Visual analyzer vision hygiene. Visual analyzer and its hygiene

The date: 05.03.2020

Grishchenko Nadezhda Vasilievna
Hygiene of auditory and visual analyzers

Hygiene of the auditory analyzer

The auditory analyzer is the second most important analyzer in providing adaptive responses and cognitive activity person. Its special role in humans is associated with articulate speech.

The peripheral part is the ear. The receptor function is performed by the organ of Corti, located in the cochlea in the inner ear. The organ of Corti is a system of highly sensitive hair receptor cells.

The conduction section is represented by auditory nerves heading to the central (cortical) section, located in the temporal lobes of the cortex. hemispheres.

In the first years of life, children often suffer from otitis, that is, inflammation of the middle ear. This is due to the fact that microbes located on the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx easily penetrate through the wide and short auditory tube of the child. Therefore, otitis often occurs with various infectious diseases, especially with measles, scarlet fever, whooping cough, influenza, and also with a cold. If a child complains of pain in the ears or his hearing is getting worse, you should immediately show him to a specialist doctor. Running otitis media can lead to a very serious disease - inflammation of the meninges, which is facilitated by incomplete ossification of the temporal bone.

With otitis media, the inflammatory process also affects the eardrum, which sometimes leads to dullness or even complete loss of hearing. In wet, cold and windy weather, it is necessary to protect the child's ears from cooling, which, as a rule, lowers the resistance of tissues, and thereby facilitates the onset of inflammation.

Dirt and earwax easily accumulate in the external auditory canal, causing irritation and itching. Children trying to eliminate discomfort, often resort to hard and even sharp objects(pens, pencils, hairpins). At the same time, they can injure the ear canal and eardrum, and infect the ear with an infection. Therefore, keeping the ears clean is one of the important rules hygiene. If a child complains of itching in the ears, carefully rinse them with warm water or a solution of hydrogen peroxide with a cotton swab and then dry them with the tip of a towel.

To remove small foreign bodies and insects from the ear, pour half a teaspoon of heated liquid oil, glycerin, alcohol or vodka into it, and then for 5-10 minutes. the child should be placed with the affected ear down. The foreign body or dead insect is removed along with the liquid. If it was not possible to remove the foreign body from the child's ear in this way, he is sent to the doctor.

One of the essential requirements of hearing hygiene is to protect the hearing aid from excessively strong and prolonged irritation and to train its response to weak and medium sounds, especially musical ones.

Hygiene of the visual analyzer

visual analyzer- paired education, represented by the following departments. The eye is the peripheral part of the analyzer, the receptor function in the eye is performed by photoreceptors - rods and cones. Rods - structures of twilight vision, are responsible for the black and white image. Cones provide color, daytime vision. The conduction section is the optic nerve, and the cortical section is located in the occipital lobe of each hemisphere.

By the time of birth, the visual analyzer is morphologically prepared for activity. However, even after birth, the structure of the corresponding nerve formations improves.

During early childhood, most children are farsighted because the longitudinal axis of their eye is short. From about 4-5 years of age, the eyeballs begin to grow more intensively in length rather than in width, and most children develop functional myopia, which usually continues until the age of 10-12 years.

The apparent myopia persists throughout the preschool age. Even at the age of 7, the distance to the nearest point of clear vision, as a rule, does not exceed 6-7 cm. Therefore, when a child of preschool age diligently draws or carefully examines, he bows his head so low that it is easy to mistake him for myopia.

In children, not apparent, but real myopia is detected, as a rule, only after the age of three. Most often, myopia is inherited. However, it can also be acquired. The development of myopia is facilitated by increased strain on the organ of vision during classes, looking at pictures, embroidering, etc., especially if hygienic requirements for seating, room lighting, educational and visual aids are not met. Myopia often develops in weakened children.

Myopia can dramatically change the behavior and even the character of the child. He becomes distracted, brings objects close to his eyes, squints, hunches over, complains of headaches, pain in the eyes, that objects blur before his eyes. Some children, when concentrating on objects, especially when tired, begin to squint with their eyes. If you suspect myopia, the child should be referred to an ophthalmologist.

Children with poor eyesight are usually seated closer to the light source and to the teacher's table during classes. Educators should ensure that the glasses prescribed for the children are correctly fitted to the eyes, and that the eyepieces of the glasses are comfortably and tightly held behind the ears. With constant distortion, slipping of glasses, they can turn out to be useless and even harmful, and therefore, if defects are detected, the glasses must be given to the optics for correction. Children who are prescribed glasses must use them. Otherwise, myopia will progress rapidly.

With farsightedness, a person clearly sees more or less distant objects, which is explained by a reduced anterior-posterior diameter eyeball. To correct farsightedness, it is necessary to increase the refraction with glasses with biconvex glasses. In children of preschool age, farsightedness is rarely detected.

Excessive eye strain, if it is often repeated, contributes to the development of myopia, and often strabismus. Therefore, it is necessary to pay great attention to the organization of such an environment, which facilitates the function of the organs of vision. Eyes strain in low light, as well as in strong accommodation. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the lighting of the premises in which preschoolers are engaged, and the correct distance from the working surface to the eyes: vision is least of all tired at a distance of 15-20 cm. In classes associated with prolonged tension of the eye muscles (drawing, modeling, embroidery), from time to time it is necessary to distract children from work with some kind of remark or showing visual aids in order to switch vision from close to far distance and give rest to the ciliary muscle.

Particular attention should be paid to the proper organization of watching films and television programs from a hygienic point of view. The number of frames in a slide film should not exceed 25-30 for the younger groups of the kindergarten, 35-40 for the middle ones and 45-50 for the older ones. Children aged 3-5 are recommended to watch no more than one film (15-20 minutes), and older children (6-7 years) - two films, if their total duration does not exceed 20-25 minutes.

Watch TV shows no more than twice a week. The TV set must be installed on a table 1-1.2 m high above the floor and a good image quality can be obtained according to the test chart. The first row of chairs must be no closer than 2m, and the last no further than 5m from the screen; in between, 5 more rows of 4-5 chairs are installed. The duration of a television program for children 3-4 years old should be no more than 10-15 minutes, and for children 5-7 years old - no more than 25-30 minutes. Indoors, in addition to a luminous screen, it is recommended to have a small light source located behind the back of the audience, which contributes to less eye fatigue.

Light-sensitive apparatus of the eye. A beam of light, passing through the optical media of the eye, penetrates the retina and hits it outer layer. Here are the receptors of the visual analyzer. These are special light-sensitive cells called rods and cones. Rods make it possible to see at dusk and even at night, but without color discrimination. Cones come into a state of excitation only with sufficiently strong light, but they allow you to distinguish colors. Children can develop color vision by giving them toys. different color, and especially their different brightness (saturation).

Violation of the function of color perception is congenital and manifests itself from early childhood, it should be kept in mind and taken into account when working with children. The sooner visual impairments are detected in children, the easier it will be to cure them. The first eye examination in children is carried out at the age of 1-1.5 years, the next - at 3-4 years, and finally at 6-7 years, before entering school.

Lighting. With good lighting, all body functions proceed more intensively, mood improves, activity and working capacity of the child increase. Natural daylight is considered the best. For greater illumination, the windows of game and group rooms usually face south, southeast or southwest. Light should not obscure either opposite buildings or tall trees.

The larger the area of \u200b\u200bthe room, the larger the light surface of the windows should be. The ratio of the area of the glazed surface of windows to the area of the floor is called the light factor. For play and group rooms in cities, the light coefficient norm is equal to 1:4-1:5; in rural areas, where buildings, as a rule, are built on sites open on all sides, the light coefficient is allowed to be 1:5-1:6. The light coefficient for the rest of the premises should be at least 1: 8.

The farther the place is from the window, the worse its illumination with natural light. For sufficient illumination, the depth of the room should not exceed twice the distance from the floor to the top edge of the window. If the depth of the room is 6 m, then the upper edge of the window should be at a distance of 3 m from the floor.

Neither flowers, which can absorb up to 30% of the light, nor foreign objects, nor curtains should interfere with the passage of light into the room where the children are. In game and group rooms, only narrow curtains made of light, well-washable fabric are allowed, which are located on the rings along the edges of the windows and are used in cases where it is necessary to limit the passage of straight lines into the room. sun rays. Matted and chalked window panes are not allowed in children's institutions. It is necessary to take care that the glasses are smooth and of high quality.

Sufficient lighting of group rooms with an area of 62 sq. m give 8 lamps with a power of 300 watts each, suspended in two rows (4 lamps in a row) at a level of 2.8-3 m from the floor. The bedrooms are 70 sq. m you need to have 8 lamps of 150 watts each. In addition, additional night lighting with lamps is needed in the bedrooms and adjacent corridors. of blue color. Lamps should be placed in fixtures that soften their brightness and give diffused light. It has been established that direct light, not protected by reinforcement, reduces efficiency, strongly blinds the eyes, and causes sharp shadows. So, with direct lighting, the shadow from the body reduces the illumination of the workplace by 50%, and by hand even by 80%.

Natural and artificial lighting does not achieve its purpose if there is no proper care for the light sources and the rooms in which they are located. So, for example, frozen glass absorbs up to 80% of light rays, dirt can reduce light transmission by 25% or more. The power of electric lamps decreases significantly as they are used. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically care for both window glass and fittings, as well as for the room itself, its walls and ceiling. It is also necessary to monitor the timely replacement of obsolete lamps.

First aid when a foreign body gets into the eye (a grain of sand, a fallen eyelash, a midge, etc.). It causes burning, lacrimation, photophobia. If a foreign body is clearly visible during examination of the eye, it must be removed with a piece of gauze dipped in a 1% solution of boric acid. You can try to remove the foreign body by intensively blotting the eye with water from a pipette; if this does not help, the child should be sent to a specialist, since a long stay of a foreign body in the eye causes inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea.

List of used literature

1. Kabanov A. N. and Chabovskaya A. P. Anatomy, physiology and hygiene of preschool children. Textbook for preschool teachers. M. "Enlightenment". 1969.

2. Leontieva N. N. Marinova K. V. Anatomy and physiology child's body. M. "Enlightenment". 1986.

3. Chabovskaya A.P. Fundamentals of pediatrics and hygiene of preschool children. M. "Enlightenment". 1980.

4. Electronic resource: window.ru/resource/ Age anatomy, physiology and hygiene. Tutorial. Compiled by Yu. A. Goncharova. Publishing and printing center of Voronezh state university. 2008.

5. Electronic resource: w.w.w. examen.ru / add/ Schoo/.- Subjects/Human-Seiences/ Anatomy-and-Physiolopy/ 8741.

Physical education instructor:

Grishchenko Nadezhda Vasilievna

Organ of vision- one of the main sense organs, it plays a significant role in the process of perception of the environment. In the diverse activities of man, in the performance of many of the most delicate works, the organ of vision is of paramount importance. Having reached perfection in a person, the organ of vision captures the light flux, directs it to special light-sensitive cells, perceives a black-and-white and color image, sees an object in volume and at different distances. The organ of vision is located in the eye socket and consists of an eye and an auxiliary apparatus Rice. 144. The structure of the eye (diagram) 1 - sclera; 2 - choroid; 3 - retina; 4 - central fossa; 5 - blind spot; 6 - optic nerve; 7- conjunctiva; 8- ciliary ligament; 9-cornea; 10-pupil; eleven, 18- optical axis; 12 - front camera; 13 - lens; 14 - iris; 15 - rear camera; 16 - ciliary muscle; 17- vitreous body

Eye (oculus) consists of the eyeball and the optic nerve with its membranes. The eyeball has a rounded shape, anterior and posterior poles. The first corresponds to the most protruding part of the outer fibrous membrane (cornea), and the second corresponds to the most protruding part, which is the lateral exit optic nerve from the eyeball. The line connecting these points is called the outer axis of the eyeball, and the line connecting the point on inner surface cornea with a dot on the retina, is called the internal axis of the eyeball. Changes in the ratio of these lines cause disturbances in the focus of the image of objects on the retina, the appearance of myopia (myopia) or farsightedness (hypermetropia). Eyeball consists of the fibrous and choroid membranes, the retina and the nucleus of the eye (the aqueous humor of the anterior and posterior chambers, the lens, the vitreous body). fibrous sheath - an outer dense shell that performs protective and light-conducting functions. Its anterior part is called the cornea, the posterior part is called the sclera. Cornea - this is the transparent part of the shell, which has no vessels, and is shaped like a watch glass. Corneal diameter - 12 mm, thickness - about 1 mm.

Sclera consists of dense fibrous connective tissue, about 1 mm thick. On the border with the cornea in the thickness of the sclera there is a narrow channel - the venous sinus of the sclera. The oculomotor muscles are attached to the sclera. choroid contains a large number of blood vessels and pigment. It consists of three parts: own choroid, ciliary body and iris. The choroid proper forms most of the choroid and lines the back of the sclera, fuses loosely with the outer shell; between them is the perivascular space in the form of a narrow gap. ciliary body resembles a moderately thickened section of the choroid, which lies between its own choroid and the iris. The basis of the ciliary body is loose connective tissue, rich in blood vessels and smooth muscle cells. The anterior section has about 70 radially arranged ciliary processes that make up the ciliary crown. Radially located fibers of the ciliary belt are attached to the latter, which then go to the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens capsule. The posterior section of the ciliary body - the ciliary circle - resembles thickened circular stripes that pass into the choroid. The ciliary muscle consists of intricately intertwined bundles of smooth muscle cells. With their contraction, a change in the curvature of the lens and adaptation to a clear vision of the object (accommodation) occur. iris - the most anterior part of the choroid, has the shape of a disk with a hole (pupil) in the center. It consists of connective tissue with vessels, pigment cells that determine the color of the eyes, and muscle fibers arranged radially and circularly. Inner (sensitive) shell of the eyeball - retina - tightly adjacent to the vascular. The retina has a large posterior visual part and a smaller anterior "blind" part, which combines the ciliary and iris parts of the retina. The visual part consists of the internal pigment and internal nervous parts. The latter has up to 10 layers of nerve cells. The inner part of the retina includes cells with processes in the form of cones and rods, which are the light-sensitive elements of the eyeball. cones perceive light rays in bright (daylight) light and are both color receptors, and sticks function in twilight lighting and play the role of twilight light receptors. Rest nerve cells play a liaison role; the axons of these cells, united in a bundle, form a nerve that exits the retina.

AT nucleus of the eye includes the anterior and posterior chambers filled with aqueous humor, the lens and the vitreous body. The anterior chamber of the eye is the space between the cornea at the front and the anterior surface of the iris at the back. lens - This is a biconvex lens that is located behind the chambers of the eye and has a light refractive power. It distinguishes between the anterior and posterior surfaces and the equator. The substance of the lens is colorless, transparent, dense, has no vessels and nerves. The inner part is core - much denser than the peripheral part. Outside, the lens is covered with a thin transparent elastic capsule, to which the ciliary girdle (zinn ligament) is attached. With the contraction of the ciliary muscle, the size of the lens and its refractive power change. vitreous body - it is a jelly-like transparent mass that does not have vessels and nerves and is covered with a membrane. It is located in the vitreous chamber of the eyeball, behind the lens and fits snugly against the retina. On the side of the lens in the vitreous body is a depression called the vitreous fossa. The refractive power of the vitreous body is close to that of the aqueous humor that fills the chambers of the eye. In addition, the vitreous body performs supporting and protective functions.

Accessory organs of the eye. The auxiliary organs of the eye include the muscles of the eyeball (Fig. 145), the fascia of the orbit, the eyelids, the eyebrows, the lacrimal apparatus, the fatty body, the conjunctiva, the vagina of the eyeball. The muscles of the eyeball:

A - view from the lateral side: 1 - superior rectus; 2 - muscle that lifts the upper eyelid; 3 - inferior oblique muscle; 4 - lower rectus; 5 - lateral rectus; B - top view: 1- block; 2 - sheath of the tendon of the superior oblique muscle; 3 - superior oblique muscle; 4- medial rectus; 5 - lower rectus; 6 - superior rectus; 7 - lateral rectus muscle; 8 - muscle that lifts the upper eyelid

The motor apparatus of the eye is represented by six muscles.

eye socket, in which the eyeball is located, consists of the periosteum of the orbit, which fuses with the hard shell of the brain in the region of the optic canal and the superior orbital fissure. The eyeball is covered with a shell (or Tenon's capsule), which is loosely connected to the sclera and forms the episcleral space. Between the vagina and the periosteum of the orbit is the fatty body of the orbit, which acts as an elastic cushion for the eyeball.

Eyelids (upper and lower) are formations that lie in front of the eyeball and cover it from above and below, and when closed, they completely close it. The eyelids have an anterior and posterior surface and free edges. The latter, connected by spikes, form the medial and lateral corners of the eye. In the medial corner are the lacrimal lake and the lacrimal meat. On the free edge of the upper and lower eyelids near the medial angle, a slight elevation is visible - the lacrimal papilla with a hole at the top, which is the beginning of the lacrimal canaliculus. The space between the edges of the eyelids is called palpebral fissure . Eyelashes are located along the front edge of the eyelids. The basis of the eyelid is cartilage, which is covered with skin on top, and on the inside - with the conjunctiva of the eyelid, which then passes into the conjunctiva of the eyeball. The recess that forms when the conjunctiva of the eyelids passes to the eyeball is called the conjunctival sac. The eyelids, in addition to the protective function, reduce or block the access of the light flux. On the border of the forehead and upper eyelid located eyebrow, which is a roller covered with hair and performing a protective function.

lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland with excretory ducts and lacrimal ducts. The lacrimal gland is located in the fossa of the same name in the lateral angle, near the upper wall of the orbit and is covered with a thin connective tissue capsule. The excretory ducts (there are about 15 of them) of the lacrimal gland open into the conjunctival sac. A tear washes the eyeball and constantly moisturizes the cornea. The movement of tears is facilitated by the blinking movements of the eyelids. Then the tear flows through the capillary gap near the edge of the eyelids into the lacrimal lake. In this place, the lacrimal canaliculi originate, which open into the lacrimal sac. The latter is located in the fossa of the same name in the lower medial corner of the orbit. From top to bottom, it passes into a rather wide nasolacrimal canal, through which the lacrimal fluid enters the nasal cavity.

1. The concept of analyzers and their role in the knowledge of the surrounding world.

4. Visual analyzer.
5. Skin hygiene.
6. Skin types and skin care basics.
7. Skin analyzer.
8. List of literature.

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VOLGA STATE SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN ACADEMY

ABSTRACT OF THE 1st YEAR STUDENT
ON ANATOMY and AGE PHYSIOLOGY

"Analyzers. Hygiene of the skin, auditory and visual analyzers.
Faculty of Psychology

educational institutions PSCA

Lecturer: Gordievsky A.Yu.

Completed by: Kholunova Tatiana

2013

Topic: “Analyzers. Hygiene of the skin, auditory and visual analyzers.

1. The concept of analyzers and their role in the knowledge of the surrounding world.

2. The sensitivity of the auditory analyzer.

3. Hygiene of the child's hearing.

4. Visual analyzer.

5. Skin hygiene.

6. Skin types and skin care basics.

7. Skin analyzer.

8. List of literature.

1. The concept of analyzers and their role in the knowledge of the surrounding world

The body and the outside world are one. The perception of the environment around us occurs with the help of the sense organs or analyzers. Even Aristotle described five basic senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

The analyzer is not just an ear or an eye. It is a set of nervous structures, including a peripheral, perceiving apparatus (receptors), which transforms the energy of irritation into a specific excitation process; the conductive part, represented by peripheral nerves and conduction centers, it transfers the resulting excitation to the cerebral cortex; the central part - the nerve centers located in the cerebral cortex, analyzing the incoming information and forming the corresponding sensation, after which a certain tactic of the body's behavior is developed. With the help of analyzers, we objectively perceive the outside world as it is. This is a materialistic understanding of the issue. On the contrary, the idealistic concept of the theory of knowledge of the world was put forward by the German physiologist I. Müller, who formulated the law of specific energy. The latter, according to I. Muller, is embedded and formed in our sense organs, and we also perceive this energy in the form of certain sensations. But this theory is not correct, since it is based on the action of irritation that is inadequate for a given analyzer. The intensity of the stimulus is characterized by the threshold of sensation (perception). The absolute sensation threshold is the minimum intensity of a stimulus that produces a corresponding sensation. The differential threshold is the minimum difference in intensities that is perceived by the subject. This means that the analyzers are able to quantify the increase in sensation in the direction of its increase or decrease. So one can distinguish bright light from less bright, evaluate the sound by its pitch, tone and loudness. The peripheral part of the analyzer is represented either by special receptors (papillae of the tongue, olfactory hair cells), or complex organized body(eye, ear). The visual analyzer provides the perception and analysis of light stimuli, and the formation of visual images. The cortical section of the visual analyzer is located in the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex. The visual analyzer is involved in the implementation of written speech. The auditory analyzer provides the perception and analysis of sound stimuli. The cortical section of the auditory analyzer is located in the temporal region of the cerebral cortex. With the help of an auditory analyzer, oral speech is carried out. The motor speech analyzer provides the perception and analysis of information coming from the organs of speech. The cortical section of the motor speech analyzer is located in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. With the help of reverse impulses coming from the cerebral cortex to the motor nerve endings in the muscles of the respiratory and articulation organs, the activity of the speech apparatus is regulated.

2. Sensitivity of the auditory analyzer

The human ear can perceive the range of sound frequencies in a fairly wide range: from 16 to 20,000 Hz. Sounds with frequencies below 16 Hz are called infrasounds, and those above 20,000 Hz are called ultrasounds. Each frequency is perceived by certain areas of the auditory receptors, which respond to a certain sound. The highest sensitivity of the auditory analyzer is observed in the mid-frequency region (from 1000 to 4000 Hz). Speech uses sounds in the range of 150 - 2500 Hz. The auditory ossicles form a system of levers, with the help of which the transmission of sound vibrations from air environment ear canal to perilymph inner ear. The difference in the area of the base of the stirrup (small) and the area of the tympanic membrane (large), as well as in the special way of articulation of the bones, acting like levers; pressure on the membrane of the oval window increases 20 times or more than on the tympanic membrane, which contributes to the amplification of sound. In addition, the ossicular system is able to change the strength of high sound pressures. As soon as the pressure of the sound wave approaches 110 - 120 dB, the nature of the movement of the bones changes significantly, the pressure of the stirrup on the round window of the inner ear decreases, and protects the auditory receptor apparatus from prolonged sound overload. This change in pressure is achieved by contraction of the muscles of the middle ear (muscles of the malleus and stirrup) and the amplitude of the vibration of the stirrup decreases. The auditory analyzer is adaptable. Prolonged action of sounds leads to a decrease in the sensitivity of the auditory analyzer (adaptation to sound), and the absence of sounds leads to its increase (adaptation to silence). With the help of an auditory analyzer, you can relatively accurately determine the distance to the sound source. The most accurate estimate of the distance of the sound source occurs at a distance of about 3 m. The direction of the sound is determined due to binaural hearing, the ear that is closer to the sound source perceives it earlier and, therefore, is more intense in sound. At the same time, the delay time on the way to the other ear is also determined. It is known that the thresholds of the auditory analyzer are not strictly constant and fluctuate significantly in humans, depending on functional state body and environmental factors.

There are two types of transmission of sound vibrations - air and bone conduction of sound. With air conduction of sound, sound waves are captured by the auricle and transmitted through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane, and then through the system of auditory ossicles to the perilymph and endolymph. A person with air conduction is able to perceive sounds from 16 to 20,000 Hz. Bone conduction sound is carried through the bones of the skull, which also have sound conductivity. Air conduction of sound is better than bone conduction.

3. Hygiene of the child's hearing

One of the personal hygiene skills - to keep your face neat, in particular your ears - should also be instilled in the child as early as possible. Wash your ears, keep them clean, remove discharge, if any.

A child with suppuration from the ear, even, it would seem, the most insignificant, often develops inflammation of the external auditory canal. About eczema, the causes of which are often purulent otitis media, as well as mechanical, thermal and chemical damage caused in the process of cleansing the ear canal. The most important thing in this case is the observance of ear hygiene: it is necessary to clean it of pus, drain it in case of instillation of drops with purulent otitis media, lubricate the ear canal with vaseline oil, cracks with tincture of iodine. Doctors usually prescribe dry heat, blue light. Prevention of the disease mainly consists in the hygienic maintenance of the ear with purulent otitis media.

Ears should be cleaned once a week. Pre-drop in each ear for 5 minutes hydrogen peroxide 3% solution. Sulfur masses soften and turn into foam, they are easy to remove. With "dry" cleaning, there is a great danger of pushing part of the sulfur masses deep into the external auditory canal, to the eardrum (this is how the sulfur plug is formed).

It is necessary to pierce the earlobe only in beauty parlors, so as not to cause infection of the auricle and its inflammation.

Regular exposure to noisy environments or short-term, but very intense exposure to sound can lead to hearing loss. Protect your ears from too loud sounds. Scientists have found that prolonged exposure to loud noise damages hearing. Strong, sharp sounds lead to rupture of the eardrum, and constant loud noises cause loss of elasticity of the eardrum.

In conclusion, it must be emphasized that the hygienic education of a baby in kindergarten and at home, of course, is closely related to other types of education - mental, labor, aesthetic, moral, i.e., with personality education.

It is important to follow the principles of systematic, gradual and consistent formation of cultural and hygienic skills, taking into account the age and individual characteristics of the baby.

4. Visual analyzer

ORGANS OF VISION (EYE) - the perceiving department of the visual analyzer, serves to perceive light stimuli.

The eye is in the socket of the skull. Distinguish between the anterior and posterior poles of the eye. The eye includes the eyeball and ancillary apparatus.

The eyeball consists of a nucleus and three membranes: outer - fibrous, middle - vascular, inner - reticular.

SHELLS OF THE EYEBALL.

The fibrous membrane is represented by two departments. The anterior section is formed by an avascular, transparent, and strongly curved cornea; posterior - albuginea (sclera, its color resembles the protein of a boiled chicken egg). On the border between the cornea and the tunica albuginea passes the venous sinus, through which venous blood and lymph flow from the eye. The epithelium of the cornea passes here into the conjunctiva, which lines the anterior part of the albuginea.

Behind the sclera is the choroid, which consists of three parts different in structure and function: the choroid proper, the ciliary body, and the iris.

The choroid proper is loosely connected to the albuginea, and lymphatic slits are located between them. It is permeated with a large number of vessels. On the inner surface has a black pigment that absorbs light.

The ciliary body has the appearance of a roller. It protrudes into the eyeball where the albuginea passes into the cornea. The posterior edge of the body passes into the choroid itself, and up to 70 ciliary processes depart from the anterior. Elastic thin fibers originate from them, which form the apparatus supporting the lens, or the ciliary girdle.

In front of the eye, the choroid passes into the iris. The color of the iris is determined by the amount of coloring pigment (from blue to dark brown), which determines the color of the eyes. Between the cornea and the iris is the anterior chamber of the eye, filled with aqueous humor.

In the middle of the iris is a round hole - the pupil. It is necessary to regulate the flow of light entering the eye, i.e. thanks to cells of smooth muscle tissue, the pupil can expand and contract, passing the amount of light necessary to view the object (reflexively narrows in bright light and expands in the dark due to the muscles of the iris).

The muscle fibers of the iris have a double direction. Along the radii are the fibers of the muscle that dilates the pupil, around the pupillary edge of the iris there are circular fibers of the muscle that narrows the pupil.

The retina, or retina, is attached to the vitreous body and consists of two parts:

1. back - visual - is photosensitive, it is a thin and very delicate layer of cells - visual receptors, which are the peripheral part of the visual analyzer.

2. front - ciliary and iris, does not contain photosensitive cells. The border between them is a jagged border, which is located at the level of the transition of the choroid proper to the ciliary circle.

The place of exit from the eyeball of the optic nerve is called the disc (blind spot), there are no visual receptors here. In addition, in the area of the disc, the artery that feeds it enters the retina and the vein exits. Both vessels pass inside the optic nerve.

The visual part of the retina has a complex structure; it consists of 10 microscopic layers (table). The outermost layer adjacent to choroid serves as pigment epithelium. Behind it is a layer of neuroepithelium containing neuroreceptor cells.

The retinal receptors are cells in the form of rods (125 million) and cones (6.5 million). They are adjacent to the black choroid. Its fibers surround each of these cells from the sides and back, forming a black case, facing the light with its open side.

Rods are twilight light receptors and are highly sensitive to the rays of all visible light. Only black and white images are transmitted. Each stick consists of an outer and inner segments, interconnected by a connecting section, which is a modified eyelash.

In the outermost part of the inner segment, there is a basal body with a basal root, near which centrioles are located. The outer segment - photosensitive - is formed by double membrane discs, which are folds of the plasma membrane, into which visual purple - rhodopsin is embedded. The inner segment consists of two parts: ellipsoidal (filled with mitochondria) and myoid (ribosomes, Golgi complex). A process (axon) departs from the cell body, ending in a splitting synoptic body, forming ribbon-like synapses.

	retinal layer
	Pigmentary
	Photosensory - rods and cones
	Outer boundary membrane
	Outdoor nuclear
	Outer mesh
	internal nuclear
	Inner mesh
	Ganglionic (passing blood vessels)
	layer of nerve fibers
	Inner limiting membrane

Cones are less sensitive to light and are only irritated by bright light and are responsible for color vision. There are 3 types of cones that are sensitive only to blue, green and red light. They are concentrated mainly in the central part of the retina, in the so-called macula lutea (the place of the best vision, located at a distance of about 4 mm from the disk). The rest of the retina contains both cones and rods, but the periphery is dominated by rods.

Cones differ from rods in their larger size and the nature of the disks. In the distal part of the outer segment of the cones, the invaginations of the plasma membrane form semi-discs that retain their connection with the membrane; in the proximal part of the outer segment, the discs are similar to the disks of rods. The ellipsoid inner segment contains elongated mitochondria. The synthesized protein - iodopsin - is continuously transported to the outer segment, where it is integrated into all discs. A spherical nucleus lies in the expanded basal part of the cone cell. An axon departs from the cell body, ending in a wide stalk that forms synapses.

In front of the rods and cones are nerve cells that perceive and process information received from visual receptors. Axons of neurons form the optic nerve.

NUCLEUS OF THE EYEBALL.

Behind the pupil is the lens, which resembles a biconvex lens.

The lens is devoid of blood vessels and nerves, completely transparent and covered with a structureless transparent bag. The lens is reinforced with a ciliary girdle

Between the lens and the iris is the posterior chamber of the eye, which is filled with aqueous humor. It is secreted by the blood vessels of the ciliary processes and the iris, weakly refracts light, its outflow is carried out through the venous sinus.

With the help of the smooth muscles surrounding it, which form the ciliary body, the lens can change its shape: it becomes either more convex or flatter. The lens forms a reduced inverted image on the rear inner wall of the eye, the retina or retina.

The cavity of the eyeball is filled with a transparent substance - the vitreous body. This is a transparent avascular gelatinous mass that fills the eye cavity between the lens and the retina, is involved in maintaining intraocular pressure and the shape of the eye, and is tightly connected to the retina.

AUXILIARY EYE DEVICE.

Muscles pass to the eyeball, which can move it in different directions. Muscles: four straight (lateral, medial, superior and inferior) and two oblique (superior and inferior).

The front of the eye is protected by eyelids, eyelashes and eyebrows. The inner surface of the eyelids is lined with a shell - the conjunctiva, which continues onto the eyeball, covering its free surface. The conjunctiva is limited to the conjunctival sac, which contains the lacrimal fluid that washes the free surface of the eye and has a bactericidal property.

At the inner corner of the eye between the edges of the eyelids, a space is formed - a lacrimal lake; at its bottom lies a small elevation - lacrimal meat. On the edge of both eyelids in this place there is a small hole - the lacrimal opening; this is the beginning of the lacrimal canaliculus.

In the upper corner of the eye on the side of the cheek is lacrimal gland. When lowering the movable upper eyelid, the gland secretes tears that moisturize, wash and warm the eye. Lacrimal fluid from the outer upper corner of the eye goes to the lower inner corner and from there enters the lacrimal canal, goes under the skin of the eyelids to the lacrimal sac located on the medial wall of the orbit, and flows into it. The lacrimal sac, narrowing downward, passes into the lacrimal duct, which removes excess tears into nasal cavity. The lacrimal fluid contains a bactericidal substance - lysozyme, facilitates the movement of the eyelids, reducing friction.

The fat body fills the space between the walls of the orbit and the eyeball with its muscles. The fatty body forms a soft and elastic lining of the eyeball.

Fascia separates the fat body from the eyeball; a slit-like space remains between them, which ensures the mobility of the eyeball.

The conduction section begins in the retina. The neurites of its ganglion cells fold into the optic nerves, which, having entered the cranial cavity through the optic canals, form a decussation. After decussation, each nerve, now called the visual pathway, goes around the brain stem and is divided into two roots. One of them ends in the superior colliculus. Its fibers go to the lower effector nuclei of the trunk and to the pillow of the thalamus. Another root goes to the lateral geniculate body. In the pillow and lateral geniculate body, visual impulses switch to the next neuron, the fibers of which go as part of the visual radiation: to the cortex of the occipital region of the cerebral hemispheres (central section).

The visual pathways are arranged so that the left part of the visual field from both eyes falls into right hemisphere cerebral cortex, and the right part of the visual field - to the left. If the images from the right and left eyes fall into the corresponding brain centers, then they create a single three-dimensional image. Vision with two eyes is called binocular vision, which provides a clear three-dimensional perception of an object and its location in space.

5.Skin hygiene

The digital skin analyzer implements the most modern and high-precision method for non-invasive assessment of the human skin condition - the bioimpedance method "Bioelectric Impedance Analysis BIA, Skin Analyzer Monitor".

Unfavorable ecology, air-conditioned rooms, bad weather conditions (blizzard, hail, rain), pool with poor quality water, food and drinks, health and lifestyle, stress at work, changing cycles in the body, expired cosmetics - all this affects skin condition. Save youth and become even more beautiful, Skin Analyzer will help you. This simple mini-computer will allow you to analyze not only appearance, but also the internal state, to determine the moisture content of the skin, fat content and softness. With this data, you can choose an individual skin care that suits you.

The time of obtaining data on the condition of the skin is no more than 10 seconds. The skin analyzer is a powerful tool for evaluating the effectiveness and impact of cosmetic products and choosing the right ones. It is an indispensable assistant for those whose skin needs constant special care and attention: newborn babies, people suffering from diabetes and many others.

An important positive quality of the analyzer is absolute safety, information content, accuracy of results, reliability and ease of use. The analyzer allows you to evaluate such indicators of the skin condition as moisture, dryness, fat content, turgor and the condition of the skin epithelium. All indicators are displayed on the LCD in digital and in the format of histo- and pictograms.

The skin analyzer is suitable for both professional skin care consultations and personal use. It is an important tool for personal skin care and will be useful for cosmetologists. The elegant shape, maximum portability, small size and weight, lightness and ease of use make this device indispensable in the arsenal of products for beauty and youthful skin.

Dehydrated skin is considered to be skin that contains insufficient amounts of water and cannot retain moisture in the upper layer of the epidermis. Dehydrated skin can be not only in dry skin types, but also in skin with normal and increased function of the sebaceous glands! Under the influence of various factors, the water entering the cells of the epidermis evaporates quickly and does not have time to bring beneficial elements to the skin. Due to lack of moisture, the skin loses its elasticity and wrinkles appear. With the help of the Skin Analyzer, you can correctly assess the condition of the skin and choose cosmetics and health devices.

Age features of vision in children.

Vision hygiene

Prepared by:

Lebedeva Svetlana Anatolievna

MBDOU kindergarten

compensating type No. 93

Moscow region

Nizhny Novgorod

Introduction
The device and work of the eye

How the eye works




Vision hygiene
3.1. eyes and reading
3.2. Eyes and computer
3.3. Vision and TV
3.4. Lighting Requirements
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

See everything, understand everything, know everything, experience everything,
All forms, all colors to absorb with your eyes,
To walk all over the earth with burning feet,
Take it all in and make it happen again.

Maximilian Voloshin

Eyes are given to a person to see the world, they are a way of knowing a three-dimensional, color and stereoscopic image.

Preservation of vision is one of the most important conditions for active human activity at any age.

The role of vision in human life cannot be overestimated. Vision provides the possibility of labor and creative activity. Through the eyes, we receive most of the information about the world around us compared to other senses.

The source of information about the external environment around us is complex nervous devices - the sense organs. The German naturalist and physicist G. Helmholtz wrote: “Of all the human senses, the eye has always been recognized as the best gift and wonderful product of the creative power of nature. Poets have sung about it, orators have praised it, philosophers have glorified it as a measure of what organic forces are capable of, and physicists have tried to imitate it as an unattainable model of optical instruments.

The organ of vision serves as the most important tool for understanding the external world. The main information about the world around us enters the brain through the eyes. Centuries passed until the fundamental question was solved, how the image of the outside world is formed on the retina. The eye sends information to the brain, which is transformed through the retina and optic nerve into a visual image in the brain. The visual act has always been mysterious and mysterious for a person.

I will talk about all this in more detail in this control work.

For me, working on the material on this topic was useful and informative: I figured out the structure of the eye, the age-related features of vision in children, and the prevention of visual disorders. At the end of the work in the application, she presented a set of exercises to relieve eye fatigue, multifunctional exercises for the eyes and visual gymnastics for children.

The device and work of the eye

The visual analyzer enables a person to navigate in the environment, comparing and analyzing its various situations.

The human eye has the shape of an almost regular ball (about 25 mm in diameter). The outer (protein) shell of the eye is called the sclera, has a thickness of about 1 mm and consists of an elastic cartilage-like opaque white tissue. At the same time, the anterior (slightly convex) part of the sclera (cornea) is transparent to light rays (it looks like a round "window"). The sclera as a whole is a kind of superficial skeleton of the eye, maintaining its spherical shape and at the same time providing light transmission into the eye through the cornea.

The inner surface of the opaque part of the sclera is covered with a choroid, consisting of a network of small blood vessels. In turn, the choroid of the eye is, as it were, lined with a light-sensitive retina, consisting of light-sensitive nerve endings.

Thus, the sclera, choroid and retina form a kind of three-layer outer shell, which contains all the optical elements of the eye: the lens, the vitreous body, the eye fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers, and the iris. Outside, to the right and left of the eye, there are rectus muscles that rotate the eye in a vertical plane. Acting simultaneously with both pairs of rectus muscles, you can turn the eye in any plane. All nerve fibers, leaving the retina, are combined into one optic nerve, going to the corresponding visual zone of the cerebral cortex. In the center of the exit of the optic nerve there is a blind spot that is not sensitive to light.

Particular attention should be paid to such an important element of the eye as the lens, the change in the shape of which largely determines the work of the eye. If the lens could not change its shape during the operation of the eye, then the image of the object under consideration would sometimes be built in front of the retina, and sometimes behind it. Only in individual cases it would hit the retina. In reality, however, the image of the object under consideration always (in the normal eye) falls precisely on the retina. This is achieved due to the fact that the lens has the ability to take a shape corresponding to the distance at which the object in question is located. So, for example, when the object in question is close to the eye, the muscle compresses the lens so much that its shape becomes more convex. Due to this, the image of the object under consideration falls precisely on the retina and becomes as clear as possible.

When viewing a distant object, the muscle, on the contrary, stretches the lens, which leads to the creation of a clear image of the distant object and its placement on the retina. The property of the lens to create on the retina a clear image of the object in question, located at different distances from the eye, is called accommodation.

How the eye works

When viewing an object, the iris of the eye (pupil) opens so wide that the stream of light passing through it is sufficient to create the illumination on the retina necessary for the confident operation of the eye. If this did not work out right away, then the aiming of the eye at the object by turning with the help of the rectus muscles will be refined, and at the same time the lens will be focused with the help of the ciliary muscle.

In everyday life, this process of “tuning” the eye when moving from viewing one object to another occurs continuously throughout the day, and automatically, and it occurs after we transfer our gaze from object to object.

Our visual analyzer is capable of distinguishing objects up to tenths of a mm in size, distinguishing colors in the range from 411 to 650 ml with great accuracy, and also distinguishing an infinite number of images.

About 90% of all the information we receive comes through the visual analyzer. What conditions are necessary for a person to see without difficulty?

A person sees well only if the rays from the object intersect at the main focus located on the retina. This eye usually has normal vision and is called emmetropic. If the rays cross behind the retina, then this is a far-sighted (hyperopic) eye, and if the rays cross closer than the retina, the eye is myopic (myopic).

Age features of the organ of vision

The vision of a child, unlike the vision of an adult, is in the process of becoming and improving.

From the first days of life, the child sees the world around him, but only gradually begins to understand what he sees. In parallel with the growth and development of the whole organism, there is also a great variability of all elements of the eye, the formation of its optical system. This is a long process, especially intense between the year and five years of a child's life. At this age, the size of the eye, the weight of the eyeball, and the refractive power of the eye increase significantly.

In newborns, the size of the eyeball is smaller than in adults (the diameter of the eyeball is 17.3 mm, and in an adult it is 24.3 mm). In this regard, the rays of light coming from distant objects converge behind the retina, that is, the newborn is characterized by natural farsightedness. An early visual reaction of a child can be attributed to an orienting reflex to light irritation, or to a flashing object. The child reacts to light irritation or an approaching object by turning the head and torso. At 3-6 weeks, the baby is able to fix the gaze. Up to 2 years, the eyeball increases by 40%, by 5 years - by 70% of its original volume, and by the age of 12-14 it reaches the size of an adult's eyeball.

The visual analyzer is immature at the time of the birth of the child. The development of the retina ends by 12 months of age. Myelination of the optic nerves and optic neural pathways begins at the end of the intrauterine period of development and ends at 3-4 months of a child's life. The maturation of the cortical part of the analyzer ends only by the age of 7 years.

Lacrimal fluid has an important protective value, as it moisturizes the anterior surface of the cornea and conjunctiva. At birth, it is secreted in a small amount, and by 1.5–2 months, during crying, there is an increase in the formation of lacrimal fluid. In a newborn, the pupils are narrow due to the underdevelopment of the iris muscle.

In the first days of a child's life, there is no coordination of eye movements (the eyes move independently of each other). It appears in 2-3 weeks. Visual concentration - fixation of the gaze on the object appears 3-4 weeks after birth. The duration of this eye reaction is only 1–2 minutes. As the child grows and develops, the coordination of eye movements improves, fixing the gaze becomes longer.

Age features of color perception

A newborn child does not differentiate colors due to the immaturity of the cones in the retina. In addition, there are fewer of them than sticks. Judging by the development of conditioned reflexes in a child, color differentiation begins at 5–6 months. It is by 6 months of a child's life that the central part of the retina develops, where the cones are concentrated. However, the conscious perception of colors is formed later. Children can correctly name colors at the age of 2.5-3 years. At 3 years old, the child distinguishes the ratio of the brightness of colors (darker, paler colored object). For the development of color differentiation, it is advisable for parents to demonstrate colored toys. By the age of 4, the child perceives all colors. The ability to distinguish colors increases significantly by the age of 10–12 years.

Age features of the optical system of the eye

The lens in children is very elastic, so it has a greater ability to change its curvature than in adults. However, starting from the age of 10, the elasticity of the lens decreases and decreases.accommodation volume- the adoption of the lens of the most convex shape after the maximum flattening, or vice versa, the adoption of the lens of the maximum flattening after the most convex shape. In this regard, the position of the nearest point of clear vision changes.Closest point of clear vision(the smallest distance from the eye at which the object is clearly visible) moves away with age: at 10 years old it is at a distance of 7 cm, at 15 years old - 8 cm, 20 - 9 cm, at 22 years old -10 cm, at 25 years old - 12 cm, at 30 years old - 14 cm, etc. Thus, with age, in order to see better, the object must be removed from the eyes.

At the age of 6-7 years, binocular vision is formed. During this period, the boundaries of the field of view expand significantly.

Visual acuity in children of different ages

In newborns, visual acuity is very low. By 6 months it increases and is 0.1, at 12 months - 0.2, and at the age of 5-6 years it is 0.8-1.0. In adolescents, visual acuity increases to 0.9–1.0. In the first months of a child's life, visual acuity is very low; at the age of three, only 5% of children have it normal; 16 years old - visual acuity, like an adult.

The field of vision in children is narrower than in adults, but by the age of 6–8 it expands rapidly and this process continues up to 20 years. The perception of space (spatial vision) in a child is formed from 3- one month old in connection with the maturation of the retina and the cortical part of the visual analyzer. Perception of the shape of an object ( volumetric vision) begins to form from 5 months of age. The child determines the shape of the object by eye at the age of 5–6 years.

At an early age, between 6–9 months, the child begins to develop a stereoscopic perception of space (he perceives the depth, remoteness of the location of objects).

Most six-year-old children develop acute visual perception and all departments of the visual analyzer are completely differentiated. By the age of 6, visual acuity approaches normal.

In blind children, peripheral, conductive, or central structures visual system morphologically and functionally not differentiated.

The eyes of young children are characterized by slight farsightedness (1–3 diopters), due to the spherical shape of the eyeball and the shortened anterior-posterior axis of the eye. By the age of 7-12, farsightedness (hypermetropia) disappears and the eyes become emmetropic, as a result of an increase in the anterior-posterior axis of the eye. However, in 30-40% of children, due to a significant increase in the anterior-posterior size of the eyeballs and, accordingly, the removal of the retina from the refractive media of the eye (lens), myopia develops.

It should be noted that among students entering the first grade, from 15 to 20%children have visual acuity below one, however, much more often due to farsightedness. It is quite obvious that the refractive error in these children was not acquired at school, but appeared already at preschool age. These data indicate the need for the closest attention to the vision of children and the maximum expansion of preventive measures. They should start from preschool age, when it is still possible to promote the correct age-related development of vision.

Vision hygiene

One of the reasons leading to the deterioration of human health, including his vision, has become scientific and technological progress. Books, newspapers and magazines, and now also a computer, without which life is already impossible to imagine, have caused a decrease in motor activity and led to excessive stress on the central nervous system, as well as on vision. Both the habitat and food have changed, and both are not for the better. It is not surprising that the number of people suffering from visual pathology is steadily increasing, and many ophthalmic diseases have become much younger.

The prevention of visual disorders should be based on modern theoretical views on the cause of visual impairment in preschool age. The study of the etiology of visual disorders and especially the formation of myopia in children has been and is being given great attention for many years. It is known that visual defects are formed under the influence of a complex complex of numerous factors, in which external (exogenous) and internal (endogenous) influences intertwine. In all cases, the determining factors are the conditions external environment. There are a lot of them, but especially great importance in childhood has the nature, duration and conditions of visual load.

The greatest load on vision occurs during compulsory classes in kindergarten, and therefore control over their duration and rational construction is very important. Moreover, the established duration of classes is 25 minutes for senior group and 30 minutes for the group preparatory to school does not correspond to the functional state of the children's body. With such a load in children, along with the deterioration of certain indicators of the body (pulse, respiration, muscle strength), a drop in visual functions is also observed. The deterioration of these indicators continues even after a 10-minute break. Daily repetitive decline in visual function under the influence of activities can contribute to the development of visual disorders. And, above all, this applies to writing, counting, reading, which require a lot of eye strain. In this regard, it is advisable to follow a number of recommendations.

First of all, you should limit the duration of activities associated with the stress of accommodation of the eye. This can be achieved with a timely change during classes. different types activities. Purely visual work should not exceed 5-10 minutes in the younger group of the kindergarten and 15-20 minutes in the older and preparatory groups for school. After such a duration of classes, it is important to switch the attention of children to activities that are not related to visual strain (retelling what has been read, reading poetry, didactic games, etc.). If for some reason it is impossible to change the nature of the lesson itself, then it is necessary to provide for a 2-3-minute physical culture pause.

Such an alternation of activities is also unfavorable for vision, when the first and the next after it are of the same type in nature and require staticand eye strain. It is desirable that the second lesson was associated with physical activity. It could be gymnastics ormusic .

It is important for the protection of the eyesight of children that the organization of classes at home is hygienically correct. At home, children especially like to draw, sculpt, and at an older preschool age - to read, write, and perform various work with a children's designer. These activities against the background of high static stress require constant active participation of vision. Therefore, parents should monitor the nature of the child's activities at home.

First of all, the total duration of homework during the day should not exceed 40 minutes at the age of 3 to 5 years and 1 hour at 6-7 years. It is desirable that children study both in the first and in the second half of the day, and that between morning and evening classes there is enough time for active games, being outdoors, and work.

Once again, it should be emphasized that at home, the same type of activities associated with eye strain should not be long.

Therefore, it is important to timely switch children to a more active and less visually stressful type of activity. In the case of continuing monotonous activities, parents should interrupt them every 10-15 minutes to rest. Children should be given the opportunity to walk or run around the room, do some physical exercises, and to relax accommodation, go to the window and look into the distance.

eyes and reading

Reading puts a serious strain on the organs of vision, especially in children. The process consists in moving the eye along the line, during which stops are made for the perception and comprehension of the text. Most often, such stops, not having sufficient reading skills, are made by preschoolers - they even have to return to the already read text. At such moments, the load on vision reaches its maximum.

According to the results of the research, it turned out that mental fatigue slows down the speed of reading and perception of the text, which increases the frequency of recurrent eye movements. Even more visual hygiene in children is violated by incorrect “visual stereotypes” - stooping while reading, insufficient or too bright lighting, the habit of reading lying down, on the go or while driving (in a car or subway).

With a strong tilt of the head forward, the bend of the cervical vertebrae compresses carotid artery narrowing its lumen. This leads to a deterioration in the blood supply to the brain and organs of vision, and together with insufficient blood flow, oxygen starvation of the tissues occurs.

The optimal conditions for the eyes when reading are zonal lighting in the form of a lamp installed to the left of the child and directed at the book. Reading in diffused and reflected light causes eye strain and, consequently, eye fatigue.

The quality of the font is also important: it is preferable to choose prints with a clear font on white paper.

Reading should be avoided during vibration and movement, when the distance between the eyes and the book is constantly decreasing and increasing.

Even if all the conditions of visual hygiene are observed, you need to take a break every 45-50 minutes and change the type of activity for 10-15 minutes - while walking, do gymnastics for the eyes. Children should adhere to the same scheme during their studies - this will provide rest for their eyes and compliance with proper hygiene student's vision.

Eyes and computer

When working at a computer, the general lighting and tone of the room play an important role for the vision of adults and children.

Make sure that there are no significant differences in brightness between light sources: all lamps and fixtures should have approximately the same brightness. At the same time, the power of the lamps should not be too strong - bright light irritates the eyes to the same extent as insufficient lighting.

To maintain the hygiene of the eyes of adults and children, the coating of walls, ceilings and furnishings in the study or the child's room should have a low reflection coefficient so as not to create glare. Shiny surfaces have no place in a room where adults or children spend a significant part of their time.

In bright sunshine, shade windows with curtains or blinds - to prevent visual impairment, it is better to use more stable artificial lighting.

The desktop - your own or the student's table - should be positioned so that the angle between the window and the table is at least 50 degrees. It is unacceptable to place the table directly in front of the window or so that the light is directed at the back of the person sitting at the table. Children's desktop lighting should be about 3-5 times higher than the general illumination of the room.

The table lamp should be placed on the left for right-handers and on the right for left-handers.

These rules apply to both the organization of the office and the room for children.

Vision and TV

The main cause of visual impairment in preschool children is television. How long and how often an adult needs to watch TV is solely his decision. But it must be remembered that too long watching TV causes excessive accommodation stress and can lead to a gradual deterioration of vision. Uncontrolled spending time in front of the TV is especially dangerous for children's eyesight.

Regularly take breaks during which to do gymnastics for the eyes, and also at least 1 time in 2 years to be examined by an ophthalmologist.

Hygiene of vision in children, as well as other family members, includes observing the rules for installing a TV.

The minimum TV screen distance can be calculated using the following formula: For HD (high definition) screens, divide the diagonal in inches by 26.4. The resulting number will indicate the minimum distance in meters. For a conventional TV, the diagonal in inches should be divided by 26.4 and the resulting number multiplied by 1.8.
Sit on the sofa in front of the TV: the screen should be at eye level, no higher or lower, without creating an uncomfortable viewing angle.
Arrange light sources so that they do not cast glare on the screen.
Do not watch TV in complete darkness, keep a dim lamp with diffused light turned on, located out of sight of adults and children watching TV.

3.4. Lighting requirement

With good lighting, all body functions proceed more intensively, mood improves, activity and working capacity of the child increase. Natural daylight is considered the best. For greater illumination, the windows of game and group rooms usually face south, southeast or southwest. Light should not obscure either opposite buildings or tall trees.

Neither flowers, which can absorb up to 30% of the light, nor foreign objects, nor curtains should interfere with the passage of light into the room where the children are. In game and group rooms, only narrow curtains made of light, well-washable fabric are allowed, which are located on the rings along the edges of the windows and are used in cases where it is necessary to limit the passage of direct sunlight into the room. Matted and chalked window panes are not allowed in children's institutions. It is necessary to take care that the glasses are smooth and of high quality.

Our complete and interesting life to extreme old age largely depends on vision. Good eyesight is something that some people can only dream of, while others simply do not attach importance to it, because they have it. However, neglecting certain rules common to all, you can lose your eyesight ...

Conclusion

The initial accumulation of the necessary information and its further replenishment is carried out with the help of the sense organs, among which the role of vision is, of course, the leading one. No wonder folk wisdom says: “It is better to see once than hear a hundred times”, thus emphasizing the significantly greater information content of vision compared to other senses. Therefore, along with many issues of raising and educating children, the protection of their eyesight plays an important role.

For the protection of vision, not only the correct organization of compulsory classes is important, but also the regime of the day as a whole. Proper alternation during the day of different types of activities - wakefulness and rest, sufficient physical activity, maximum stay in the air, timely and rational nutrition, systematichardening - this is a set of necessary conditions for the proper organization of the daily routine. Their systematic implementation will contribute to the well-being of children, maintaining the functional state of the nervous system at a high level and, therefore, will positively affect the processes of growth and development of both individual body functions, including visual ones, and the whole body.

Bibliography

Hygienic bases of education of children from 3 to 7 years: Book. For doshk workers. institutions / E.M. Belostotskaya, T.F. Vinogradova, L.Ya. Kanevskaya, V.I. Telenchi; Comp. IN AND. Telenchi. - M.: Prisveschenie, 1987. - 143 p.: ill.

Lesson on the topic “Visual analyzer. Hygiene of vision.

Lesson Objectives : to reveal the structure and meaning of the visual analyzer; deepen knowledge about the structure and functions of the eye and its parts, show the relationship between the structure and functions, pronounced in this organ; consider the mechanism of image projection on the retina and its regulation.

Equipment: table "Visual analyzer", PC, multimedia projector.

During the classes
Students are asked to choose a question they can answer.

questions on the screen.
2 come out, one is blindfolded, the other plays the role of a mute, they are offered to pick up any of the objects in front of him (an apple, or two apples of different colors, a tube of cream, etc.). Students are asked to describe the object they have in their hands. After that, it is concluded who can tell more about the subject. What is it? What sense organs work in this case? Etc.

Conclusion: you can tell almost everything about the subject without seeing it. But the color of an object, its movement, changes, cannot be determined without the organ of vision.

What analyzer will we study today?

Children themselves name the answer. (Visual analyzer)

We live with you among beautiful colors, sounds and smells. But the ability to see most of all affects our perception of the world. This feature has also been noticed by scientists in ancient world. So Plato argued that the very first of all the organs of the gods arranged luminous eyes. Gods are gods, they have a place in ancient myths, but the fact remains: it is thanks to the eyes that we get 95% of the information about the world around us, they, according to I.M. Sechenov, give a person up to 1000 sensations per minute.

What do such figures mean for a person of the 21st century, who is used to operating with two-digit degrees, and billions? And yet they are very important to us.

I wake up in the morning and see the faces of my loved ones.

I go outside in the morning and see the sun or clouds, yellow dandelions among the green grass or snow-covered hills around.

Now imagine for a moment that all the beauty of the world around us has disappeared. Rather, this is a blue sky, volcanoes under a white veil, the faces of friends smiling spring sun, exist, but somewhere out of our sight. We can't see it, or we only see a part of it...

You will say, thank God, this is not with us. We just can't imagine our lives in the dark.

In general, it should be noted that man, unlike many mammals, was lucky. We have color vision, but we do not perceive ultraviolet waves and polarized light, which helps some insects to navigate in the fog.

How are our eyes arranged, what is the principle of their work? Today in the lesson we will reveal this secret.

The eye is the peripheral part of the visual analyzer. The organ of vision is located in the eye socket (weighs 6-8 g). It consists of the eyeball with the optic nerve and auxiliary apparatus.

The eye is the most mobile of all organs. human body. He makes constant movements, even in a state of apparent rest. The movements are carried out by muscles. There are 6 in total, 4 straight and 2 oblique.

Describe a figure eight with your eyes, repeat 3 times, look to the far right corner, slowly look to the far left corner, repeat 3 times.

Briefly, the structure and operation of the eye can be described as follows: a stream of light containing information about an object falls oncornea, then throughanterior chamberpasses throughpupil, then throughlensandvitreous body, projected ontothe retina, whose light-sensitive nerve cells convert optical information into electrical impulses and send them along the optic nerve to the brain. Having received this encoded signal, the brain processes it and turns it into perception. As a result, a person sees objects as they are.

Cornea

sclera(white coat).

The cornea is the transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye. It is spherical and completely transparent. Rays of light falling on the eye first pass through the cornea, which strongly refracts them. The cornea borders on the opaque outer shell of the eye -sclera(white coat).

Anterior chamber of the eye and iris

After the cornea, the light beam passes throughanterior chamber of the eye - the space between the cornea and the iris, filled with a colorless transparent liquid. Its depth is on average 3 mm. The posterior wall of the anterior chamber isIris (iris), which is responsible for the color of the eyes (if the color is blue, it means that there are few pigment cells in it, if brown, there are many). There is a round hole in the center of the irispupil .

[Increased intraocular pressure leads to glaucoma]

Pupil

When examining the eye, the pupil appears black to us. Thanks to the muscles in the iris, the pupil can change its width: narrow in the light and expand in the dark. This islike a camera aperture , which automatically narrows and protects the eye from entering a large number light in bright light and expands in low light, helping the eye to capture even weak light rays.(Experience: shine a flashlight in the eyes of one of the students. What happens in this case)

lens

After passing through the pupil, the light beam hits the lens. It is easy to imagine - it is a lenticular body,resembling an ordinary magnifying glass . Light can freely pass through the lens, but at the same time it is refracted in the same way as, according to the laws of physics, a light beam passing through a prism is refracted, that is, it is deflected to the base. The lens has an extremely interesting feature: with the help of ligaments and muscles around it, it canchange its curvature , which in turn changes the degree of refraction. This property of the lens to change its curvature is very important for the visual act. Thanks to this, we can clearly see objects at different distances. This ability is calledaccommodation of the eye. Accommodation is the ability of the eye to adapt to a clear distinction between objects located at different distances from the eye.
Accommodation occurs by changing the curvature of the lens surfaces.

(Experiment with a frame and gauze or with a hole in a sheet of paper).The normal eye is able to accurately focus light from objects as close as 25 cm to infinity. The refraction of light occurs when it passes from one medium to another, which has a different refractive index (physics studies), in particular, at the air-cornea border and near the surfaces of the lens.(Glass with a spoon in water).

In this regard, the question is, why do you think it is harmful to read lying down in transport?

(The book is held in the hands, there is no support, so the text changes position all the time. It moves closer to the eyes, then moves away from them, causing an overstrain of the ciliary muscle, which changes the curvature of the lens. In addition, part of the page either falls into the shadow, or turns out to be illuminated too bright, this overstrains the smooth muscles of the iris.But the nervous system suffers most of all, because the regulation of the width of the pupil and the curvature of the lens is carried out by the midbrain.All this can lead to visual impairment.

Behind the lens isvitreous body 6 , which is a colorless gelatinous mass. The back of the sclera - the fundus - is covered with a retina (retina ) 7 . It consists of the thinnest fibers lining the fundus of the eye and representing the branched endings of the optic nerve.
How do images of various objects appear and are perceived by the eye?
refracting intooptical system of the eye , which is formed by the cornea, lens and vitreous body, gives real, reduced and reverse images of the objects in question on the retina (Fig. 95). Once on the endings of the optic nerve that make up the retina, the light irritates these endings. These stimuli are transmitted along the nerve fibers to the brain, and a person has a visual sensation: he sees objects.
Errors (illusions) are distorted, erroneous perceptions . They are found in the activities of various analyzers. The best known visual illusions.

It is known that distant objects appear small, parallel rails converge towards the horizon, and identical houses and trees appear lower and lower and merge with the ground somewhere near the horizon.

Illusions associated with the phenomenon of contrast. White pieces on a black field appear lighter. On a moonless night, the stars appear brighter.

Illusions are used in everyday life. So a dress with longitudinal stripes "narrows" the figure, a dress with transverse stripes "expands". A room covered with blue wallpaper seems more spacious than the same room covered with red wallpaper.

We consider only some illusions. In fact, there are much more of them.

Experience with the palm (show photos that cause illusions)

But if our perceptions can be erroneous, can it be argued that we correctly reflect the phenomena of our world?

Illusions are not the rule but the exception . If the sense organs gave a wrong idea of reality, living organisms would be destroyed by natural selection. Normally, all analyzers work in concert and check each other in practice. Practice refutes the mistake.

vitreous body

After the lens, light passes throughvitreous body filling the entire cavity of the eyeball. The vitreous body consists of thin fibers, between which there is a colorless transparent liquid with a high viscosity; this liquid resembles molten glass. Hence its name - the vitreous body. Participates in intraocular metabolism.

Retina

The retina is the inner lining of the eye and is the light-sensitive apparatus of the eye. There are two types of photoreceptors in the retina:cones andsticks . In these cells, the energy of light (photons) is converted into electrical energy of the nervous tissue, i.e. photochemical reaction.

sticks have high light sensitivity and allow you to see at poor lighting (twilight andblack and white vision), they are also responsible forperipheral vision .

Cones, on the other hand, require more light, but it is they that allow you to see small details (responsible forcentral and color vision ). The largest concentration of cones is inyellow spot (about it below), which is responsible for the highest visual acuity.

(Experience with colored pencils)

To get faster :
The retina is adjacent to the choroid, but loosely in many areas. This is where she tends toflake off at various diseases retina.

[The retina is damaged when diabetes, arterial hypertension and other diseases]

Yellow spot

Yellow spot is a tiny, yellowish areanear the central fossa (the center of the retina) and is located near the optical axis of the eye. This is the area of greatest visual acuity, the very "center of vision" that we usually point at the object.

pay attention toyellow andblind spot .

Optic nerve and brain

optic nerve passes from each eye into the cranial cavity. Here, the optic fibers travel a long and complex path (withcrosses ) and eventually end in the occipital cortex. This area is the highestvisual center , in which a visual image is recreated that exactly corresponds to the object in question.

blind spot

The place where the optic nerve leaves the eye is calledblind spot . There are no rods or cones here, so a person does not see this place. Why do we not notice the missing piece of the picture? The answer is simple. We look with two eyes, so the brain receives information for the blind spot area from the second eye. In any case, the brain “finishes” the picture so that we do not see defects.

The blind spot of the eye was discovered by the French physicist EdmMariotte in 1668 (remember Boyle-Mariotte's school law for ideal gas?) He used his discovery for the original fun of the king's courtiersLouis XIV . Mariotte placed two spectators opposite each other and asked them to look with one eye at a certain point on the side, then it seemed to everyone that his counterpart had no head. The head fell into the sector of the blind spot of the looking eye.

Tryfind yourself "blind spot" and you.
PHYSICAL MINUTE

Your eyes are a little tired. Squeeze the gas tightly and count to 5, then open them and count to 5 again. Repeat 5-6 times. This exercise relieves fatigue, strengthens the muscles of the eyelids, improves blood circulation and relaxes the muscles of the eyes.

Well, our eyes rested, and we move on to the next stage of the lesson.
In humans, as in other vertebrates, vision is provided by two eyes. The eye as a biological optical device projects an image on the retina, there it pre-processes it and transmits it to the brain, which finally interprets the content of the visual image, in accordance with the psychological attitudes of the observer and his life experience. Thanks to accommodation, the image of the objects in question is obtained, just on the retina. This is done if the eye is normal. The eye is called normal if it collects parallel rays in a relaxed state at a point lying on the retina. The two most common eye defects are nearsightedness and farsightedness.

Loss of vision and visual defects cause a restructuring of all body systems, thereby forming a person's special perception and attitude.

Myopia is a vision defect in which a person sees close objects clearly, while distant objects appear blurry. With myopia, the image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina, and not on the retina itself. Therefore, a near-sighted person sees well near, but poorly sees objects far away.

The image is focused in front of the retina

An eye that is nearsighted is one that has focus when calm state eye muscle lies inside the eye. Nearsightedness may be due to the distance between the retina and the lens compared to the normal eye.

If an object is located at a distance of 25 cm from the myopic eye, then the image of the object will not be on the retina, but closer to the lens, in front of the retina. In order for the image to appear on the retina, you need to bring the object closer to the eye. Therefore, in a nearsighted eye, the distance of best vision is less than 25 cm.

Myopia correction

This defect can be corrected with concave contact lenses or points. Concave lens of appropriate power or focal length and is able to transfer the image of the object back to the retina.

Farsightedness is a common name for visual defects in which a person sees near objects blurry, with blurred vision, and distant objects are seen well. In this case, the image, as in myopia, is formed behind the retina.

The image is focused behind the retina

A far-sighted eye is one whose focus, when the eye muscle is at rest, lies behind the retina. Farsightedness may be due to the fact that the retina is located closer to the lens compared to the normal eye. The image of an object is obtained behind the retina of such an eye. If the object is removed from the eye, then the image falls on the retina.

Hyperopia correction

This shortcoming can be corrected by using convex contact lenses or glasses of appropriate focal lengths.

So, glasses with concave, diffusing lenses are used to correct myopia. If, for example, a person wears glasses whose optical power is -0.5 diopters or -2 diopters, -3.5 diopters, then he is nearsighted.

Spectacles for farsighted eyes use convex, converging lenses. Such glasses can have, for example, optical power +0.5 diopters, +3 diopters, +4.25 diopters.

Humans and animals have highly developed sense organs. In order for the received information to be well transmitted and processed, a perfect apparatus of nerves is needed. In many cases, the technique borrows certain principles of the nervous system. Therefore, nature comes to the rescue to create precise instruments and apparatus.

Conclusion: observance of visual hygiene is the most important factor in preserving the functions of the eye and a necessary condition for maintaining normal state central nervous system.
1. Self test

1. Structure related to the auxiliary system of the eye:

A. Cornea
B. Veko
V. Crystal
G. Iris

2. Structure related to the optical system of the eye:

A. Cornea
B. Choroid
B. Retina
D. Protein membrane

3. Biconvex elastic clear lens surrounded by ciliary muscle:

A. Crystal
B. Pupil
B. Iris
G. Vitreous body

4. Retina function:

A. Refraction of rays of light
B. Nutrition of the eye
B. Perception of light, its transformation into nerve impulses
D. Eye protection

5. Gives color to the eyes:

A. Sklera
B. lens
B. Iris
G. Retina

6. Transparent front part of the albuginea:

A. Yellow spot
B. Iris
B. Retina
G. Cornea

7. Place of exit of the optic nerve:

A. White spot
B. macula lutea
B. Dark area
D. Blind spot

8. The intensity of light entering the eye is regulated by:

A. Veko
B. Retina
V. Crystal
G. Pupil

9. A special purple substance contained in the sticks is called:

A. Rhodopsin
B. opsin
B. Iodopsin
G. Retinen

10. Specify the correct sequence of light passage from the cornea to the retina:

A. Cornea, vitreous body, lens, retina
B. Cornea, vitreous body, pupil, lens, retina
B. Cornea, pupil, lens, vitreous body, retina
G. Cornea, pupil, lens, retina

Visual analyzer vision hygiene. Visual analyzer and its hygiene

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VOLGA STATE SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN ACADEMY

ABSTRACT OF THE 1st YEAR STUDENT ON ANATOMY and AGE PHYSIOLOGY

"Analyzers. Hygiene of the skin, auditory and visual analyzers. Faculty of Psychology

educational institutions PSCA

Lecturer: Gordievsky A.Yu.

Completed by: Kholunova Tatiana

2013

Topic: “Analyzers. Hygiene of the skin, auditory and visual analyzers.

1. The concept of analyzers and their role in the knowledge of the surrounding world.

2. The sensitivity of the auditory analyzer.

3. Hygiene of the child's hearing.

4. Visual analyzer.

5. Skin hygiene.

6. Skin types and skin care basics.

7. Skin analyzer.

8. List of literature.

1. The concept of analyzers and their role in the knowledge of the surrounding world

The body and the outside world are one. The perception of the environment around us occurs with the help of the sense organs or analyzers. Even Aristotle described five basic senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

2. Sensitivity of the auditory analyzer

3. Hygiene of the child's hearing

One of the personal hygiene skills - to keep your face neat, in particular your ears - should also be instilled in the child as early as possible. Wash your ears, keep them clean, remove discharge, if any.

It is necessary to pierce the earlobe only in beauty parlors, so as not to cause infection of the auricle and its inflammation.

In conclusion, it must be emphasized that the hygienic education of a baby in kindergarten and at home, of course, is closely related to other types of education - mental, labor, aesthetic, moral, i.e., with personality education.

It is important to follow the principles of systematic, gradual and consistent formation of cultural and hygienic skills, taking into account the age and individual characteristics of the baby.

5.Skin hygiene

The digital skin analyzer implements the most modern and high-precision method for non-invasive assessment of the human skin condition - the bioimpedance method "Bioelectric Impedance Analysis BIA, Skin Analyzer Monitor".

ABSTRACT OF THE 1st YEAR STUDENT
ON ANATOMY and AGE PHYSIOLOGY

"Analyzers. Hygiene of the skin, auditory and visual analyzers.
Faculty of Psychology