Focuses of degenerative changes in the brain. Causes of focal changes in the substance of the brain of a discirculatory nature

Date: 01.04.2019

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Hello! Today my mother underwent a study - MRI of the brain, after passing in the clinic they gave a conclusion: "On a series of MRI tomograms weighted by T1 and T2, sub- and supratentorial structures are visualized in three projections. The lateral and third ventricles of the brain are slightly dilated. IV-th the ventricle is not changed, the basal cisterns are of normal caliber.The chiasmal area is normal, the pituitary tissue has a normal signal.Subarachnoid convexital spaces and grooves are slightly dilated in the area parietal lobes and Sylvian gaps with moderately pronounced atrophic changes in the substance of the brain. Median structures not biased. The cerebellar tonsils are usually located. In the white matter of the parietal and temporal lobes, multiple hydrophilic foci of different sizes, small areas of gliosis, and expanded Virchow-Robin spaces are determined. CONCLUSION: MR picture is moderately pronounced mixed replacement hydrocephalus... Multiple focal-dystrophic substances of the brain. "My mother is 41 years old. Recently she began to complain of: -" Shakes like on waves "; - Nausea; - Dizziness; - Periodic severe headaches (in the occipital region); - Ears ; - Memory impairment; - Can't concentrate on anything; - Sleep disturbance; - Weakness; - Nervousness. Please explain the situation, diagnosis, treatment ... In advance, Thank you! PS: Before the study, I underwent a course of treatment prescribed by a neurologist: "1) Actovegin 2.0 i.v. in saline; 2) "Mexidol" 2.0 / m; 3) Platyphyllin 1.0 / m ". During the course of treatment, the health situation worsened. At the end of the treatment, there were no positive results.

Hello! Focal changes in the substance of the brain of a dystrophic nature - literally - as a result of a local (local) disturbance of the blood supply (age-related, toxic or other nature), there are atrophied (dead) areas of the brain tissue. This is how encephalopathy manifests itself. Treatment usually includes vasoactive drugs, the so-called "optimizers cerebral circulation":, Trental, cinnarizine, stugerone, etc. In case of vascular insufficiency of the vertebrobasilar system, preference is given to stugeron, sibelium. betaserk. If the patient has a combination of atherosclerotic lesions of the vessels of the brain and extremities, the appointment is indicated. Nootropics (gliatilin, cortexin, ceraxon). Decongestants (diacarb, veroshpiron).

Consultation of a neurologist on the topic "Please explain the conclusion of the MRI of the brain" is given solely for reference purposes. Based on the results of the consultation received, please consult a doctor, including to identify possible contraindications.

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Neurologist, candidate of medical sciences, medical experience: more than 17 years.
Author of over 50 publications and scientific works, an active participant in conferences, seminars and congresses of neurologists in Russia.

Sphere of professional interests:
-diagnostics, treatment and prevention neurological diseases(vegetative-vascular dystonia, dyscirculatory encephalopathy, consequences of strokes, arterial and venous disorders, impaired memory, attention, neurotic disorders and asthenic conditions, panic attacks, osteochondrosis, vertebral radiculopathy, chronic pain syndrome).
- Patients with complaints of migraines, headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, numbness and weakness of the limbs, autonomic disorders nervous system, depression and anxiety, panic attacks, acute and chronic back pain and disc herniation.
- Functional diagnostics of the nervous system: electroencephalogram (EEG), Doppler ultrasound of the carotid and vertebral arteries (USDG), transcranial dopplerography (TCD), rheoencephalography (REG), Echo-encephalography (ECHO-EG).
- Anti-stress mesotherapy for the back.
- Shock wave therapy.
- Hirudotherapy.
- Mistletoe therapy.

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Causes and symptoms of focal discirculatory changes

The most frequent manifestations of impaired blood supply to the brain are focal changes in the brain substance of a discirculatory nature, which are characterized by impaired blood circulation in certain areas of the brain substance, and not in the entire organ. As a rule, these changes are a chronic process that develops over a fairly long time, and in the early stages of this disease, most people cannot distinguish it from other diseases of the nervous system. Doctors highlight in development focal changes There are three stages of discirculatory nature:

At the first stage, in certain areas of the brain, due to vascular diseases, a slight violation of blood circulation occurs, as a result of which a person feels fatigue, lethargy, apathy; the patient has sleep disturbances, periodic dizziness and headaches.
The second stage is characterized by deepening vascular lesions in the area of the brain that is the focus of the disease. Symptoms such as memory loss and intellectual abilities, violation emotional sphere, severe headaches, tinnitus, coordination disorders.
The third stage of focal changes in the brain substance of a discirculatory nature, when a significant part of the cells died in the focus of the disease due to circulatory disorders, is characterized by irreversible changes in the work of the brain. As a rule, in patients at this stage of the disease, muscle tone is significantly reduced, there is practically no coordination of movement, signs of dementia (dementia) appear, and the sense organs can also fail.

Categories of people susceptible to the appearance of focal changes in the substance of the brain

To avoid development this disease, you need to carefully monitor your well-being, and when the first symptoms appear, indicating the possibility of a focal discirculatory change in the brain matter, immediately contact a neurologist or neuropathologist. Since this disease is quite difficult to diagnose (a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis only after an MRI scan), doctors recommend that people who are predisposed to this disease undergo a preventive examination by a neurologist at least once a year. The following categories of people are at risk:

suffering from hypertension, vascular dystonia and other diseases of cardio-vascular system;
patients with diabetes mellitus;
suffering from atherosclerosis;
having bad habits and overweight;
leading a sedentary lifestyle;
being in a state of chronic stress;
elderly people over the age of 50.

Focal changes of a dystrophic nature

In addition to changes in the discirculatory nature, a disease with similar symptoms is single focal changes in the brain substance of a dystrophic nature due to a lack of nutrients. This disease affects people who have experienced a head injury, suffering from ischemia, cervical osteochondrosis in the acute stage and patients diagnosed with a benign or malignant brain tumor. Due to the fact that the vessels supplying a certain part of the brain cannot fully perform their functions, the tissues in this area do not receive all the necessary nutrients. The result of such "starvation" of nerve tissues is headaches, dizziness, decreased intellectual abilities and work capacity, and in the final stages, dementia, paresis, and paralysis are possible.

Despite the severity of these diseases and the complexity of their diagnosis, each person can significantly reduce the risk of focal changes in the brain matter. To do this, it is enough to give up bad habits, lead healthy and active image life, avoid overwork and stress, eat wholesome and healthy food and undergo a preventive medical examination 1-2 times a year.

The medical term "vascular genesis" originated from the religious doctrine of genesis (origin, origin). The meaning is tied to the causes and mechanisms of development of diseases of the arteries and veins of the brain.

Through the arterial vessels, blood flows from the basin of the carotid and vertebral arteries. And the veins form a system for the outflow of waste toxins from cells and intercellular space.

Any violations of the vascular nature entail more or less severe changes in the functioning of the brain (diffuse and focal).

How should vessels work?

Inside the brain, circulation is maintained by the Willis and spino-vertebral circles. The largest branches of the cerebral arteries branch off to the cortical layer and subcortical white matter of the hemispheres:

front,
average,
back.

There are anastomoses between the branches, which form an auxiliary collateral supply if, for some reason, the main arterial trunks cannot cope.

Such an organization of the vascular structure makes it possible to compensate at first the lack of blood supply in case of damage to the main arteries.

The gray matter of the brain is 4–5 times more vascular than the white matter (especially layers III, IV and V of the cortex). Small capillaries provide constant intensive metabolism in neurons.

The outflow starts from the venous part of the capillaries and goes to the venous sinuses, then to the jugular and superior vena cava. It is important that this pathway is used to discharge excess fluid from the ventricles. Difficulties of venous origin can cause increased intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus.

The blood supply zones are divided according to the lobes and structures of the brain.

What happens to the vessels?

The most common injuries are arteries. Changes occur suddenly (acutely) or form for many years (chronically). Histological examination reveals:

hyperplasia (proliferation) of the inner membrane;
a decrease in elastic properties due to the loss in the structure of the wall of the corresponding fibers;
atherosclerotic plaques at different stages of development;
intravascular thrombi and emboli;
aneurysmal expansion with the formation of cysts;
rupture of arteries and veins with the formation of hematomas;
inflammation of the walls (vasculitis).

The study of the processes of autoallergy in systemic collagenoses, diathesis revealed changes in the brain tissue and blood vessels of an allergic nature, caused by antibody complexes.

Coronary angiography with contrast agent revealed:

congenital or post-traumatic changes in the form of hypoplasia (underdevelopment);
atypical location and direction;
a decrease in the diameter of the arteries, which complicates the development of anastomoses;
dependence of blood flow on mechanical obstacles formed by a tumor, compression.

Veins most often suffer from phlebitis and thrombosis. They are the result of head injuries. They develop with ascending thrombus formation or compression of the jugular and superior vena cava. Inflammatory process often passes from the paranasal sinuses with sinusitis, frontitis, making the underlying disease worse.

It is important to understand that a focal lesion of the cerebral vessels may not be local damage (as in trauma), but common disease affecting different organs, genesis of blood cells.

What morphological consequences cause vascular changes?

Changes in the arterial bed are always accompanied by a narrowing of the vascular lumen. It can be atherosclerotic plaques, spasm, proliferation of membranes, blood clots. As a result, the brain receives less oxygen and nutrients. Impaired blood supply leads to ischemia of certain areas.

If the pathology develops acutely, then the collaterals do not have time to fully open up and take on compensation for focal needs. Ischemic damage is characterized by the loss of adenosine triphosphoric acid and phosphocreatinine in the tissues, which reduces the excitability of the cells of the cortex, depriving them of energy.

In chronic pathology, the ischemization process proceeds more slowly, which makes it possible to protect neurons drugs, develop circulatory support.

Clinically, it looks like:

transient violation of cerebral circulation;
acute ischemic stroke;
chronic cerebral insufficiency.

A rupture of a vessel due to injury or a pressure surge leads to an intracerebral hematoma (hemorrhagic stroke). It compresses adjacent areas of the brain and causes focal disorders.

Treatment

Therapy of transient changes, started on time, allows you to prevent more serious violations and completely restore the lost functions.

The patient will need:

support for the correct daily regimen, dosed nervous stress, good rest;
bed rest in duration depends on the type of lesions, more often due to the speed of disappearance of clinical symptoms;
meals are carried out according to the scheme diet table No. 10 (hypertension, atherosclerosis);
drugs are prescribed taking into account the tendency to high or low blood pressure;
for the normalization of vascular tone in venous insufficiency, venotonics are indicated;
with obvious signs of ischemia, drugs that dilate blood vessels are used.

If there is evidence of phlebitis, vasculitis, autoimmune disease, the doctor is considering the advisability of using antibiotics, desensitizing agents.

Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents are prescribed very carefully. To do this, you need to be sure that there are no hemorrhagic signs.

The vascular genesis of the disease is not the same type, it requires clarification of the cause, localization. A full blood supply to the brain can be achieved with the help of medicines, blood pressure stabilization. You rarely have to resort to surgical methods treatment. The preservation of cerebral vessels ensures the personal qualities of a person, therefore, it requires especially careful attention.

Without exaggeration, the brain can be called a control system for the entire human body, because various parts of the brain are responsible for breathing, the functioning of internal organs and sensory organs, speech, memory, thinking, perception. The human brain is capable of storing and processing a huge amount of information; at the same time, hundreds of thousands of processes are taking place in it, ensuring the vital activity of the organism. However, the functioning of the brain is inextricably linked with its blood supply, because even a slight decrease in the blood supply of a certain proportion of the brain substance can lead to irreversible consequences - mass death of neurons and, as a result, severe diseases of the nervous system and dementia.

Causes include physiological as well as pathological. Knowledge of physiological calcifications in the brain parenchyma has essential to avoid misinterpretation. Several pathological conditions associated with the brain are associated with calcification, and recognition of their appearance and distribution helps narrow down the differential diagnosis. Never clinically relevant.

Dural calcifications: very common in older age groups and are usually located in a rebate or tentorium, as a rule, few. The presence of multiple and extensive dural calcifications or double calcifications in children should raise the suspicion of an underlying pathology.

The most frequent manifestations of impaired blood supply to the brain are focal changes in the brain substance of a discirculatory nature, which are characterized by impaired blood circulation in certain areas of the brain substance, and not in the entire organ. As a rule, these changes are a chronic process that develops over a fairly long time, and in the early stages of this disease, most people cannot distinguish it from other diseases of the nervous system. Doctors distinguish three stages in the development of focal discirculatory changes:

Averaging of the partial volume at the base of the skull: the apparent appearance due to the partial inclusion of bone in the section due to the unevenness of the bony floor of the bony calvarium. Messages usually described in tuberculous sclerosis and Sturge-Weber syndrome, but can also be seen in neurofibromatosis and palate syndrome in the basal cell. In tuberous sclerosis, acidified sub-epidemic nodules along the lateral ventricle and the caudothalamic groove. Associated with cortical hamartomas, which may exhibit calcification.

Subepidemic giant cell astrocytomas are another important manifestation of tuberous sclerosis, which can manifest as a calcified nodule. In neurofibromatosis type 2, tumor calcifications of similar meningiomas and non-moral calcifications such as disproportionate calcifications of the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles and nodular calcifications of the cerebellum are most often observed.

At the first stage, in certain areas of the brain, due to vascular diseases, a slight violation of blood circulation occurs, as a result of which a person feels fatigue, lethargy, apathy; the patient has sleep disturbances, periodic dizziness and headaches.
The second stage is characterized by deepening vascular lesions in the area of the brain that is the focus of the disease. Symptoms such as decreased memory and intellectual abilities, impaired emotional sphere, severe headaches, tinnitus, and coordination disorders indicate the transition of the disease to this stage.
The third stage of focal changes in the brain substance of a discirculatory nature, when a significant part of the cells died in the focus of the disease due to circulatory disorders, is characterized by irreversible changes in the work of the brain. As a rule, in patients at this stage of the disease, muscle tone is significantly reduced, there is practically no coordination of movement, signs of dementia (dementia) appear, and the sense organs can also fail.

Categories of people susceptible to the appearance of focal changes in the substance of the brain

To avoid the development of this disease, you need to carefully monitor your well-being, and when the first symptoms appear, indicating the possibility of a focal discirculatory change in the brain matter, immediately contact a neurologist or neuropathologist. Since this disease is quite difficult to diagnose (a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis only after an MRI scan), doctors recommend that people who are predisposed to this disease undergo a preventive examination by a neurologist at least once a year. The following categories of people are at risk:

These are also sites of physiological calcifications, but in patients with basal cell nevus syndrome, calcification appears in younger age groups. Vascular calcifications. Calcites in the arterial wall of large intracranial vessels are common and should be reported because of their association with atherosclerosis, an independent risk factor for stroke. The carotid siphon is the most frequently affected vessel, while calcification in the anterior and middle cerebral arteries and the vertebrobasilar system are less common.

suffering from hypertension, vascular dystonia and other diseases of the cardiovascular system;
patients with diabetes mellitus;
suffering from atherosclerosis;
having bad habits and overweight;
leading a sedentary lifestyle;
being in a state of chronic stress;
elderly people over the age of 50.

In addition to changes in the discirculatory nature, a disease with similar symptoms is single focal changes in the brain substance of a dystrophic nature due to a lack of nutrients. This disease affects people who have survived a head injury, suffering from ischemia, cervical osteochondrosis in the acute stage and patients who have been diagnosed with a benign or malignant brain tumor. Due to the fact that the vessels supplying a certain part of the brain cannot fully perform their functions, the tissues in this area do not receive all the necessary nutrients. The result of such "starvation" of nerve tissues is headaches, dizziness, decreased intellectual abilities and work capacity, and in the final stages, dementia, paresis, and paralysis are possible.

Congenital Infections Intracranial calcifications are common in patients with congenital infections, but their appearance is not specific as they reflect dystrophic calcifications like any chronic traumatic brain injury.

Interestingly, calcification in patients infected with toxoplasmosis can be resolved after treatment. Congenital herpes infection is associated with thalamic, periventricular, and punctate cortical or extensive hydral calcifications. In cysticercosis, calcification occurs in the dead larva, and the typical manifestation is a small calcified cyst containing an eccentric calcified nodule that represents a dead scolex. The most common sites for calcification are subarachoid spaces in the bulges, ventricles and basal cisterns and parenchyma of the brain, especially in gray-white matter.

Despite the severity of these diseases and the complexity of their diagnosis, each person can significantly reduce the risk of focal changes in the brain matter. To do this, it is enough to give up bad habits, lead a healthy and active lifestyle, avoid overwork and stress, eat wholesome and healthy food and undergo a preventive medical examination 1-2 times a year.

Treatment and prognosis

Tuberculosis leads to calcified parenchymal granulomata in 10–20% of patients; meningeal calcifications are much less common. Inflammatory Lesions Sarcoidosis includes leptomeninges, pituitary granulomas, and optic junction. Calcified sarcoid granulomas can also be seen in the pituitary gland, vapor, hypothalamus, and periventricular white matter. Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with cerebral calcifications in the basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and central semi-oval.

Tumors Commonly calcified intracranial tumors include oligodendrogliomas, low-grade astrocytomas, craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, pineal tumors, and ependymomas. In some cases, the presence and pattern of calcification may be essentially pathognomonic, as in the case of oligodendroglioma and craniopharyngioma. The presence or absence of calcifications is not associated with benign or malignant tumor... In dermoid and epidermoid tumors, peripheral punctate calcification is observed, teratomas show internal calcification.

The human body is constantly in a struggle for a full-fledged existence, fighting viruses and bacteria, depleting its resources. Disorders of the circulatory system have an especially adverse effect on the patient's quality of life. If the brain structures are involved in the process, functional disorders are inevitable.

Focal changes of a dystrophic nature

Pituitary adenomas are not often calcified. Perillallosal and interhemispheric lipoma with calcification. There are two possible reasons for the different conclusions from their study: the patients studied by Hashimoto et al. Had congenital myotonic dystrophy, while all of our patients had an adult disease, primarily inherited from the father, myotonic dystrophy. Hashimoto et al. Only ratios of metabolites were used, not individual concentrations of metabolites; it is also difficult to compare their study with ours, as they used a different method than us, long echo time measurements and our short echo study.

A lack of blood supply to brain cells causes their oxygen starvation or ischemia, leading to structural dystrophic, that is, nutrition-related disorders. Subsequently, such structural disorders turn into brain degeneration areas, which are no longer able to cope with their functions.

Diffuse, which cover the entire brain tissue uniformly, without highlighting certain areas. Such disorders appear due to general disorders in the circulatory system, concussion, infections such as meningitis and encephalitis. Symptoms of diffuse changes are most often reduced performance, dull pain in the head, difficulty switching from one activity to another, apathy, chronic fatigue and sleep disorders;
Focal are those changes that cover a certain area - the focus. Circulatory disorders occurred in this area, which led to its structural deformations. Foci of disorganization can be both single and multiple, unevenly scattered over the entire surface of the brain.

Among focal disorders, the most common are:

There are several possible explanations for these correlations. All of these diseases exhibit increased glial activity due to glial hypertrophy associated with repair processes or gliosis in regions with neuronal loss. Glial proliferation associated with neuronal degeneration is shown in the entire cerebral cortex of myotonic dystrophy. In some areas of the brain, such as the hypothalamus and brainstem, noted gliosis has been associated with well-preserved neurons. Others observed intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the thalamus, as well as in the cortex, putamen, and caudate; they were considered specific to the pathogenesis of myotonic dystrophy, since they were found in much more than in the controls.

A cyst is a medium-sized cavity filled with liquid contents, which may not cause unpleasant consequences for the patient, but may cause compression of the vasculature of the brain or other parts of it, triggering a chain of irreversible changes;
Small areas of necrosis - those that have died in certain areas of the brain tissue, due to the lack of an influx of necessary substances - areas of ischemia, dead zones that are no longer able to perform their functions;
Gliomesodermal or intracerebral scar - occurs after traumatic lesions or concussions and leads to minor changes in the structure of the substance of the brain.

Focal lesions of the brain leave a certain imprint on the daily life of a person. The localization of the focus of damage depends on how the work of organs and their systems will change. The vascular cause of focal disorders often leads to ensuing mental disorders, possibly with excessively high blood pressure, stroke and other equally serious consequences.

Recent studies have also reported neurofibrillary changes similar to those in Alzheimer's disease in the limbic and islet regions of the cerebral cortex of patients with myotonic dystrophy. Abnormally phosphorylated T protein has also been reported, most notably in the temporal lobes and different from those found in Alzheimer's disease.

Dystrophin glycoproteins associated with congenital muscular dystrophy: an immunohistochemical analysis of 59 Brazilian cases. Dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex in congenital muscular dystrophy: immunohistochemical analysis in 59 cases.

Most often, the presence of a focal lesion is indicated by symptoms such as:

High blood pressure or hypertension caused by a lack of oxygen due to dystrophy of the cerebral vessels;
, as a result of which the patient can harm himself;
Disorders of the psyche and memory associated with its decrease, the loss of certain facts, distortion of the perception of information, deviations in behavior and personality changes;
Stroke and pre-stroke state - can be recorded on MRI in the form of foci of altered brain tissue;
Pain syndrome, which is accompanied by chronic intense headache, which can be localized both in the back of the head, eyebrows, and over the entire surface of the head;
Involuntary muscle contractions that the patient is unable to control;
Noise in the head or ears that leads to stress and irritability;
Frequent attacks of dizziness;
Feeling "the head is throbbing";
Visual disturbances in the form of increased sensitivity to light and decreased visual acuity;
Nausea and vomiting that accompany the headache and do not bring relief;
Constant weakness and lethargy;
Speech defects;
Insomnia.

Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Congenital muscular dystrophies are heterogeneous muscle diseases with an early and dystrophic pattern of muscle biopsy. Key words: congenital muscular dystrophy, merosine, complex associated with dystrophin-glycoproteins, sarcoglycan complex, dystroglycan complex.

Congenital muscular dystrophy is a heterogeneous muscle disease with an early onset and histopathological nature of dystrophy. Congenital muscular dystrophy is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by early onset of hypotension and weakness, as well as nonspecific muscular dystrophic patterns 1, 2. Various specific phenotypes have been described, many of which have been identified on a molecular basis 3.

Objectively, upon examination, the doctor can reveal such signs as:

Paresis and muscle paralysis;
Asymmetrical arrangement of nasolabial folds;
Sailing breathing;
Pathological reflexes in the arms and legs.

However, there are also asymptomatic forms of focal brain disorders. Among the reasons leading to the emergence of focal disorders, the main ones are distinguished:

Forms of muscles-eye-brain, i.e. One of us was examined by all patients. Muscle samples were obtained from the biceps of the shoulder, quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and treated with routine histological methods... The intensity or number of the above histopathological changes were assessed as follows: -vent; soft; moderate; marketing; harsh and widespread.

The immunoreactivity assessment by two authors followed Hayashi's methodology 16: negative; minimal, positive, or irregular. The following clinical signs were assessed: age at onset, maximal motor ability, serum creatine kinase levels, mental status, and changes in brain imaging.

Vascular disorders associated with old age or cholesterol deposits in the vascular wall;
Cervical osteochondrosis;
Ischemia;
Benign or malignant neoplasms;
Traumatic head injury.

Any disease has its own risk group, and people who fall into this category should be very careful about their health. In the presence of causal factors of focal changes in the brain, a person is referred to the primary risk group, if there are predispositions for hereditary or social factors, they are referred to the secondary:

Statistical analyzes were performed using the Pearson chir-square test17 to test for possible association or independence between each component of the clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical variable categories. All results were considered to mean ± standard deviation and were expressed as a significance level of 05.

One child experienced cervical weakness. Two children had cataracts and one had type 1 diabetes. One of them regained independent walking for a while while receiving deflazacort. Eight patients died due to respiratory gaps.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system associated with pressure disorders such as hypotension, hypertension, dystonia;
Diabetes;
Obese patients with overweight or poor dietary habits;
Chronic depression (stress);
Hypodynamic people who move little and lead a sedentary lifestyle;
Age category 55-60 years old, regardless of gender. According to statistical data, 50 - 80% of patients with focal dystrophic disorders acquired their pathologies due to aging.

People belonging to the primary risk group, in order to avoid focal brain changes or to prevent the progression of existing problems, need their underlying disease, that is, eliminate the root cause.

Causes and symptoms of focal discirculatory changes

Dystrophin and dysferlin expression was normal in all patients. Merosin. In 9 patients, out of 23 merosine deficits were partially. The most useful antibodies are those that respond to 80 and 300 kDa merosin fragments 23. In our two 9 patients with partial deficiency, we determined that the deficiency was only partial after using an antibody against 300 kDa, as with an antibody against 80 kDa, merosin seemed perfect absent.

Dystrophin. Dystrophin expression in patients. samples were normal in all cases, regardless of merosin status and degree of histopathological degenerative changes. Therefore, future research into the relationship between sarcoglycan expression and dystrophic presentation would be needed.

The most accurate and sensitive diagnostic method with focal, is MRI, which allows you to determine the presence of pathology even at an early stage, and accordingly start timely treatment, MRI also helps to identify the causes of the pathologies that have arisen. MRI allows you to see even small-focal degenerative changes, at first not causing concern, but eventually often leading to stroke, as well as foci with increased echogenicity vascular genesis, which often indicate the oncological nature of the disorders.

In general, there is a secondary deficiency in the expression of merosin and a-saroglycan 31. In most cases, secondary deficiency of merosin is found. One of these patients has a pronounced fate of the cervix, and the others have focal changes in the white matter brain and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Both had normal expression of merosine.

In two cases, collagen expression was absent, and one of them was later diagnosed as myopathy in Böflam and removed from the present series 18. In conclusion, although our study did not show any remarkable clinical-immunohistochemical correlation, we believe that the maximum a possible immunohistochemical analysis to establish a differential diagnosis with other forms of myopathy in children, while we expect more accessible molecular methods.In addition, the analysis of immunohistochemical expression of proteins from muscle and extracellular matrix using a number of already available antibodies is easy procedure which can contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of dystrophic muscle, as well as to select a specific molecular study.

The brain of vascular origin on MRI can, depending on the location and size, be indicators of disorders such as:

Cerebral hemispheres - possible blockage of the right vertebral artery due to embryonic abnormalities or acquired atherosclerotic plaques or a hernia of the cervical spine;
The white matter of the frontal lobe of the brain is congenital, in some cases, non-life-threatening developmental anomalies, and in others, a proportionally increasing risk of life to the changing size of the lesion. Such violations can be accompanied by changes in the motor sphere;
Numerous foci of brain changes - pre-stroke condition, senile dementia,;

Although small focal changes can cause serious pathological conditions, and even threaten the patient's life, they are found in almost every patient over the age of 50. And do not necessarily lead to the onset of disorders. The foci of dystrophic and dyscirculatory origin found on MRI should be mandatory dynamic observation for the development of the disorder.

Treatment and prognosis

There is no single reason for the appearance of foci of changes in the brain, only hypothetical factors that lead to the onset of pathology. Therefore, treatment consists of the basic postulates of maintaining health and specific therapy:

The patient's daily regimen and diet No. 10. The patient's day should be built on a stable principle, with rational, rest time and timely and proper nutrition, which includes foods with organic acids (baked or fresh apples, cherries, sauerkraut), seafood and walnuts. Patients at risk or already diagnosed with focal changes should limit the use of hard types of cheeses, cottage cheese and dairy products, due to the danger of excess calcium, which these products are rich in. This can cause obstructed oxygen metabolism in the blood, which leads to ischemia and single focal changes in the brain substance.
Drug therapy with drugs that affect the blood circulation in the brain, stimulate it, dilate blood vessels and reduce the viscosity of the bloodstream, in order to avoid thrombosis with the subsequent development of ischemia;
Analgesic drugs aimed at relieving pain;
Sedative sedation of the patient and B vitamins;
Hypo or depending on the existing pathology of blood pressure;
Reducing stress factors, reducing anxiety.

It is impossible to give an unambiguous prognosis regarding the development of the disease. The patient's condition will depend on many factors, in particular, on the age and condition of the patient, the presence of concomitant pathologies of organs and their systems, the size and nature of focal disorders, the degree of their development, the dynamics of changes.

The key factor is constant diagnostic monitoring of the state of the brain, including preventive measures to prevent and early detection of pathologies and control of an existing focal disorder in order to avoid the progression of pathology.

Every person sooner or later begins to grow old. Together with it, the entire body is aging. Aging primarily affects the brain. There comes a failure in the system of the heart and blood vessels. The reason for these failures is insufficient blood circulation in the brain and spinal cord.

Cerebral circulation disorders are divided into:

Focal,
Diffuse.

If a person is sick with ischemia, then local changes occur in the brain. gray matter brain of the head, due to a lack of blood supply to the brain. This condition can be noticed after osteochondrosis of the neck of the spine or a stroke, when the blood vessels that carry blood to the brain are disturbed. Changes in the substance of the brain of the head can lead to any kind of injury or swelling.

Focal changes

Violation of the integrity of brain tissue in any one place is called a focal change in the substance of the brain of the head of a dystrophic nature. As a rule, these are the parts of the brain that receive little or no nutrients. In this condition, tissue processes are reduced, and the affected part of the brain begins to malfunction.

Focal changes in brain matter include:

Small cysts
Small foci of necrosis,
Gliomesodermal scars,
Absolutely minor changes in the substance of the brain.

Single focal changes in the substance of the brain of the head of a dystrophic nature give the following symptoms, which a person simply cannot fail to notice:

Frequent and pain
Paresthesia
Dizziness,
Hyperkinesis
Paralysis,
Impaired coordination of movements
Decreased intelligence
Decreased memory
Emotional disorders
Sensory disorders
Ataxia,
Agrafia.

During the examination, the doctor will have to identify the cause of the appearance of severe changes in the substance of the brain and the accompanying diseases:

Vasomotor dystonia
Atherosclerosis,
Various somatic diseases,
Arterial hypertension
Aneurysm in the spinal cord,
Cardiocerebral syndrome.

When does the disease appear?

Local focal changes in the substance of the brain of a dystrophic nature occur after seventy years and are characterized by manifestations of senile dementia. With this disease, thinking disorder or dementia occurs. Dominant diseases include:

Alzheimer's disease,
Pick's disease
Hettington's disease.

By the way, single focal changes in the substance of the brain of a dystrophic nature can occur not only in old age, but also in young and middle-aged people. Any infection or mechanical injury can compromise the integrity or patency blood vessels that nourish the brain and spinal cord.

How to treat?

In treatment, the main thing is to have time to recognize the disease in time, when the symptoms of focal changes in the substance of the brain are not yet so pronounced and the process of change can still be reversed. Many different therapeutic interventions aimed at improving blood supply to the brain: normalization of rest and work, selection correct diet, the use of sedatives and analgesics. Drugs will be prescribed to improve blood flow to the brain. The patient may be offered sanatorium treatment.

Who is affected by the disease?

A single focal change in the substance of the brain of the head of a dystrophic nature is exposed to people:

Diabetic sufferers
Patients with atherosclerosis
Suffering from rheumatism. Such people need to first cure the main disease, follow special diet, watch out physical activity and, of course, see your doctor regularly.

Local focal changes in the substance of the brain can be cured if you approach this skillfully and on time. Unfortunately, only senile changes in the substance of the brain respond poorly to treatment.