Participle and participle are nothing more than special forms of the verb. This article describes in detail the grammatical and syntactic features, methods of formation, characteristics participles and participles. For better assimilation of the material, examples and important points are given.
Communion and gerund in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which the? Doing what? What did you do? What has done? Participles indicate an additional action and answer questions What do you do? Having done what?
The rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.
| gerund | Participle | ||||||
| Rules | Examples | Rules | Examples | ||||
| Grammar signs | The invariable part of speech, has the grammatical features of an adverb and a verb | Variable part of speech, has signs of an adjective and a verb | |||||
| adverb feature: immutability | verb features: · transitivity; recurrence |
daring to a meeting playing with kids, reading book, noticing announcement | adjective features: the presence of a full and short form; |
verb features: · transitivity; recurrence |
determined to a meeting; playing with children, advise readable book, announcement noticed passers-by | ||
| How is formed | -and I(NSV); -v/-lice/-shi ( SW) |
drawing, mining, lying down,doing, answering, breaking | From verbs with suffixes: -usch-/-yushch-/-asch-/-yashch-(real participles HB); -vsh-/-sh-(real participles PV); -em-/-om-/-im-(passive participles HB); -nn-/-enn-/-t-(passive participles PV). |
drawing, mined, lying, made, answered, broken | |||
| Syntactic signs | Refers to a verb in a sentence. The syntactic role is a circumstance. |
Answering he returned to his seat.
The girl was walking down the street smiling. |
In a sentence, it refers to a noun or personal pronoun and agrees with them in gender, number, and case. The syntactic role is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate. |
Arrived birds greedily pecked grains(definition). The bread was baked just yesterday(part of SIS). | |||
Note! Participles in Russian vary by gender, number and case. The participles do not change and have no endings.
Features of participial and participle turnovers
Participle and participle turnovers are syntactic constructions that differ general meaning and the function in the sentence:
- Participial turnover is a gerund with dependent words. In a sentence, as well as a single gerund, they play a syntactic role isolated circumstance(highlighted on both sides by commas) and denote an additional action.
Examples: The man was very happy meeting an old friend. Jumping over the barrier, the puppy ran to the owner.
- Participial- participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is a non-isolated (usually if it comes before the word being defined) or a separate (if it comes after the word being defined) definition.
Examples: Visiting A friend brought delicious cakes. Vita had to go out to the street, crossing the central square.
In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren go through the topic "Suffixes of real and passive participles." Let's take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.
Participle
What is this interesting phenomenon? Before today disputes of linguists do not subside. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If we turn to the history of its occurrence, we can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it is more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), And they have the same syntactic role (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a unanimous decision.
Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation in different ways. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya refers the participle to the verb form, and V. V. Babaitseva to an independent part of speech. But in both textbooks it is said that it is still not clear to which category it should be attributed.
Valid
Before considering the suffixes of real and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups by meaning. The first is called real. They received such a name due to their purpose: to name the signs of such objects that themselves perform an action.
Consider the example: "The wind blowing from the sea was raging."
As we can see, the wind blew on its own from the sea, without resorting to anyone's help and without being affected in any way. It is these forms that are called real.
Another example: "The dog guarding the house was a large breed."
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle "protected" belongs to the category of real.
Passive
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform an action, but are subjected to it.
Let's take an example: "The parents called to school by the teacher were worried."
In this sentence, we see the participle "called out". It was formed from the verb "call". We will make sure that the parents did not decide to come to the school themselves, but at the request of the teacher. We see that the action is not performed by them, it is performed on them. Therefore, they refer to such communion as passive. That is, parents, as it were, “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.
Suffixes of real and passive participles of the present tense
Now that we have figured out the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own characteristics of word formation.
The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense, the following are distinguished: -usch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, they are all real. For the suffering ones, they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: drawn, persecuted, condemned.
In the real participle of the present tense, all suffixes have spelling features.
If you do not know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or struggling? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - fight. Let's define its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -usch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word "struggling" it is necessary to write -yushch. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.
The table helps to remember the suffixes of real and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if the rule suddenly flies out of your head.
Suffixes of real and passive past participles
Now, having considered the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can proceed to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this sign from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes -vsh and -sh are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.
The suffering ones have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, stabbed.
And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of real and passive participles.
With the first category, everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive ones it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Consider the word "offended" It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But it's not. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.
V this example the stem of the verb "offend" ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.
Let's take another example: "dressed up". And again, let's recall the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ty or -ch, then in this case we use only the suffix -enn.
We will also act in the words "baked" (bake), "brought" (bring), "asked" (ask).
Tasks
In the Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when the suffixes of real and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you to understand it more fully.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the guys to determine their conjugation. Then it is worth giving the task to form a sacrament of different categories and times from them.
For instance:
- prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (act., present time), pricking (act., past time);
- speak (2 sp.) - speaker (act., present temp.), spoke (act., past temp.);
- shave (1 ref., excl.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaving (actual, past time), shaved (suffering, past time);
- offend (2 ref., excl.) - offended (suffering, present time), offended (suffering, past time).
Participle and participle are special parts of speech that combine morphological features several parts of speech. This is what makes them different from the rest. By the way, many linguists attribute participle and participle to verb forms, rather than isolate into separate part speech. In this article we will talk about them as independent ones.
Communion concept
Participle and participle in Russian are united by the fact that both of these parts of speech contain some morphological features of the verb: the categories of aspect, reflexivity and tense.
However, the participle tends to adjectives and expresses a sign of an object or phenomenon by its action: reading, listening, building, reading. This part of speech answers the questions what is he doing? who did what? From the adjective, the participle "inherited" gender, number and case - thus they agree with the noun to which they refer: written book - written books (pl.) - about a written book ( prepositional listen)) - a written novel (masculine).
Also, the participle can be used in full and short forms. Awarded Diploma - Awarded. Unlike adjectives, in short participles, only one letter n is written. Foggy lowland - the lowland is foggy (short adjective); sown field - the field is sown (short participle).
Participles, depending on the meaning, can be real (denoting a sign created directly by an action - building) or passive (denoting a sign of an action experienced from the outside - building).
The concept of participle
The gerund participle gravitates grammatically to the adverb: from it the part of speech has adopted immutability, but from the verb the gerund participle has a form (listening - listening) and reflexivity (washing - washing).
The participle denotes an additional, additional action, it can easily be replaced by a homogeneous predicate.
- I walked down the street rejoicing spring sun. - I walked down the street and rejoiced in the spring sun.
The additive action indicates how the main verb acts. She walked rejoicing - the gerund "rejoicing" means an additional sign, an emotion with which the main action "walked" is performed.
Real participles: education, suffixes
Participles and gerunds are formed from verbs with the help of specific suffixes. As for the real participles of the present tense, their generating stem is the verb of the same tense. In the latter, the ending is simply swept aside and a characteristic participle suffix is attached: - yy-/-yy- and - ash-/-box-.
It should be remembered here that the first suffixes are characteristic of participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation, - ash-/-box- are used in participles from verbs of II conjugation.
- Sunbathe - I sunbathe (present tense verb, I conjugation) - sunbathing (real participle of the present tense).
- To glue - to glue (verb of the present tense, II conjugation) - gluing (real participle of the present tense).
The same past participles are formed from the stem of the verb of the same tense with the help of suffixes -vsh-, -sh-.
- Carry - carried - carried, crawl - crawled - crawled.
The unstressed vowel before the suffix is also checked (the word is put in the past tense) winnow - winnow - winnow.
Passive participles: education, suffixes
Suffering participles of the present tense must be formed from the stem of the verb I or II conjugation using suffixes -em-/-im- respectively.
- Decide - decide - solved; wear - wear - wearable.
Suffixes - enn-, -nn-, -t- are used to form the passive participles of the past tense. The generating stem is an infinitive verb: decide - decided; wash - washed; read - read. It should be remembered that in the suffix - enn- only the letter e is always written after the hissing ones. For example, burned, resolved.
In addition, two letters are always written in the same suffix n. This participle differs from verbal adjectives. The latter do not have prefixes and dependent words - they are written with one letter n. Sauerkraut (verbal adjective) - sauerkraut by mother (communion, there is a dependent word) - sauerkraut (communion, there is a prefix)
Participles: education, suffixes
The participle and the participle are similar in that for both, the derived basis is the verb.
If we talk about gerunds, not perfect look, then the stem of the present tense verb is taken and the suffix - a- or - I am-.
- Guard - watchman; shine - shining; move - moving; breathe - breathe.
There are a number of verbs from which the formation of a gerund is not possible: plow, bake, sew, dance.
If we talk about gerunds of the perfect form, then they should be formed from the stem of the infinitive. The suffixes involved -in-, -lice-, -shi-. For example, write - writing, writing; bring - bring.
Thus, the spelling of suffixes of participles and gerunds depends on the type of the verb of the generating stem, its conjugation. Also, sometimes you should take into account the type (this is especially true for adverbs). Suffixes of participles and gerunds different meanings should be known by heart, then their correct spelling will not cause difficulties.
Spelling not with participles and gerunds
It should be said about one more spelling, often causing difficulties. How to write a particle not, communion and participle. The rules regarding the latter are quite simple: with the gerund, this particle is written separately, except for words that are not used without it. For example: not doing, not thinking, not grasping, not bringing, but indignant, hating.
The participle will be written with not separately in the following cases:
- It has dependent words. In other words, if there is not a single communion, but a sacramental turnover (Flowers that were not plucked yesterday have blossomed in all their glory).
- The sentence has an opposition built with the help of the union a ( These were not wilted, but quite fresh flowers).
Slitno not with participles will be written outside the participial revolutions: an incessant downpour, an unplowed field, an unread book.
Also spelled together with not participles that are not used without this particle: indignant, hating.
Topic: Spelling of suffixes of participles and participles.
Lesson type: combined.
The purpose of the lesson: familiarization of students with the grammatical signs of participle and participle.
Lesson objectives:
Educational.
Get to know participles and participles.
Learn to distinguish them from the words of other parts of speech.
Repetition of grammatical features of the verb and adjective.
Educational.
Cultivating the skill of independent work when learning a new part of speech
Development of interest in learning the native language.
Developing.
Compilation of a coherent oral story on a linguistic topic.
Enriching the syntactic structure of students' speech through the use of participles and participles.
Equipment: board, lesson summary.
During the classes.
1. Org. moment.
2. Repetition of the topic "Communion as a part of speech."
3. Study of new material.
Participle- a special form of a verb that combines the grammatical properties of a verb and an adjective. Indicates a sign of an object by action and answers questions - Which? Which? Which? Which? Doing what? What did you do? What has done?
Examples of participles: lying, washed, paid off, collected, written, hugging, wishing.
The concept of participle as a grammatical unit
The grammatical description of the participle includes morphological features of verbs and adjectives.
Permanent grammatical signs of participles (signs of the verb):
A type(real or passive);
View(perfect or imperfect);
Time(present or past).
Non-permanent signs of participles (signs of adjectives):
Form(full or short);
Number(singular or plural);
Genus(male, female, middle);
case.
The initial participle form is the full form singular, nominative case, male (seeking, replaceable, sorted out).
What are the sacraments?
Distinguish between active and passive participles. Each of the types has two subtypes - groups of words of the present and past tense.
| Types | Valid participles (denoting a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs) | Passive participles (denoting the sign of the object by the action that is carried out on the object) |
||
| Present tense | -usch-/-yusch- ; -ash-/-box- | living, playing, trembling | -om-/-em-; -them- | discussed, directed, persecuted |
| past tense | -vsh-/-sh- | knowing, dancing, frozen | -nn-/-enn-/-t- | carried away, described, brought down |
Participle as a member of a sentence
Participle v full form usually used as a definition in sentences and agrees with nouns or pronouns. Communions in short form are part of compound predicate.
Examples: Snow-covered fields were visible from the window (fields (what?) covered - definition). The fields were covered with snow (the fields (what did they do?) were covered - part of the compound predicate).
Adjectives and participles
Adjectives are often confused with the corresponding participles. To determine which word is used in a sentence, it is enough to replace it with a synonymous word or phrase:
The participle can be replaced by a verb denoting the same action as the participle (seeds scattered by the wind - seeds scattered by the wind);
An adjective can be replaced by another adjective (a distracted person is a forgetful, inattentive person).
It is important to repeat!
Verbs that denote an action that passes to an object are calledtransitional.
All other verbs areintransitive.
Transitive verbs have (or may have) a noun or a pronoun in accusative no suggestion:
took (what?) book (v.p.), meet (whom?) his (v.p.)
| Suffixesparticiples |
|||
| Valid | Passive |
||
| current time | past time | current time | past time |
| Slope 1: -usch-/-yusch- | 1 slope: -em-/-ohm- | Hn- |
|
| Suffix | Rules for writing a suffix. Exceptions and notes |
| Active present participles | |
| formed from transitional and intransitive verbs imperfect kind from the stem of the present tense with the help of the following suffixes: |
|
| -usch- | It is written if the participle is formed from the verb I conjugation (3 l. pl. h): run → run(ut) → run yi ii, |
| -ash- | It is written if the participle is formed from the verb of the II conjugation (3 l. pl.): breathe → breathe(at) → breathe ash ii, Remember: breeze → breeze yi ii; |
| Real past participles | |
| formed from transitional and intransitive verbs imperfect and perfect look from the stem of the past tense using the following suffixes: |
|
| It is written in verbs with a vowel stem: the game vsh ii (play), Front -vsh- the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form of the verb before the suffix - be or in the past tense before the suffix -l - : hope vsh uyya (hope be sya, hope l sya), who heard (hear), who saw (see), built (build) It is important to distinguish: to weaken (to lose strength) → exhausted vsh ii, |
|
| It is written in verbs with a stem in a consonant: carry → carried → carried w ii, Some verbs (lead, find) form the real past participle from the stem of the present or simple future tense (and not from the stem of the past tense): acquire → the basis of bud.vr. gain(ut) → gain w ii (the basis of the past century is obre-l (a)); |
|
| Passive present participles | |
| formed from transitional verbs imperfect view, from the basis of the present tense with the help of suffixes: |
|
| -eat- | the participle is formed from verbs of the I conjugation (1 l. pl.): perform → perform(em) → perform eat th, |
| It is written if the participle is formed from the verb of the II conjugation (1 l. pl.): see → view(s) → view them th, |
|
| Passive past participles | |
| formed from transitional verbs imperfect and perfect look from the stem of the past tense with the help of suffixes: |
|
| -n(n)- | -AT, -YAT, -ET : drive
→
zagna nn th, A, I, E
saved before -nn- : V brief passive participles (not to be confused with short adjectives) one letter H : V full participles formed from verbs perfect type of two letters HH : tie (what to do?) → tie nn th The participle is formed from verbs with suffixes -(ir)ova-, -Eve- - is written HH : marinate → marin-ova- nn th, |
| -en(n)- | It is written if the participle is formed from verbs in -CH , -STI (from stems to consonant) and -IT (in the case of -IT in the participle, the suffix AND is omitted): shear → swift enn th, After hissing under stress, it is written yo: resh yonn th, In short participles, one letter H (not to be confused with short adjectives): Solve problems en you are a student. In participles formed from verbs perfect type of two letters HH : shoot → shoot enn th, Excl.: seen, seen, heard, read, etc. Full communion has prefix(Besides not-) - is written HH : paint → paint enn th, Full communion has dependent word- spelled HH : on
crush enn th (moreover, there is a prefix) fence → crash enn th (adj., there is a dependent word) recently
fence |
| if the participle is formed from verbs with a stem on -NUT, -OT, -SHUT , from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives: collapse → collapse T th, |
|
3. Fixing the material
1.From these verbs, form and write down all possible forms of participles.
Feed, plant, repent, offend, protect, wash, declare, despair, depend, captivate.
2.Write with punctuation marks. Indicate participial phrases, make sentence schemes.
1) Golden autumn is coming, bringing rain. 2) The river that went around the bank went into the mountains. 3) The dawn, not covered by a cloud, illuminated the windows. 4) We lower our hands into the water flowing between our fingers. 5) The flowers frozen during the night came to life. 6) The leaves swirling in the air fall to the ground.
3.Write out the passive participles of the past tense from the text, highlight the suffix.
We entered the forest, which was illuminated by the rays of the autumn sun. The cleared path led to the restless sea. We often stopped, amazed by the bright beauty of the extraordinary forest. Fallen leaves lay on the yellowed grass. The birches seem to be shrouded in golden foliage, sparkling in the sun. Very beautiful maples, dressed in crimson foliage. Often we see leaves gilded by the sun and autumn, quietly falling to the ground. The paths are deserted, but there are leaves on them, sadly rustling underfoot. Sometimes you will come across a cottage surrounded by a wooden fence painted with oil paint.
4.Read the text and do the tasks.
Of all the words of the mighty and original Russian language, full-voiced, meek and formidable, throwing sounds with an explosive waterfall, murmuring in an elusive stream, full of dialects of a dense forest, rustling with steppe feather grasses, singing in the wind, which rushes and rushes about and lures the heart far beyond the steppe, shining brightly with silver floods of full-flowing rivers flowing into the blue sea - of all the uncounted gems of this inexhaustible treasury of a living language, created and, however, tirelessly creating, I love the word - will most of all. So it was in childhood, so it is now. This word is the most precious and comprehensive. (K. Balmont).
1. Find participles in the text.
2. Determine their rank (real and passive) and time.
Name the verbs from which they are formed. Determine which suffixes are used to form participles.
Determine the syntactic function of participles in the text.
4. Repetition of the theme "Gernal participle as a part of speech."
The participle as a special form of the verb.
|
Participles have two parts of speechverbandadverbs. |
|
imperfect and perfect form: typing (doing what?) - typing (doing what?); transitive and intransitive: transitional cleaning (what?) the room, throwing (what?) a stick; intransitive gleaming in the sun, stepping into the abyss; returnable and non-refundable: swinging - swinging, bending down - bending down; Participles can attach indirect cases of names agreeing (to what?) to a hint, holding (how?) tightly. |
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| Spelling of suffixes of participles. |
|
| Suffix | Rules for writing a suffix. Exceptions and notes. |
| Perfect participles | |
| formed from perfective verbs from the basis of indefinite form or past tense (which usually match) using suffixes: |
|
| Verbs with a vowel stem -v and -lice : put down
-th→
put down
-l→
put down
v
To the suffix -in- reflexive suffix-sya(-s) does not join. |
|
| - lice-lice (s) | Verbs with a vowel stem form participles with suffixes -v and -lice : decide
-th→
decide
lice
, -lice (si) (-sya changes to -ss): I stumbled→ stumblelice camping |
| -shi-shi(s) | gerunds are formed from verbs with stem in consonant: expire→
expired
(what did you do? - the basis of past tense)→
expired
shea
; From reflexive verbs reflexive participles are formed with the suffix -shi (si) (-sya changes to -ss): lock yourself up→ locked himself up → lockedshea camping |
| If the bases of the indefinite form and the past tense form of verbs do not coincide, it is possible to form perfect participles of two forms: dry out (n.f.)→
dry outv
, In some verbs, perfect participles are also formed with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi (from the basis of an indefinite form or past time) , and with suffixes -AND I (from the basis of the future tense ) : seev
(from saw) - seenI am
(from see) In the presence of double forms, gerunds with the suffix -a (-ya) are more often used. Sometimes gerunds with suffixes -in, -lice are formed from imperfective verbs: there is→ elice , be→ wouldlice (germs of the imperfect form). |
|
| Imperfect participles | |
| formed from imperfective verbs from the basis of present tense with suffixes: |
|
| -a- | holding
them→
holdinga
, After the hissing suffix is used -a , in other cases -I am : derwell a , cme I am s. If the suffix in the stem of the present tense of the verb is - VA drops out, then the participle is formed with the suffix - VA : publishedwa
be→
published
ut→
publishedwa
I am, |
| - teach | Imperfect gerund from a verb be has a suffix - teach : budteach Participles from other verbs with suffixes -uchi (-yuchi) are usually used in folklore works, are considered obsolete: go→
go
→
idI am
, idteach
; |
5.Fixing the material.
1.Replace, where possible, verbs-predicates with gerunds. Explain punctuation marks graphically. According to the questions, determine the type of participle.
1) Gerasim walked, took his time, did not let Mumu off the rope. 2) The sea played with small waves, gave birth to them, decorated them with fringed foam, pushed them against each other. 3) The comrades noticed his anxiety and left. 4) Occasionally, gusts of wind brought dry leaves with them and threw them into the fire.
2. From the verbs below, form imperfect participles, mark the suffixes:
Freeze, feel, be silent, enjoy, spread out.
With 2-3 gerunds, compose and write sentences.
3. Write out the perfect and imperfect participles in two columns.
This is useful to know.
When you receive a book from the library, read it carefully. After reading on title page the last name of the author, try to remember who wrote the book. Read carefully, without "swallowing" the pages, without missing the author's reasoning. Remember that delving into them, you get acquainted with the views of the author himself, with his attitude towards the characters.
Analyzing the behavior of the characters, try to give him your assessment. Think about whether they are doing the right thing by doing this or that act.
Closing the last page of the book, think about how it enriched you, what mark it left on your soul.
4. From the verbs given below, form the past tense and the perfect participle. Designate graphically the suffixes of the participles.
Build, hear, curl, melt.
6. The results of the lesson. Reflection.
Homework: Write 10 sentences with participles and participles. Select the suffixes of participles and participles.
Goals:
- generalization and systematization of students' knowledge on the topics “Communion” and “Gernal participle”;
- strengthening the practical ability to find participles and participles, participles and participles in the text;
- strengthening the ability to make a monologue statement on a linguistic topic;
- development logical thinking, skills of independent work with the text;
- fostering a sense of mutual assistance, developing interest in reading through analytical work with the text of N.V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba".
Lesson type: combined lesson on the use of ZUN.
Method: reproductive-creative, visual-figurative.
Equipment:
- Table “N.V. Gogol. "Taras Bulba".
- Informant card (4 options).
- Cards for individual work.
- Table “Distinctive signs of participle and participle” (filled in during the lesson).
- Individual counters for counting earned points.
Epigraphs:
They [participles] serve as an abbreviation of the human word, containing the name and the verb power.
M.V. Lomonosov
[Gerential phrases] belong mainly to bookish speech. Their undoubted advantage ... lies in their brevity and dynamism. They also have great expressiveness.
D.E.Rosenthal
During the classes
I. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Guys! We have completed the study of the topics “Communion” and “Gerniparticiple”. Today in the lesson we will summarize and systematize your knowledge by compiling a table “Distinctive features of participle and participle”. What is such a table for? Firstly, as already mentioned, to systematize your knowledge, because the knowledge brought into the system remains in memory firmly and for a long time. Secondly, perhaps some of you will have to take an oral exam in Russian at the final certification at the end of the 9th grade. In this case, the table we have compiled will help you quickly recall all the information about the sacrament and participle. Thirdly, and most importantly, you will be able to make similar comparative tables on other topics.
At home, you have prepared examples of sentences with participial and participle phrases from N.V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba", which you will use when compiling the table. Each of you also has an information card from which you can take examples to illustrate one or another provision of the table.
During the lesson, you will independently calculate the earned points. The class is divided into two teams. At the end of the lesson, when the winning team is determined, the one of you who brings the winning team the most points will receive an additional mark.
II. Epigraph.
Epigraphs have been selected for our lesson, but before they appear on the board, determine what they are talking about.
(The teacher reads out the epigraphs, the guys add the missing words: participles, participle turnover.)
III. Compiling a table.
What grammatical features do participles and gerunds have? How are we going to compare them?
(Students name a grammatical feature, then tell how it manifests itself in the sacrament and gerund. The teacher at this time fills out the table on the board. It is better to prepare cards in advance and attach them to the board with magnets.
For each position of the table, the children give examples from homework or from the information card).
| Distinctive features of participle and participle | ||
| Grammar signs | Participle | gerund |
| 1. What question does it answer? | Which? Which? Which?
Thinking, woven, telling |
What do you do? Having done what?
Playing, admiring |
| 2. What does it mean? | Sign of the object by action: a person who thinks - a thinking person | Additional action: watched admiringly |
| 3. What word in the sentence does it refer to? | For a noun: falling leaves; sons who studied in the bursa | For the verb: let's go, looking back |
| 4. How does it change? | By cases, numbers and genders: looking - looking; looking - looking; looking, looking, looking, etc. | Doesn't change |
| 5. What features of the verb does it have? | Type, time, return: looking - looking; laughing | Type, return: looking, looking, laughing |
| 6. How is it formed (suffixes)? | ash-box (looking); yush-yush (melting); vsh, sh (builder, carrying) om-em-im (slave, visible, readable); enn, nn, t (seen, read, compressed) |
and I (seeing, hearing) in, lice, shi (having supper, stopping, lying down) |
| 7. What member of the sentence is (syntactic role)? | Definition: And they brought Cossacks twisted with ropes to the shaft. | Circumstance: Partridges darted under their thin roots, stretching out their necks. |
| 8. How does punctuation stand out in writing? | The participial turnover is separated by commas if it is after the word being defined: She leaned close to the head of her dear sons, who lay nearby. | A single gerund and a participle are always separated by commas: Sobbing, she looked into their eyes. |
VI. A coherent story on a linguistic theme.
One representative from each team draws a ticket and answers the questions: “What do I know about the sacrament?” or “What do I know about the participle?”
During the response, the class listens carefully and reviews the response.
v. Individual work on cards or graphic dictation.
(at the discretion of the teacher)
Summing up the lesson.
The result is summed up by individual counters:
26-28 points - "5";
22-25 points - "4";
17-21 points - "3".
The student from the winning team with the most points receives an additional mark of “5”.
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