Distance and contact assimilation
Complete and incomplete assimilation
Progressive and regressive assimilation
Consonant and vocal assimilation
Consonant assimilation - likening a consonant to a consonant, for example. in the word a boat media [d] replaced by deaf [T] - [tray].
Vocal assimilation - assimilation of a vowel to a vowel, eg. instead of "it happens" colloquially it is often said [come on].
Progressive assimilation - the previous sound affects the next one. In Russian. lang. progressive assimilation very rare, ex. dialectal pronunciation of a word "Vanka" how "Vanka"... Progressive assimilation is often found in English. (cats, balls), French - subsister, German, bash. (at + lar = attar) and other languages.
Regressive assimilation - the subsequent sound affects the previous one. It is most typical for the Russian language: "Boat [tray]", vodka [votka], "got up at three [fstal f three]"
In English. "Newspaper"[z] under the influence of [p] goes into [s], in fr. absolu[b] - in [p], it. Staub ends with [p], in bash. "Kitep bar" (leaves) goes to "Kitebbar".
An example complete assimilation the word "assimilation" itself can serve . A similar example of assimilation is "agglutination" .
Rus. sew [shshyt], higher [higher], eng. cupboard"Wardrobe", "buffet" is pronounced ["kDbad]. Zimber passed into Zimmer"room", selbst"Myself" is pronounced.
At incomplete assimilation the sound loses only a part of its features, for example, "where - where", "sedes - here", where the consonants lose the sign of voicedness.
Remote assimilation. One sound affects the other at a distance, although they are separated from each other by other sounds.
Rus. bully - hooligan (vernacular), eng. foot"leg" - feet"legs", goose"goose" - geese"Geese". In Old English. lang. fori(plural from fot"Leg"), "/" "changed the vowel of the root, and then dropped. The same in it. Fuss"leg"- Fusse"legs", Gans"goose"- Game"Geese".
At contact assimilation interacting sounds are in direct contact.
Singharmonicity (vowel harmony) - distant progressive assimilation along the row and labialization. Vowels of suffixes and usually non-first syllables of a word are likened by row or roundness (front vowels - front vowels, back vowels - back vowels), i.e. e.g. in simple word there can only be vowels and, uh or only y, oh.
This phenomenon is characteristic, for example, of the languages of the Turkic family of languages (Turkish, Bashkir, Tatar, Uzbek and others), the Finno-Ugric languages (Hungarian, Finnish and others), as well as one of the most ancient languages - Sumerian.
For example, ball(child) + lore(plural ending) = balalar. All the vowels are here
back row: vowel [a] in bash. lang. closer to the back row.
But for the word "keshe" (person) the ending will not be "lar", but "ler" - kesheler.
Letter NS denotes a front vowel [ae].
More examples: Hung. levelemben"In my letter" Magyar orszagon"in Hungary",
koszonom"Thank you" (singharmonicity for labialization), Fin. talossa -"In the house", tour.
evlerinde"In their house." Traces of syngharmonicity are clearly visible in borrowed from
Turkic languages Rus. words drum, chipmunk, pencil, cockroach and etc.
Singharmonicity emphasizes the unity of the word, but leads to some phonetic uniformity of words.
● Dissimilation
This is the opposite of assimilation. Represents the articulation of the articulation of two identical or similar sounds.
February passed into February(cf. eng. February, German Februar, French / evrier), corridor - colidor(in common parlance), fr. couroir - couloir(Russian couloir), velblyud - camel - examples of distant dissimilation.
Contact dissimilation is observed in words easily[lehko], boring[boring].
● Metathesis(gr. permutation) - mutual permutation of sounds or syllables within a word.
Word marmore(gr.dardaro;) passed into Russian. marble, thalerka(it. Teller or swedish talrik) - plate, dolon became palm, creator - cheesecake, jail -
rigging, neuro (-pathologist) - nerve. English. thridda - third (third), germ. Bgerpen passed into eng. burn (to burn), bridd- to bird (bird).
Him. Brennstein -Bernstein, fr. / Ormaticu -fromage.
For example, the President of the USSR Gorbachev always pronounced Arzebazhan instead of Azerbaijan - it was more convenient for him.
● Haplology(Greek. "anxooq- simple) - simplification of the word due to dissimilation, in which the same or similar syllables are lost.
For example, miner alolog ia - mineralogy, cor neno syy - snub-nosed, bli zozor cue - nearsighted, tragi cocom Ediya - tragicomedy, STI pepe ndia - scholarship. But in the very word gap lolo guia - haplology (* haplogy) no.
Eng. miners "rights instead of miners "s rights(when the same sounding formants of the plural and possessive the last formant is omitted).
Combinatorial AF includes accommodation, assimilation, and dissimilation.
2.1. Accommodation (< лат. accomodatio'Fixture') - partial adaptation articulation of one sound to the nature of the formation of another sound.
Features of accommodation:
1) occurs between dissimilar sounds, that is, between a vowel sound, on the one hand, and between a consonant, on the other;
2) occur only between adjacent sounds.
So, in Slavic languages non-front vowels ( [a], [O], [y]) partially adapt to the articulation of the adjacent soft consonant, as a result of this process, becoming more tense in pronunciation and slightly more forward in the row. Thus, the front and middle vowels ( [and], [e], [NS]) this type of accommodation is not tested. V in Russian, Unlike Ukrainian, this type of accommodation occurs only under stress.
In a number of words of the Russian language, when combining the final solid consonant prefix and the initial root consonant [and] vowel articulation is adjusted [and] to the pronunciation of the adjacent velar (hard) consonant, as a result of which the vowel [and] changes its quality and transforms into a middle vowel [NS]... In this case, the named phonetic process is fixed in writing: before NS story, under NS to live, under NS grab, under NS skat, without NS effective, without NS initiative.
Directional accommodation types
A. Progressive accommodation (the previous soft consonant affects the subsequent vowel): sit down[with' . á doo], mint[m ’ . á that], linen[l ' . ó n], Luke[l ' . ý To].
In phonetic transcription, accommodation is indicated by a dot near the vowel on the side from which the soft consonant is located in relation to this vowel.
B. Regressive accommodation (the subsequent soft consonant affects the previous vowel): Tsar[c á . R'], zero[n ó . l '], sack[To ý . l '].
V. Progressive-regressive (two-way) accommodation (a non-front vowel is surrounded by soft consonants on both sides): sit down[with' . á . T'], ball[m ’ . á . h], tulle[T' . ý . l ’ ].
Compare also, for example, on the one hand, the word Russian language nanny[n ' . á . n'a], where the second unstressed sound of the non-front row [a] does not accommodate, and, on the other hand, the word Ukrainian language nanny[n΄ . á . n΄ . a], where both sounds are accommodated [a](percussion and unstressed).
2.2. Assimilation (< лат. assimilatio'Assimilation') is an articulatory and / or acoustic total or partial assimilation one sound to another in a speech stream within a phonetic word. This is the process of forming similar or identical sounds from different ones.
Features of assimilation and dissimilation:
1) unlike accommodation, during assimilation, as in dissimilation (dissimilation of sounds), homogeneous sounds interact, that is, a consonant and a consonant or a vowel and a vowel;
2) assimilation and dissimilation, in contrast to accommodation, can occur both between adjacent, adjacent sounds, and between sounds that are distant from each other within the framework of a phonetic word by one sound or several.
Assimilation types
1. By the nature of the interacting sounds:
a) between consonants - consonant (< лат. consonantis'consonant');
b) between vowels - vocal (< лат. vocalis'vowel').
2. For specific signs of interacting sounds:
a) for vowels - by row, by ascent, by additional articulation;
b) for consonants - by the place of education, by the method of education, by acoustics, by the participation of the voice, by additional articulation.
Sounds can be assimilated, as well as assimilated, firstly, by some one of their parameters or by several signs at the same time, and secondly, only on the basis of the same order .
3. By the direction of the process:
a) progressive - the previous sound affects the next one;
b) regressive - the subsequent sound affects the previous one;
v) mutual - mutual influence of sounds.
4. By the location of the interacting sounds:
a) contact - neighboring sounds interact, i.e. these sounds are located side by side;
b) distant (< лат. dis‘Times’ and tactum, tangere‘Touch’) - sounds interact that are distant from each other within the framework of a phonetic word by one sound or several, that is, it occurs at a distance.
5. By the result of the process:
a) incomplete (partial) assimilation - the sounds are approaching according to the features, but they do not completely coincide, that is, they are not completely assimilated;
b) complete assimilation - the sounds are completely assimilated, that is, they become exactly the same.
Examples of assimilation
This assimilation of consonants (consonant) by the participation of the voice (by voicing), regressive, contact and partial (incomplete).
This assimilation of consonants (consonant) at the place of formation, regressive, contact and complete.
This assimilation of consonants (consonant) in acoustics, progressive, contact and complete.
This assimilation of vowels (vocal) in ascent, regressive, distant and complete.
This is the assimilation of consonants (consonant) in place and in the way of formation, regressive, distant and complete.
This assimilation of vowels (vocal) in row and in ascent, regressive, distant and complete.
This assimilation of consonants (consonant) by additional articulation (by palate), regressive, contact and incomplete (partial).
This assimilation of consonants (consonant) in acoustics, regressive, distant and partial.
This is the assimilation of consonants (consonant) by the way of formation, regressive, distant and complete.
This assimilation of consonants (consonant) in acoustics, regressive, contact and complete.
This assimilation of consonants (consonant) at the place of education, progressive, contact and partial.
A separate type distant assimilation, occurring only between vowels, is syngharmonicity (< греч. syn‘Together’ and harmonia‘Consonance’), in which the affix vowels are likened to the vowel of the root.
Depending on the articulatory sign, various types of harmonism are distinguished, but most often in educational literature vowel harmony is considered as an assimilation of sounds in a row, that is, the vowels of the affix go into the same row as the root vowels.
The phenomenon of singharmonicity is characteristic of the Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchurian, Finno-Ugric languages, the Korean language, as well as one of the most ancient languages - Sumerian. Traces of syngharmonicity are clearly visible in such words borrowed from the Turkic languages as hut, ram, chest, iron, apricot, wineskin.
From a phonetic point of view, the vowel synharmonism in a row is that each word in these languages must contain either only front vowels and palatal consonants, or only back vowels and velar consonants. So, in korean vowel oh the root or its final syllable corresponds to the vowel a as part of the affix, and the vowel u, i, w, o root - vowel O within the affix. V Turkish language
in both native and borrowed words, the vowel of the affix is likened to the vowel of the last syllable of the stem: defterl e r-imis-d e n‘From our notebooks’ but kitapl a r-imiz-d a n‘From our books’. So, in turkish use of a variant suffix - lar / -ler is predetermined by the law of syngharmonicity: if there is a non-front vowel at the root, then the suffix
-lar, for example, odalar‘Rooms’, if the root is a front vowel, then the suffix is used -ler, for example, elver'at home'. For example, in such words Hungarian language, how levelemben‘In my letter’ Magyarorszagon‘In Hungary’ reflects the vowel harmony in the row, and in the word kцszцnцm‘Thank you’ - for labialization.
Singharmonicity emphasizes the unity of the word, but at the same time leads to some phonetic uniformity of words.
2.3. Dissimilation (< лат. dissimilatio‘Dissimilation’) is the opposite process to assimilation, that is, dissimilation is assimilation two identical or similar sounds within the phonetic word, the loss of some common features... This is the process of forming different sounds from similar ones.
For dissimilation, the same types are distinguished as for assimilation, except for the result of the process... Thus, dissimilation, unlike assimilation, can be neither complete nor partial.
Dissimilation occurs much less frequently than assimilation, and is more common in vernacular, dialectal and children's speech. This is due to the fact that assimilation does not change the phonetic appearance of the language so much and therefore it is more widely accepted literary language, a dissimilation more dramatically changes the phonetic appearance of the language and therefore, as already noted, is more common in non-literary speech (vernacular, dialects, children's speech).
In general, both assimilation and dissimilation are a consequence of the law of economy of pronunciation efforts, however, these combinatorial phonetic processes are associated with different participants in communication. Assimilation process happens in the interests speaker: similar or identical sounds (those that have been likened to each other) are easier to pronounce. While dissimilation process happens in the interests listener: different sounds (those that are similar to each other) are harder to pronounce, but the word becomes more expressive and easier to hear.
Examples of dissimilation
This dissimilation of consonants (consonant) by the way of formation (dissimilation of trembling), progressive and distant.
This is consonant dissimilation (consonant) by the way of formation, regressive and contact.
This dissimilation of consonants (consonant) by the way of formation (dissimilation of trembling), regressive and distant.
This is vowel dissimilation (vocal) in ascent, regressive and distant.
This is consonant dissimilation (consonant) by the way of formation, regressive and distant.
This is consonant dissimilation (consonant) in acoustics, regressive and contact.
ASSIMILATION in linguistics, articulatory assimilation to each other of sounds of the same kind (vowel vowels and consonant consonants) within a word or phrase. Assimilation can be regressive (the influence of the subsequent sound on the previous one) and progressive (the influence of the previous sound on the next one); contact (the nearby sound affects) and distant (the impacting sound is separated by other sounds); complete, when the sound is completely similar to another sound, and partial, when the assimilation does not take place according to all signs (for example, in consonants - in deafness-voiced, aspirated-non-aspirated, tension-relaxed, place and method of formation, or by hardness-softness, and in vowels - by ascent and row or by roundness).
The phenomenon of assimilation exists in all languages of the world. So, in the Russian language, consonants are assimilated by hardness-softness; for example, in the words mo [s '] tik, e [z'] dit - regressive contact partial assimilation in terms of softness, and in the words vos [m] sot, se [m] sot - regressive contact partial assimilation in terms of hardness. In dialects of the Russian language, it is known that the softness of the back-lingual consonants is similar to the preceding soft ones; for example, ban [k'] i, ol [x '] i, day [g'] yam - progressive contact partial assimilation. Vowels can have progressive contact assimilation in ascent - for example, peri [y] d. Distant assimilation is also found in consonants - for example, regressive in voicing in Russian words [г] to widow 'to widow', o [d] widows 'from widow', and in vowels - for example, regressive full assimilation in words m [y] kulatura , n [y] -Turkish and progressive complete assimilation in the vernacular pronunciation of the words muses [y] kant, puz [y] ryok.
V Latin known regressive assimilation of consonants for deafness; scribo ‘writing’ but scriptus ‘written’; rego ‘say’, but rectus ‘said’; intellego ‘understand’, but intellectus ‘understand’. V English language there is a progressive contact assimilation of consonants for deafness: pronunciation of voiceless [s] instead of voiced [z] after deaf noisy (books 'books', cats 'cats', shops 'shops'), pronunciation of deaf sonants after deaf noisy (for example, in the words cry 'to shout', plight 'commitment', quite 'completely', voiceless sonants are pronounced,,). The same type of assimilation is found in some North Russian dialects (k [p] asny, p [ḽ] yt, t [f] oh) and in Polish (s [f] uj, t [f] uj). In English, regressive contact assimilation is noted at the place of formation of sonants n, m before f: in the words nymph ‘nymph’, infant [îmfәnt] ‘infant’ sonants become labiodental. In Italian, the back-lingual [k] is completely similar to the following [t]: otto ‘eight’ from Latin octo, notte ‘night’ from Latin nocte (m) - complete regressive contact assimilation has taken place.
For linguistic assimilation as part of ethnic assimilation, see the article Assimilation in Ethnology.
Lit .: Reformatsky A.A. Introduction to linguistics. 5th ed. M., 2005.
Assimilation (from Lat. Assimilatio - assimilation) - assimilation of sounds to each other within the same word or phrase. The initial reason for A. is the articulatory coherence of neighboring sounds, as a result of which the properties of one of them extend to the other. It is customary to distinguish coarticulation as the mutual influence of neighboring sounds on each other, accommodation as the adaptation of the articulation of one sound to the articulation of another and A. as such an assimilation of neighboring or closely spaced sounds, which leads to changes in the phonemic composition of the word. For example, the roughening of a consonant in front of the vowels [y \ or [o] is the result of coarticulation, the simultaneous execution of the movements necessary for a consonant and a vowel; cuminal pronunciation of Russian [t] before [w] - laugh it off - is the result of adapting the articulation of the first consonant to the articulation of the second. A. is the most noticeable consequence of both coarticulation and accommodation in its results
A., however, cannot be explained only physiologically, since from the articulatory point of view there are two possible variants of pronunciation. For example, the word embroider can be pronounced both as ra [shsh] it, that is, with A. consonant [s] consonant [sh], and as ra [ssh] it, i.e. without A. Distinguish different types A. depending on which of the combined sounds is assimilated: regressive, if the previous sound is subjected to articulatory assimilation (i.e., the one following it turns out to be stronger) and progressive, if the sound following the stronger one is assimilated. The most common is regressive A .: ska [sk] a, sva [d "6] a, where the first consonant of the combination becomes voiceless or voiced under the influence of the following one - cf. ska \ z \ at, sva \ t \ at. A. is not found in the Russian language.
According to the results of the assimilation, A. is described as complete or partial. It depends on the properties of the combined sounds: if they differ in only one feature, then A. leads to their complete assimilation - for example. o [dd] at, if there are more differences, then complete A. does not occur - for example. o [db "\ itit, where, as in the previous case, A. is observed in voicing, but there is no A. in softness and in an active acting organ.
Being a phonetic process by its nature, A. leads to certain phonological shifts, since depending on the presence or absence of A., phonemes with different distinctive features can appear in the same morpheme or word. A special phonological problem is the situation arising in Russian. language when a consonant that does not have a voiced correlate in the system turns out to be in position A. in voiced, that is, in front of a voiced noisy - the father is sick, the daughter of Boris, the moss is on fire.
1) Consonant and vocal assimilation
Consonant assimilation is the assimilation of a consonant to a consonant.
Ex. in the word "boat" the voiced consonant "d" is replaced by a voiceless "t" - ("tray").
Vocal assimilation is the assimilation of a vowel to a vowel.
For example, instead of “happens” in common parlance, it is often said “byvat”.
2) Progressive and regressive assimilation
Progressive assimilation - the previous sound affects the next.
Progressive assimilation is often found in English. (cats, balls).
Regressive assimilation - the subsequent sound affects the previous one.
It is most typical for the Russian language "boat [tray]", vodka [votka], "got up at three [fstal f three]". In English. "Newspaper" [z] under the influence of [p] turns into [s].
3) Complete and incomplete assimilation
An example of complete assimilation is the word "assimilation" itself.
A similar example of assimilation is “agglutination”.
Rus. to sew [shshyt], higher (higher), eng. cupboard "wardrobe", "buffet" production
worn by [´kbed]. Him. Zimber moved to Zimmer "room".
In case of incomplete assimilation, the sound loses only part of its features, for example, "where - where", "gray - here", where the consonants lose the sign of voicedness.
4) Distance and contact assimilation
Distant assimilation. One sound affects the other at a distance, although they are separated from each other by other sounds.
Rus. bully - hooligan (vernacular), eng. foot "leg" - feet "legs", goose
"Goose" - geese "geese". In Old English. lang. fori (plural of fot "leg"), "i" changed
vowel root and then dropped out. It's the same in him. lang .: Fuss "leg" - Fusse "legs", Gans
"Goose" - Gänse "geese".
With contact assimilation, the interacting sounds are in direct contact.
5) Singharmonicity
Singharmonicity (vowel harmony) - distant progressive assimilation along the row and labialization. Vowels of suffixes and usually non-first syllables of a word are likened by row or roundness (front vowels - front vowels, back vowels - back vowels), i.e. in a word there can be only vowels "and", "e" or only "y", "o".
This phenomenon is characteristic of the languages of the Turkic family of languages (Turkish, Bashkir, Tatar, Uzbek and others), the Finno-Ugric languages (Hungarian, Finnish and others), as well as one of the most ancient languages - Sumerian.
For example, bala (child) + lar (ending plural) = balalar. Here are all the back vowels: vowel [a] in bash. lang. closer to the back row.
Traces of syngharmonicity are clearly visible in the Russian words “drum”, “chipmunk”, “pencil”, “cockroach”, and others borrowed from the Turkic languages.
6) Dissimilation
This phenomenon is the opposite of assimilation. Represents the articulation of the articulation of two identical or similar sounds.
February turned into February (cf. English February, German Februar, French fevrier),
dor - colidor (in common parlance), fr. couroir - couloir (Russian couloir), velblyud - camel - examples of distact dissimilation.
Contact dissimilation is observed in words easily [lehko], boring [boring].
7) Metathesis (gr. permutation) - mutual permutation of sounds or syllables within a word.
The word marmor (gr. Μαρμαρος) was transferred to Russian. marble, thalerka (German Teller or
Swedish talrik) - a plate, the palm has become a palm, the creator is a cheesecake.
8) Haplology (Greek ´απλοος - simple) - simplification of the word due to dissimilation, in which the same or similar syllables are lost.
For example, mineralogy - mineralogy, root-nosed - snub-nosed, myopic - short-sighted, tragicomedy - tragicomedy, scholarship - scholarship. But in the very word haplology - haplology (* haplogy) is not.
Eng. miners "rights instead of miners" s rights (if the same sounding formant of the plural and the possessive case matches the last formant).
Possible karyotypes of Down syndrome
Mitochondrial diseases
The main character traits of a Leo woman
Can i go to the solarium?
How to squeeze out a pimple at home and should you do it?