - periodic law - He did back in 1869. Although he put forward many scientists in 1905 - 1907.

In 1914, the candidates are Paul Walden, who worked in the University of Riga. Coincidentally last year Life of the scientist B. Russian EmpireWith the beginning of World War II, Walden emigrated to Germany. We note that here the nominators are still trying to observe the "principle of the previous year", the most famous achievement of Walden happened shortly before nomination. It first received an ionic fluid with a melting point below room - Nitrate of ethylammonium.

Botanist and Physiologist Mikhail Color became a challenged to the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for the invention of chromatography, which played a significant role in the subsequent development of analytical chemistry. The following year, the scientist died.

In 1921, the candidacy of Microbiologist Sergey Vinogradsky was proposed. It is known for opened chemosynthesis - obtaining energy due to the reaction of oxidation of inorganic compounds. Chemosynthesis is characterized by a variety of bacteria. The grape studied, in particular, ferruplane, which oxidize a bivalent iron to trivalent, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, oxidizing ammonia and playing a huge role in the natural cycle of nitrogen. Until the opening of the grapes, only one type of autotrophic (capable of creating organic matter) organisms - plants existing at the expense of photosynthesis were known.

One of the founders of the electrochemistry, Alexander Frumkin, advanced to the Nobel Prize in 1946, 1962, 1963 (probably later). It is most famous for explaining surface phenomena on electrodes in solution and their connection with speed chemical reaction (kinetics of electrode processes).

The only domestic scientist who received the Nobel Prize for opening in the field of chemistry, Nikolai Semenov, was present in the lists of candidates in 1946 - 1948, 1950, 1955 and received the 1956 Prize. Interestingly, it is also among those nominated for the chemistry of the following, 1957.

Alexander Braunstein is known for the biochemistry of amino acids and enzymes, in particular the opening of reacting reactions and the role of Porodoxin (vitamin B6) in the transformations of amino acids. His candidacy was offered in 1952.

Interestingly, Max Folmer appears as a representative of Russia in the catalog of nominees (1955), although in the USSR he lived only from 1946 to 1955. He first worked in Moscow in the NII-9 over the method of heavy water production, then at the "Plant No. 817" in Chelyabinsk-40 (now on the "Lighthouse" in the city of Ozersk), where Telllura-120 isotope was obtained. Folmer is known for its own works in the field of electrochemistry. He opened the phenomenon of "diffusion of a folmer" in adsorbed molecules, and was also one of the co-authors of the "Batler - Folmer equations". In 1955, Folmer moved to GDR. He spent six times on the prize in the field of chemistry as a representative of Germany. His presence in the list of domestic scientists is the curiosity of the Nobel catalog.

Chemist Organic Alexander Arbuzov was among the candidates 1956, 1961 and 1962. Moreover, in 1956, he was nominated together with his son and student Boris Arbuzov. It opened many elementogenic compounds and studied their properties. Alexander Arbuzov is especially known for the study of organic derivatives of phosphorus acids.

George studies are known for its works in the chemistry of hot slates, asphalt rocks, coal, peat and oil. His candidacy was offered in 1957. It should be noted that in just two years before that, the scientist was released from the conclusion, where he spent 17 years, and was fully rehabilitated "according to newly discovered circumstances" and "for the absence of a crime."

In 1957 and 1962, a candidate of Geochimik Alexander Vinogradova was proposed, the author on the geochemistry of isotopes, the chemical evolution of the Earth and the mechanisms of formation of planets, biogeochemistry, isotopic method in the study of photosynthesis of plants, chemical composition Meteorites, soil of the Moon and Venus.

Two scientists, whom we have already mentioned among physicists, also put forward a prize in chemistry. This is Evgeny Zamensky (1958, 1960) and Nikolay Belov (1962).

Prize in physiology and medicine

In terms of the number of nominations in this area, domestic scientists are superior to physicists (114 against 80), but it should be borne in mind that from these nominations 62 refer to one person - Ivan Pavlov. From the first year of the premium, his candidacy was offered a huge number of scientists. In 1904, the award was finally awarded "For the works on the physiology of digestion, expanding and changed understanding of vital important aspects This issue. " However, the subsequent works of Pavlova to study the highest nervous activity No less deserved the Nobel Prize, so it was repeatedly advanced again in 1925, 1927, 1929 (ten nominations per year). But the two-time laureate of the Nobel Prize Ivan Petrovich did not yet.

At the very first year of the premium, Ilya Smechnikov was also proposed. In total, he advanced 69 times in 1901 - 1909. He received the swords of swords in 1908 for the work on immunity, therefore, four scientists who offered his candidacy in 1909, considered him worthy of two awards. Interestingly, in the catalog on the website of the Nobel Committee, the nomination of Mechnikov is not related to Russian, but to French. From 1887 to death, he worked in Paris at the Pasteur Institute.

In 1904, the candidate of Ernst von Bergmann was proposed. Although at that time he had long worked in Germany in the Würzburg and Berlin Universities, it is worth mentioning about him. Until 1878, Von Bergmann was a professor of Derpt University, and in 1877, during russian-Turkish warwas a military doctor in the Russian army. In science, von Bergmann is known for labor on military field surgery, aseptic, and most importantly, he is one of the founders of neurosurgery. Classic became his work " Surgery Brain diseases. "

In 1905, a professor of the University of Kiev University, the author of the works "On the coordination of animal movements", "physical static blood", "electric motors of muscles and nerves", "general muscular and nervous physiology" and others are nominated.

Among the applicants for the Nobel Prize were Ivan Dogel and Alexander Dogel, Uncle and nephew. Ivan Dogel, who worked in Kazan University, was nominated in 1907 and 1914. He was one of the founders of experimental pharmacology, and also engaged in the physiology of the organs of vision and hearing, nervous system and blood circulation. For the first time, he first experimentally proved the possibility of a reflex stop of cardiac activity in the irritation of the nerve endings of the nasal mucosa. In the catalog of the Nobel Committee, it is mistakenly represented as two different people: Jean Dogiel (1907) and Ivan Dogiel (1914).

Alexander Dogel was a pioneer of neurohystology. He was the first to describe the nerve end machines in the tissues and organs of animals, laid the beginning of the study of the synapses of the vegetative nervous system. Alexander Dogel also developed a method of lifeline staining of nerve elements with methylene blue. His candidacy was offered in 1911.

Sergey Vinogradsky, which we talked about chemistry in 1911, was nominated for a premium in physiology and medicine. Another scientist, also mentioned, only among physicists, Alexander Gurvich, was put forward in 1929, 1932 - 1934.

In 1912, 1914 and in 1925 (in the latter case - eight times in the year) was offered a candidate of Vladimir Bekhtereva, an outstanding neuropathologist and psychiatrist. Much attention In 1925, it is apparently due to the fact that shortly before it was published his work "General Basics of Man's Reflexology".

Alexander Maximov was nominated for a prize in 1918. Among the achievements of this histologist - the development of the method of tissue crops, the study of the blood formation process. He described hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells) and the first suggested the term " stem cell» ( Stammzelle In his work, published in German).

In 1934, he was offered the candidacy of Peter Lazarev. He graduated from both medical and (external) physico-mathematical faculties of Moscow University. A significant contribution to Peter Lazarev introduced into biophysics by creating a physico-chemical theory of excitation and examining the effect of electric current on the nervous tissue.

Leon Orbel's candidacy was offered in 1934 and 1935. Its main achievements relate to evolutionary physiology, the study of the functions of a sympathetic and vegetative nervous system, mechanisms of higher nervous activity.

At once, six scientists in 1936 offered Alexey Speransky candidacy. He studied the role of the nervous system in pathological processes, as well as in compensation for the disturbed functions of the body. In 1930, his work was published Nervous system In pathology, "and in 1936 -" Nervous Tronof in the theory and practice of medicine. "

Among the achievements of Physiologist Nikolai Anichkova, the most important is the discovery of the role of cholesterol in the development of atherosclerosis. As the modern American biochemist Daniel Steinberg writes: "If the true meaning of his finds were rapidly appreciated, we would save more than 30 years of efforts to settle the controversy about cholesterol, and Anichkov himself could be awarded the Nobel Prize." Alickova's candidacy was offered in 1937.

Efim London created the world's first work on Radii radiobiology in biology and medicine (1911). Further research on ionizing radiation He outlined in living organisms in the book "Radi and X-rays" (1923). Another achievement is a technique of angiostomy, which allowed to study the metabolism in the living animal organs. The Nobel Prize was nominated in 1939.

In 1939, according to the Molotov Pact - Ribentroppa, soviet troops occupied western Ukraine, in particular, the city of Lviv. It was this circumstance that it was the reason that among the Soviet scientists nominated for the Nobel Prize, the founder of the Lviv Institute of Epidemiological Research Rudolf Waigl will be mentioned. His candidacy was offered just in 1939. In Science, Wigl is famous as the creator of the first effective vaccine vs epidemic Tifa. Until 1939, he advanced several dozen times as the Polish scientist, but did not receive award. Perhaps Wigl would be a worthy candidate and the Nobel Prize of the World. In his clinic, during the German occupation she was covered by the Jews and Poles, and also secretly sent a vaccine in Warsaw and Lviv ghetto.

In 1946, two Soviet scientists were nominated for the prize. If the premium would be awarded to them, they would replenish the number of marital couples among laureates. Biochemists Vladimir Engelhardt and Militsa Lyubimova-Engeldt proved that the Mozin protein from which the muscles consist of mostly consist of the properties of the enzyme. It breaks down adenosinerphosphoric acid, and the energy secreted provides a reduction in muscle fibers.

Finally, in 1950, a candidate of the famous physiologist and an ophthalmologist Vladimir Filatov, who created the corneal transplant method was proposed on the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.