How to get rid of the past: advice from psychologists. EGE Russian language

Unified State Exam in Russian. Task C1.

The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, AT Tvardovsky in the poem "By the Right of Memory" calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in AA Akhmatova's poem “Requiem”. Sentence state system, based on injustice and lies, endures A.I.Solzhenitsyn in the story "One Day of Ivan Denisovich"

Problem respectful attitude to the cultural heritage has always remained the focus of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. The Tula people are also distinguished by the care for the monuments of antiquity: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the churches and the Kremlin are preserved.

The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (AS Pushkin). A person who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called mankurt ( "Buranny half-station"). Mankurt is a person who is forcibly deprived of his memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he is from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.

Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were interviewed on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the beginning of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about the Kursk Bulge ...

The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, does not respect his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a manor, but the entire globe. All nature, where in the open space he could show all the properties of a free spirit, ”he wrote A.P. Chekhov... Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry"... His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches her, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance ("stout, flabby ... - just look, he grunts into the blanket"). A false goal, obsession with the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...

I. Bunin in the story "The gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a person who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama " former people”Who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing in order to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the shelter and ends there.

N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human soul. Portraying Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind," he adult life, take with you all "human movements", do not lose them on the road of life.

Life is movement along an endless road. Some travel along it "with the official need", asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others get scared of this road, run to their wide sofa, for “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to gross flattery, the reason for which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helene, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I? " - these questions are scrolled countless times in my head until a sober comprehension of life comes. On the way to it, and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the popular philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.

In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, the former siege soldier recalls that he, a dying teenager, during a terrible famine saved his life by a living neighbor who brought a can of canned meat sent by his son from the front. "I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live," the man said. He soon died, and the boy he saved for the rest of his life retained a grateful memory of him.

The tragedy took place in Krasnodar Territory... A fire started in the nursing home where the sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burnt alive was the 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them to escape. But she didn't save herself - she didn't have time.

M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

"Satisfied people", accustomed to comfort, people with small-property interests are the same heroes Chekhov, “People in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in "Ionyche", and teacher Belikov in "The Man in the Case"... Let us recall how the plump, red Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells”, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep the right things!” “Keep the truth,” after all, this is aloofness from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their safe path of life. And in Belikov's “whatever happens,” we see only an indifferent attitude to the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - the bourgeoisie, the townsfolk, who imagined themselves to be "masters of life."

Frontline service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the heroes exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…” both the anti-aircraft gunners and the captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel "The Living and the Dead," Captain Sintsov takes out a wounded comrade from the battlefield.

1. The problem of scientific progress.

In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety increased. How will this immortality turn out for a person?

village life.

In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his cabinet. ON. Nekrasov in a poem and poems drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families how hospitable Russian women are. Much has been said about the identity of the farm structure in Sholokhov's epic novel “ Quiet Don”. In Rasputin's story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with a historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.

The topic of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and contemporary literature... As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by IAGoncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she refers to work as an integral part of existence.

Chekhov's essay "My" She "lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.

1. The problem of the future of Russia.

Many poets and writers touched upon the topic of the future of Russia. For example, Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, in his lyrical digression of the poem "Dead Souls", compares Russia with "a brisk, unattainable troika." "Russia, where are you rushing?" He asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so indestructible forever. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! ”. He is sure that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop her.

Scientists, psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that Bach's works increase and develop intelligence. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleans the thoughts and feelings of a person from negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

The Seventh Symphony by Dmitry Shostakovich has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.

1. The problem of anti-culture.

This problem is still relevant today. Now there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Another example is literature. The topic of “de-culture” is well disclosed in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. Employees of MASSOLIT write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have summer cottages. They are admired and their literature is revered.

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In Moscow long time was operated by a gang that was distinguished by special cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they confessed that the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day, had a huge impact on their behavior, on their attitude to the world. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture and in real life.

Many modern athletes, when they were children, watched TV and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through TV broadcasts, they got to know the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person acquired an addiction to television, and he had to be treated in special clinics.

I believe that the use of foreign words in the native language is only justified if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into the Russian phrase. It makes no sense to write concentration when we have our good word - condensation. "

Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who held the post of Minister of Education for some time, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym invented by him - water cannon. Exercising in word-creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested talking instead of an alley - a drawdown, billiards - a ball-roll, he replaced a cue with a ball, and called the library a scribe. To replace the word galoshes that he did not like, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.

The novel "Plakha" produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed death wildlife from human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that when compared with humans, the predators look more humane and "human" than the "crown of creation." So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. "Lake, cloud, tower ..." The main character- Vasily Ivanovich is a modest employee who won a pleasure trip to nature.

1. The theme of war in literature.

In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will perform an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. it hard times It is also characteristic that in the ranks of the Red Army women fought on an equal basis with men. And even the fact that they are the fairer sex did not stop them. They fought with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet ...”. Five girls and their military commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhina ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading for railroad absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our soldiers found themselves in a difficult situation: you cannot retreat, but stay, so the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war ?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Airplanes, tanks, cannons, shots, shouts, groans ... But they did not break down and gave up the most precious thing they had for victory - life. They gave their lives for their homeland.

The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to their readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.

From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is harsh everyday life, filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on the earth, when our land will meet a day without war!

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to rip a bone from a skeleton and go to a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the "time of grief", their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - that's true reason victory. In the novel Yu.Bondareva "Hot Snow" reflects the most tragic moments of the war, when the brutal tanks of Manstein rush to the grouping surrounded in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, with inhuman efforts restrain the onslaught of the fascists. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned underfoot, but the Russian soldier held out - did not let the tanks break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” - he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the power? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments in history?

The bearer of popular morality in war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the story. He is barely familiar with literacy, confuses the multiplication table, does not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a lopsided shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes to the point, he will show these Germans where the crayfish winter.

The expression "folk character" is most consistent with Valega. He volunteered for the war, quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not honey. In the intervals between battles, he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries, mushrooms. And he does everything in silence, quietly. A simple peasant guy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.

The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is such an episode: a dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this for the hero of the novel is simply unbearable ...

But even in war, soldiers do not live like a "single bullet": during short hours of rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming with shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not betray their spiritual preferences. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them over the Volga, and draining their souls and minds.

1. Homeland theme in literature.

Lermontov in his poem "Motherland" says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and why.

In the friendly message "To Chaadaev" the poet's fiery appeal to the Fatherland to devote "beautiful impulses to souls" sounds.

The modern writer V. Rasputin stated: "To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it." Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that "there is a gradual habituation to danger", that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea was so bare that the coast from the seaports went for tens of kilometers. The climate changed very dramatically, the extinction of animals occurred. All these troubles greatly influenced the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The bare bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers pondered and studied the materials of these expeditions.

V. Rasputin in the article "In the fate of nature - our fate" reflects on the relationship of man with environment... "Today, no need to guess," whose groan is heard over the great Russian river. "Then the Volga itself groans, dug up and down, pulled over by the dams of hydroelectric power stations," the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the value of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.

The problem of human relationship with the environment is raised and modern writer Ch.Aitmatov in the work "Plakha". He showed how man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.

The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack, which lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything on his way, not thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was just difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: "The fear reached such proportions that it seemed to the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the shots, that the whole world was deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation ..." In this tragedy, Akbar's children die, but this is her grief does not end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire, in which five more Akbara wolf cubs perish. For the sake of their goals, people could "gut the globe like a pumpkin", not suspecting that nature will also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf reaches out to people, wants to transfer her motherly love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of the she-wolf, shoots at her, but hits his own son.

This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our life.

Academician D. Likhachev wrote: "Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature around us." Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become her master, her protector, and her clever transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world ... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.

In this century, man actively invades the natural processes of the Earth's shells: he extracts millions of tons of minerals, destroys thousands of hectares of forest, pollutes the waters of seas and rivers, throws it into the atmosphere toxic substances... Water pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems of the century. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot but affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will have an impact on people's health for a long time to come.

Thus, as a result of economic activity, a person causes great damage to nature, and with it to his health. How, then, can a person build their relationship with nature? Each person in his activity should take care of all living things on Earth, not cut himself off from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is a part of it.

1. Man and State.

Zamyatin “We” people - numbers. Had only 2 free hours.

The problem of the artist and power

The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked by a special tragedy in the history of 20th century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list can be continued) - each of them felt the "care" of the state, and each reflected it in his work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel "Doctor Zhivago" during the period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the period of the struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after the award of Nobel Prize for the novel. The Writers' Union expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a man denigrating the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.

Creativity is the only way of the creator's immortality. "For the authorities, for the livery, do not bend any conscience, or thoughts, or a neck" - this testament became decisive in the choice creative path true artists.

Emigration problem

The feeling of bitterness does not leave when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. For example, have I.A. Bunin story "Mowers" written in 1921. This story, it would seem, is about an insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region walk in a birch forest, mow and sing. But it was in this insignificant moment that Bunin managed to discern the immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the narrative is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some sort of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that, according to the recollections of the writer's wife, many cried while Bunin read "Kostsov" in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people). It was a lament for the lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile for most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.

Third wave emigrant S. Dovlatov Leaving the USSR, he took with him the only suitcase, “old, plywood, covered with fabric, tied with a clothesline,” - with which he went to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: on top was a double-breasted suit, under it was a poplin shirt, then, in turn, a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, chauffeur's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories of the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of a priceless, in their own way absurd, but unique life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of account of the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.

The problem of the intelligentsia

According to academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category”. An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly borne by the heroes and. Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own consciences. They do not accept violence in any form, be it the Civil War or the Stalinist repression. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high rank. One of them is the hero of the story Yu.Trifonova "Exchange" Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not develop in the best way. Dmitriev is at first indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things, food, expensive headsets in the apartment: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work is recalled - "Suitcase" S. Dovlatov... Most likely, the "suitcase" with rags, taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America, would have caused only a feeling of disgust in Dmitriev and his wife. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov things have no material value, they are a reminder of the past youth, friends, creative searches.

1. The problem of fathers and children.

The problem of the difficult relationship between parents and children is reflected in the literature. Leo Tolstoy, and I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to refer to the play by A. Vampilov "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful acts of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before our very eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to survive a difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.

1. The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.

In Pushkin's story “Dubrovsky,” a casually abandoned word led to enmity and many troubles for his former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the feud between families ended in the death of the protagonists.

"The Word about Igor's Regiment" Svyatoslav pronounces the "golden word", condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack by the Polovtsi on the Russian lands.

In Vasiliev's novel “Don't Shoot White Swans,” the modest fool Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. The protection of nature became for him a vocation and the meaning of life.

V Yasnaya Polyana a lot of work is being done with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and cozy.

1. Parental love.

In the poem in Turgenev's prose "Sparrow" we see the heroic deed of a bird. Trying to protect the offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.

Also in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" Bazarov's parents want most of all in life to be with their son.

In Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate, because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.

The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the organizers of the fireworks, the irresponsibility of the management, the negligence of the fire safety... And the result is the death of many people.

In the essay "Ants" A. Morua tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they only needed one drop of honey a month.

There are people who do not demand anything special from their lives and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.

In Pushkin's novel Eugene Onegin, the protagonist has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he misses. Nothing hurts him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.

In Volkov's essay “On simple things”A similar problem is raised: a person needs not so much to be happy.

1. The riches of the Russian language.

If you do not use the riches of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Shchukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got along with thirty words.

In Fonvizin's comedy "The Minor", Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.

1. Unscrupulousness.

Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells the story of a woman who completely changes her principles in one minute.

She tells her husband that she will leave him if he does at least one despicable act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “went ... to another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.

In Chekhov's story "The Chameleon" of the police overseer Ochumelov, there is also no clear position. He wants to punish the owner of the dog who bit Khryukin's finger. After Ochumelov learns that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination is lost.

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Unified State Exam in Russian. Task C1.

1. The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)

The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, AT Tvardovsky in the poem "By the Right of Memory" calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in AA Akhmatova's poem “Requiem”. The verdict of the state system based on injustice and lies is passed by A.I.Solzhenitsyn in the story "One Day of Ivan Denisovich"

1. The problem of preserving monuments of antiquity and respect for them.

The problem of respect for cultural heritage has always remained in the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. The Tula people are also distinguished by the care for the monuments of antiquity: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the churches and the Kremlin are preserved.

The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

1. The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.

“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (AS Pushkin). A person who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called mankurt ("Buranny half-station"). Mankurt is a person who is forcibly deprived of his memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he is from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.

Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were interviewed on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the beginning of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about the Kursk Bulge ...

The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, does not respect his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"

1. The problem of a false goal in life.

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a manor, but the entire globe. All nature, where in the open space he could show all the properties of a free spirit, ”he wrote A.P. Chekhov ... Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story"Gooseberry" ... His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches her, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance ("stout, flabby ... - just look, he grunts into the blanket"). A false goal, obsession with the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...

I. Bunin in the story "The gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

1. The meaning of human life. Finding the path of life.

The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a person who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing in order to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the shelter and ends there.

N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human soul. Portraying Plyushkin, who has become a "hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader, who is entering adulthood, to take with him all "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.

Life is movement along an endless road. Some travel along it "with the official need", asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others get scared of this road, run to their wide sofa, for “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novelL.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to gross flattery, the reason for which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helene, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I? " - these questions are scrolled countless times in my head until a sober comprehension of life comes. On the way to it, and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the popular philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.

1. Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.

In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, the former siege soldier recalls that he, a dying teenager, during a terrible famine saved his life by a living neighbor who brought a can of canned meat sent by his son from the front. "I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live," the man said. He soon died, and the boy he saved for the rest of his life retained a grateful memory of him.

The tragedy took place in the Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in the nursing home where the sick old people lived.Among the 62 who were burnt alive was the 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them to escape. But she didn't save herself - she didn't have time.

M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

1. The problem of indifference. Callous and callous attitude towards a person.

"Satisfied people", accustomed to comfort, people with small-property interests are the same heroes Chekhov , “People in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in"Ionyche" , and teacher Belikov in"The Man in the Case"... Let us recall how the plump, red Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells”, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep the right things!” “Keep the truth,” after all, this is aloofness from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their safe path of life. And in Belikov's “whatever happens,” we see only an indifferent attitude to the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - the bourgeoisie, the townsfolk, who imagined themselves to be "masters of life."

1. The problem of friendship, comradely duty.

Frontline service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the heroes exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…” both the anti-aircraft gunners and the captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel "The Living and the Dead," Captain Sintsov takes out a wounded comrade from the battlefield.

1. The problem of scientific progress.

In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety increased. How will this immortality turn out for a person?

1. The problem of the patriarchal rural way of life. The problem of charm, beauty morally healthy

village life.

In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his cabinet. ON. In his poem and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. Much has been said about the originality of the farm structure in Sholokhov's epic novel The Quiet Don. In Rasputin's story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with a historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.

1. Labor problem. Enjoyment of meaningful activity.

The topic of labor has been repeatedly developed in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by IAGoncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she refers to work as an integral part of existence.

1. The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.

Chekhov's essay "My" She "lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.

1. The problem of the future of Russia.

Many poets and writers touched upon the topic of the future of Russia. For example, Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, in his lyrical digression of the poem "Dead Souls", compares Russia with "a brisk, unattainable troika." "Russia, where are you rushing?" He asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so indestructible forever. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! ”. He is sure that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop her.

1. The problem of the influence of art on a person.

Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that Bach's works increase and develop intelligence. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleans the thoughts and feelings of a person from negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

The Seventh Symphony by Dmitry Shostakovich has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.

1. The problem of anti-culture.

This problem is still relevant today. Now there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Another example is literature. The topic of “de-culture” is well disclosed in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. Employees of MASSOLIT write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have summer cottages. They are admired and their literature is revered.

1. The problem of modern television.

For a long time in Moscow, a gang operated, which was distinguished by its particular cruelty. When the criminals were arrested, they confessed that the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day, had a huge impact on their behavior, on their attitude to the world. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.

Many modern athletes, when they were children, watched TV and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through TV broadcasts, they got to know the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person acquired an addiction to television, and he had to be treated in special clinics.

1. The problem of clogging the Russian language.

I believe that the use of foreign words in the native language is only justified if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into the Russian phrase. It makes no sense to write concentration when we have our good word - condensation. "

Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who held the post of Minister of Education for some time, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym invented by him - water cannon. Exercising in word-creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested talking instead of an alley - a drawdown, billiards - a ball-roll, he replaced a cue with a ball, and called the library a scribe. To replace the word galoshes that he did not like, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.

1. The problem of destruction of natural resources.

If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov, back in the 70s, in his story "After the Fairy Tale" ("The White Steamer") started talking about this problem. He showed the destructiveness, hopelessness of the path, if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge by degeneration, lack of spirituality. The writer continues the same theme in his subsequent works: "And the day lasts longer than a century" ("Storm stop"), "Ploha", "Brand of Cassandra".
The novel "Plakha" produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wild nature from human economic activities. And how scary it becomes when you see that when compared with humans, the predators look more humane and "human" than the "crown of creation." So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?

1. Imposing your opinion on others.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. "Lake, cloud, tower ..." The main character - Vasily Ivanovich - a modest employee who won a pleasure trip to nature.

1. The theme of war in literature.

Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky over their heads. We do not want their families to be ordeals war. War! These five letters bring with them a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. Always the hearts of people were overwhelmed with the pain of loss. Wherever there is a war, we can hear the groans of mothers, the cry of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts apart. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
A lot of war trials fell to the lot of our country. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was shaken by the Patriotic War of 1812. Leo Tolstoy showed the patriotic spirit of the Russian people in his epic novel War and Peace. Guerrilla warfare, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of the war. Tolstoy narrates that for many the war has become the most common thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do in good faith. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of ​​war and continue to live, resigned to it. Sevastopol was such a city in 1855. LN Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “Sevastopol Tales”. The events taking place are especially reliably described here, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in the city, full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombardment of the city did not stop. New and new fortifications were required. Sailors, soldiers worked in the snow, rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, tremendous patriotism. Their wives, mothers and children lived with them in this city. They became so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to either the shots or the explosions. Very often they brought their husbands' meals directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy an entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows ... open eyes and speaking deliriously, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words, lies wounded under the influence of chloroform ”. For Tolstoy, war is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death ... ”The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they stand up to defend it. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will perform an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that in the ranks of the Red Army women fought on an equal basis with men. And even the fact that they are the fairer sex did not stop them. They fought with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet ...”. Five girls and their military commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhin ridge with sixteen fascists, who are heading for the railway, absolutely sure that no one knows about the course of their operation. Our soldiers found themselves in a difficult situation: you cannot retreat, but stay, so the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war ?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Airplanes, tanks, cannons, shots, shouts, groans ... But they did not break down and gave up the most precious thing they had for victory - life. They gave their lives for their homeland.

But on earth there is a civil war in which a person can give his life without knowing why. The year is 1918. Russia. A brother kills a brother, a father kills a son, a son kills a father. Everything is mixed up in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the extreme rate! For the third year already Abel fights with Cain ...
People become weapons in the hands of the authorities. Breaking into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives - forever strangers. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others tell about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work "Cavalry". In the stories of the Cavalry, it is said about a man who was caught in the flames of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of stories, we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army, their cold-bloodedness and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but, more horribly, they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He reserves the right to speculate for his reader.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to their readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.

From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is harsh everyday life, filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on the earth, when our land will meet a day without war!

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to rip a bone from a skeleton and go to a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The solidarity of the people in the “time of grief”, their steadfastness, courage, and daily heroism - this is the true reason for the victory. In the novelYu.Bondareva "Hot Snow"reflects the most tragic moments of the war, when the brutal tanks of Manstein rush to the grouping surrounded in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, with inhuman efforts restrain the onslaught of the fascists. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned underfoot, but the Russian soldier held out - did not let the tanks break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” - he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the power? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments in history?

The problem of the moral strength of the common soldier

The bearer of popular morality in war is, for example, Valega, an orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the storyV. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad"... He is barely familiar with literacy, confuses the multiplication table, does not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a lopsided shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes to the point, he will show these Germans where the crayfish winter.

The expression "folk character" is most consistent with Valega. He volunteered for the war, quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not honey. In the intervals between battles, he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries, mushrooms. And he does everything in silence, quietly. A simple peasant guy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.

The problem of the heroic everyday life of war

The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is such an episode inV.Nekrasov ("In the trenches of Stalingrad"): the killed soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this for the hero of the novel is simply unbearable ...

But even in war, soldiers do not live like a "single bullet": during short hours of rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming with shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not betray their spiritual preferences. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them over the Volga, and draining their souls and minds.

1. Homeland theme in literature.

Lermontov in his poem "Motherland" says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and why.

One cannot but start with such a great monument of Old Russian literature as The Lay of Igor's Host. All the thoughts, all the feelings of the author of "Lay ..." are directed to the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people. He talks about the vast expanses of his homeland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of "Lay ..." is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. This is primarily the Russian people. Narrating about Igor's campaign, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsians "for the Russian land." His warriors are "Rusichi", Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus, they say goodbye to their Motherland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “O Russian land! You are already over the hill. "
In the friendly message "To Chaadaev" the poet's fiery appeal to the Fatherland to devote "beautiful impulses to souls" sounds.

1. The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.

The modern writer V. Rasputin stated: "To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it." Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that "there is a gradual habituation to danger", that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea was so bare that the coast from the seaports went for tens of kilometers. The climate changed very dramatically, the extinction of animals occurred. All these troubles greatly influenced the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The bare bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers pondered and studied the materials of these expeditions.

V. Rasputin in his article "In the fate of nature - our fate" reflects on the relationship between man and the environment. "Today, no need to guess," whose groan is heard over the great Russian river. "Then the Volga itself groans, dug up and down, pulled over by the dams of hydroelectric power stations," the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the value of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.

The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in the work "Plakha". He showed how man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.

The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack, which lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything on his way, not thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was just difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: "The fear reached such proportions that it seemed to the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the shots, that the whole world was deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation ..." In this tragedy, Akbar's children die, but this is her grief does not end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire, in which five more Akbara wolf cubs perish. For the sake of their goals, people could "gut the globe like a pumpkin", not suspecting that nature will also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf reaches out to people, wants to transfer her motherly love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of the she-wolf, shoots at her, but hits his own son.

This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our life.

Academician D. Likhachev wrote: "Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature around us." Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become her master, her protector, and her clever transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world ... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.

In this century, man actively invades the natural processes of the Earth's shells: he extracts millions of tons of minerals, destroys thousands of hectares of forests, pollutes the waters of seas and rivers, and releases toxic substances into the atmosphere. Water pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems of the century. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot but affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will have an impact on people's health for a long time to come.

Thus, as a result of economic activity, a person causes great damage to nature, and with it to his health. How, then, can a person build their relationship with nature? Each person in his activity should take care of all living things on Earth, not cut himself off from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is a part of it.

1. Man and State.

Zamyatin “We” people - numbers. Had only 2 free hours.

The problem of the artist and power

The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked by a special tragedy in the history of 20th century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list can be continued) - each of them felt the "care" of the state, and each reflected it in his work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel "Doctor Zhivago" during the period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the period of the struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after the award of the Nobel Prize for the novel. The Writers' Union expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a man denigrating the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.

Creativity is the only way of the creator's immortality. "For the authorities, for the livery, do not bend any conscience, or thoughts, or a neck" - this is a testamentA.S. Pushkin ("From Pindemonti")became decisive in the choice of the creative path of true artists.

Emigration problem

The feeling of bitterness does not leave when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. For example, have I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers" written in 1921. This story, it would seem, is about an insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region walk in a birch forest, mow and sing. But it was in this insignificant moment that Bunin managed to discern the immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the narrative is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some sort of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that, according to the recollections of the writer's wife, many cried while Bunin read "Kostsov" in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people). It was a lament for the lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile for most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.

Third wave emigrant S. Dovlatov Leaving the USSR, he took with him the only suitcase, “old, plywood, covered with fabric, tied with a clothesline,” - with which he went to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: on top was a double-breasted suit, under it was a poplin shirt, then, in turn, a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, chauffeur's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories of the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of a priceless, in their own way absurd, but unique life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of account of the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.

The problem of the intelligentsia

According to academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category”. An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly borne by heroesB. Pasternak (Doctor Zhivago) and Y. Dombrovsky ("Faculty of unnecessary things")... Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own consciences. They do not accept violence in any form, be it the Civil War or the Stalinist repression. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high rank. One of them is the hero of the storyYu.Trifonova "Exchange"Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not develop in the best way. Dmitriev is at first indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things, food, expensive headsets in the apartment: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work is recalled -"Suitcase" S. Dovlatov... Most likely, the "suitcase" with rags, taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America, would have caused only a feeling of disgust in Dmitriev and his wife. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov things have no material value, they are a reminder of the past youth, friends, creative searches.

1. The problem of fathers and children.

The problem of the difficult relationship between parents and children is reflected in the literature. Leo Tolstoy, and I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to refer to the play by A. Vampilov "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful acts of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before our very eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to survive a difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.

1. The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.

In Pushkin's story “Dubrovsky,” a casually abandoned word led to enmity and many troubles for his former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the feud between families ended in the death of the protagonists.

"The Word about Igor's Regiment" Svyatoslav pronounces the "golden word", condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack by the Polovtsi on the Russian lands.

1. Caring for the beauty of the native land.

In Vasiliev's novel “Don't Shoot White Swans,” the modest fool Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. The protection of nature became for him a vocation and the meaning of life.

In Yasnaya Polyana, a lot of work is being done with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and cozy.

1. Parental love.

In the poem in Turgenev's prose "Sparrow" we see the heroic deed of a bird. Trying to protect the offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.

Also in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" Bazarov's parents want most of all in life to be with their son.

1. A responsibility. Rash acts.

In Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate, because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.

The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the organizers of the fireworks, the irresponsibility of the management, the negligence of the fire safety inspectors. And the result is the death of many people.

In the essay "Ants" A. Morua tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they only needed one drop of honey a month.

1. About simple things. Happiness theme.

There are people who do not demand anything special from their lives and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.

In Pushkin's novel Eugene Onegin, the protagonist has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he misses. Nothing hurts him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.

Volkov's essay “On Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person needs not so much to be happy.

1. The riches of the Russian language.

If you do not use the riches of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Shchukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got along with thirty words.

In Fonvizin's comedy "The Minor", Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.

1. Unscrupulousness.

Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells the story of a woman who completely changes her principles in one minute.

She tells her husband that she will leave him if he does at least one despicable act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “went ... to another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.

In Chekhov's story "The Chameleon" of the police overseer Ochumelov, there is also no clear position. He wants to punish the owner of the dog who bit Khryukin's finger. After Ochumelov learns that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination is lost.

However, not everyone understands and knows where jealousy comes from. I propose an article (found on the Internet. The author is unknown) and discuss the topic. I'm sure she touched every pair. More-less

As a rule, the reasons for jealousy of the past are called a feeling of ownership, self-doubt, and low self-esteem. Why is the person experiencing this relationship-destroying feeling? Is there a rational explanation for the causes of past jealousy?

Ownership and low self-esteem seem plausible reasons, but this is a superficial explanation. The reason turns out to be much deeper and much more serious. No one doubts that jealousy is a natural feeling, inherent in varying degrees to all of us. Why is it unpleasant for us to know about the past sexual partners of our second half? After all, everything is already in the past, your chosen one is completely with you!

It turns out that not completely! Any past experience leaves an imprint on the soul and affects future relationships. This applies equally to both men and women. But, the consequences for women and men are different, due to the fact that the male and female psyche and behavior patterns are different. Consider the difference in behavior patterns between men and women.

A man, he is a man, not because he has an outwardly noticeable sex characteristic. A man, first of all, is such because of his psychological model of behavior. The same applies to women. There are, of course, effeminate, weak-tempered men, there are strong, tough women, but this is not a rule, these are exceptions. And we will not talk about them here. We will consider classical psychological models. Normal men and women. With their characteristic traits.

So, from the point of view of nature, procreation, a man should spread his genetic material as widely as possible. Simply fertilize as many females as possible (which implies a large number of sexual contacts). Moreover, the more successful a man is (in every sense), the more descendants he will have. The theory of natural selection works here. A man achieves sexual contact not at all because he has decided to share the rest of his life with his current chosen one, but because nature is inherent in obtaining pleasure from each sexual contact (which leads to the greatest coverage of candidates. Women, on the contrary, extremely rarely experience full pleasure from the first contact). Therefore, a normal man may not feel deep psychological attachment to his sexual partner. A man for a life together is looking for a partner who seems to him the best in comparison with others.

This is where hormones come in! Love, deep psychological attachment arises. At the same time, his previous sexual experience remains in the background, in the background. It does not matter much and does not affect the relationship with the chosen one due to the fact that previous sex did not carry a psychological load.

Based on the foregoing, jealousy of a man's past sexual partners is groundless. The same cannot be said about jealousy of men who had a serious relationship before you.

Now about women. In the female model of behavior, nature has laid the choice of the best male of all! And it is not just words. Your kids need to get the best genes. Inherit the success of their parents. It is logical that the best (most successful) man will choose the best of all. And their children will collect all the best qualities of both.

A woman cannot afford to sleep with just anyone (I repeat, we are talking about mentally normal women. We are not talking about deviations that certainly exist). Thus, every sexual partner of a woman is the best for her at the moment when this happens. Each of her partners in the moment before intimacy surpasses all others and naturally leaves a deep psychological mark on her soul. This is the fundamental difference between women and men!

Now let's move on to the main thing.

Why has nature laid in us a seemingly destructive feeling - jealousy of the past?

The answer is simple. It is because of the destructiveness of this feeling!

Nature has taken care of the destruction of the couple's union, where past stories can affect the development of offspring. This is very rational from the point of view of nature! A strong, successful male should not raise offspring that may not have anything to do with him and the female cannot count on the full return from the male who already had a strong bond! But, nevertheless, we are not animals and there is a second reason for jealousy at the level of conscious perception.

The second reason for jealousy of a woman's past partners is very strong. As we have already discussed above, every sexual partner of a normal woman, at some point was the Best for her! If there were several of these, the best, then each of them, most likely, was the best in its own way. For example, Peter was very smart, Fedor was rich, Anatoly was incredibly strong in sex, Gregory was cheerful, etc. The more there were, the more difficult it is to "squeeze" into this team of champions. And let's not deceive ourselves, better than the previous ones, none of the following will be! It remains to be content to stand out in this honorary rank, with some kind of good quality... You need to admit to yourself that you will never become the one and only for your chosen one.

So we have analyzed the nature of the appearance of jealousy of the past. In principle, it is the same for both women and men. Only with the proviso that for men it is not casual sex that matters, but only deep psychological attachment to the previous partner. And for women, any sexual partner is such.

So what to do about it?

In general, the point of all advice comes down to "understand and forgive". And from myself I can advise this: years will pass, and one day you will understand that life is really too short to torture yourself with this jealousy... No one can change the past. So why spoil your mood and worry about something that you cannot influence? Think about whether you love your chosen one? Love is, in a sense, self-sacrifice. You sacrifice your time, health, sometimes even your life in favor of the object of love. Do you wish the best for him? You must understand that good for a loved one does not mean good for you! If you agree with this, then you will try to do everything to make your loved one (beloved) happy.

If you cannot come to terms with the understanding that you are not the best and only one for your chosen one, then this means that you love yourself more! And such an alliance is doomed to break. The sooner it happens, the better for you.

1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, AT Tvardovsky in the poem "By the Right of Memory" calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in AA Akhmatova's poem “Requiem”. The verdict of the state system based on injustice and lies is passed by A.I.Solzhenitsyn in the story "One Day of Ivan Denisovich"
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and respect for them .
The problem of respect for cultural heritage has always remained in the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. The Tula people are also distinguished by the care for the monuments of antiquity: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the churches and the Kremlin are preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (AS Pushkin). A person who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called a mankurt ("Burannyi halt"). Mankurt is a person who is forcibly deprived of his memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he is from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were interviewed on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the beginning of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about the Kursk Bulge ...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, does not respect his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a manor, but the entire globe. All nature, where in the open space he could display all the properties of a free spirit, ”wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches her, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance ("stout, flabby ... - just look, he grunts into the blanket"). A false goal, obsession with the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...
I. Bunin in the story "The gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that real happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.
5) The meaning of human life. Finding the path of life.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a person who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing in order to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the shelter and ends there.
N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human soul. Portraying Plyushkin, who has become a "hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader, who is entering adulthood, to take with him all "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is movement along an endless road. Some travel along it "with the official need", asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others get scared of this road, run to their wide sofa, for “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”. One of them, Pierre Bezukhov, is the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to gross flattery, the reason for which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helene, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I? " - these questions are scrolled countless times in my head until a sober comprehension of life comes. On the way to it, and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the popular philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, the former siege soldier recalls that he, a dying teenager, during a terrible famine saved his life by a living neighbor who brought a can of canned meat sent by his son from the front. "I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live," the man said. He soon died, and the boy he saved for the rest of his life retained a grateful memory of him.
The tragedy took place in the Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in the nursing home where the sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burnt alive was the 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them to escape. But she didn't save herself - she didn't have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of a Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and callous attitude towards a person.
“People who are satisfied with themselves”, accustomed to comfort, people with small-property interests are the same Chekhov's heroes, “people in cases”. This is Doctor Startsev in "Ionych", and teacher Belikov in "Man in a Case". Let us recall how the plump, red Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells”, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep the right things!” “Keep the truth,” after all, this is aloofness from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their safe path of life. And in Belikov's “whatever happens,” we see only an indifferent attitude to the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - the bourgeoisie, the townsfolk, who imagined themselves to be "masters of life."
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Frontline service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the heroes exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…” both the anti-aircraft gunners and the captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel "The Living and the Dead," Captain Sintsov takes out a wounded comrade from the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by the thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a man, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety increased. How will this devil-death turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal rural way of life. The problem of charm, beauty morally healthy
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his cabinet. ON. In his poem and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. Much has been said about the originality of the farm structure in Sholokhov's epic novel The Quiet Don. In Rasputin's story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with a historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
11) The problem of labor. Enjoyment of meaningful activity.
The topic of labor has been repeatedly developed in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by IAGoncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she refers to work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay "My" She "lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
Many poets and writers touched upon the topic of the future of Russia. For example, Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, in his lyrical digression of the poem "Dead Souls", compares Russia with "a brisk, unattainable troika." "Russia, where are you rushing?" He asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so indestructible forever. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! ”. He is sure that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop her.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that Bach's works increase and develop intelligence. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleans the thoughts and feelings of a person from negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
The Seventh Symphony by Dmitry Shostakovich has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
15) The problem of anti-culture.
This problem is still relevant today. Now there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Another example is literature. The topic of “de-culture” is well disclosed in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. Employees of MASSOLIT write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have summer cottages. They are admired and their literature is revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
For a long time in Moscow, a gang operated, which was distinguished by its particular cruelty. When the criminals were arrested, they confessed that the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day, had a huge impact on their behavior, on their attitude to the world. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes, when they were children, watched TV and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through TV broadcasts, they got to know the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person acquired an addiction to television, and he had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use of foreign words in the native language is only justified if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into the Russian phrase. It makes no sense to write concentration when we have our good word - condensation. "
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who held the post of Minister of Education for some time, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym invented by him - water cannon. Exercising in word-creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested talking instead of an alley - a drawdown, billiards - a ball-roll, he replaced a cue with a ball, and called the library a scribe. To replace the word galoshes that he did not like, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.
18) The problem of destruction of natural resources.
If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov, back in the 70s, in his story "After the Fairy Tale" ("The White Steamer") started talking about this problem. He showed the destructiveness, hopelessness of the path, if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge by degeneration, lack of spirituality. The writer continues the same theme in his subsequent works: "And the day lasts longer than a century" ("Storm stop"), "Ploha", "Brand of Cassandra".
The novel "Plakha" produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wild nature from human economic activities. And how scary it becomes when you see that when compared with humans, the predators look more humane and "human" than the "crown of creation." So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. "Lake, cloud, tower ..." The main character - Vasily Ivanovich - a modest employee who won a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky over their heads. We do not want their families to undergo the ordeal of war. War! These five letters bring with them a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. Always the hearts of people were overwhelmed with the pain of loss. Wherever there is a war, we can hear the groans of mothers, the cry of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts apart. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
A lot of war trials fell to the lot of our country. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was shaken by the Patriotic War of 1812. Leo Tolstoy showed the patriotic spirit of the Russian people in his epic novel War and Peace. Guerrilla warfare, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of the war. Tolstoy narrates that for many the war has become the most common thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do in good faith. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of ​​war and continue to live, resigned to it. Sevastopol was such a city in 1855. LN Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “Sevastopol Tales”. The events taking place are especially reliably described here, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombardment of the city did not stop. New and new fortifications were required. Sailors, soldiers worked in the snow, rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, tremendous patriotism. Their wives, mothers and children lived with them in this city. They became so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to either the shots or the explosions. Very often they brought their husbands' meals directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy an entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in the war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows ... occupied by the bed, on which, with open eyes and saying, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words , lies wounded under the influence of chloroform ”. For Tolstoy, war is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death ... ”The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they stand up to defend it. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will perform an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that in the ranks of the Red Army women fought on an equal basis with men. And even the fact that they are the fairer sex did not stop them. They fought with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet ...”. Five girls and their military commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhin ridge with sixteen fascists, who are heading for the railway, absolutely sure that no one knows about the course of their operation. Our soldiers found themselves in a difficult situation: you cannot retreat, but stay, so the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war ?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Airplanes, tanks, cannons, shots, shouts, groans ... But they did not break down and gave up the most precious thing they had for victory - life. They gave their lives for their homeland.
But on earth there is a civil war in which a person can give his life without knowing why. The year is 1918. Russia. A brother kills a brother, a father kills a son, a son kills a father. Everything is mixed up in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the extreme rate! For the third year already Abel fights with Cain ...
People become weapons in the hands of the authorities. Breaking into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives - forever strangers. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others tell about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work "Cavalry". In the stories of the Cavalry, it is said about a man who was caught in the flames of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of stories, we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army, their cold-bloodedness and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but, more horribly, they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He reserves the right to speculate for his reader.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to their readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is harsh everyday life, filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on the earth, when our land will meet a day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to rip a bone from a skeleton and go to a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The solidarity of the people in the “time of grief”, their steadfastness, courage, and daily heroism - this is the true reason for the victory. Yuri Bondarev's novel Hot Snow reflects the most tragic moments of the war, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the grouping surrounded in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, with inhuman efforts restrain the onslaught of the fascists. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned underfoot, but the Russian soldier held out - did not let the tanks break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” - he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the power? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments in history?
The problem of the moral strength of the common soldier
The bearer of popular morality in war is, for example, Valega, an orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from V. Nekrasov's story "In the trenches of Stalingrad." He is barely familiar with literacy, confuses the multiplication table, does not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a lopsided shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes to the point, he will show these Germans where the crayfish winter.
The expression "folk character" is most consistent with Valega. He volunteered for the war, quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not honey. In the intervals between battles, he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries, mushrooms. And he does everything in silence, quietly. A simple peasant guy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is an episode in V. Nekrasov ("In the trenches of Stalingrad"): a dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this for the hero of the novel is simply unbearable ...
But even in war, soldiers do not live like a "single bullet": during short hours of rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming with shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not betray their spiritual preferences. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them over the Volga, and draining their souls and minds.
21) The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in his poem "Motherland" says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and why.
One cannot but start with such a great monument of Old Russian literature as The Lay of Igor's Host. All the thoughts, all the feelings of the author of "Lay ..." are directed to the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people. He talks about the vast expanses of his homeland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of "Lay ..." is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. This is primarily the Russian people. Narrating about Igor's campaign, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsians "for the Russian land." His warriors are "Rusichi", Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus, they say goodbye to their Motherland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “O Russian land! You are already over the hill. "
In the friendly message "To Chaadaev" the poet's fiery appeal to the Fatherland to devote "beautiful impulses to souls" sounds.
22) The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.
The modern writer V. Rasputin stated: "To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it." Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that "there is a gradual habituation to danger", that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea was so bare that the coast from the seaports went for tens of kilometers. The climate changed very dramatically, the extinction of animals occurred. All these troubles greatly influenced the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The bare bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers pondered and studied the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in his article "In the fate of nature - our fate" reflects on the relationship between man and the environment. "Today, no need to guess," whose groan is heard over the great Russian river. "Then the Volga itself groans, dug up and down, pulled over by the dams of hydroelectric power stations," the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the value of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.
The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in the work "Plakha". He showed how man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack, which lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything on his way, not thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was just difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: "The fear reached such proportions that it seemed to the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the shots, that the whole world was deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation ..." In this tragedy, Akbar's children die, but this is her grief does not end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire, in which five more Akbara wolf cubs perish. For the sake of their goals, people could "gut the globe like a pumpkin", not suspecting that nature will also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf reaches out to people, wants to transfer her motherly love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of the she-wolf, shoots at her, but hits his own son.
This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our life.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: "Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature around us." Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become her master, her protector, and her clever transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world ... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.
In this century, man actively invades the natural processes of the Earth's shells: he extracts millions of tons of minerals, destroys thousands of hectares of forests, pollutes the waters of seas and rivers, and releases toxic substances into the atmosphere. Water pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems of the century. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot but affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will have an impact on people's health for a long time to come.
Thus, as a result of economic activity, a person causes great damage to nature, and with it to his health. How, then, can a person build their relationship with nature? Each person in his activity should take care of all living things on Earth, not cut himself off from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is a part of it.
23) Man and State.
Zamyatin “We” people - numbers. Had only 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked by a special tragedy in the history of 20th century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list can be continued) - each of them felt the "care" of the state, and each reflected it in his work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel "Doctor Zhivago" during the period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the period of the struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after the award of the Nobel Prize for the novel. The Writers' Union expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a man denigrating the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way of the creator's immortality. “For the authorities, for the livery, do not bend any conscience, or thoughts, or a neck” - this is the testament of A.S. Pushkin ("From Pindemonti") became decisive in the choice of the creative path of true artists.
Emigration problem
The feeling of bitterness does not leave when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. For example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers", written in 1921. This story, it would seem, is about an insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region walk in a birch forest, mow and sing. But it was in this insignificant moment that Bunin managed to discern the immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the narrative is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some sort of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that, according to the recollections of the writer's wife, many cried while Bunin read "Kostsov" in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people). It was a lament for the lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile for most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.
The emigrant of the third wave S. Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, took with him a single suitcase, “an old, plywood, covered with fabric, tied with a clothesline” - he went with it to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: on top was a double-breasted suit, under it was a poplin shirt, then, in turn, a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, chauffeur's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories of the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of a priceless, in their own way absurd, but unique life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of account of the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category”. An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly borne by the heroes B. Pasternak (Doctor Zhivago) and Y. Dombrovsky (The Faculty of Unnecessary Things). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own consciences. They do not accept violence in any form, be it the Civil War or the Stalinist repression. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high rank. One of them is the hero of the story "Exchange" by Y. Trifonov Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not develop in the best way. Dmitriev is at first indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things, food, expensive headsets in the apartment: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, I recall another work - "Suitcase" by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the "suitcase" with rags, taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America, would have caused only a feeling of disgust in Dmitriev and his wife. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov things have no material value, they are a reminder of the past youth, friends, creative searches.
24) The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of the difficult relationship between parents and children is reflected in the literature. Leo Tolstoy, and I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to refer to the play by A. Vampilov "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful acts of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before our very eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to survive a difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.
25) The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.
In Pushkin's story “Dubrovsky,” a casually abandoned word led to enmity and many troubles for his former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the feud between families ended in the death of the protagonists.
"The Word about Igor's Regiment" Svyatoslav pronounces the "golden word", condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack by the Polovtsi on the Russian lands.
26) Caring for the beauty of the native land.
In Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans"

V. Belov is known to the reader as a writer who raises important questions for everyone. His works make us pay attention to many moral aspects of the life of society. So in the text offered to me, the author answers the question that worries many: is it really, to be modern - it means to be ruthless to the past, to the memories of a small homeland?

To draw the reader's attention to the problem raised, the author begins his reasoning with a series of rhetorical questions that the hero asks himself (sentences 4, 5). It seems strange that the narrator's attitude to what brings him back to the past: to the "ashes of his native Timonikha", to his father's house. On the one hand, the narrator really wants to be modern, and for this, from his point of view, it is impossible to “stir up the past”, it is necessary to “erase memory from the heart”. On the other hand, the author draws in detail the feelings of the hero who cannot give up thoughts, childhood memories. One of them is a meeting with childhood. It is no coincidence that a frail, thin birch, cuckoo crowing, small pale leaves of a tree are described in such detail in the text. Thus, V. Belov emphasizes how expensive, realistic are the memories that connect a person with his roots - a small homeland. Repeated repetitions of “you have to be modern” in sentences 8, 47 is the hero's attempt to convince himself that keeping up with the times means ruthlessly treating the past.

The author does not offer the reader a ready-made solution to the problem raised, but with the whole course of his reasoning V. Belov brings the reader to the conclusion: despite the fact that “day and night on earth ...” reactors and phasotrons work, regardless of what goals we are we pursue what we strive for, each of us needs a connection with the past, with our native places.

What V. Belov writes about is understandable and close to me. I believe that exactly modern man it is important to constantly return to the places in which he grew up, so as not to turn into Ivan of non-remembering kinship.

To substantiate my point of view, I would like to refer to the journalistic work of DS Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful." Reading the letter "More about the monuments of the past", you understand that at the heart of everything is love for your Fatherland: for your hometown, locality, for history. I perceive the text of the message as a call to cultivate in oneself “spiritual sedentaryism,” that is, attachment, love for a small homeland. D.S. Likhachev managed to convince the reader that native places, cultural monuments have a huge impact on the spiritual development of a person. The final part of the work is the conclusion that a person without a past, without attachment to their native places is a tumbleweed steppe grass, which does not linger anywhere for a long time.

To make sure how important it is for a person to recognize himself as a part of his people, his past, I was helped by the publicistic work of B. Vasiliev "My Horses Are Flying". A fragment from the memories of the protagonist will be remembered for a long time. Together with him, still a first-grader, we find ourselves in front of the most ancient inhabitant of the city of Smolensk - a century-old oak tree, the last of the sacred grove of Krivichi who lived here in the past. We feel how touching the bark of a tree makes a child immensely rich, how he feels the warmth, blood and sweat of his ancestors. It is difficult to imagine how the hero's life would have turned out if not for that first lesson, the memory of which is still alive in him - the lesson of patriotism, love for his roots, past, ancestors.

V. Belov's text is addressed, of course, to each of us. The narrative makes me think about the attitude to the roots that connect each of us with the past, with a small homeland.

Text by V. Belov

(1) For two weeks now I have been living in my native village, where I have not been for many years. (2) Everything has already been learned during this time, everything is bypassed, negotiated with almost everyone. (3) And only at my own home I try not to look and go around it. (4) I think: why stir up the past? (5) Why remember what is forgotten even by my fellow countrymen? (6) Everything is gone forever: good and bad; the bad is not a pity, but the good cannot be returned. (7) I will erase this past from my heart, I will never return to it.

(8) You have to be modern.

(9) One must be ruthless to the past.

(10) Enough to walk through the ashes of native Timonikha, to sit on guardianship. (11) We must remember that day and night on earth - as the poet Hikmet said - reactors and phasotrons work. (12) That the counting machine is faster than a million village accountants, that ...

(13) In general, you don’t need to look at your home, you don’t need to go there, you don’t need anything.

(14) The rains are leaving, the cloud flotillas are sailing. (15) Every morning a turboprop airplane hums over Timonikha. (16) Every morning a caterpillar tractor rumbles, it shakes the corners and rattles, like a thunderstorm, the window panes. (17) It is very good that because of the house of the former neighbor Vasily Dvortsov, neither in the morning nor in the evening is his father's house visible.

(18) Very good.

(19) But one day I crumple my writing in my fist and throw it into a corner. (20) I run up the stairs. (21) In the back street I look around. (22) Nobody. (23) Mom left for cloudberries, everyone is mowing.

(24) The house protruded from the village down to the river. (25) As if in a dream I go up to our birch. (26) Hello! (27) Didn't recognize me? (28) I became tall. (29) The bark has burst in many places. (30) Ants run along the trunk. (31) The lower branches were chopped off so as not to obscure the windows of the winter hut. (32) The top became higher than the pipe. (33) Please don’t wear your jacket. (34) When I was looking for you with my brother Yurka, you were frail, thin. (35) I remember it was spring, and your leaves have already hatched. (36) They could be counted, so small you were then. (37) My brother and I found you in the pasture, on the Vakhruninskaya mountain. (38) I remember the cuckoo was calling. (39) We cut off two large roots from you. (40) They carried it through the ravines, and my brother said that you would dry up, you would not take root under a winter window. (41) They planted, poured out two buckets of water. (42) True, after all, you barely survived, for two summers the leaves were small, pale. (43) Brother was no longer at home when you got stronger and gained strength. (44) And where did you get this power under the winter window? (45) You must be so big! (46) Already above the father's house.

(47) You have to be modern. (48) And I push off from the birch as from a poisonous tree.

What should be the attitude of a person to the past? V. Belov suggests thinking about this problem.

In the proposed test, the narrator, being in his native village, tries to convince himself that one should live only in the present. He tries not to look at his father's house, does not want to "stir up the past." This is the only way, Belov thinks, is it possible to "be modern." However, the author understands that there is an inextricable link between man and the past, with the history of his ancestors and his homeland. So, the meeting of the hero of the text with a birch makes him remember his childhood. Warm memories seem to be carried away to another world, but then the narrator again recalls that "one must be ruthless to the past."

Thus, Belov comes to the conclusion that there is no need to live in the past; your history, your roots - all this must be respected and honored, but one must live in the present.

I completely agree with the opinion of the author. Time is the most valuable thing a person has. Unfortunately, time is running out, people are dying, life is passing, but at the same time it continues, new people are born. Therefore, one cannot dwell only on the past, one must respect it, and one must live in the present.

Let's turn to B. Vasiliev's story "My Horses Are Flying". In this work, the author recalls his entire life, saying that "he is already on his way from the fair." With special trepidation Vasiliev recalls his hometown of Smolensk, an old oak tree in the center of the city, which survived all the troubles and misfortunes together with the inhabitants. Thus, Vasiliev recalls the history of his big and small homeland, he is proud of it and speaks of an inextricable connection with his roots.

Reasoning about attitude to the past great writer DS Likhachev in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful". In the letter "Once again about the monuments of the past" the author recalls the impression made on him by the Church of the Assumption in Moscow. After that, he began to study ancient Russian architecture. D.S.Likhachev seriously thinks that many monuments of the Russian culture - culture of our past, present and future are dying due to carelessness and sometimes even cruel treatment by some people. So, Likhachev brings us to the idea that the past must be protected, because "it fosters a sense of responsibility before the Motherland."

Summing up, it is important to note that all people belong to the past. differently... However, each of us must respect the history of our Motherland, honor our ancestors and not forget our roots.

Thanks in advance, sorry if checking takes a lot of your time.

Effective preparation for the exam (all subjects) -