What is the full and short form. Full and short form of adjectives

§1. general characteristics adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. Grammatical meaning - "object attribute".
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: what ?, whose?

2. Morphological signs:

• constants - rank by value, for qualitative: full / short form and degree of comparison,
• variable - case, number, in the singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of quality adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological signs of adjectives

The adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set morphological features... Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the other hand, are fickle (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, a positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to variable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, linguists attribute to permanent features. Different persistent signs are expressed in different ways. For example:

sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -she- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet is a short singular form of an adjective. m.r. It has zero ending, while the full form is sweet has the ending -th.

Variable signs: case, number, gender (in the singular) are expressed by the endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Categories of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

• high-quality: big, small, good, bad, funny, sad,
• relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
• possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.

Qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives designate features that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:

• full and short forms: good - good, funny - cheerful
• degree of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The foundations of quality adjectives are the producing foundations from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into relationships

• synonyms: big, large, huge, huge
• antonyms: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived, which is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden ← gold, tomorrow ← tomorrow, forest ← forest, spring ← spring... Relative adjectives do not have varying degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. They, unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: fox - -ii- [n '], mother's - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the examples given, it can be seen that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - th, th, th.

Forms named after p. and vp possessive adjectives. and plural, as in nouns, and the rest - as in adjectives:

Singular

Im.p. r. - a: mother's, fox, m.r.-:, mother's, fox s.r. - oh, e: mother's, fox.

Rod.p. r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and Wed. - wow, him: mom's, fox.

Dat.p. r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and Wed. - oh, him: mom's, fox.

Vin.p. r. - y, y: mother, fox, m.r. and cf. R. - like them. or r.p.

TV p. r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and Wed. - oh, them: mom's, fox.

P. p. r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and Wed. - oh, I eat: my mother's, a fox.

Plural

Im.p. - s, and: mothers, foxes.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother's, foxes.

Dat.p. - oh, them: mom's, fox.

Vin.p. - like them. or vp

TV p. - th, them: mom's, fox.

P. p. - oh, them: mom's, foxes.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are due to the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

• fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning - relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
• bitter medicine is a good adjective, and bitter truth - relative (correlates with bitterness)
• easy bag is a good adjective, and easy life is relative (correlates with ease)

§4. Full and short forms of quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both full and short forms.
In their full form, they bow, i.e. vary by number, by gender (singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

They left the house late at night.

Late is a good adjective, put. degree, complete, singular, f.r., tv.p.

In the short form, adjectives are not declined. They do not change by case. Short adjectives change in numbers and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick is a good adjective, put it down. degree, short form, singular, f. V modern language in the role of definitions, short adjectives are in stable lexical combinations, for example: a red girl, in broad daylight.

Do not wonder:

Some high-quality adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, should, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives only have full form... Please note: for possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im. the form of VP that coincides with it. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how it is expressed in language that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser degree, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do it in a systematic way. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, excellent.

• Positive - this means that the sign is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
• Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
• Excellent expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the funniest, the warmest, the highest, the funniest, the warmest.

The examples show that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either with the help of suffixes: higher, more fun, the highest, the most fun, or with the help of the words: more, less, the most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:

• simple forms: higher, highest,
• compound forms: taller, less taller, highest.

Among simple forms in Russian, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.

• good, bad - positive
• better, worse - comparative
• best, worst - superlative degree

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change in different ways:

• Comparative degree (simple): higher, lower - does not change.
• Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible in cases, numbers, and in the singular - in gender.
• Superlative degree (simple): the highest, the highest, the highest - varies by case, number, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
• Superlative degree (difficult): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.

Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. Previously, it was higher, and now Ivan is higher.

Other forms of comparison are both in the role of definition and in the role of predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were older than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the most adult of those who are engaged in the circle.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of the content of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is the adjective an independent part of speech?

2. What adjectives can express signs expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

   • Qualitative
   • Relative
   • Possessive

3. What adjectives are characterized by the lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

   • For quality
   • For relative
   • For possessive

4. Are Relative Adjectives Derived?

5. Which complete adjectives have a special set of endings?

   • Quality
   • Relative
   • Possessive

6. Do full adjectives change in cases?

7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of the definition?

   • For full
   • For short

8. Do all adjectives change by case?

   • Not all

9. Do all adjectives change by gender?

   • Not all

10. Do adjectives change to the superlative in case?

11. Can comparative or superlative degrees be expressed in one word?

12. Can adjectives go from one category of meaning to another?

Right answers:

1. Qualitative
2. For quality
3. Possessive
4. For full
5. Not all
6. Not all

In contact with

Most qualitative adjectives form a short form. Short adjectives answer the questions "what?", "What?", "What?", "What?"

*Pay attention!
After sizzling at short adjectives male B is not written: the day is good_, the wind is fresh_, the flower is fragrant_

Some adjectives have a short vowel o or e (yo) in the root. This makes it easier to pronounce the word:

low - low
bright - bright
narrow - narrow
bitter - bitter
poor - beden
smart - smart

Some adjectives form two short forms at once (in enen and -en):
immoral - immoral, immoral
courageous - courageous, courageous
responsible - responsible, responsible
proper - proper, proper

Short adjectives do not change in cases (can only be in the form of I.p.), but change in gender (in the singular) and numbers. Sometimes in stable expressions you can find short adjectives not in the nominative case:
on bosu leg, in the middle of the day

Meaning

long form = short form	long form ~ short form (by text)	long form ≠ short form
unwavering character - unwavering character	full f. denotes constant feature, cr.f. - temporary: They have a cheerful, healthy boy. (= always) Are you healthy? (= in currently)	For polysemous words, there is not always a cr.f .: The weather was clear. (= solar, kr.f no) The aim of the attack was clear. (= understandable, no full ph.) Pushkin is a great Russian poet and writer. The Russian language is great and mighty! (= outstanding) The suit is great for him. (= large (about clothes), cr.f. no) Have you bought tickets for a play at the Little Theater? This year the sweater is too small for me. (= small (about clothes), cr.f. no)
	cr.f. indicates an excess of the manifestation of the sign: An old grandmother sits on a bench. Grandma is old for long walks. (= too much, too old) cr.f. denotes a sign in relation to something: Tight jeans are back in fashion. Jeans of this size are tight for me	The adjectives glad, must, are used only in kr.f.

Some quality adjectives do not form a short form:

• the names of the derived colors: brown, lilac, orange
• color of animals: bay (horse), brown (bear)
• verbal adjectives with the suffix -л-: old, tired, outdated
• adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -esk-: brotherly, friend, enemy, hellish, comic
• adjectives with the suffix -ov-: advanced, business, combat (about character), circular
• subjective adjectives: hefty, thin, tiny, prehumous, unpleasant

When choosing one of the two named forms in the function of the predicate, the differences between them should be taken into account.

1. The semantic difference is expressed in the fact that some short forms of adjectives differ sharply in their meaning from the corresponding full ones. Wed: deaf from birth - deaf to requests; the child is very alive - the old man is still alive; the method is very good - the guy is handsome... Wed also the disuse in a short form of individual adjectives expressing a constant property of objects or serving as a terminological designation of signs: The opposite wall is blank; flowers in a vase alive etc.

   Some short forms are used in a limited way. So, usually they are not used when indicating the weather, for example: the days were warm, the wind will be cold, the weather is beautiful.

   The names of some colors or are not used at all in a short form ( blue, brown, pink, purple and others), or are used with certain restrictions. So, masculine forms are almost never found. boer, blue, black(with the use of feminine and neuter forms and plurals).

   In phraseological units, in some cases, only full forms were fixed, in others - only short ones. Wed:

   a) hopeless position, hot time, light hand and etc.;

   b) everyone is alive and well, bribes are smooth, business is bad, sweet to heart, hands are short, conscience is unclean and etc.

2. The full forms usually denote a permanent feature, timeless quality, while the short ones denote
   temporary sign, short-lived state; Wed: mother is sick - mother is sick; his movements are calm - his face is calm etc.

   This provision is not categorical. Wed:

   1) At that moment he was very worried, his face was red(the full form, although a temporary sign is indicated, the limited use of the short form of the adjective denoting color affects, see above);
   

   2) Our land is rich, but there is no order in it(short form, although a constant feature is indicated; such constructions are used in scientific statements, definitions, in descriptions, for example: space is infinite; our young people are very talented, the girl is young and beautiful; these requirements are unacceptable etc.).

   The third option is the full form in the instrumental case, indicating, like the short form, a temporary sign, but shades of semantic difference are revealed between the last two forms in the context. Wed:

   He was old(constant sign).

   He was old when I met him(sign in relation to this moment).

   He was old when I knew him(a feature limited to a certain period).

3. In other cases, the full form denotes an absolute sign that is not associated with a specific situation, and a short form denotes a relative sign in relation to a specific situation. Typically, this difference appears in adjectives denoting size, weight, etc., with the short form indicating inadequacy or excess. Wed: room is low(a sign in general) - the room is low(for tall furniture); heavy note(regardless of who will carry it) - the note is heavy(for a weak person, for a child). Wed also: boots are small, gloves are large, the corridor is narrow, the coat is short etc.
4. The grammatical (syntactic) difference between both forms is that the short form has the ability to syntactically control, and the full one, used in the nominative case, does not have this ability, for example: he is capable of music, we are ready to leave, the child is prone to colds, she was sick with the flu(using the full form in these examples is not possible). Found in fiction constructions with the presence of controlled words in their full form are associated with a stylistic task (introducing colloquial coloring into a statement), for example: I am no longer capable of such a burden; The old man ... the tongue is light and entertaining.
5. The stylistic difference between both forms is expressed in the fact that the short form is characterized by a shade of categoricality, for the full one - a shade of softened expression. Wed: he is cunning - he is cunning, she is brave - she is brave etc. The short form is often inherent in the book language, the full - in the spoken language. Wed: The conclusions and conclusions of the author of the study are clear and accurate. – Student answers are clear and accurate... Wed the use of a short form in book-writing: Every field of activity is infinitely diverse ...(Belinsky); True wisdom is laconic(L. Tolstoy); Our speech is predominantly aphoristic ...(Bitter).

   You can choose between the short form and the full form in the instrumental case, for example: became rich - became rich, became famous - became famous.

   Wed with some linking verbs:

   I would like to be of service to you. – I cannot be of use to your son.

   His babbling became illegible. – He got drunk quickly, became chatty.

   Grandfather became noticeably greedy. – The silence was getting onerous.

   The corporal turned out to be extremely naive in his admiration for the captain's activities. – The stock of raw materials in the laboratory turned out to be quite significant.

   In modern language, the second option prevails. But with a linking verb to be the design with a short form is more common. Wed: he was young - he was young, she was beautiful - she was beautiful.

6. As a rule, homogeneous predicates are either only full or only short forms of adjectives, for example:

   a) October was unusually cold, rainy(Paustovsky); I was young, hot, sincere, intelligent ...(Chekhov);

   b) The open neck is thin and tender(A. N. Tolstoy); The strength of the sailors is unstoppable, persistent, purposeful(L. Sobolev).

   The following constructions are a violation of the norm: “He is kind, but weak-willed”; "The views are original, albeit primitive in their essence" (in both cases, the forms of adjectives should be unified).

   Only in special conditions context or with a stylistic task, it is possible to combine both forms as syntactically homogeneous, for example: How sweet she is, how smart she is(Turgenev) - in the presence of words how and So only the short form is used, if there are words which and such- full form only.
   

7. With a polite address to "you", either a short form is possible (you are kind, you are persistent), or complete, consistent in gender with the real sex of the person to whom speech is directed (you are kind, you are so persistent).

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives

1. From doublet forms of short adjectives (on -en and on -enen ) formed from full forms with an unaccented -enny , in neutral styles of speech, the form on -en ... These are, for example:
   
2. Distinguish between short adjectives in -enen and short participles on -en ... Wed:

   the case is quite certain(clear) - departure date has already been determined(installed, scheduled);

   the old man is very respectable(worthy of respect) - the hero of the day is honored with our attention(he was honored with attention).
   

3. Some adjectives have a short form of a fluent vowel between the final consonant of the root and the suffix, while others do not have a fluent vowel in these cases. Wed:

   a) sour - sour, light - light, warm - warm;

   b) round - round, wet - wet, dark - dark, rotten - rotten.

   Doublet forms are possible: sharp - sharp and sharp(colloquial); full - full and full(book, obsolete).

§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

1. Simple form comparative used in all speech styles in particular in colloquial speech, and the word is mainly characteristic of book (scientific and business) speech. Wed household: brother is taller than sister, this house is taller than next; and books: foreign trade growth rates this year are higher than last... Wed also: Olya was more serious than Nina. – Further experiments were more complex than the previous ones..
   

   Possible book and spoken versions of the simple form of the comparative degree, for example: faster - faster, louder - louder, more agile - more agile, sweeter - sweeter, whip - trenchant... From the word young a form is formed younger (younger means “lower in position, rank, rank”). The form is clearly colloquial prettier.

   Conversational nature is inherent in expressions lives better than before(meaning "better than before"), tired more than yesterday("More than yesterday"), etc.

   Comparative form on -her (hurry up, bolder etc.) is used in spoken language and in poetic speech.

   The combination in one construction of a simple and complex form of a comparative degree of the type “more interesting” does not correspond to the norms of the literary language; Wed quite common expressions more better position, worse habits etc. The combination older.

   Forms with prefix on- , introducing an additional value of a small degree of increase or decrease in quality, are characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: do better, get taller, wake up early etc. (cf. in business speech: a little better, a little higher, a little earlier). Unjustified combinations of the type: tell a little more(in the form "in more detail" there is already the meaning "a little, a little"). The same colloquial connotation has forms of a comparative degree with the prefix on- and in other meanings: 1) in the meaning "to a greater extent than usual", for example: My business, if you figure it out, is more important than this piano(Paustovsky); 2) in the meaning "as much as possible", for example: Having chosen a more spacious porch, we settled down on it(Soloukhin).
   

   In adverbial pairs more - more, less - less, further - further, earlier - earlier the first options (on -her ) are typical for book speech, the latter (on -she ) are used in neutral styles. Wed: the more this needs to be emphasized, to speak more than seriously - to wait more than two hours... The same distinction is made in pairs later - later.
   

2. The simple form of the superlative degree (as opposed to the same form of the comparative degree) has a bookish character, and the compound is used in all styles of speech; Wed: the highest peaks of knowledge - the most high buildings in the town; the strictest penalties - the strictest caregivers in the boarding school.

   An obsolete shade is inherent in constructions formed by the combination of the word most with a superlative adjective (in the form on the most – -dearest the expression of the limiting attribute has already been concluded); such constructions were found among writers of the 19th century, for example: at the best price(Gogol); one of the most honest people(Aksakov); most convincing evidence(Belinsky); most honorable guest(Dostoevsky). Less commonly, they were used in the later era: most valuable energy(Bitter); in the most insolent way(Novikov-Priboy); citizens of the most remote places(Mayakovsky); the oldest of our circle(Surkov). Single expressions of this type are preserved these days: the closest way, the shortest way, the closest way and few others.

   It is necessary to distinguish between a complex superlative form, which has a pronoun most(in cases where a high degree of quality is expressed outside of comparison, the so-called absolute superlative degree), and the form with adverbs most, least(relative superlative degree; the latter form is characteristic mainly of scientific and journalistic speech), for example: the most suitable conditions - the most suitable conditions... Therefore, the option in the sentence was chosen unsuccessfully: “All this requires the participants of the meeting to take the most serious approach to the matter” (instead of: ... the most serious approach to business, since a high degree is expressed without comparing the carriers of the characteristic).

§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives

To express possessiveness (meaning of belonging), there are several forms that differ in semantic and stylistic shades.


1. -ov (-ev), -in (-yn) are not used in scientific and journalistic language and are found only in colloquial speech and in fiction, for example: Morgunok himself, like everyone else, at first did not believe in grandfather's words(Tvardovsky); About twenty minutes later, these neighbors were summoned to the old woman's hut.(Kazakevich).

   Wed colloquial expressions with a double expression of belonging: a genitive noun and a possessive adjective ( to Uncle Petya's house, in Aunt Machine's sweater) or two possessive adjectives ( aunty lizin husband).

   Possible endings in the genitive and dative cases of masculine and neuter adjectives in -in ; Wed: near grandfather's house - near grandfather's house; to a neighbor's son - to a neighbor's son... Short forms (with endings -a, -y ) are obsolete and have long been in literary language are superseded by forms with full ending ( th, th ).

   Deprecated forms on -ov (-ev) formed from surnames: instead of Marxov "Capital", Hegeleva "Logic", Dalev "Dictionary" combinations with the genitive case of the noun are used - "Capital" by Marx, "Logic" by Hegel, "Dictionary" by Dahl... The specified forms are saved, as well as the forms on -in in formations from personal names ( Ivan's childhood, Verina's dolls) and in stable phraseological combinations fixed in the language ( Adam's apple, Antonov fire, pansies, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Judas kiss, Promethean fire, Sisyphus labor, Solomon's solution and etc.).
   

2. When choosing options in synonymous constructs fathers house - fathers house it should be borne in mind that adjectives in -skiy (-ovskiy, -inskiy) more often express a qualitative value; Wed: paternal care, maternal love.
3. Possessive adjectives on -new, -new denote not an individual, but group affiliation- belonging to a whole class or breed of animals, for example: whalebone, Ivory, snake venom, bee sting... Such forms easily lose the value of possessiveness and acquire quality or relative importance(expression of property, similarity, relationship to someone, etc.), for example: beaver collar, mink coat, snake cunning, eagle vigilance... Wed phraseological units: night blindness, swan song and etc.
4. Adjectives in -th, -th, -th also express group affiliation or property, attitude, etc., for example: Cossack village, fishing village, camel wool, swan down, bear lard ... These forms often acquire qualitative and relative significance, for example: wolfish appetite, rabbit cowardice, fox cunning, hunting dog, shepherd's horn.

§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns

In the same function of definition, adjectives and nouns with the same root can appear in indirect cases without prepositions or with prepositions, for example: fathers house - father's house, mountain peak - mountain top, bookcase - bookcase, spelling exercises - spelling exercises... When choosing one of the two parallel structures, one should take into account the shades of meaning inherent in them in the context of the context and stylistic features(book or colloquial version, shade of obsolescence, expressive coloring).

1. In pairs factory workers - factory workers, apprentice work - apprentice work, garden trellis - garden trellis the first combinations have a more specific meaning (meaning the workers of the plant in question, the work of a particular student, the lattice of a particular garden), and the second more general; in the first version, two objects are named, in the second - an object and its sign. Wed in the context:

   Factory workers finished their shift. – Factory workers make up a high percentage of manual workers;

   The student's work was rated as good. – The novel under review is far from a mature work, it is still a student's work;

   The grate of the garden is painted in green color . – Garden trellis encloses and protects green spaces.

   The brother's help was very timely. – They gave me true brotherly help.

2. Adjectives-definitions have the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate distinctive feature subject, characteristic and stable, and nouns in indirect cases highlight any specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.). Wed:

   father's house - father's house(affiliation);

   company commander - company commander(relationship between objects);

   water pipe - water pipe(the ratio of the part to the whole);

   emerald color - emerald color(attributive relations);

   morning exercises - morning exercises(circumstantial relationship);

   Moroccan oranges - oranges from Morocco(origin);

   laboratory equipment - laboratory equipment(appointment);

   bronze chandelier - bronze chandelier(material);

   raspberry jam - raspberry jam(substance);

   watch chain - watch chain(separate relations: one object is called apart from the other).

   One of the above options is chosen depending on the context. In a generalized form, it can be indicated that combinations of an adjective with a noun are more often used than combinations of two nouns.

   So, the usual constructions woolen muffler(and not a "comforter made of wool"), leather gloves (and not "leather gloves"), allowing you to indicate characteristic feature subject, not just material.

   Combinations are also common Georgian wines(not "wine from Georgia"), Pacific herring(not "Pacific herring"), Orenburg shawl(and not "a scarf from Orenburg"), since it is more important to give a qualitative description of the object than to indicate its origin. Wed breaking this last connection in such combinations as Riga bread, Poltava sausage, safety pin etc.

   More useful than a combination Kids toys(not "toys for children"), writing paper(not "writing paper"), Desktop(and not a "table for work"), since they show not only the purpose, but also the distinguishing feature of the subject.

   It should be pointed out, however, that in some cases, each of the two options has its own advantages. So, paired climb with monkey agility - climb with monkey agility the first construction is supported by its wider applicability (the concept of "monkey dexterity" is broader than the concept of "monkey dexterity", since both man and animal can display this dexterity); its imagery speaks in favor of the second construction: we not only define the word dexterity, but also evoke the idea of ​​the bearer of the trait - the monkey. In addition, the second construction has richer expressive capabilities, since it allows you to more fully and more accurately characterize the dependent noun using the adjective that defines it; Wed: howl of wolves - howl of hungry wolves(which cannot be done when combining wolf howl).

   Wed also the justification of each option in a pair: After knocking, I took hold of the doorknob. – There was a doorknob on the table.

3. Parallel revolutions can diverge in their meanings, express different meanings. Wed:

   The enlarged village has real city streets(and not "city streets"). - Before the advent of electricity in Moscow, city streets were lit with gas burners.(and not "city streets");

   A new city center has been created in the region. – After reconstruction, we have created new center cities.

4. Combinations with an adjective-definition can have a figurative meaning (cf. the body was covered with goose bumps, his crane gait is ridiculous, move at a snail's pace), metaphorical use ( a man on thin, birdlike legs).

Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - chorus, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, cute - sweet.

The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.

Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only complete forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used in the predicate function: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.

Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.

Let's give an example: on bare feet.

In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Here's an example: He's smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.

Relative adjectives have only the full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.

Possessive adjectives with suffixes "in" / "yn", "ov" / "ev", "iy" - in the form singular nominative cases usually have only a short form.
For example: Daddy, Daddy, Daddy, Daddy; wolf, wolf, wolf, wolf.

In indirect cases, such adjectives have:
or a short form: daddy, wolf;
or the full form: daddy's, wolf's.

The endings of short forms are the same as the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring is daddy; spring to daddy.

Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Here's an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.

Full adjectives vary by gender, singular, numbers and cases.
Brief qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what is? what is it? what are? and vary by gender, singular and numbers.
Here's an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.

Declination of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular, adjectives have a generic difference: the masculine, feminine and neuter case endings are different. In plural adjectives have no generic differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.

In modern Russian, there are three types of declensions of adjectives:
1. The declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as brother, aunt, fathers, friends.
3. The declension of adjectives into "iy" such as wolfish, bearish.

The most productive is the first type of declension, which, by the nature of the last consonant base, has three varieties: a hard declension (rich, stone), a soft declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on hissing, b) with a base on d , k, x and c) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).

In adjectives with a base on a hard consonant, the declension stress is either only based on (good, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).

In adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on a q, with declension, the stress always falls only on the stem (scanty, autumnal, blue).

Adjectives based on a solid consonant in the instrumental singular female have a double ending: "oh" ("her") and "oyu" ("her"). Their use depends on the style of speech: in a poetic language, the ending -oy ("her") is more common, which is due to the laws of the poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: swan.

Possessive adjectives for "in", "ov" ("ev") have mixed type declension: part case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the solid version of the declension of qualitative-relative adjectives, in some cases the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases of the masculine and neuter singular).

Possessive adjectives with the "in" suffix in modern Russian are increasingly inclined like full adjectives with a solid consonant stem (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).

Possessive adjectives for "rank" (bratnin, husband) are inflected in the same way as adjectives for "in".

Possessive adjectives in -ny (daughter, filial) are inflected as full qualitative-relative adjectives of a soft version of the declension (for example, near).

Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.

Adjectives that are used as nouns are inclined according to general rules declension of adjectives.

Spelling of case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings question word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants, vowels are written s, o, y, and after soft consonants, vowels are written u, e, u.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; into a black bag - into a yellow bag.
2. The spelling of o and e after sibilants and q in the ending of adjectives always depends on the stress: under the stress - o, without the stress - e, a large garden - a handsome boy.
3. In the nominative singular masculine full adjectives in the shock position they have the ending -th, in the unstressed position - "th", "th".
nightmare - blue ocean, early admission.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix "iy", except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, it is written soft sign.
Wolf, wolf, wolf, wolf.
5. In short adjectives after sibilants, the soft sign is not written.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.