The solar tight foci of the top left lung. Causes of the appearance of spots on MRI brain

1. What is the difference between the polyvector focus from the monomector? Give examples

montector - carriers belong to one biological genus polyvector - carriers belong to several rods.

2. The pathogens of what diseases tolerate bloha?

PULEX IRRITANS transfers the pathogens of the plague - Ersinia Pestis, still tolerates tularemia, rat and raw tit.

3. The causative agents of what diseases are the mosquitoes of the kind of trailer?

Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, filariatosis.

4. The causative agents of what diseases do mosquitoes endile?

LEISHMANIA DONOVANI AND LEISHMANIA TROPICA - Paths of Visceral and Skin Leashmaniosis,

5. The causative agents of which diseases do narrow ticks carry?

North Asian Ricketsiosis, Brucellosis, Tulyarania, tick-free encephalitis.

6. The causative agents of which diseases are transferred to pasture (ixodic) ticks?

Tick-borne encephalitis, raw tit (rickettsia), Returnal Tiff (spirochetes), Tulya'rai

7. Give the morphological characteristics of the type of arthropod.

The presence of chitine cover and members' limbs, the body consists of segments that merge into 3 departments - head, chest and abdomen (sometimes - headband or without dismemberment). Rota apparatus - modified limbs, respiratory organs - gills, bag-shaped lungs or trachea. An unlocked blood system, in digestive-complex glands.

8. Give the definition and give examples of specific inoculation.

specific inoculation-carrier specific (transmission of pathogens of malaria mosquitoes of the genus anofeles;

flea; Tick-borne mite encephalitis encephalitis-ixodow ticks)

9. Give the definition of the monoormor focus. Examples.

Natural source associated with the presence of carriers belonging to one biodegradation. (Kiss Kophop - Chagas disease - South America)

10. Give the definition of a natural focus of the disease.

The natural focus is a section of biogeocenosis, on which the circulation of the pathogen occurs, regardless of man. Distribution provide animals.

11. Give the definition of a conjugate focus.

The conjugate focus is a natural focus, in which the pathogens circulate more than one disease

12. Give the definition of specific inoculation and examples.

specific inoculation - the introduction of the causative agent of the disease with a carrier in a rink with the help of the mouth of the mouth -

specific carrier (transmission of malaria pathogens

mosquitoes of the genus Anofeles; flea plague; Tick-mite tickle

Ixodic ticks)

13. Bonds - transmissive disease. Example

The pathogens are transmitted only by carriers and no other way (raw title and malaria)

14. How is a man's infection occurs with a tick-free refinement?

Transmissive path, specific inoculation, ORNITODORUS PAPILLIPES perringe.

15. How is the person's contamination beabise?

Contact Mechanism, Transmission Method - Percussion Indirect, Cauditogen - Cabs

16. How is a man's infection occurs with scabies?

The contact mechanism, the transmission method - percutted indirect, with contact with patients or their linen. Caudeno - Chesconic

17. How does the man's infection occur?

Transmissive path, specific inoculation, carrier - PULEX IRRITANS - Flea Human

18. What aromorphoses in the structure of the limbs and N.S. appeared in arthropods compared to ringed worms?

primitive limbs - parapody are converted into segic limbs. In the nervous system there is a concentration of nerve nodes, the achieving high perfection of the senses organs is developing, behavior is complicated.

19. What aromorphoses are typical for the type of arthropod?

the outer skeleton is chitinos, the appearance of articular limbs, the appearance of body departments, an unlocked blood system with a heart from one to the multi-chamber, the allocation organs - metanephridia \\ Malpigayev vessels, transversely striped muscles, the concentration of nerve components and an increase in the facent ganglion, the complication of the senses (phaseless eyes , mustache)

20. What diseases are transmitted through mosquitoes?

malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, leashmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis.

21. What infection mechanisms are known to you?

Aerosol

Fecal-oral

Contact

Transmissible

Netransmissive

Artificial

22. What foci are called polygostal? Give examples.

Foci with several types of tanks are called polygostal.

Susliki, Surki, Tarbagans, gerbils.

23. What foci differ depending on the species diversity of reservoir hosts?

Polygostal

Monogostal

24. What natural foci are called polygostal, monogostal?

Polygostal-foci with several types of tanks.

Monogostal foci with one tank.

25. What is a carrier (specific or mechanical) relative to the causative agent

raw typhus is in and why?

Specific carrier

Because Important morpho-physiological transformations occur in the body of the Wrench.

26. What is the carrier in relation to the malaria causative agent is Komar and why?

Specific carrier

Because Important morpho-physiological transformations occur in the mosquito body.

27. What is the mechanism and method of infection with spring-summer encephalitis?

Translude.

Specific inoculation.

28. What are the mechanism and method of infection of a person with a sewn return title?

Translude.

Mechanical inoculation.

29.Mehanism and a way to infect a person with a tick-free refinement?

Translude.

Specific inoculation.

30. Mechanism and method of human infection with a rapted sewing typhoid.

Transmission mechanism of infection, the method of infection of Elovka mechanical

inoculation is transmitted from person to man.

31. What is found to divide on bond and optional carriers.

A person distinguishes bondable transmissible diseases whose pathogens are transmitted

exceptionally sleeves (malaria, yellow fever, tick-free returning and

dr.), and optional T. b., The transfer of pathogens of which is carried out by air

drip, through the digestive tract, directly from man to man

(Tulyara, Plague, Siberian ulcer, etc.)

32. Name the components of the focus of the skin leschemaniosis.

The air temperature should have at least 50 days for a year to stay on the numbers from 20 ° C and

The disease is most common in Central Asia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan.

Leinsmania is mostly striking rodents, dogs and people, but also marked cases of lesion

damanov, cats and horses.

33. Name the Latin name and systematic position of the main carrier

plague.

PULEX IRRITANS. Tip-Arthropoda Podtip-Tracheata Klass-Insecta Otryad-Aphaniptera Vid- Pulex Irritans

34. Name the foci, differing in the nature of evolution.

By the nature of evolution: progressive; regressive; Metamorphic - such foci, in which the replacement of one species of animal tanks or animal-carriers with other types occurred; Reciprocal - foci, subjected to reverse development, for example. from anthropurgic, moving to the position of natural; Realistic.

35. Write the Latin name of the species and systematic position of the causative agent of beabies.

Type-Arthropoda subtype-chelecerata class-arachnida squad-acari family-acariformes

Sarcoptes Scabiei.

36. Write the Latin name of the type and systematic position of the pathogen of the phyryosis.

Phthirus Pubis. Type- Arthropoda subtype-tracheata class-insecta detachment-anoplura rod-phthirus

37. Write the Latin name of the type and systematic position of the Pediculose pathogen.

Pediculus Humanus Capitis. Type- arthropoda subtype-tracheata class-insecta detachment-anoplura

Pediculus View- Pediculus Humanus Capitis

38. Write the Latin name of the species and systematic position of the carrying cartoon of the seer returning.

Pediculus Humanus Humanus. . Type- arthropoda subtype-tracheata class-insecta detachment-anoplura

Rhodiculus View-Pediculus Humanus Humanus

39. Write the Latin name and the systematic position of the taiga tick.

Ixodes Persulcatus. Type-Arthropoda subtype-chelecerata class-arachnida detachment-acari family

IXodidae view- Ixodes Persulcatus

40. Write the sequential stages of the development of Ixodic ticks.

Egg-Larva-Nympha-Imago

41.State the sequential stages of the mosquito development.

Egg → Larvae → Case → Imago.

42. Write the sequential stages of the development of narrow ticks.

Egg → Larvae → Nymph → Female Tights.

43.opy composite components of the focus of the tick-borne return typhoid.

Distributed everywhere.

Bacteria.

Village tick.

Vertebrates.

44. Describe the components of the focus of tick-borne encephalitis.

Taiga, forest bel.

Encephalitis virus.

Taiga tick.

Earthowing, hare.

45. Describe the components of the focus of the skin leschemaniosis.

Subtropics

Leishmania Tropica.

Mosquito Phlebotomus

46. \u200b\u200bTransfer to you ways to infect a person with causative agents of diseases.

Infection

47.Cerit a complex of conditions necessary for the occurrence of a natural focus.

Abiotic conditions.

48.Produce subtypes and classes combined in arthropod type.

49. Transmission of transmission diseases transmissible diseases.

Inoculation (Specific, Mechanical)

Contamination (Specific, Mechanical)

50. Transfer taxonomic discharges, combined in the type of arthropods.

Type - Arthropoda.

Subtypes (BranchiaTa (Zaberds), Chelicerata (Helisser), tracheata (trachecine))

Class (Crustacea (Rakobozny), ARACHNIDA (spider), insecta (insects).

51. Transmissive anthroponous diseases.

Plague, tularemia, tick and mosquito encephalitis, leishmaniasis, tribanosomosis, tick

relapsing fever.

52. Transfer the conditions necessary for the occurrence of a natural focus of transmissive disease.

Abiotic conditions.

Biotic conditions (pathogen, carrier, reservoir).

53. Transfer the mechanisms and methods (paths) of infection.

Mechanisms (aerosol (air-drip, air-dust)

Fecal-oral (alimentary, water, contact-household) contact

(percussion (straight, indirect) sexual transmissive (inoculation (specific,

mechanical), Contamination (Specific, Mechanical)

Vertical (transplacent) artiffical (transfusion, through honey.

Tools and appliances, in transplantation of organs and tissues).

54.Fast mosquitoes of the genus Anofelles belong to specific transporters.

Because important morpho-physiological transformations occur in the mosquito body.

55.The examples of optional carriers.

ORNITODORUS PAPILLIPES - TUL'URIA

Pulex irritans -chuma, tularemia.

56. What is the conjugate hearth from the elementary?

In the conjugate focus, the pathogens of more than one disease circulate, in the elementary one.

57. What is the basis of division into polyvector and monoormor foci?

The division is based on the amount of carriers.

58. What is the basis of the division of carriers on optional and bond?

59.What is such mechanical inoculation? Give examples.

Mechanical inoculation is observed when the pathogen falls on the mouth of the bodies

the carrier is experiencing for some time, but it does not multiply and then entered in the rink

with blood sucking. For example, the village tick tolerates tularevia.

60.What is characteristic of inoculation and contamination as a way of infection and transmission

causative agents of disease to carriers?

Multiple invasion.

Foci in the lungs are an independent clinical diagnosis. This disease does not make itself felt and in the overwhelming majority of cases does not appear. The foci in the pulmonary fabric is most often randomly by passing standard preventive procedures and x-ray research.

A single focus in the lungs is a localized sealing section, which has a round or oval shape and in diameter reaches 30 millimeters. The reasons for the occurrence of such seals can be different and for their establishment is not enough inspection from Doctor and X-ray. In order to put an accurate, reliable diagnosis, you will have to hold a number of important studies (biochemical blood test, sputum, as well as puncture of pulmonary fabrics).

There is a common belief that the factor provoking the emergence of foci in the lungs is exclusively tuberculosis, but it is incorrect.

Most often, the foci in the pulmonary fabric is a symptom of the following states:

• neoplasms of malignant nature;
• broken fluid exchange in the organs of the respiratory system;
• protecting pneumonia.

That is why, when diagnosis, it is necessary to use the results of laboratory tests of blood and sputum. Even if the doctor is confident that the patient suffers from focal pneumonia, the results of the tests will help identify the causative agent of the disease and eliminate it using an individually selected treatment regimen.

Sometimes people are in no hurry to take diagnostic analyzes due to the remoteness of the laboratory from the place of residence. Maintaining laboratory studies is extremely undesirable, since without the treatment of the focus in the lungs begins to wear a secondary character.

Anatomically, single pulmonary foci is the modified areas of the pulmonary fabric or the pathological presence of liquid (blood or sputum).

It should be noted that the criteria in the international and domestic classification of pulmonary foci are distinguished. Foreign medicine recognizes single foci in easy education, reaching 3 centimeters. In the Russian Federation, the foci in the pulmonary fabric is diagnosed if they do not exceed 10 millimeters in diameter. Everything that has large sizes belongs to infiltrates or tuberculos.

The problem of reliable diagnosis and classification of foci in the lungs is one of the most important in medicine.

If you believe statistical data, then from 60 to 70 percent of the singular foci re-emerged after the treatment are malignant formations. That is why very much attention is paid to the development of new diagnostic methods in this direction.

To date, such diagnostic procedures are widely used:

1. Computer inspection, including tomography, which allows you to set the dimensions of foci in the lungs with great accuracy.
2. Radiography.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging.
4. Laboratory study of blood and sputum, as well as light tissues.

Despite the reliability of the results of the listed studies, there is still no uniform algorithm for diagnosis in the detection of foci in pulmonary tissues. Each case is individual and should be considered separately from general practition.

Single foci in the lungs: ray diagnostic capabilities

Proper diagnosis and production of faithful diagnosis is very important when detecting in lungs of single foci. The radiation diagnosis in these cases has assistance that is difficult to overestimate.

The main tasks of the radiation diagnosis of foci in the lungs:

1. With the help of these methods, it is possible to identify the nature of the origin of foci in the lungs and determine whether they are malignant or benign.
2. Rady diagnosis allows reliably to determine the shape of tuberculosis when it is detected.

Currently, foci in the lungs are primarily detected using simple radiography or fluorography (in the overwhelming majority). This pathology is detected in 0.7-1% of all studies of the chest.

However, with the help of radiography and fluorography, it is extremely difficult to see solitary formation, the diameter of which is less than 1 cm. In addition, due to various structures that are anatomically arranged in the chest, it is sometimes impossible to distinguish between and large-scale foci in the lungs. Therefore, during the diagnosis, more preference is given to computer tomography. It makes it possible to consider pulmonary fabrics at different angles and even in the context. Thus, the likelihood is eliminated that single formations will be indistinguishable behind the heart muscle, ribs or lung root.

Computed tomography is a unique diagnostic method that not only foci can detect, but also pneumonia, emphyseum and other pathological conditions of the lungs. But it must be remembered that even this method of diagnosis has its drawbacks. So, in about 50% of cases of primary research in the photo, neoplasms are not found with a diameter of less than 5 millimeters. This is due to such difficulties as the foundation of the foci in the center of the lung, the minor sizes of formations or too small density.

If the formation exceeds in diameter 1 centimeter, the accuracy of diagnosis in computed tomography reaches 95 percent.

Tuberculosis remains a very common disease, despite the fact that huge funds are allocated to fight it annually and large-scale studies are carried out.

The most interesting facts about tuberculosis:

1. The causative agent of the disease is a koche or mycobacterium wand, which is quickly transmitted during coughing or sneezing, that is, airborne droplet.
2. With the sputter in the air, one patient with tuberculosis allocates from 15,000,000 to 7,000,000,000 mycobacteria. They apply within a radius of 1-7 meters.
3. Koch wand is able to survive even at negative temperatures (up to -269 degrees Celsius). In the dried form in the external environment, mycobacteria retains vitality to four months. In dairy products, the wand lives to one year, and in the books six months.
4. Mycobacterium very quickly adapts to antibiotics. In almost every state, a type of tuberculin stick was revealed, which is not sensitive to existing drugs.
5. The 1/3 population of the planet is carriers of tuberculosis sticks, but only 10 percent of them moved the active form of the disease.

It is important to remember that, overdone with tuberculosis, a person does not acquire lifelong immunity and can transfer the disease again.

Are medical masks helpful

Scientists from Australia conducted a number of scientific research and reliably established that medical masks practically do not protect against viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by air-droplet. Moreover, they are categorically impossible to be used under conditions when the risk of infection is high (constant work in the resuscitation department, tuberculosis).

The health mask is beneficial only when it is already sick of a person. Mask fabric can reduce the risk of spreading infection.

Causes of ineffective masks:

• the distance between the fibers in the fabric medical mask is dozens of microns, and viruses and bacteria have a much smaller size;
• viruses easily penetrate the side holes that are formed between the mask and face.

In developed countries, hospitals use special respirators, which effectively detain air particles containing viruses and bacteria.

With the help of computed tomography, the classification of foci in the lungs is carried out. Also, it can also be identified, a single or multiple hearth touched the light, and also assume the most adequate treatment. This diagnostic procedure is one of the most reliable today. Its principle is that X-rays affect the tissue of the human body, and then conclusion is given on the basis of this study.

If there are suspicions of any disease of the lungs, the doctor guides the patient on the CT OGK (chest organs). It perfectly visible all segments of this part of the body.

Depending on the location, the foci are divided into two categories:

1. Sublemental foci in the lungs, located under the plesere - thin shell, into which the lungs are enclosed. This localization is characteristic of the manifestation of tuberculosis or malignant tumors.
2. Pleural foci.

With the help of computed tomography, the apical focus is clearly visible in any lung segment. This type of foci is the growth of fibrous tissue and replacing healthy cells. Perivascular fibrous focus is located near the blood vessels that provide its nutrition and growth.

Foci in the lungs on CT: classification of formations

For accurate diagnosis, it is very important to learn the foci in the lungs using CT. The classification of formations makes it possible to understand how to treat them.

Depending on the size of education in the lungs are divided into:

• small (from 0.1 to 0.2 cm);
• medium size (0.3-0.5 cm);
• large foci (up to 1 centimeter).

Based on density:

• not dense;
• medium-dense;
• dense.

In terms of numbers:

• polymorphic foci in the lungs - multiple education, having different density and various sizes. Foci polymorphism is characteristic of tuberculosis or pneumonia;
• single foci.

If the foci are located in Plegre, then they are called pleural, sublumal focus is located near her.

Sublemental focus may not be visible for x-ray or fluorography, therefore, CT is preferable for its diagnosis.

Thus, the answer to the question about, the focal damage of the lungs, what is it is obtained. It is necessary to remember that to exclude any diseases in the lungs, you can not neglected such a simple procedure as the annual fluorography. It takes a few minutes and is capable of identifying any pathology in the lungs in the early stages.

The center of Gon in the lungs is a manifestation of tuberculosis. Without the presence of a walkway to the root, the bug meters coming out for the contours of the mediastinum (lymphatic nodes) to identify the tuberculous affiliation of focal dimming syndrome is difficult.

When analyzing formations up to 1 cm diameter, attention should be paid to calcination, density, fibrosis, morphological structure, the intensity of the dimming. Prevalence more than 2 ribs - a sign of dissemination.

Digital snapshot: multiple fibrous foci of both lungs on chronic bronchitis background

The center of Gon and the calcined foci in the lungs - what it is

Gona is an education at the top or the upper segments of the lungs, due to the lesion of the pulmonary cloth with mycobacteriums. In the morphological examination of the material, a large number of granulation cells are revealed, macrophages. The body is constantly struggling with the causative agent of the pulmonary tuberculosis, so the dynamics grow slowly. Only when viewing a series of snapshots of the chest organs over 3-6 months, it is possible to identify some changes.

With long-term preservation of tuberculosis lesion, the formation of a calcined focus is traced. Calcium salts are postponed in case of caseometric destruction. This is the mummification of the pathogen, which prevents the re-infection of the lung tissue.

Calcinated foci in the lungs is not only manifestations of tuberculosis infection. It is found in chronic pneumonia, wicked invasions, fibrosing Alveolitis (Hammen Richie).

Digital Radiograph: Miliary tuberculosis, foci on both sides

The leaf of Gon is a rare form of infection at a real period of time. Due to the uncontrolled use of antibiotics of microorganisms, resistance to antibiotics were obtained. In the treatment of these drugs, other diseases ensures a certain activity of the chemical compound on the mycobacterium tuberculosis. Fully bacteria do not die. If microorganisms do not possess multi-resistance, under the influence of antibiotic therapy of pneumonia, bronchitis, other diseases people stop the active progression of tuberculosis, not suspecting it.

Only when performing the next fluorography, a specific focus is detected on the top (calcined, dense, fibrous, intense, integrated).

Dense foci in the lungs with focal dimming syndrome

The limited focal dimming syndrome includes unit (up to 5), multiple shadows (more than 6), the dimensions of which do not exceed 1 cm. With a limited location (up to 2 intercheries), a diagnosis of focal tuberculosis, pneumonia is made.

If the area goes beyond the 2nd intercreation, they talk about the disseminated process. Focal darkening is differentiated to the primary, secondary. In case of diseases with damage to the pulmonary fabric, the pathogenesis of the syndrome is accompanied by the following pathogenetic mechanisms:

Air passage to exudate, transdate;
Resorption of alveolar air with rolling atelectase;
Pushing the air with the substrate outside Alveol;
Hematogenic metastasis at edema, infarction, tuberculosis;
Lymphogenic metastases (primary tuberculosis, blood disease);
Contact lesion of lung tissue (peripheral cancer, aneurysm).

The syndrome of the leaf of Gon, polymorphic, fibrous, intense, occasional is traced during tumors, inflammation of pulmonary fabric, vascular anomalies.

The definition of the focal shadow in the picture does not always allow to verify the morphology, etiological factor.

Under different diseases, the focal dimming syndrome has x-ray similarity. The proportion of tumor, fibrous, necrotic, inflammatory focus is slightly different. For gradation differentiation, a computed tomography is used, which allows to study the density of the shadow. The study allows you to clearly verify the conquered, calcined, intense and weak dimming.

The center of Gon in the lungs on an X-ray in the classical state is clearly visualized. The remaining nosological forms are not accompanied by concomitant features that allow to verify nosology.

Dense foci in the lungs - what is it

Dense foci on the X-ray of the lungs testify either about chronic infection, or about the healing inflammatory, traumatic process. On the site of long-term inflammation, the scar tissue accumulates, pneumosclerosis is formed, cavities occur in pneumonia. On the radiograph, with all these nosologies, dense (intensive) dimming are traced.

In the presence of these changes in the picture, the clinical picture is accompanied by pronounced changes. Calcification syndrome, ordinary, scarring can be the manifestation of the following nosological forms:

Tumor;
Aneurysm;
Retention cyst;
Primary cancer;
Focal tuberculosis.

Only under dissemination there are signs of pronounced intoxication:

1. Temperature Over 39 degrees;
2. General weakness;
3. Cough with sputum;
4. Breast pain.

With an inflammatory process, laboratory changes are traced: leukocytosis, accelerating the speed of erythrocyte sedimentation. For focal tuberculosis, specific clinical symptoms are characterized:

Painfulness in the chest;
Cough;
Irritability;
Loss of appetite;
Weakness.

With tuberculosis infection, the blood test is not accompanied by inflammatory changes. Diagnosis of the disease requires the determination of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the washing waters of the bronchial tract. With a small peripheral cancer, solitary metastases, changes in blood tests are traced.

With a lung infarction, a focal dimming syndrome arising from thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities. Clinic - hemoptysia, complaints of pain in the side.

Dense foci in the lungs in most cases do not require treatment, but before discontinuing the patient's treatment requires a full-fledged diagnosis to confirm the true focal shadow syndrome. Make sure that the picture is really a bulk education that acinces occupies. A similar picture forms interweaving vessels, interstitial traps. Many information gives a polyposition (multi-axis) examination. Even the traditional radiography of the chest organs in straight and lateral projections allows you to identify the rounded nature of the dimming. On the lateral picture, it is possible to identify the integrated foci of the pleura. With a multi-discussion study, intimate and pleural calcinates can be distinguished.

When the focal syndrome is detected on the radiograph, the differential diagnosis between tumors, tuberculosis, lung inflammation should be carried out.

Fibrous foci in the lungs - what is it

With inflammatory changes, the focal shadow has an average intensity, uneven, blurred boundaries. In chronic inflammation, fibrous darkening tuberculosis intense with jeed, sharp edges.

Fibrous deposits violate the ventilation of the bronchial tract. The degree of respiratory failure is determined by the scope of the lesion.

If fibrosis is provoked by the tumor, the "belt" is traced around the round shadow, the accumulation of small foci due to the enhanced pulmonary pattern.

With tuberculosis from the fibrous focus, the vascular "track" is moving towards the root of the lung. Several convolves thin strips of vessels aimed at rooting are often found in chronic tuberculosis.

The increase in lymph nodes, track, round shadow in the pulmonary parenchyma is most often radiographic signs of cancer.

Fibrous polymorphic foci can be traced at focal pneumonia with a long flow. With constant destruction of the cells of the destruction site, the connective tissue is chosen, which is preserved throughout the remaining life of a person.

In conclusion, I would like to remind you that polymorphic foci in the lungs is not always a manifestation of pulmonary pathology. If the syndrome is detected on a direct radiograph, there is a possibility of lesion of pleura. Purrites may not only be exudative, but also dry. After healing, calcinates remain, fibrous foci.

The focal blackout syndrome in the lungs is the x-ray manifestation of many nosological forms. For differential diagnostics, several methods are applied.

What is the hearth in the pulmonary fabric?

Pulmonary focus is a limited area of \u200b\u200breducing the transparency of the pulmonary tissue (darkening, sealing) of small sizes, detected by X-ray or computer tomography (CT) of the lungs, not combined with the pathology of lymph nodes or decay of the part of the lung - atelectasis. On western terminology, term "Node" or "Foard" aboutthere is a dimming of less than 3 cm in size; If the diameter of the site is more than 3 cm, the term "volume formation" is used. The Russian X-ray school traditionally calls the "focus" area with a diameter of up to 10-12 mm.

If X-ray or computed tomography (CT) reveals one such plot, we are talking about a single (or solitary) focus; When several sections are detected - about single foci. With multiple foci, breathtaking all the pulmonary fabric, they say about, or dissemination of foci.

In this article, we will talk about single foci, their radiological manifestations, and medical actions when they are detected. There are a number of diseases of the most different nature, which can manifest themselves with a hearth on radiographs or computer tomograms.

Single or single foci in the lungs are most common in the following diseases:

1. , such as lymphoma or
2. Benign tumors - Gamartoma, Chondrom
3. Pulmonary cysts
4. Tuberculosis, in particular the center of Gona or
5. Fungal infections
6. Inflammatory non-affecting processes such as rheumatoid arthritis or venener granulomatosis
7. Arteriovenous malformations
8. Outdoor lymphatic nodes

The detection of a single node on the radiograph of the chest organs puts the complex task with which many doctors face: the differential diagnostic series with similar changes may be long, but the main task is to determine whether the nature of the defeat is benign or malignant. The solution of this issue is key in determining the further tactics of treatment and examination. In controversial and obscure cases, the second opinion is recommended for the exact definition of benignness or malignancy of focal education - the revision of CT or lung radiography in the profile establishment of an experienced specialist.

Methods for diagnosing foci in the lungs

The primary method of study is usually X-ray of the organs of the chest. With it, most of the solitary pulmonary foci is found randomly. Some studies studied the use of low-dose CT of the chest organs as a lung cancer screening tool; Thus, the use of CT leads to the detection of smaller nodes, which must be evaluated. As the availability increases, PET and OFECT will also play an important role in the diagnosis of solitary pulmonary foci.

The criteria of benignness of the detected focus are the age of the patient for less than 35 years, the lack of other risk factors, the stability of the node for more than 2 years according to radiography, or external signs of benignness detected on radiographs. The probability of malignancy of changes in these patients is low, it is necessary to periodically perform radiographs of the chest organs or CT every 3-4 months during the first year, and every 4-6 months throughout the second year.

Restrictions and errors of diagnostic methods

Radiography of the chest is characterized by a better resolution compared to CT in determining the degree of severity of occurrence and sizes. At the same time, the visualization of some pulmonary nodes can be complicated due to the superimposition of other organs and tissues.

The use of CT is limited to the high cost of this study and the need for intravenous contrast, the risk of developing adverse reactions after its introduction. CT is not such an affordable research method as radiography; In addition, a computed tomograph, unlike X-ray devices, cannot be portable. PET and Officon are much more expensive compared to CT and MRI, and the availability of these diagnostic methods may be different.

Radiography

Often solitary pulmonary nodes are first detected on radiographs of the chest organs and are a random find. The first question to which it is necessary to answer is whether the detected hearth is located in lung or is out of it. In order to clarify the localization of changes, radiography is performed in lateral projection, radioscopy, CT. Usually, the nodes becomes distinguishable on radiographs when they reach the size of 8-10 mm. Sometimes 5 mm nodes can be detected. On radiographs, it is possible to determine the size of the hearth, the rate of its growth, the nature of the edges, the presence of ordinary - changes that can help estimate the identified node as a benign or malignant.

Peripheral formation of the right lung with cavity (abscess). Radiograph in direct projection.

Node size

Nodes having a size of more than 3 cm are more likely to reflect malignant changes, while nodes are less than 2 cm, most likely are benign. However, the size of the node itself has a limited meaning. In some patients, small nodes may have malignant nature, and large - reflect benign changes.

Growth rate of the node

A comparison with previously made radiographs allows you to evaluate the growth rate of the focus. The growth rate is associated with time, for which the volume of the tumor increases twice. On radiographs, the node is a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object. The volume of the sphere is calculated by the formula 4/3 * πr 3, therefore, an increase in the diameter of the node by 26% corresponds to the doubling of its volume. For example, an increase in the size of the node from 1 to 1.3 cm is similar to one doubling volume, while the change in size from 1 to 2 cm corresponds to an increase in the volume of 8 times.

The doubling time of the bronchiogenic cancer is usually 20-400 days; The time interval required to doubt the volume of 20-30 days and less is characteristic of infection, lung infarction, lymphoma and rapidly growing metastases. If the doubling time is more than 400 days, this indicates the benignness of changes, with the exception of the carcinoid tumor of a low degree of malignancy. The lack of changes in the size of the node for more than 2 years with a high degree of probability indicates a benign process. Nevertheless, it is impossible to determine the size of the focus without error. On the radiograph of the chest to estimate the increase in the size of the node by 3 mm can be difficult; Measurements on radiographs after digital processing makes it possible to more accurately determine the size of the focus.

Contours of the hearth

Nodes of a benign nature usually have clearly defined, smooth contours. Malignant nodes are characterized by typical incorrect, multicenter, spin-shaped (by the type of "radiant crown") edges. At the same time, the most significant feature that suggests the malignancy of changes is the radiation of the edges; Extremely rarely malignant tumors have smooth edges.

Calcined

The deposits of calcium salts, occasions are more typical for benign focal formations, but with CT, they are also detected by approximately 10% of malignant nodes. With benign processes, five typical types of occurrence are usually found: diffuse, central, laminar, concentric and in the form of "popcorn". Outliers in the form of "Popcorn" are characteristic of a gamart, point or eccentric lined calcinates are observed mainly in malignant nodes. You can more accurately detect and evaluate the sights using CT.

Benign education in the lungs are relatively rare, but in typical cases, CT allows you to clearly distinguish them from a malignant tumor. Volume formation of the left lung - Gamartom. Calcification in the form of "Popcorn".

Foci in the lungs on CT - what is it?

Focal formations in the lungs on CT are better detected than on the sightseeing radiography. On CT, the focal changes in size 3-4 mm can also be distinguished, specific morphological features are better visualized (characteristic, for example, for rounded atelectasis or arterio-venous malformation). In addition, CT makes it better to estimate those areas that are usually poorly distinguishable on radiographs: the tops of the lungs, the root zones, as well as the rib diaphragmal sinuses. Also, the multiple character of focal lesion may be detected on CT; CT can be used to stood the tumor; In addition, a needle biopsy is carried out under the control of CT.

Peripheral formation of the left lung. Typical CT-signs of peripheral cancer: rounded shape, uneven radiant contours.

Sublemental foci in the lungs - what is it? Computed tomography demonstrates a nodal formation adjacent to the interdolesale pleura. Signs of such foci are not specific and require additional surveys. Biopsy confirmed fungal infection.

X-ray density of the focus on CT

Using computed tomography, measurements of a certain indicator can be performed - the attenuation coefficient, or the X-ray density of the focus. The measurement results (CT-densitometry) are displayed in the Units of the Hounsfield scale (units x, or Hu). Below are some examples of attenuation coefficients:

Air: -1000 EX

Fat: from -50 to -100 EX

Water: 0 EX

Blood: from 40 to 60 EX

Unqualified node: from 60 to 160 EX

Calcined node: more than 200 EX

Bone: 1000 EX

When using CT densitometry, the possibility of detecting hidden calcifications, which can not be noticed visually even on thin high-resolution CT sections. In addition, the measurement of the density helps to detect fat tissue inside the node, which is a sign of its benignness, especially in cases of Gamartoma.

CT with contrast gain

Malignant knots are usually more rich in vessels than benign. The assessment of the contrast enhancement of the node is carried out by measuring its density before and after the addition of contrast with the interval of 5 minutes. Increase density less than 15 units. X suggests the benign nature of the node, while a contrast gain by 20 units. X is more characteristic of malignant lesions (sensitivity of 98%, specificity of 73%).

Symptom feeding vessel

The symptom of the supply vessel is characteristic of intramiliary nodes of vascular etiology, for example, hematogenic pulmonary metastases or septic embols.

High Education Wall Thickness

The cavity can be detected in malignant, and in benign nodes. The presence of a cavity with a thin wall (1 mm and less) is a sign indicating the benign nature of the change, while the presence of a thick wall does not allow to conclude about benignness or malignancy of education.

Magnetic resonance tomography (MRI) of the lungs

When stading a light MRI cancer makes it possible to achieve a better visualization of the lesions of the pleura, the diaphragm and the chest wall compared to CT. At the same time, MRI is less applicable in the assessment of the pulmonary parenchyma (especially for the identification and characteristics of pulmonary focal changes) due to the smaller spatial permission. Since MRI is a more expensive and less affordable research method, this method of diagnostics is used as a backup to evaluate tumors, which are difficult to evaluate by CT (for example, Pancost Tumor).

Easy ultrasound

Ultrasound is infrequently used in the assessment of solitary pulmonary foci; This method has a limited value and is used to control when performing a percutaneous biopsy of larger nodes located in peripheral sections.

Radionuclide diagnosis of focal lung changes

The use of nuclear medicine methods (scintigraphy, OFECT, PET) in the assessment of solitary intramiliary nodes was studied using scientific research. Thus, the use of PET and OPECT was approved in the United States to assess intramiliary nodes.

PET-KT.

The cells of malignant neoplasms are characterized by a greater metabolic activity compared to neucholum cells, as a result of which the level of glucose accumulation in them is higher. With PET of the chest organs, a fluorine radioactive nuclide was used with a mass number 18 and an analog of glucose (F 18-fluorideoxyglucose, FDG). An increase in the accumulation of FDG is detected in most malignant tumors, and this moment is fundamental in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodes.

The accumulation of FDG can be estimated quantify using a standardized accumulation coefficient used in order to bring to a single value of indicators depending on the patient's weight and the amount of radioisotope introduced, which allows to compare the accumulation of the radiopharmaceutiary in various foci of the defeat in different patients. The value of a standardized accumulation coefficient exceeding 2.5 is used as a "marker" of malignancy. Another advantage of PET with FDG is the best detection of metastases in the mediastinum, which allows you to more optimally stood the lung cancer.

Officon

The advantage of single-photon emission tomography (OFECT) compared to PET is a great availability. For scanning, a depthreotide is used, an analogue of somatostatin, labeled technecym-99m, which binds to the receptors to somatostatin, the expression of which takes place with non-cellular milk cancer. However, the use of SPECT has not been studied on large samples. In general, PET and OfficEctop are promising non-invasive methods that allow the differential diagnosis of malignant and benign lesions, as well as to assist in assessing an indefinite lesion.

The degree of authenticity of PET and Officon Lungs

When using meta-analysis, averaged sensitivity and specificity in detecting malignant changes in focal pulmonary foci of any size amounted to 96% and 73.5%, respectively. In the case of pulmonary nodes, sensitivity and specificity amounted to 93.9% and 85.8%, respectively.

Errors with PET Lungs

With PET with FDG, false positive results can be due to metabolically active nodes of other nature, for example, infectious granulomas or inflammatory foci. In addition, tumors characterized by low metabolic activity, for example, a carcinoid tumor and bronchio-salted cancer may not be detected. With high serum concentrations of glucose, it competes in cells with FDG, as a result of which the accumulation of radioisotope is reduced.

Vasily Vishnyakov, radiologist

The time spent by the fire always brings pleasant thoughts, and the atmosphere itself has a special attractiveness and peculiar magic. And it is very not surprising, because since a long time, the element of fire has a fascinating force for a person. However, during the dilution of the fire, you need to be very careful to avoid accidental ignitions. Burn the twig and firewood should only be in a specially designated place. For safer dilution of the fire there is a modern solution, the use of which will not simply reduce the risk of fire, but will be the decoration of the territory. This will help you a fire bowl. With the help of a street fireplace, you can easily invite people to a country picnic or just sitting near the hearth at the cottage.

Long until the invention of this adaptation, people used fireproof pits. To do this, the groove was done in the ground, which made it possible to solve a number of tasks at once: prevent the spread of the flame, as well as to keep the heat for cooking. Modern campfire bowls are made according to the same principle. Garden foci is successfully used to prepare delicious dishes. The difference between the street fireplace from the pit consists, first of all, is that it has a stylish and concise design, and therefore it can be an excellent decor element. The pits for the fire could be done only in the ground, and the bonfire bowl turned from a laconic device in the final chord in the design of the local area. Today, companies offer a lot of options for chasters made in various shapes and differently decorated.

Cobraco is pleased to offer its customers a wide range of street fireplaces. Among the models, which are presented on the pages of the company's catalog, you can find the necessary product. Cool evening live flame will create the desired atmosphere in the country area. The cast iron bowl for the fire will allow others to enjoy the beautiful view of the burning fire and at the same time do not be afraid to spoil the lawn in the garden.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account that sparks flying away from open fire are of great danger, especially if wooden buildings are located nearby. The company Cradko will protect you and from this: the design of the street fireplace is equipped with a special protective sparking cap. There is both compact mobile foci with lids and stationary bonflash bowls. At the same time, ashes, and the coals remaining from the fire will be inside the tank, and the wind will not separate them at the local area. It is also very convenient and practical.

Varieties of street fireplaces and their characteristics

Garden foci are 2 varieties:

Stationary. They are also called built. There are cast-iron bows such, as well as products from practical, highly reliable materials. Street fireplaces of this type are installed only at a predetermined area. In order to accommodate such a focus, make a deepening in the ground. If it is necessary, you can arrange a guest zone, but subject to strict rules. Such bone bowls will be a good addition to the landscape design and allow you to create a cozy corner in your garden. Built-in garden focus must be installed or in a deepening or on a specially trained area of \u200b\u200bstone. A plot located around the bonfire bowl can be filled with gravel. A pavement tile is also suitable for design.

Mobile. This type of street fireplaces is considered the most versatile. Portable bowls are of a wide variety of forms, but each of them has reliable supports. Raw materials for the production of cups is a natural stone and metal. Such a device can be installed on any smooth surface, for example, on a drowned ground, laid out a platform or a summer terrace. If it is necessary, you can always move the street fireplace to the right place. However, in order to exclude the possibility of fire, it is necessary to carefully trace that there are no flammable things, wooden buildings or combustible materials (the distance should be at least one and a half meters). Ready-made mobile garden foci is often equipped with branded net sparkers, which provide a high level of security. An instruction is attached to each model, where it is described in detail how to use such a device. To other advantages of these cups, the possibility of transportation should be attributed, so you can arrange meetings outside the city, in the country area, etc.

Mobile street fireplaces are of different sizes: the market shows both small models of 15-centimeter heights, and foci, the dimensions of which can be compared with the parameters of a small table. Such types of firefly cups are often equipped with a poker and other auxiliary fixtures. Also on sale there are special plates that can be fixed on the surface of the street fireplace, in this way the bowl turns into the table. On sale you can find both garden foci working on liquid fuel and gas. Products have a highly reliable case in which a balloon is placed. However, it is necessary to consider that these foci can not be attributed to the sources of living fire. This feature should also be considered when choosing. Bowl for a fire at the cottage will be a multifunctional, practical and durable solution for you.

Materials

For the production of garden focus, modern manufacturers use different materials from among whose numbers can be allocated:

Brick. Such material is ideal for lining of embedded foci. The main condition is the use of fire-resistant brick, since when inciting hyphenation, the temperature rises to 900 degrees, and coal is up to 1200 degrees Celsius. For such purposes, the use of different types of refractory natural stone is also valid.

Concrete. This type of raw material is often used in the manufacture of homemade foci of stationary type.

Granite. It is widely used in the design of landscape design, and today also for the production of fire cups. Granite is used to make street fireplaces, which in shape resemble a vase. However, granite products have one significant disadvantage: they cannot be moved and they are not suitable for transportation.

Heating rapid alloy. This option is considered the most popular in the production of mobile foci. This type of raw material is distinguished by strength, fire resistance and at the same time sufficiently ease. In addition, the use of alloys allows you to make various parts for decorative design. The firefoot bowl from metal is the most common type of garden focus, which is convenient for use and reliable.

Ceramics. Fire resistant types of ceramics are able to compete successfully with brickwork. From this material create portable and built-in campfire bowls.

The popularity has also acquired forged campfire bowls, which are distinguished by special beauty and grace. The use of the hot forging method gives amazing results. At the same time, such fireplaces are sold at affordable prices, as they most often produce them from the most standard parts.

The bowl for a fire in Moscow is often produced from non-standard combinations of materials. For example, on sale presented ceramic foci having metallized frames, twisted support structures. Street fireplaces can be decorated with mosaic. Such exquisite decorative accents will allow you to competently equip the household territory and conduct evening leisure with maximum benefit. Models that are now presented on the Russian market will make the evening gatherings in the most pleasant and memorable pastime. And our store presents to your attention a variety of campfire bowls, including you will definitely find the most suitable option.

Using a garden focus: Rules

As mentioned earlier, the main advantages of portable fireplaces are practicality, security and mobility. But even if there are all kinds of advantages, you need to stick to strict rules to avoid a fire on your site. In particular, before installing the hearth, you need to prepare, take into account the location of the guest zone, etc. For example, the garden focus itself should be installed on a concrete or stone platform. You can also put a fire bowl for the fire to the ground, but pre-filled with gravel. The main condition is the uniformity of the surface - so the bowl for the fire from the metal will not be fused. The focus must be securely installed. And although the street fireplace helps to make fire breeding more safe, it should not be located near buildings, shrubs, etc.

It is also important to remember that people should not be approached too close to the hearth. When you install garden furniture, measure the approximately halfter from the fire from the fire bowl. Special attention should be paid to children who play on your site: they should not approach the garden hearth. It is impossible to leave them unattended. To all of the above, add a couple of simple recommendations that need to be taken into account if you want to purchase a bowl for a fire:

The woodlover must be on a 3-meter distance. The trickure needs to be stored in a warm dry place and not leave the firewood on the street in crude weather. You can make a woodcut with your own hands. To do this, you can create a coating of high-strength raw materials to which the wooden frame should be installed and hid his chipboard. The bottom of the bottom should be slightly raised due to securing boards at the bottom of the frame. This design will allow you to install woodcut on the lawn or on the ground. When applying the bonfire bowl, the box can be arranged a little closer to make it convenient to get firewood. But the woodnress should stand at such a distance to avoid the possibility of fire, if suddenly sparks will fly out of the bowl. The same requirement concerns combustible compositions.

Next to the bonfire bowl you need to put a bucket with water. Firefighters advise to buy a fire extinguisher for greater security.

How to prepare a platform?

As mentioned above, it is desirable that the Cobraco Campfire Bowls is located on a special platform. Before conducting such work, you need to make the appropriate markup. After that, you can remove a pair of soil centimeters, after which it is diligently to align and tackle the base, then fall asleep with gravel and dissolve it. When the preparation is completed, you can choose the site itself.

When choosing a raw material, the design of the guest zone needs to repeat the style that is present in the landscape design, whether it is a path in the garden, steps, the facade of the house, etc. For such works, it is best to use a paving slave, paving slabs, a natural stone.

Friendly conversations at the outdoor fire will leave the most pleasant feelings in your soul, you and your guests will delight a welcome atmosphere any time of the year. Street fireplace and recreation area will become the most cozy place on the site. The bonflash bowls will allow the territory and wonderfully spend time during the evening leisure hours. And compliance with the tips and rules will help enjoy the view of the fire in a safe and relaxing atmosphere. At the same time, the garden focus is aesthetically attractive and creates a special mood, which has a sophisticated conversation.

Bowls for the fire will allow fire for a long time, and even the field of how it goes out, the focus will still give heat to all others. The street fireplace can be applied not only for this, - with its help you can cook a wide variety of culinary masterpieces, just put the grille from above. In other words, the bonflash bowls are in some way unique devices that will allow you to brighten your leisure. Make a choice in favor of the garden focus of the brand of CraDook, and you will be sure about it.