And the Nitual world of Greece reached unprecedented heights in the economic, social, political and cultural spheres, which is why history of ancient Greeceplays such an important role.

Ancient Greece is the first stage in the history of the development of ancient civilization. The term "antiquity" itself translated from Latin denotes "ancient". The ancient world is the Greco-Roman period of the history of civilization and it begins with the development of ancient Greece.

The civilization of the ancient world is distinguished by the emergence of the city civil community. Ancient Greek state Greece as part of such a community was called polisom.

The polis state is characterized by the emergence of such a concept as a "citizen" - a free and independent member of society, which has political rights and civil duties, already then ancient aware of their capabilities. The state has focused the interests of the community, but at the same time a separate individual has all the necessary opportunities for personal Development. That was ancient world And so we see Greece today.

Periodization

The historical era of ancient Greece covers the period of the end of the III millennium BC. e. until the end of the i century BC e. This is more than two thousand years.

Minoan period (Crete):

1) early day. XXX - XX centuries. BC. The emergence of conditions for creating civilization. The last stage of the existence of a generic system.

2) the average period. XXII - XVIII centuries. BC e. The embossed form of civilization in Crete.

3) late day. XVII-XIV centuries. BC e. The flourishing of civilization in Crete.

Elladian period (History of Balkan Greece):

1) early eleldest period. XXX-XXI centuries. BC e. Long-fashion community of autochthonous population on the Balkan Peninsula.

2) the medium eleldest period. XX - XVII centuries. BC e. The decomposition of the primitive-general relations of the Greek-Ahetsev.

3) Late Elaladic period - XVI-XII centuries. BC e. The existence of a mycke civilization.

Ancient civilization of ancient Greece is divided into 4 periods:

1) Provision (Homerovsky). XI-IX centuries. BC e. The existence of a generic system.

2) Archaic. VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Formation of the policy. The origin of an ancient civilization.

3) Classic. V-IV centuries. BC e. The flourishing of the period of the Greek Policy and the most antique civilization.

4) Hellenistic. IV-i centuries. BC e. The fusion of the ancient world with the ancient East.

Borders of ancient world

The first European civilization arose on the islands of the Aegean Sea and in the south of the Balkan Peninsula. Gradually, the entire pool of the Aegean Sea was mastered, all the west coast of Malaya Asia was settled.

In the archaic period, colonies were created on Sicily, in southern Italy, on the coasts of Gaul and Spain. The settlements arose in the north of Africa, the pool of the Black Sea was also firmly justified.

Prerequisites for the formation of Greek civilization

As you know, geographical prerequisites play an important role in the formation of civilization. In the case of the ancient Greeks, the Mediterranean Sea played such a role and thanks to him, Greece became famous for the whole world. Soft subtropical climate allowed agriculture, and swimming in coastal waters allowed different ethnic groups to quickly achieve cultural development.

Greeks called their country with Ellowa.

The proximity of the sea and sushi allowed the Greeks to succeed in the art of navigation and trade. Thanks to conquest seawater, Greeks found such traits such as fearlessness, enterprise, courage, courage. Numerous journeys expanded the rank of Greeks, allowed to know the world around. The image of such a bold navigator sick in his poem Homer, told about the smart and grateful Odyssee.

Fertile lands and mild climates allowed the ancient Greeks to receive two harvest per year, but the constant growth of the population, in the end, affected what led to the development of trade and crafts, which we know from history. Again, the Mediterranean land and the presence of minerals helped. Copper, pottery clay, terracotta, lead-silver ores, marble, gold - all this gave new opportunities for people. In addition, agricultural products, such as flax, sheep wool - all this was also involved.

Despite the fertile soil, this did not mean that everything was presented to the ancient Greeks on a saucer of gift. Lack of fresh water, stones in the soil, droughts, strong frosts of whether on the contrary - sultry heat - all this encouraged people to look for optimal facilities of the economy, which formed perseverance, enterprise, hard work about the Greeks.

On the table of the ancient Greeks there were always sheep cheese, grapes, olives - and this in turn influenced the formation physical type The bodies of the ancient Greek.

During the initiation of ancient Greece, each Hellen had to be simultaneously to be a navigator, and the landpash, and a cattle breeder, and a fisherman. Such living conditions required people to be adventurous, initiative, ready to study a new experience.

Peoples and languages

The history of the ancient world began with four tribal groups: Ahetsev, Doriytsev, Ionians, and Eolites. For the period of its existence, they were assimilated.

In addition to them, eheeidas have lived such nationalities like Lellege, Pelasgi, Kariyani, Macedonian, Illyrians, Thracians. Ethnic differences gradually erased and formed one general language, which connected all possible dialects within itself.

Civilization of the Bronze Age

This is the time of the transition from the primitive community to the civilization of ancient Greece. The first success in development reached Crete. Mina residents, the doggogo population of Crete, were low growth, with brown eyes and black curly hair. Their language is unknown, but it was definitely not Greek.

Creaters are mastered by the production of bronze, begin to use the pottery circle. Bloodborn ties weakly, while family tips are replaced by traditional individual burials. Seals appear with the image of ships. In settlements begin to build two and even three-story brick or stone houses.

The end of the epoch of early bronze was marked fast growth The population, the emergence of social bundle, in connection with which the walls began to build, and at home themselves were located on the hills to protect against the attack.

The main activity remains agriculture, navigation, cattle breeding and trade. Religious beliefs are increasingly inclined to the united cult symbols and images of the deities, in particular, the mother of the gods began to play an important role.

The era of old palaces

The foci of the origin of statehood in Crete - old palaces - appeared by 1900 BC.

Such a palace was a center in which several dozen settlements with king were united at the chapter.

Cretan society adheres to the following hierarchy: aristocracy, communities, artisans, navigators, slaves.

The era of new palaces. The flourishing of the Minoan civilization

In 1700 BC. Old palaces of ancient Greece were destroyed by powerful earthquakes, as is well known. On their ruins of the ancients are building new palaces that are becoming even more, monumental and luxurious.

The era of new palaces lasts until 1450 BC. It was during the period of this epoch in Crete a single state is formed.

The founder of the union monarchy with the right of heritage of the royal authorities consider Minos. Inheritance was conducted on the male line from the eldest son, from his brother to his brother.

The form of the royal power, which spread in the Crete in those times is called theocracy - the form of the monarchy, in which spiritual and secular power persists in the hands of one ruler.

The king was and priest. He was believed that he received his power from the gods and it was he who had the right to consult with Zeus every 10 years.

On this, the history of ancient Greece does not end. But the main provisions of the development of civilization we considered.

The history of ancient Greece briefly - This is a summary (description, message about the ancient civilization) of the era of the entire large section of ancient Greece (namely, the population, religion, the myths of ancient Greece, innnah, About cities, about rulers, etc., what can you read just below)

• Section - I - Description about ancient Greece
• Section - 2 - Nature and population of ancient Greece
• Section - 3 - Myths and Religion of Ancient Greece
• Section - 4 - Greek cities-states in the VI century BC
• Section - 5 - Greco-Persian Wars briefly
• Section - 6 - Slaves in ancient Greece
• Section - 7 - Elevation of Athens in the V century BC E.
• Section - 8 - Life of the ancient Greeks
• Section - 9 - Ancient Theater of Ancient Greece
• Section - 10 - Antique Art and Science of Ancient Greece
• Section - 11 - Power Alexander Macedonsky
• Section - 12 - Ancient Elda

A huge role in the formation of human civilization is played by the history of ancient Greece, briefly about which will be discussed in this article. To date, it is difficult to meet a person who does not know anything about ancient Greek culture and history. This state has become the founder of European values \u200b\u200brelating to politics, philosophy, literature and many other things.

If you look at the map of ancient Greece, you can see that it is located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula. Greece bordered with such states as Illyria and Macedonia. Over time, its territory increased due to colonization.

In order to briefly consider the history of ancient Greece, the researchers subdivide it for certain periods.

About religion

The unifying link in ancient Greek culture was religion. The leading place was occupied by the God of Zeus, who is the king of all other gods, as well as people. The habitat of the greeks gods considered the sacred mountain, called Olympus, where in addition to Zeus still lived 11 divine beings.

This is a hera, the wife of Zeus - the goddess of the family hearth,

God Poseidon - Patron water Element, seas and oceans.

The main god had sisters - the goddess of fertility, which was called Demeter and Gestia, patronizing homemade everyday life. The daughter of Zeus was Athena, militant patroness of wisdom, as well as crafts.

Also, except for Athens, the war is patronized by God Ares. The goddess of Artemis initially patronized agriculture, but then he became worn as a goddess responsible for pregnant women and chastity. Her brother, Apollo in the ancient Greeks fulfills the role of the Sun God. He patronized medicine, education, art.

As for Hermes, it was originally considered a patron saint of cattle breeding, but then he began to be memorable as God Bulletin. One of the daughters of Zeus - Aphrodite was born from sea foam to become God's goddess and beauty.

The ancient Greeks represented their divine patrons in the human form, and they were characterized by human behaviors and character traits. The gods were known human feelings, desire, and they even had their own vices.

Mythology

Olympic Games

Until our times, ancient Greek tradition has been preserved - Olympic Games .

• These largest sports competitions initially originated as part of a religious cult, during their holding a different ceremony of worshiping gods arranged.
• The first day was fully dedicated to the rite of sacrifice as well as on the last day of games, when the winners were awarded.
• The tradition of the Olympic Games began as ordinary local competitions, later this tradition became underesk. One of the sports invented by the ancient Greeks is pentathlé.

In ancient Greece, this sport was invented to identify the strongest athlete.

Pentathlon included running, long jump, disc throw, throwing spear and fight.

• During the competition, war ceased.

• The games were banned in 394 by our era, during the time of Roman domination. The Emperor Feodosius I was violent by the Christian faith, and therefore banned the Olympic Games as a relic of paganism.

• Only in the XIX century the tradition of the Olympic Games recovered, and they became the most famous and prestigious competitions around the world.

Culture

About art

• A very important role in the development of global culture was played by the art of ancient Greece.

• Acropolis, the most protected part of the city, was always on the elevation, and served as a place where the local government was concentrated - both urban and religious.

• For the construction of temples used yellow limestone and white marble. A distinctive feature Ancient Greek architecture are columns - an integral part of any buildings.

• Temples, as a rule, surrounded one or two rows of columns.

• The flowering of ancient Greek architecture fell on the classical period.

• During the time of the Hellenistic era, more attention was paid to the construction of non-temple structures, but pleasure sites, amphitheraists, palaces and sports buildings.

Sculpture

• Also an integral part of ancient Greek art is a sculpture.

• It was subjected to some changes during the course of time.

• At the time of the classic era, images of the gods were popular.

• They looked like ordinary people - physically developed, strong, beautiful, but did not have any shortcomings inherent in people. The clothes were not depicted, it was customary to show a naked body, all its beauty. In the era of Hellenism, sculptural images have become more lush and exaggerated.

Painting

• There were two ways of painting VAZ - red-chicken and black-phony. With blackfoot with black varnish, images of people and animals painted, drawing the items.

Theatre

• In ancient Greece, theater was distributed.

• He appeared during the celebrations dedicated to the god of winemaking - Dionysus.

• Music and literature are closely connected with theatrical art. The theatrical art of the Greeks, having connected with the literature, was a separate direction of culture.

• The most famous of them are Sofokl, Aeshill, Ephpirid. The actors could only be men playing in the play, they used masks. The theater was of great importance in the life of people of those times - for this, special buildings were built.

• The biggest one could accommodate more than a thousand people - for example, Dionysus Theater in Athens. The display of theatrical ideas was an integral part of any festival.

The science

• Ancient Greece is also known for its scientific knowledge, an important place in which antique philosophy occupies.

• The ancient Greek philosophers were engaged in issues related to the origin of the person and the Universe.

• His teacher of philosophy is famous Socrates. Also ancient Greek philosophy presented the world of Aristotle - a famous philosopher worldwide.

Ancient Greek culture developed a person's ideal - an harmonious union of physical and spiritual beauty was assumed.

It was for this that was aimed at education in ancient Greece.

Attention was paid not only to the teaching of scientific knowledge, but also physical education.

We trained the sons of free citizens from the age of seven. The first stage was training in the lowest school, where the guys studied the basic items.

Turning to the second stage, astronomy with philosophy was added to the list of scientific disciplines.

The boys aged from 12 to 16 years old were engaged in physical education in Gymnastic schools - Palisters.

Sparta

• It had its own features to raise and education children in Sparta.

• Every Spartan aged 8 to 20 should have been in obligatory Get a school education.

• In general, Spartan Education was suspicious, the state directly participated in the formation of the individual - physical skills were brought up.

• The guys taught the hunt, military case, dance, was physical education. The mental development of special significance was not attached - it was the personal matter of every person.

• It was in Sparta that the first goplites appeared - hiking warriors.

Public political life

• As for the social and political life, the highest body of state power was the National Assembly, who received the name "Ecclesia" in ancient Greece.

• In his work, men could participate, free and reached 20 years of age.

• Ecclelesia covered not only the legislative, but also executive and judicial branches of power.

• Also, one of the powerful bodies was the Areopag. In the era of a tribal relationship, he was the Council of Elders. Subsequently, the functions of the areaopague began to be limited mainly to the judicial function.

• In ancient Greece, there was a phenomenon as a mortgage loan.

• As a pledge, land land left, as a rule. As a sign that the earth is laid, there was established a debt stone. He was cleaned after repayment of debt.

• If a person did not have time to pay a debt, he was paid to slavery and confiscated all the property.

• The Athens Ruler Solon canceled this practice, freeing citizens from debt obligations.

• The stones were removed sold to the slavery debtors - freedom returned. In the future, such a phenomenon like a self-timber debtor was banned.

Money

• Ancient Greeks used money.

• To this day preserved a large number of A variety of coins of ancient Greece, which are of interest not only for historians, but also for numismatists.

• The Greek thrust to the great reflected in their costume, which changed over the centuries.

• But at all times, the clothes of ancient Greece had a feature - she never stuck.

• As a conclusion, it should be noted that this article is only short description The whole history of ancient Greece.

• The history of this state is one of the most interesting sections of the entire history of the ancient world.

Another version of brief history Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece and to this day can cause great interest in many scientists of the world. The German philosopher, the poet made an important contribution to the study of the culture of ancient Greece. In his notes, he wrote that 2 began in Greece 2 began: Dionyskaya (ie wild, spontaneous) and Apollonovskoye (ie harmonious). First, the whole theory of Friedrich Nietzsche did not perceive any seriousness, and he himself was considered a rogue in scientific circles.

World scientists saw in ancient Greece only Apollonian start. But today, the rightness of Friedrich Nietzsche does not cause any doubts. It is worth starting with the earliest epochs of ancient Greece. This period is called as Criton-Mycena. On the island called Crete and in Mycenas, there were countries that were largely similar to Eastern Despoty. At their essence, they did not have anything in common with that ancient Greece, which we accustomed to imagine to imagine, with its great cities-states.

All our knowledge of this epoch is very limited. The long period of time Aegean writing (occurred from the Aegean Sea) remained completely uncapped. A large number of material monuments of this culture came to this day, but they, in turn, could not tell little about that time. Only in the middle of the twentieth century, a researcher from England, Ventris managed to still decipher this letter. Today we know the culture of that time a little more.

Already then many people revered Zeus. Various cults are widespread in ancient Greece: the cult of animals, a cult of dual secure, a shield, a cult of trees, stones, and the sun. The main characteristics of the critical-mix time are the presence of "Palace Culture", the pretty rigid centralization of the military-political, religious, as well as the economic spheres of life. At that time, mighty, fortified palaces-citadel were formed.

These palaces were very large sizes. They necessarily included places for administrative and religious purposes, as well as storerooms. Numerous buildings in which the entire life of the palace was held, constantly demanded control and care. In the Criton-Myckery period, bureaucratic staff acquires great importance. At the head of these palaces, Tsar-Priest stood, the main task of which was to keep and maintain a sacred order. Community settlements were founded. The duties of the king included the function of the Supreme Commander, who constantly ensured the protection of all his settlements. The second stage of the formation of ancient Greek culture begins with a decline of Crete and Mix. The most powerful earthquake led to the death of civilization in Crete.

The history of the development of ancient Greece. The era of ancient Greece takes the beginning of its existence in the III millennium BC. And lasting until I century BC. on the south of the Balkan Peninsula And the islands in the west of Malaya Asia. By the end of the VII century BC. Greek culture has become the most prosperous. The Greeks have achieved tremendous success in graceful arts, monumental construction, raysday math and medicine, in the development of social ideas. They created a management system, in which all citizens had the right to vote in solving the most important issues.

But Ancient Greece Not a single state. The mainland and the island shared the many cities-states surrounded by rural settlements. By the powerful city of the state were Athenswho became B. V century BC. The center of Greek civilization. Athens had a well-trained army and the most powerful ancient fleet in the world. Triers.The ships with the 3rd row of haired each board, constituted most of the combat fleet of the Greeks.

Athens

Athens There were the most prosperous city of Greece. The huge bronze statue of Athens-protector rose on a 9-meter height, and in the temple Erehechteyon Standing ancient wooden statue. The side of the temple was a huge altar. The main temple of Athens was called Parthenon . It was built in 447-438 BC. From sparkling white marble. The roof covered marble tiles. Frieze was decorated with scenes of battles of centaurs - the mythical beings of the semi-supersterels. The magnificent city was owned by silver mines and led international trade through the port in Pirae . On the hill elevated Acropolis (Upper city), sacred place with temples and sanctoes of the goddess Athens. Downstairs lay a city with cobbled streets, magnificent buildings and a market square called agora, Where did the people's assemblies passed. Great philosophers Socrates, Platon.and Aristotle lived in Athens.
In the holidays in Athens, there were crowded religious processions. In the sacred land of the Acropolis, they entered through the marble gates - Propilenes.

People power

Cities-states of Greece were called polisima (from what the word happened politics). About 510 to n. e. Polishers got rid of the kings and preferred the management of a group of noble people ( oligarchy) or one influential policy ( tirana). In 508 BC In Athens arose democracy, or people power. With a new device, male citizens solved various questions, voting in assembly - People's Assembly. Women, foreigners and slaves could not participate in the voting.
In 443-429 BC. Athenian residents elected large policy ruler Periclawhich started construction Temple on Acropolis.

Culture and craft

In Greece, first originated Olympic Games In 776 BC. And later became part of the festivities in honor of God Zeus. In a democratic society, politician was supposed to own oratorical art. The first historical thinker named after HerodotusIn the near future, he began to call him the "father of history". He is plausible and honestly able to describe all historical events. Greeks visited Dolphic oraclewhich by legend could tell about the future useful information. Mount Olympus was considered the abode of the gods and was the most sacred place in Greek religion.
Fessiona famous for horse breeding thanks to stopping and extensive pastures. A magnificent painted Greek painted ceramics was made of a special clay, which prevented a red color when firing. IN LydiaAnd later the first coins with the emblem of owls of one of the goddesses began in Athens. Silver mines were in Greece Lauriawhich were famous for the precious metals deposit.
Greek women welcome most of the matter for making linen and clothes to their home. They wore clothes ionical and doric Style. During the harvest, the girls had a grain, separating it from the punching.

Architecture Greece

Greeks built grand temples that were built on a stepped platform. They were surrounded by Colonnada. Inside was the main hall with the statue of God or Goddess and the storage for temple treasures.
Outside, the temple was decorated with bas-reliefs and sculptures, traditionally painted in red and blue colors. In the first temples were wooden, but with Vi Vea Lo N.E. They began to build out of stone or marble and cover tile.
Residential houses Greeks built simple bricks and woods, with earthy floors. But on public buildings, especially temples, did not spare money, no work. Architects sought harmony of proportions. The buildings usually had Colonada. There were two main styles - doric, strict, with squat smooth columns, and more refined ionic, coherent graceful columns. Public buildings, as a rule, decorated with statues and wall painting.

Science and knowledge

Knowledge of ancient Greece. In the VI century BC. Greek scientists began to strive for the knowledge of the device of the universe. They were called philosophers, that is, "lovers of wisdoms." They studied the structure of the human body, solved mathematical tasks and followed the movement of the planets. Mentor Alexander Macedonian Aristotle, for example, described hundreds of animal species. Research of Greek scientists laid the foundation modern biology, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and philosophy. Science of Ancient Greece He was one of the most unique and peculiar in the ancient world.

Olympic Games

Sports contests were part of all major religious festivals in Greece. The main was the Olympic Games in honor of Zeus. They were held every 4 years and lasted 5 days. Many of the Olympic competitions, such as spear throwing or struggle, were associated with military training needed to each man. Wars were interrupted during the games so that participants from all over the country could arrive in Olympia. The winners of the games became celebrities.
The female floor was forbidden to watch and participate in the Olympic Games.

Theatre

The first great dramatic works created the Greeks. Poets performed their songs on Dionisia - holidays in honor of God Dionysus. Gradually, the songs became longer, the number of performers grew, and the songs turned into theatrical performances. There were 3 types of plays - tragedies, comedies and satires. The best play in each genre was awarded. For theaters built special buildings, without roofs. The actors were masked, and all the roles, even female, performed men.

Religion

The names of the Gods of ancient Greece.
Greeks had 12 major gods :
1) Zeus - The king of the gods, thumbs up with a cult bird was considered an eagle
2) Athena - The daughter of Zeus was the goddess of wisdom and war, the patroness of Athens.Sova was her cult bird
3) Artemis - The hunter was the goddess of the Moon, the patroness of women and children
4) Aphrodite - Goddess of Love and Beauty
5) Demetra - Goddess of fertility and agriculture. The time of Seva Greeks arranged holidays in her honor
6) Poseidon - the god of the sea, Brother Zeus and Plutona. We could call a storm to the trident
7) Hera - Goddess, spouse Zeus, patroness women
8) Gestiya. - Goddess of the home of the hearth, sister Gera
9) Apollo - God of the Sun and Music
10) Pluto - God of the underworld
11) Ares. - God, son of Zeus and Gera
12) Hermes - God, Cyne Zeus and one of his beloved, Bulletin of the Gods

24th

Sparta prevailed in southern Greece, on Peloponnese. After conquest Messia and Arcadia She became the most powerful state of Greece. The companion devoted entirely to war. All the true Spartans were to be warriors, their training, which began at the age of 7, was extremely severe.
The boys were subjected to corporal punishments to teach pain and ability to overcome fear in battle.
Girls raised strong so that in the future they had healthy children. All this helped Sparta win Peloponnest wars With Athens B. 431-404. BC.
Snappers did not show sufficient courage, ordered to steal half beard. They were subjected to universal ridicule and humiliation.
Athens and Sparta were permanent rivals and ever bent.

Greco-Persian Wars

Wars ancient Greece. Persians invaded Greece in 490 and 480 BC. Greeks survived the looting of Athens and the death of a small Spartan army who defended a narrow passage to the gorge Fermopyl. Despite the losses, they still won, winning the battles for Marathon, P. Payments and sea battle Salamin. The Athenian Leader convinced the government to create her own warships. Greek fleet became a powerful force, the main weapon of which was ship-Triera, putting enemy ships below Waterlinia. Taran was usually made from bronze. Triers broke the system of the enemy's vessels, tagged them and hid them out of sight.
The decisive battle occurred salamin Islands And he ended in the defeat of the Persian king of Xerxes invading Greece. Persians lured into a trap - a narrow strait between the Salamian and the mainland - and broke.
Bucafal. During hike, Alexander left his people in the obedient lands. This contributed to the widespread of Greek culture and language, and ultimately the development of the later civilizations of the achievements of Greek science and architecture.

Alexander military hiking

Conquering Malny Asia, Alexander won the battles with Persians with a branger and Isse. Running to the south, conquered the candy, Judea and Egypt, where he was accepted as Pharaoh. Macedonet visited the temple of the god Amon in Siva, where he recognized him with his son. Then defeated Persians in battle at Gavgamela. The Persian King Darius III ran after a crushing defeat made by him Alexander Macedonian. Soon the Darius was killed. After a drunk rampant in Persepol, Alexander ordered to burn the palace before moving to India. Further, the Great Communion went to India and again became the winner in the battle by the Gidasp River, joining the king's fighting elephants. He would continue his trips on, but the army was already exhausted.

Alexander Macedonian died 323 BC In Babylon from fever on the eve of the campaign to Arabia.
Was buried in Alexandria. He was at that time only 33 years old.

Material from uncyclopedia

Ancient (or antique) Greece - Greek civilization, statehood and culture of the 2nd and th millennium BC. e. (from the emergence of the first Greek cities-states to Roman conquest in II century BC.). Ancient Greeks inhabited the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, the island of the Aegean Sea and western Peninsula Small Asia. He founded his colony cities here, they penetrated on the Black Sea coast, Sicily Island and South Italy (the South Of Italy and Sicily began to be called "Great Greece"). After conquering Greco-Macedonous troops of a huge Persian power (see Power Alexander Macedonsky) The ancient Greek state includes the areas of all of anterior Asia. However, ancient Greece in a narrow sense is the territory of the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and the Aegean basin.

Ancient Greece in the XII-VI centuries. BC.



Ancient Greece in the V-IV centuries. BC.



"Parisian". Fresco from the Palace Palace. OK. 1500 BC e. Heraklion (Crete).



Temple of Gera in Pestum. 2nd quarter V c. BC e.



Shooting Hercules. Statue of the Eastern Fronton of Afray Athens Temple on the island of Aegina. OK. 500 BC e.



Pelics with the image of the swallow.



Sculptor Alexander. Venus Milos. OK. 120 BC e.



Sculptor polyclet. Doricor (spear). OK. 440 BC e.



Great Greek playwright Sofokl.



Great Greek tragic Euripid.

Koos from Attica (Archaic Statue of Athlete or God) Beginning of the VI century. BC e.



Dipilon amphora. Ceramics. Mid VIII century. BC e. Athens.



Architects Iktin and Callicrat. Parthenon. 447-438 BC e. Athenian Acropolis.



Peloponess War 431-404 GG. BC.

Balkan, or mainland, Greece shared on Northern Greece (region of Fessiona, Epir, Macedonia), Central Greece (Attica Region with the city of Athens, Boeyti with the city of Fiva, etc.), South Greece, or Peloponnese (Argolid, Ahaya, Laconika The center of Sparta, Messia, Corinth, Elida with the city of Olympia, where the Olympic Games were held). In the western part of Malaya Asia, an important role was played by Eolida and Iona with the city of Mileth. The largest islands of the Aegean Sea - Crete, Rhodes, Samos, Lesbos.

In deep antiquity, all these areas were settled by local Neganov tribes. The ancient Greeks (they called the Ahetis) for the first time they came here at the turn of the 3-2th millennium BC. e. From the pool Danube. At the end of the 2nd - early 1st millennium BC. e. The new wave of Greek tribes - Dorians came from modern Epirus. Since the beginning of the 1st millennium BC e. Greek nationality was divided into four large tribal groups: Ahetsev, Doriytsev, Ionians and Airlines. The tribes of the Ahetseians lived in the central and northwestern parts of Peloponnes (Area Arkady and Ahaya), Dorians inhabited the rest of the Peloponnese, the southern islands of the Aegean Sea and the southwestern part of Malaya Asia. The ionians occupied a part of Central Greece (Attika), Isle of Evbey, the islands of the Aegean Sea and the region of ionia in Malaya Asia. The aolians inhabited the region of Fessel, the islands of the North Aegean Sea and the region of Eaol Idu in Malaya Asia. All these tribal groups spoke on different dialects of the Greek language (Ionian, Dorian, Eolian), which differed among themselves, although all the Greeks freely understood each other. The unified total language arose quite late, in the III-II centuries. BC e.

Until the end of the 3rd millennium BC e. In ancient Greece, primitive generic relations were dominated. Previously, the primitive system began to decompose on the island of Crete. Here at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. e. There are several small states in small mountain valleys. One of the strongest is the state in the central part of North Crete. The town of Crane became the capital of the United Cretan State. Cretan kings who had a big fleet seized many of the islands of the Southern Aegean Sea, the coastal regions of the East Peloponnese and the southwestern part of Malaya Asia. The legendary king Minos, which ruled in about the XVI-XV centuries. BC e., is considered the first in Crete the legislator, the creator of the powerful marine power.

In the middle of the XV century. BC e. On the island of Santorin, located 100 km north of Crete, there was a powerful eruption of the volcano, which destroyed the base to the base and turning the criste into ruins. The heavy position of Crete was used by the Ahaeis, who captured him. In the XIV-XIII centuries. BC e. The most important role began to play Peloponnese with large cities Micheen and Pilos. Scientists have deciphered complex writing who used the Ahaeis in the XV-XIII centuries. BC e.

From the read texts, their farm has become known, social groups and classes, management. Ahasey kingdoms were early workers, monarchical states With big remnants of generic relationships. In the XIII century. BC e. Most of the Ahasey states were united under the rule of the king Mikten Agamemnon and attacked low-depth states led by Troy. The Trojan War, described in the poems of Homer "Iliad" and "Odyssey", lasted, according to legend, 10 years and ended with the victory of the Greeks. However, she undermined the forces of the Greeks and the Ahase kingdoms began to weaken than the Dorians took advantage, to which Greek and the most erect tribes were joined. After the conquest of Peloponnese, the Dorians in Greece resented the primitive generic system. In the XI-IX centuries. BC e. Generic relations began to decompose, the social and property differentiation again arose, state administration authorities began to form. In the IX-VIII centuries. BC e. In Greece, the first cities-states arose, or policies. The policy was a union of private landowners, as well as citizens involved in various fields and crafts. Being his full members, they had the right to property. In such a city, the majority of the population lived, were state institutions, Temples, craft workshops. All things were solved on general meeting Citizens of the Polis (there were no slaves, women and representatives of the free population, obliged to pay grants and taxes and not citizens of the policy). Sparta, Athens, Corinth, Megara, Argos, Millet, Smirna, and others were distinguished by their meaning.

In the VIII-IV centuries. BC e. The Greeks began to settle (the so-called great colonization) from the Egeida region towards Sicily to the West and towards the Black Sea region to the northeast. In the process of colonization, they founded several hundred different cities. The largest among them are Syracuses, akragant, gela, Mesana, Sibaris, Tartage, Kuma in Sicily and South Italy; In the Black Sea region - Byzantine (in the Bosphorus Strait), Herakley and Sainry on the South Coast, Istria and Apollonia on West, Olbia, Feodosia and Panticapey on the North, Dizkuriad and Fasis on the eastern shore of the Black Sea. The process of the settlement of the Greeks, the foundation of the colonies, the establishment of relations between colonies and metropolis (polishes created by the colony) played a huge role in the development of cities - states, Greek society and culture (see Colonialism).

Ancient Greece has reached the highest development in the classical period of its history - in the V-IV centuries. BC e. On its social and cultural development big influence Pred greco-Persian Wars . Their victorious ending caused a large moral lift to Greece.

Greece of this period is a country with prosperous agriculture and crafts based on the work of slaves. Developing commodity production; Greeks lead active trade with all countries of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Especially lively shopping centers There were Corinth, Millet, Athens.

Ancient Greece is the birthplace of such an advanced state, as a democratic republic, or democracy. However, it was democracy In which slaves, free, not members of this policy, and women did not have political rights. She received the most complete development in Athens. Here, free citizens, regardless of their property, decided at meetings important state affairs: made laws, chose officials, heard their reports, concluded the world and declared war, etc. In Athens, a special court acted - Heliei, he consisted of 6 thousand. Judges elected from ordinary citizens. Current affairs solved the Council of 500 (Boule). Various officials (strategists, treasurers, city authorities) were re-elected annually and had no right, with rare exceptions, to occupy the same position twice.

It is in the classical period in ancient Greece was created the Great culture which influenced the development of the entire world culture. Tragedy of Eschil, Sofokla and Euripid, witty comedies of Aristophan, philosophical treatises of Plato and Aristotle, wonderful architectural ensembles of the Athenian Acropolis, temples of Zeus in Olympia, Apollo in Delphi, Artemis in Ephesus still admire people. The masterpieces of ancient Greek sculpture inspired not one generation of masters of all times and peoples (see Antiquity , Mythology , Revival (Renaissance), Renaissance).

In the middle of V c. BC e. Most of the Greek policies united in two large unions: Peloponnesian led by Sparta and the Athenian Sea Union, headed by Athens. The sharp contradictions between them led to the Peloponnescent War, which lasted with interruptions of 27 years. The victory won Sparta, however in 4 c. BC e. Corinth, phiva and other Greek policies opposed her. In the fight against them, Sparta was forced to dissolve the Peloponnes Union. All other associations of Greek policies (the Beotic Union, the 2nd Athenian Sea Union) also broke off (see map).

In the middle of the IV century BC e. In Greece, there was a crisis of policies caused by continuous internecine wars and the inner acute struggle of the aristocracy and the people. As a result, the king of Macedonia Philip II gradually won one policy after another and by 338 BC. e. captured the power actually over all Greece. His son Alexander, called Great, became the founder of a huge empire, which includes the territory of ancient Greece.

After the death of Alexander Macedonsky in 323 BC. e. His extensive empire broke up into a number of major states, at the head of which Alexander commander stood. In Egypt, the Ptolemyev dynasty was established, in Mesopotamia and Syria - Seleucidov, in Pergama - Attalides, in Macedonia - antigonides. A new stage of the history of ancient Greece began - the stage of Hellenism, which lasted about 300 years, from the end of the IV century. BC e. until the end of the i century BC e. (cm. Hellenism). Hellenistic states were large, but politically weak formations and became already from the end of the III century. BC e. disintegrate. They were weakened by permanent wars and made easy prey of enemies. Arising in the middle of the III century. BC e. In the east, the state of Parphy won most of the owners of Seleucidov. And in the West weave the weakening of Hellenistic countries, Rome took advantage of the Macedonian kingdom first, then Pergami. In i century BC e. He joined the remains of the kingdom of selevkids, located in Syria, and the Hellenistic Egypt. The inclusion of Hellenistic countries in the Parphy in East and Rome in the West put an end to the independence of ancient Greece.