Hypertensive environment. Isotonic, hypertensive and hypotonic solutions and their role in the body

Hypertensive solutions solutions Osmotic pressure which are higher osmotic pressure In plant or animal cells and tissues. Depending on the functional, species and ecological specifics of the cells, the osmotic pressure in them is different, and the solution, hypertensive for some cells, can be isotonic or even hypotonic for dr. During immersion vegetable cells in r. It sucks water from cells that decrease in volume, and then further compression ceases and protoplasm behind cell walls (cm. Plasmolysis). Erythrocytes of human and animal blood in R. Also lose water and decrease in volume. G. R. In combination with hypotonic solutions and isotonic solutions, used to measure osmotic pressure in living cells and tissues.

Hypotonic solutions - in biology, various solutions, Osmotic pressure which are lower than in the cells of plant or animal fabrics. In r. Cells are saturated with water, increasing in volume, and lose part of osmotically active substances (organic and mineral). Erythrocytes of animal and human blood in r. Wake up to such an extent that their shells are bursting and they are destroyed. This phenomenon is called Hemolysisohm.

Isotonic solutions(from from ... and Greek. Tónos - voltage) - Solutions with equal osmotic pressure (see Osmotic pressure); In biology and medicine - natural or artificially prepared solutions with the same osmotic pressure, as in the content of animals and vegetable cells, in the blood and tissue fluids. In normally functioning animal cells, intracellular content is usually isotonic extracellular fluid. For strong violation isotonicity of solutions in the plant cell and environment Water and soluble substances are freely moving into a cell or back, which can lead to disorder normal functions Cells (see Plasmolysis, Tour). As a rule, in its composition and concentration of I. p. close to sea water. For warm-blooded animals, 0.9% NaCl solution and 4.5% glucose solution are isolated. I. r. Close in composition, pH, bufferiness and other properties for serum, are called physiological solutions (see Physiological solutions) (Ringer's solution for cold-blooded animals and Ringer's solutions - Locke and Ringer - Thiems for warm-blooded animals). In the bloodstream I. r. To create colloid-osmotic pressure, high-molecular compounds (dextran, polyvinol, etc.) are introduced.

i - isotonic coefficient - shows how many times the osmotic pressure of this solution is greater than normal.

ΔT kip \u003d I * k e * c m

Arrhenius introduced the concept power electrolytic dissociation α - this is the ratio of the number of predissing molecules to ions to total number molecules.

α \u003d (i-1) / (k-1) k is the number from2 to 4

electrolytic dissociationcaused by the interaction of polar solvent molecules with particles of soluble substance. This interaction leads to polarization of bonds and the formation of ions due to the weakening and breaking of bonds in the soluble molecules.

Which are lower than in the cells of plant or animal fabrics. In r. Cells are saturated with water, increasing in volume, and lose some of the osmotically active substances (organic and mineral). Erythrocytes of animal and human blood in r. Wake up to such an extent that their shells are bursting and they are destroyed. This phenomenon is called ohm hemolysis. Cf. Hypertensive solutions and isotonic solutions.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Watch what is "hypotonic solutions" in other dictionaries:

- (biological), solutions, the osmotic pressure of which are lower than osmotic pressure in the cells of the body. * * * Hypotonic solutions of hypotonic solutions, in biology solutions, the osmotic pressure of which is lower than osmotic pressure in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Biol.), PL, Osmotic. Pressure to rye below osmotic. Pressure in the cells of the body ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

In biology solutions, the osmotic pressure of which is lower than osmotic pressure in the cells of the body ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

hypertensive and hypotonic solutions - Hypertensive and hypotonic solutions: if two solutions have different osmotic pressure, then the solution with a large osmotic pressure is called hypertonic with respect to the second solution, and a solution with a smaller osmotic pressure ... ... Chemical terms

Solutions whose osmotic pressure is above osmotic pressure in plant or animal cells and tissues. Depending on the functional, species and ecological specifics of the cells, the osmotic pressure in them is different, and the solution, ... ...

- (from from ... and Greek. Tónos voltage) Solutions with the same osmotic pressure (see osmotic pressure); In biology and medicine, natural or artificially prepared solutions with the same osmotic pressure, as in the content ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

SODIUM - Sodium. Natrium, Chemistry. Element, sim. Na, silver, shiny, with an ordinary T ° of the wax density of a single andatric metal, made fragile on cold and with brightly red-calorie heat distilled; Opened de.Vi (1807) by electrolysis ... ...

Red interaction blood Taurus with solutions depending on ... Wikipedia

ENEMA - enema, client (crush. Klyzo is repaid), a technical technique that consists in the rectum to introduce any liquid substance water, medicinal solutions, oil, liquid suspension, etc. Main appointment K. therapeutic effects;… … Big medical encyclopedia

- (from Greek. Plásma flattened, decorated and Lýsis decomposition, decomposition) Protoplast lag from the shell when the cell immerses in hypertensive solution (See hypertensive solutions). P. is characterized mainly for vegetable cells ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Metabolism. Concept.

Metabolism (Metabolism) is a set of chemical reactions that occur in a living organism to maintain life. Thanks to this chemical reactions Nutrients falling into our body are converted into components of the body cells, and decay products are output from it.

Maintaining dissolved substances concentrations is an important condition for life. For the correct flow of metabolism reactions, it is necessary that the concentrations of substances dissolved in the body have persisted constant in fairly narrow limits.

Significant deviations from normal composition Usually incompatible with life. Before the living organism is the task of maintaining the proper concentrations of dissolved substances in body fluids, despite the fact that the consumption of these substances with food can change significantly.

One of the means of maintaining a constant concentration is OSMOS.

Osmosis.

Osmosis - Is it a process of one-sided diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane of solvent molecules in the direction of Bo? The concentration of the dissolved substance (lesser solvent concentration).

In our case, the semi-permeable membrane is the wall of the cell. The cell is filled with intracellular fluid. The cells themselves are surrounded by intercellular fluid. If the concentration of any substance inside the cell and outside it will be not the same, then the fluid flow (solvent) will occur, striving to align concentrations. This current fluid will have pressure on the cell wall. This pressure is called osmotic. The reason for the occurrence of osmotic pressure is the difference in the concentrations of liquids located along different sides of the cell wall.

Isotonic, hypotonic and hypertensive solutions.

The solutions that are part of our body, which differ from each other with osmotic pressure, can be divided into the following:

1. Isotonic solutions - These are solutions with equal osmotic pressure. The cell is filled with intracellular liquid. Around the cell is an intercellular fluid. If the osmotic pressure of these liquids is the same, then such solutions are called isotonic. In normally functioning animal cells, intracellular content is usually isotonic extracellular fluid.

2. Hypertensive solutions -these are solutions, the osmotic pressure of which is higher than osmotic pressure of cells and tissues.

3. Hypotonic solutions - These are solutions whose osmotic pressure is lower than osmotic pressure in cells.

If the solutions of the intercellular and intracellular liquids have different osmotic pressure, then an osmosis occurs - a process designed to align concentrations.

In case the intercellular fluid is hypertonic with respect to intracellular, then the current of the fluid will occur from the inside of the cell. The cell will lose fluid, "EXIT". At the same time, the concentration of dissolved substances in it will grow.

Conversely, if the intercellular fluid is hypotonic with respect to intracellular, then the fluid current will occur, directed by the cell. The cell will be "sacked" with liquid, increase in its volume. In this case, the concentration of dissolved substances in it will decrease.

Pot is a hypotonic solution.

Our sweat is a hypotonic solution. Hypotonic on the attitude towards intracellular and intercellular liquids, blood, lymph, etc.

As a result of the sweating, our body loses water. Blood loses water. It becomes thick. The concentration of substances dissolved in it increases. It turns into a hypertensive solution. Hypertensive in relation to intercellular and intracellular fluids. Easmosis arises immediately after this. The substance dissolved in the intercellular fluid is diffused into the blood. The substances of the intracellular fluid diffused into the extracellular liquid, and then again into the blood. The cell "eats" and the concentration of dissolved substances in it increases.

Who leads all this?

All these processes lead the brain. It receives a signal from thermistors that the body temperature rises. If the brain believes that this increase is excessively, he will give the team to the glands of internal secretion and they will increase the volume of sweating. As a result of evaporation of sweat, the body temperature will decrease.

Next, consider the situation if the Osoricceptors report the loss of fluid and the increase in the intracellular concentration of salts. Now the brain through the nervous system will tell us that it would be nice to replenish it. It will arise. After her satisfaction water balance and osmotic pressure in cells will be restored. Everything will come to normal.

A similar scheme can be implemented for other reasons. For example, from the body it is necessary to derive any substances harmful to it. These substances could get into it with food. And they could appear as a waste of own metabolism. And now they need to be removed from the cells.

Again, the control processes will be launched similar to those described above. Participants in the process may change. Other receptors will be involved, other brain departments, other inland secretion glands. But the result should be the same - the conditions must be kept for the correct flow of metabolic processes.

And what if all of this no one leads?

And this also happens.

In case of violations in activities nervous system, endocrine system or local lesions of the cerebral cortex (for example, a hypothalamus), our body ceases to act as harmonious as necessary. The regulation system fails.

In this case, the metabolic processes will not be able to flow properly. A person will suffer some of the disease violation diseases.

Water and salt is unique substanceswhose properties have not yet been fully investigated. Many scientists call salt crystals with major information carriers in the future. The combination of water and salt significantly enhances therapeutic effect Both items.

Any solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. Depending on the concentration of salts, there are three types of solutions:

1. Isotonic.
2. Hypertensive.
3. Hypotonic.

Solutions in which salts concentration are as in the blood plasma are called isotonic. Their osmotic pressure is the same as blood pressure and tissue liquids. These include a solution of sodium chloride (saline) - NaCl 0.9%. In it, the cell retains all vital functions, such as breathing, reproduction, metabolism.
Fisherism is administered orally (through the mouth, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously and in the form of enema).

Application:

• To replenish fluid in the body (diarrhea, vomiting, with blood loss, burns, high temperatures Body).
• As disinfecting therapy (various infectious diseases, poisoning).
• For inhalations (in pure form and in combination with other medicines).
• For washing the nose, eye, contact lenses.
• As a solvent for a number of row medicines.

Fisher for local application Can be prepared at home. In one liter of boiled water, one complete teaspoon of cooking (not marine) salt is stirred. Such a solution is used for enema, rinsing, but in no case for parenteral applications. Also, they can not handle open wounds.

Hypotonic solution is a solution with less salt concentration and less osmotic pressurerather than isotonic. As a result, in contact with such a solution with the tissues of the body, water from isotonic solution enters tissue cells. It is dangerous with the introduction large number Liquids, since there is a high probability of cell break (such a phenomenon is called lysis).

Application is very limited. These are mainly used for infiltration anesthesia. Hypertensive solution, in contrast to the hypotonic, contributes to the removal of fluid from the body. It is characterized by a greater salt concentration (2-10%) and large osmotic pressure. When contacting with cells, it provokes their dehydration and death. This is the main cause of the antimicrobial effect of a hypertensive solution.

Application is wide enough:

• For rinsing (angina, tonsillitis, inflammatory diseases nasopharynx).
• For processing purulent Ran. (bandages, compresses).
• Under swells.
• In gynecology.
• 10% solution is administered intravenously with gastric, intestinal and pulmonary bleeding.
• 5% solution is applied as an enema.
• Renders therapeutic effect When receiving baths.
• In cosmetology to strengthen nails, hair, with fungal diseases.

To prepare a hypertensive solution at home, you need to add three full tablespoons of salt into one liter of boiled water and boil. This solution cannot be stored for a long time. It is undesirable to also exceed the specified salt concentration, as this can provoke damage to the capillaries of the skin, their gap.

What is the difference between solutions.

Now summarize. It can be seen that hypertensive, and isotonic solutions are used to treat a person. Physically used for parenteral application, administration of medicines, organism saturation with liquid.
Hypertensive- on the contrary, more often for outdoor uselike a sorbent. He pulls on himself pathogenic microorganisms Together with liquid and pus, cleans the fabric.

in biology, various solutions, the osmotic pressure of which is lower than in the cells of plant or animal fabrics. In r. Cells are saturated with water, increasing in volume, and lose some of the osmotically active substances (organic and mineral). Erythrocytes of animal and human blood in r. Wake up to such an extent that their shells are bursting and they are destroyed. This phenomenon is called hemolysis. Cf. Hypertensive solutions and isotonic solutions.

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  Veterinary encyclopedic Dictionary

• - Support with the change in the medium post. Meaning K.-L. Characteristics, eg. pH hydrogen indicator or oxidation. will restore. Potential ...
• - macroscopic homogeneous mixture\u003e 2 substances, the composition of which in these external conditions can change continuously in some limits ...

  Encyclopedic dictionary for metallurgy

• - homogeneous mixtures of variable composition of two or more numbers in-in. May be gas, liquid and hard ...

  Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

• - buffer systems - r-ry, supporting a permanent hydrogen indicator of the medium during dilution, concentration or adding K-T Or alkalis ...
• - homogeneous mixtures of variable composition. R. shall be divided into gas, liquid and solid. Gas R. include air, natural combustible gases, etc.; They are more often called mixtures ...

  Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

• - The concept of R. Uniformity of R. solubility. Saturation and submission R. Freezing R. Crhydrates. Elasticity of steam R. Specific weights of weak r. salts ...
• - Content: The concept of R. - Uniformity of R. - solubility. Saturation and submission R. - Freezing R. Crhydrates. - elasticity of steam R. - Specific VECA weak R. salts ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - See buffer systems ...
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  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - I solutions macroscopically homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances forming thermodynamically equilibrium systems. In R. All components are in a molecular dispersed state ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - buffer solutions, maintained when the composition of the medium is changed, the constant value of any characteristic, for example, the pH hydrogen indicator. Such buffer solutions contain weak acid and its salt or weak ...

  Modern encyclopedia

• - homogeneous systems consisting of two or more substances. Usually the prevailing component is called the solvent, the remaining-solute substances ...

  Modern encyclopedia

• - buffer solutions - supported with a change in the composition of the medium constant value of any characteristic, for example. PH hydrogen indicator or reduction potential ...
• - hypothyroidism hypotonic solutions - in biology - solutions, the osmotic pressure of which is lower than osmotic pressure in the cells of the body ...

  Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

• - homogeneous mixtures of variable composition of two or more substances. May be gas, liquid and solid ...

  Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

"Hypotonic solutions" in books

Solutions

From the book of the bath, sauna [do it yourself] author Nikitko Ivan.

Solutions during the laying of foundations and walls, as well as the furnaces apply the building solutions that are obtained, diluting with water binders - clay, lime and cement. For dry parts of buildings, furnaces and chimneys, clay is used. When hardening the clay dough gives

Masonry solutions

From the book of the furnace and fireplaces do it yourself Author Zvalvrev Nikolai Mikhailovich

Masonry solutions from the quality of the masonry solution are largely dependent on the strength and durability of the entire structure. The brickwork of the furnace itself is carried out on the clay-sandy solution (chimney above the ceiling overlap - on cement-sand). For manufacture

Plaster solutions

From the book Home Master Author Onishchenko Vladimir

Plaster solutions for performing new plastering, repair work and pedigree should be prepared a solution consisting of binding and aggregate, mixed together. Solutions are clay, lime, lime-gypsum, cement and cement-lime. Besides

Solutions and mastics

From the book Home Master Author Onishchenko Vladimir

Cement solutions and tile solutions and masts are used and cement solutions and different kinds Mastik. Cement solutions for walls - 1: 4, for flooring - from 1: 5 to 1: 6 (i.e., on 1 part of the cement, they take from4 to 6 parts of the sand) .Case-cement mastic

Lecture number 3. Solutions

From Book Physical Chemistry: Lecture Summary by Berezovchuk and in

Lecture # 3. Solutions 1. general characteristics Solutions solutions - thermodynamically stable systems of variable composition, consist of at least two components and products of their interaction. These are dispersed systems consisting of a dispersed phase and dispersion

XIII. Solutions

Author

XIII. Solutions that such a solution if salting broth and stir the spoon, then there will be no traces of salt. Do not think that the grains of salt is simply not visible to the naked eye. Salt crystals will not be able to detect for the reason that they dissolved.

Solid solutions

From the book movement. Heat Author Kitgorodsky Alexander Isaakovich

Solid solutions in life The word "solution" is used to liquids. However, there are also solid mixtures, atoms or molecules of which are uniformly mixed. But how to get solid solutions? With the help of the pestle and the mortar you will not get them. Therefore, mixing substances must be first

How the solutions freeze

From the book movement. Heat Author Kitgorodsky Alexander Isaakovich

As solutions freeze, if you cool the solution of any salt in water, it will be found that the freezing temperature has decreased. Zero degrees passed, and hardening does not occur. Only at a temperature of several degrees below zero in the liquid, crystalline will appear. it

Solutions

From the book Materials for the construction of the furnace in the country house The author of Melnikov Ilya

Solutions The solution is a mixture of binding substances, aggregate and water. The main function is to connect separate stones, bricks, blocks. Solutions can be simple (consist of two parts) and complex (the ratio of two binding parts and one part

Construction solutions

by the author Dubnevich Fedor

Building solutions The building solutions are mixtures of a binder, water and small aggregate, acquiring a homogeneous stone-like structure as a result of the hardening process. Before solidification, they are called mortar mixtures and used for stone

Plaster solutions

From the book Repair and finishing of a country house by the author Dubnevich Fedor

Plaster solutions Plaster solutions are used for exterior and internal works. The exterior surfaces of the building are usually performed by a solution on a cement or lime binder, and also use complex (cement-lime) solutions. Ready

Solutions

From the book laying stoves with your own hands Author

Solutions from the quality of the solution depends the strength of the furnace masonry. The solution is a mixture of binding substances, aggregate and water. His appointment is to bind together individual stones, bricks, blocks. The solutions of the numerical ratio of binders and aggregates are indicated.

Solutions

From the book How to build a rural house Author Shepelev Alexander Mikhailovich

The solutions are necessary in stone, and brickwork, in plastering and furnished work. They are prepared from one or two binding materials, as well as from one aggregate or mixtures thereof. Cushionable substances can be clay, lime, cement, gypsum; aggregates -

Hypotonic solutions

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia (GI) author BSE

Bleeding: Atonic and hypotonic

From the book Encyclopedia Clinical Obstetrics Author Drangoy Marina Gennadievna

Bleeding: atonic and hypotonic essential and most hazardous complications Early postpartum period are hypotension and atony uterus. On the currently It has been established that bleeding arising in the first 2 h of the postpartum period is most often