Every employer and ordinary personnel should know what the management team of the organization is. Indeed, only if there is an effective personnel structure with an appropriate division of responsibilities between the management of the enterprise and other participants in the labor process, one can count on economic success and effective cost optimization. At the same time, the management of the enterprise and its qualifications very often have no less impact on the performance indicators of labor activity than the direct main production staff of the state.

Leadership of the organization - what is it

Before considering directly the question of what it is - the leadership of the organization, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the basic principles of forming the structure of the personnel of the enterprise. In general, the personnel of the enterprise is divided into:

• Administrative and managerial personnel (AMP). These employees include employees who are not directly related to the production process and the provision of services to customers. At the same time, the heads of individual structural divisions and the enterprise as a whole belong to this category. However, in addition to the management staff of the organization, the concept of administrative and managerial personnel is broader, because it includes employees engaged in servicing the activities of the enterprise itself. For example - accountants, employees of the personnel department and other specialists.
• Production personnel. Production personnel as a whole include workers who provide direct economic benefits to the organization with their work. However, there is no actual requirement for participation in production, as in the creation of material values, to classify employees as production personnel. It also includes employees who provide services to customers of the organization. In addition, production personnel also include auxiliary personnel - employees who are not directly involved in economic activity, but do not have any direct administrative function of the enterprise. For example, security guards, cleaners and other employees whose activities are primarily to serve the organization itself.

The concept of leadership is directly related to the concept of subordination at work. Accordingly, in order to effectively distribute duties and responsibilities within the production process, the employer should carefully regulate the labor regulations of the hierarchical structure of the enterprise using local regulations.

From the point of view of legislation, the issues of division of labor and and are largely assigned to the employer. Nonetheless, a large number of management professions are mentioned in uniform qualification guides or even have generally accepted ones, according to which their activities can be regulated. Also, the management of budgetary institutions may have special legal regulation - in this case, its activities may be considered by the provisions of separate regulations relating directly to this sphere of labor.

The main tasks of the organization's management

The main tasks of the management team in the organization include the following functions:

Types of management of the enterprise

The management of the enterprise is not homogeneous and does not imply absolute equality and the absence of a separate structure for its employees. On the contrary, an effective organization of labor is achieved only in the case of a careful division of the responsibilities of managers and the creation of a subordination structure. To do this, a division of managers can be formed according to various criteria, primarily horizontal and vertical.

• Vertical division of labor and the hierarchy of workers provides for the establishment of the supremacy of some leaders over others. So, the general director of the organization is primarily responsible for managing the entire business entity and issuing instructions to the chief directors in certain areas of activity. In turn, these directors have their subordinate managers in the form of heads of certain departments or actual performers. The structure of subordination of subordination is the basis of the vertical division of labor.
• Horizontal division. Many managers who are essentially at the same level of the vertical hierarchy, or even at different levels, may have different responsibilities and be employed in completely different areas of work. It is the division into areas of responsibility that is the main horizontal hierarchy, which should also be considered when forming the leadership of the organization.

In general, the vertical division of labor might look like this:

• Enterprise owner. This leader is the personification of the employer as a whole and always has unlimited powers in matters of enterprise management. At the same time, several persons can be owners, then their decisions can only be made in an appropriate way at a meeting of founders. Or, the property may be distributed in another way, for example, the owners may actually be the shareholders of the enterprise.

• Top management. The top management of the organization primarily refers to the main governing body. Top management can be either a founder or entrepreneur, or an individual CEO. In addition, the highest governing body can also be a team of managers, for example, the board of directors. In general, top management reports only to the owner of the enterprise and can give orders to all other heads of the organization. In this case, usually top management is engaged in the general organization of the enterprise, without any specialization in a particular area of ​​activity.
• First line management. The leadership of the first link refers to the main leaders in certain areas of activity. For example, the chief accountant, financial director, commercial director and similar positions. They are the main managerial link in a certain general field of activity. At the same time, such managers are usually not entitled to influence processes that are not in the sphere of responsibility of such managers, including those that are lower according to the rules of subordination of employees.
• Second level management. Second-level managers usually include managers who are not dominant in their area of ​​responsibility and ensure the implementation of practical decisions of higher management. At the same time, managers of the second link can either have direct executors in their subordination, or they can be an integral part of the management system at the enterprise, providing further cascading and redistribution of decisions of higher authorities.

Although in many cases the leader and manager are specialists of the same profile, in some cases they are different employees. So, the position of the head necessarily implies the presence of certain subordinates, while management may not assume their presence.

It must be understood that when organizing the management team in without fail it is the rules of direct subordination that should be taken into account. So, the head of a general field of activity, for example, a commercial director, should not give orders directly to executive workers, but should first of all transfer them to the foreman, and he will subsequently decide how to distribute the load and tasks between subordinates. However, there are situations in which the above vertical hierarchy may be violated. So, the secretary formally belongs to the lower-level employees from the point of view of the vertical hierarchy, but he is primarily subordinate only to his immediate supervisor.

Requirements for the leadership of the organization

Considering the wide range of tasks and elevated level responsibility of the management of the organization, special requirements should be imposed on employees holding such positions or applying for them. So, any representative of the management of the enterprise should possess the following qualities:

There are several approaches to choosing a leader. Methods of how to choose a leader in an organization or its individual structural unit there are many. However, the most common are three main approaches:

• Search for an experienced specialist. In this case, the employer publishes a vacancy about the search for a manager with certain work skills and experience. The advantage of such an approach is minimum costs to fill a vacant job and train an employee. However, this specialist will not necessarily end up with the proper authority and in any case will need to go through the process at the new workplace.
• Promotion of an existing employee. In this case, the employer has the opportunity to independently prepare a leader from promising employees. At the same time, such an employee will definitely understand the specifics of the enterprise better and will have an established relationship with the team. However, it is far from always possible to find a suitable candidate for the position of a manager among the employees of an enterprise, and such an approach may also entail additional costs for training a future manager.
• Involvement of a third-party specialist according to the principle. In some cases, part of the administrative and management functions may be transferred to another company or individual specialist. This approach allows us to fill the existing gap in the shortest possible time. staffing and reduce the overall burden on the administrative apparatus of the enterprise. However, it is characterized by rather high costs and a limited number of mechanisms for influencing the involved employee, as well as a low level of motivation and involvement of the manager in the activities of the organization.

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CHARTER OF THE INTERNAL SERVICE OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 14-12-93) (as amended on 18-12-2006) (2019) Actual in 2018

Unity of command. Commanders (chiefs) and subordinates. Seniors and juniors

30. Unity of command is one of the principles of building the Armed Forces Russian Federation, their leadership and the relationship between military personnel. It consists in vesting the commander (chief) with full administrative power in relation to subordinates and imposing on him personal responsibility to the state for all aspects of the life and activities of a military unit, unit and each serviceman. Unity of command is expressed in the right of the commander (chief), based on a comprehensive assessment of the situation, to single-handedly make decisions, issue appropriate orders in strict accordance with the requirements of laws and military regulations, and ensure their implementation. Discussion of an order is unacceptable, and disobedience or other non-execution of an order is a military crime.

31. According to their official position and military rank, some servicemen in relation to others may be superiors or subordinates.

The boss has the right to give orders to subordinates and demand their execution. The boss should be an example of tact and restraint for the subordinate and should not allow both familiarity and bias. For actions that degrade the human dignity of a subordinate, the boss is responsible.

The subordinate is obliged to unquestioningly obey the orders of the superior. After following the order, he can file a complaint if he believes that he has been wrongly treated. Persons of the civilian personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are chiefs for subordinates in accordance with their regular position.

32. The chiefs to whom the servicemen are subordinate in service, even if only temporarily, are direct superiors. The direct superior closest to the subordinate is called the direct superior.

33. According to their military rank, the chiefs are those in military service:

Marshals of the Russian Federation, generals of the army, admirals of the fleet for senior and junior officers, warrant officers, midshipmen, sergeants, foremen, soldiers and sailors;

Generals, admirals, colonels and captains of the 1st rank for junior officers, warrant officers, midshipmen, sergeants, foremen, soldiers and sailors;

Senior officers in military ranks lieutenant colonel, captain of the 2nd rank, major, captain of the 3rd rank for ensigns, midshipmen, sergeants, foremen, soldiers and sailors;

Junior officers for sergeants, foremen, soldiers and sailors;

Ensigns and midshipmen for sergeants, foremen, soldiers and sailors of the same military unit with them;

Sergeants and foremen for soldiers and sailors of the same military unit.

34. Servicemen who, due to their official position and military rank (Articles 32, 33), are not superiors or subordinates in relation to other servicemen, may be senior or junior. Seniority is determined by the military ranks of military personnel. Seniors in military rank in case of violation by juniors of military discipline, public order, rules of conduct, wearing military uniforms and performing military greetings should require them to eliminate these violations. Juniors in rank are obliged to unquestioningly fulfill these requirements of their elders.

35. In the joint performance of duties by military personnel who are not subordinate to each other, when their official relations are not determined by the commander (chief), the senior of them in position, and in case of equal positions, the senior in military rank is the head.

AT in social networks and in the vastness of Runet you can often find discussions about the definitions of "boss", "leader", "director". These definitions often appear in job titles, with the job description often contradicting the term itself. In order for an experienced manager and recruiter to speak the same language, we decided to a little research to help define the terminology.

Profgallery began its search with definitions in Ozhegov's dictionary. Chief - an official, leading, managing something. A leader is a person who directs someone or something. Director - the head of an enterprise, institution or educational institution.

On the English language"boss" and "leader" in most cases have a similar translation. But the word "director" has a specific, excellent translation.

But many words in Russian are successive, so we decided to look at the translation from German and French.

Translation from French"Chief" - chef, supérieur; "leader" - chef, instructeur, dirigeant, conducteur, directeur, professeur; "Director" - directeur, chef.

Translation from German language"chief" - Primarius, Vorgesetzte, Vorsteher, Chef, Oberhaupt, Obere; "leader" - Obere, Führungskraft, Leiter, Führer, Director, Chef; "Director" - Direktorin, Direktor, Leiter.

We concluded that the terms "boss" and "manager" are a term that means almost the same thing, namely, a person who manages a process or people. A director is a person who manages processes and people at the macro level. That is, the boss and the leader are synonyms, these positions are on the same level in terms of rank. A director is a top manager who gives instructions to managers at a lower rank.

Let's analyze the professional, modern terminology that has taken root in business. There are opinions that "boss" or "manager" is a collective image for all managers, decision makers, responsible for the result of work, links in the work process.

However, in job titles, you can often find definitions such as "Chief of Human Resources", "Head of Human Resources" or "Director of Human Resources". Looking through the job description, you can see not only the description of the functional, operational management, but also the functions of line personnel.

What does this mean? Incompetence of job writers, clear instructions from the general management, or general market trends in general?

Any recruiter will start the selection with a description of the duties and the title of the vacancy assigned to the description is a collective image. So when you start looking at a job listing, it's best to pay attention to the content.

Incidents can be avoided only at the level of consideration of vacancies with the functions of general management, since executive search professionals are already involved in compiling the description of such vacancies.

Outcome: no matter how the position is called, it is necessary first of all to pay attention to the duties, and only then discuss the name of the future position with a potential employer.

Team management depends on the quality and professionalism of the leadership. Management tools are used by persons called or bosses. It is worth delimiting these concepts or putting an equal sign between them, we will try to figure it out.

Sources give different interpretations (formulations) of these two concepts. The observed unity of opinion is as follows.

The chief is a person appointed to a managerial position, endowed with administrative power and receiving remuneration for his work. determined by law and company regulations. Other persons (staff) are subordinate to him.

He has the following responsibilities:

• to give orders,
• manage the process (for example, labor)
• be responsible for subordinates

For the boss, personal characteristics and continuous improvement of acquired skills are important.

A leader is, as a rule, a profession of a person, a status provided by a formal position and informal positions. The status is determined depending on the duties, rights, conditions. The leader may perform, for example, the duties of:

• chairman of the board
• president

However, the obligations to achieve the result are performed both for remuneration and informally.

The concept of the head of the organization as an employee is defined Labor Code(Article 273). According to him, this individual that manages the organization.

The leader has the following responsibilities:

• manage, organize the work of the entrusted group
• make strategic decisions
• create conditions for the development of the company
• participate in the documentation, distribution of budgetary funds
• represent the team at a higher social level

The work of the head is regulated by the norms of both labor and civil law. Contacts with colleagues, exchange of experience, business meetings - all this is managed by the head. He must have managerial abilities, developed intellect, efficiency, discipline.

From the history

Performing the duties of a leader is considered an ancient profession. Leaders were considered leaders, leaders. Previously, they managed not only the labor process, but also various areas Everyday life subordinates.

Under the authority of modern managers are employees of specific labor collectives(organizations). The profession is in demand in the labor market. The head of the division of the company acts simultaneously as a boss and a subordinate.

Information from the explanatory dictionary of D.N. Ushakov

The head in the dictionary is defined as an official, manager, leader of something. And the leader is like a person who leads something, a mentor.

Common traits of a boss and leader

In many sources, these two words are called synonyms. The line between them is thin, easily erased. The main thing is that both of them are officials involved in the management of a team, a sphere, an industry. In addition, in addition to educational and managerial skills, they should have the following features:

• creative warehouse (creativity)
• flexible mind
• ability to respond quickly (in critical situations)
• Ability to set goals and lead teams to achieve them
• conformity to moral principles, humanity
• leadership qualities, the ability to lead a group

Both the boss and the leader win if they stay in a positive way.

For both, the following factors are unacceptable:

• incompetence, rudeness
• indiscretion, lack of order
• pursuit of personal advantage
• lack of personal growth

Important for everyone is the correct self-esteem, the absence of excessive ambition and authoritarianism.

Differences in the implementation of rights and obligations

Despite the frequent identification of concepts, there are several points of difference.

Boss:

1. This is a position.
2. Performs duties for remuneration.
3. without participating in a managerial function.
4. Employed according to the contract approved by order.
5. He draws up his own requirements in the form of orders (instructions, orders).

Supervisor:

1. This is a profession.
2. Performs duties for remuneration and informally.
3. Management function is required.
4. Can work on a voluntary basis (charitable project, children's association).
5. Requirements can be expressed in the form of consultations, proposals,.

Involves working with people. With all the differences, the boss and the leader for successful work are called upon to earn respect in the team, improve professional characteristics.

An effective leadership style also directly depends on the use of positive personal qualities in practice.

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Administrative law is a set of legal norms, with the help of ... § 1. What regulates administrative law? The stated positions lead to a purely ... As already noted, there is a special industry legal system of the Russian Federation, the main ... Administrative law Administrative law can be considered as a generalizing branch due to the fact ... The terms "constitutional law" and "state law" are often considered synonymous. ... who ... ADMINISTRATIVE LAW. Questions of the course of administrative... Administrative law can be regarded as a generalizing branch due to the fact that... The terms "constitutional law" and "state law" are often considered synonymous. ... which ... The essence of administrative law. Administrative law... Administrative law is a supporting, basic branch of the legal system along with... Back to the contents of the book: Administrative law. See also.

Types of relations of command - subordination

Operational subordination is also provided in cases where a quick response is needed to emerging issues that require the intervention of a higher or lower body (official) or, if necessary, the management of the current work of the body (an official of a higher subordination). For example, the heads of a number of main departments of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation report directly to him, and operationally to the head of the Administration. Back to the contents of the book: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW See also: Development of a management decision Public administration system Sociology of management Administrative law in Russia Administrative law can be considered as a generalizing branch due to the fact that ... The terms "constitutional law" and "state law" are often considered synonymous.
… which…

Russian administrative law

Direct subordination means that there are no intermediate links (other tiers) between the controlling and lower levels. Direct and immediate boss: what is the difference Comparing these two terms, we can conclude that there is only one immediate boss, but there can be many direct bosses, that is, this is the closest manager by position up from a subordinate up the career ladder. It turns out that the boss is a subordinate who subordinates others to himself, thereby this trend spreads further in different directions.

Who is the direct and immediate superior These are persons endowed with the functions of a manager, occupying their places according to the leadership hierarchy.

Direct, operational subordination and subordination on special issues.

In the activities of ministries and departments, significant specific gravity occupied the operational management of enterprises, institutions and organizations and the solution of issues of their activities in the form of direct management. At present, enterprises as well as social and cultural institutions are mostly decentralized. Determination of subordination directly direct operational International Charitable Fund © Information and Analytical Center "LIGA", 1991-2015 All rights to materials posted on the LIGA.net portal are protected in accordance with the legislation of Ukraine.
Post-deputy commander platoon-commander platoon-deputy commander company-company commander, etc. For example, a platoon commander, who is the immediate superior? company commander or 2 of his deputies for service and personnel? Everyone gives orders, and the immediate supervisor, after all, for the HF should be one.

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of the Armed Forces, the main and central directorates of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, as well as the command and control bodies of other troops, military formations and bodies. Operationally subordinate to the commander of the military district, formations, formations and military units are used according to his decision and plans. The commander of the troops of the military district sets tasks for operationally subordinate troops and forces (in relation to other troops, military formations and bodies - combat missions), plans, organizes and controls their implementation, organizes joint training and interaction with other troops (forces), manages them and is responsible for the fulfillment of assigned tasks. Subordination on special issues.
In accordance with the Plan for the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the order of the President of the Russian Federation (Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation), as well as joint regulatory legal acts of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation and federal ministries and other federal executive bodies that include troops, military formations and bodies, other troops, military formations and bodies may be transferred to the operational subordination of the commander of the troops of the military district to solve tasks in the field of defense. Operational subordination provides for permanent or temporary, for the period of preparation and performance of tasks, subordination of formations, formations and military units to the commander of the troops of the military district, including on issues of combat and mobilization readiness.

What is the difference between direct and operational reporting

Do not lose touch with reality, delve into and know the current state of affairs of the company at all levels. Mistakes made by bosses - Failure to fulfill obligations. Often promised wage does not correspond to the one received at the end of the working working month.
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Info

Incompetence. For example, the admission of relatives to the company, including for leadership positions. - Constant swearing reduces the efficiency of work. Both the direct boss and the immediate boss should praise their subordinates. You can't take all the responsibilities on yourself alone. Firstly, this is a distrust of employees and deputies, and secondly, it is fraught with a loss of control over the overall situation, both in the company and within the team.

— The system of fines and total control. Fanatical surveillance of employees, distrust, and if, for example, sales plans are still too high, the company’s staff turnover cannot be avoided.