Historically, it happened that in Russia century they are written by Roman numbers, the truth has recently become more and more likely to meet the use of Arab numbers to designate the century. It happens because of banal illiteracy and ignorance, how to write this or that age of Roman numbers, also people are increasingly wondering questions, what is the age of XIX in numbers?

XIX is what age

Not just answer the question XIX is what age, And get rid of such questions in the future, you need to understand how Roman numbers read. In fact, nothing complicated here.
So, Roman numbers are referred to as follows:
I - 1.
II - 2.
III - 3.
IV - 4.
V - 5.
VI - 6.
VII - 7.
VIII - 8.
IX - 9.
X - 10.
It turns out that only 5 Roman numbers have individual drawing, the remaining are obtained by substation I. If I stands before the main number - this means minus 1, if after, then plus 1.
Possessing these knowledge, you can easily answer the question - XIX is what age?

XIX What is this century

And yet, the XIX is what age? Reading these simple numbers Many split them into 3 values \u200b\u200b- x, i, x and get some very strange age - 10 - 1 - 10, i.e. 10 thousand 110 century. Of course, this is not a faithful layout. The XIX digit consists of 2 components - X and IX and decrypts very simple - 1 and 9, i.e. it turns out 19.

Thus, the answer to the question, the XIX of which age will be the 19th century.

How will the remaining century written by Roman numbers?

XI - 11.
XII - 12.
XIII - 13.
XIV - 14.
XV - 15.
XVI - 16.
XVII - 17.
XVIII - 18.
XIX - 19.
XX - 20.

Century in which we live now is referred to as XXI.

What is the age of XIX

Many wonder why in Russia centuries began to denote Roman numbers, because everyone knows that in the same English language of the century are designated by the usual Arabic figures, which everyone knows and understandable, so why complicate your life?

In fact, everything is quite simple, the fact is that Roman figures are used far from exclusively in Russia and not only in the designation of the century. It is believed that Roman numbers are more solemn and significant than banal Arabic, known to all. Thus, the Roman figures of the centuries are used to designate particularly significant events or to give some solemnation, allocate.

It will be convinced that not only the century is indicated by Roman numbers quite simply, just look at the book publication of writings in several volumes, where Tom, for sure, is numbered by Roman numbers. In all countries of the monarch, the following numbers are numbered by Roman numbers: Peter I, Elizabeth II, Louis XIV, etc.

In some countries, Roman numbers are even the year, which is much more complicated than learn which age XIX, because when hundreds and thousands are added, Roman numbers are also added to several digits - L, C, V and M. Years marked with Roman numbers, unlike centuries, look really frightened, so 1984 is written as Mcmlxxxiv..

Also, the Roman numbers are denoted by all Olympic Games. Thus, in 2014, the XXII Winter Olympic Games were held in Sochi.
Thus, it can be said that not knowing what kind of century XIX, a person deprives himself to freely read about the various events occurring in the world.

Most likely, in the neartime of the century in Russia, they will still be denoted by traditional Arabic figures and questions such as this century XIX will disappear by themselves, because the nineteenth century will be recorded understandable for all - the 19th century.

And yet, to know at least the first hundred Roman numbers for a competent person is simply necessary, because not only centuries are indicated by them.

Introduction

During the VI - IX centuries. W. eastern Slavs. Walked process of class formation and creating feudalism backgrounds. The territory on which the ancient Russian statehood began to develop, was located at the intersection of the paths, for which the migration of peoples and tribes were laid, nomadic routes ran. South Russian steppes were the arena of the endless struggle moving tribes and peoples. Often Slavic tribes attacked border regions Byzantine Empire.

In the VII century In the steppes between the Lower Volga, the Don and North Caucasus formed a Khazar state. Slavic tribes in the areas of Nizhny Don and Azov fell under his dominion, retaining, however, a certain autonomy. The territory of the Khazar kingdom spread to the Dnieper and the Black Sea. At the beginning of the VIII century. The Arabs caused a crushing defeat, and through the North Caucasus they were deeply invaded to the north, reaching Don. A large number of Slavs - Allies Khazar - was captured.

From the north in Russian lands penetrate Varyagi (Normans, Vikings). At the beginning of the VIII century. They substantiate around Yaroslavl, Rostov and Suzdal, establishing control over the territory from Novgorod to Smolensk. Part of the northern colonists penetrates southern Russia, where they are mixed with the Rus, taking their name. In Tmutarakan, the capital of the Russian-Varangian kaganate, which supposed to the Khazar rulers is formed. In their struggle, opponents apply to the Union to the Constantinople Emperor.

In such a complex Oyotanovka, there was a consolidation of Slavic tribes into political unions, which became the embrying of the design of the Unified East Slavic statehood.

In IX century As a result of the centuries-old development of the Eastern Slavic Society, the early refortel state Rus with the center in Kiev was formed. Gradually B. Kievan Rus Combined all Eastern Slavic tribes.

The topic of the history of Kievan Rus, considered in the work, is not only interesting, but also very relevant. Last years passed under the sign of change in many areas of the life of Russians. The lifestyle of many people has changed, the system of life values \u200b\u200bhas changed. Knowledge of the history of Russia, the spiritual traditions of the Russian people, is very important to increase the national self-consciousness of Russians. A sign of the revival of the nation is and increasing interest in the historical past of the Russian people, to its spiritual values.

Education of the ancient Russian state in the 9th century

Time with VI by IX century .-- This is still last stage The primitive combined system, class of class and invisible, at first glance, but the steady growth of the premises of feudalism. The most valuable monument containing information about the beginning of the Russian state is the chronicle of "Tale of the Week, from where the Russian land comes from, and who in Kiev began the first to pronomize and from where the Russian land became", composed by the Kiev monk Nestor, about 1113

Starting your story, like all medieval historians, with a worldwide flood, Nestor tells about the resettlement in the antiquity of the Western and Eastern Slavs in Europe. He divides the East Slavic tribes into two groups, the level of development of which, according to its description, was unequal. Some of them lived, according to his expression, "Zvorinsky way", while maintaining the features of the generic system: blood revenge, the remnants of the matriarchy, the absence of marriage prohibitions, "scalation" (abduction) of wives, etc. This tribes Nestor opposes pollasts, in the land of which Kiev was built. Polyana is "meaningful men", they already established a patriarchal monogamous family and, obviously, blood revenge was taken (they "differ in the meek and quiet temper") History of Russia from ancient times until the end of the XVII century. / A.P. Novoseltsev, A.N. Sakharov, V.I. Buganov, V.D.Nazarov; dummy. A.N. Sakharov, A.P.Noseltsev. - LLC "Publishing House AST-LTD", 1997.c.216 ..

Next, Nestor tells how the city of Kiev was created. The prince of Kiye, by the story of Nesor, came to Constantinople to visit the emperor of Byzantium, who accepted him with big honors. Returning from Constantinople, Kiy built a city on the banks of the Danube, suggesting to settle here for a long time. But the locals were hostile to him, and cue returned to the shores of Dnieper.

The first historical event on the way of creating an Old Russian states, Nesor considered the formation of the principality of pollas in the middle of the Dnieper. The legend of Kii and his two brothers spread far to the south, and was listed even in Armenia.

The same picture draw the Byzantic writers VI in. In the reign of Justinian, the huge masses of the Slavs have advanced to the northern frontiers of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine historians are colorfully described by the invasion of the Empire of the Slavic troops who focused prisoners and who took the rich prey, the settlement of the empire by the Slavic colonists. The appearance on the territory of Byzantium Slavs, who dominated community relations, contributed to the conversion of the slave-ownership orders and the development of Byzantium along the way from the slave-ownership to feudalism.

The success of Slavs in the fight against powerful Byzantium testify relatively high for that time the level of development of Slavic society: there were already material prerequisites for the equipment of significant military expeditions, and the system of military democracy made it possible to unite the major masses of the Slavs. The distant trips contributed to the strengthening of the power of the princes and in the indigenous Slavic lands, where tribal renovations were created.

Archaeological data fully confirm the words of Nestor that the core of the future Kiev Rus began to develop on the banks of the Dnieper when the Slavic princes made hiking in Byzantium and on the Danube, during the time preceding the Khazar attacks (VII century).

The creation of a significant breeding union in the southern forest-steppe areas facilitated the promotion of Slavic colonists not only in the south-west (on the Balkans), but also in the southeast direction. True, the steppes were occupied by various nomads: Bulgarians, Avara, Khazari, but the Slavs of the Middle Dnieper (Russian Earth) managed, obviously, and protect their possessions from their invasions, and penetrate into the depth of fertile black earth steppes. In VII - IX centuries. Slavs lived in the eastern part of the Khazar lands, somewhere in the Azov region, participated together with the Khazars in military campaigns, hired to serve Kagan (the Khazar ruler). In the south, Slavs lived, obviously, islands among other tribes, gradually assimilating them, but at the same time perceiving the elements of their culture.

For VI - IX centuries. The productive forces grew, the birthbroken institutions were modified, the class of class formation was. As the most important phenomena in the life of Eastern Slavs during the VI - IX centuries. It should be noted the development of pastry agriculture and selection of crafts; disintegration of the generic community as labor team and the allocation of individual peasant farms forming the neighboring community; Growth of private land ownership and formation of classes; the transformation of tribal troops with its defensive functions into a squad that dominates the tribesmen; Capture by princes and know the tribal land in personal hereditary property.

To IX century Everywhere on the territory of the settlement of the eastern Slavs, a significant area of \u200b\u200barable land separated from the forest was formed, testifying to the further development of productive forces in feudalism. Union of small generic communities for which the famous unity of culture was characteristic of version Slavic tribe. Each of these tribes was collected by the National Assembly (veche) Gradually increased the power of tribal princes. The development of intergovernmental ties, defensive and offensive unions, the organization of joint trips and, finally, the subordination of strong tribes of their weaker neighbors - all this led to the integrity of the tribes, to combining them into more significant groups.

Describing the time when the transition from Russian relations to the state was happening, Nestor notes that in various Eastern Slavic regions were "their own reigns." This is confirmed by the data of archeology.

Education of the early referral state, gradually subdued to itself all the Eastern Slavic tribes, it became possible only when the differences between the south and the north were somewhat smoked in terms of agricultural conditions, when and in the north there was a sufficient number of plowed land and the need for severe collective work on the subsection And the village of Forest has significantly decreased. As a result, there was a selection peasant family As a new production team from the patriarchal community.

The decomposition of the primitive bureau in the Eastern Slavs occurred at the time when the slave-owned system was already outlined in a world-historical scale. In the process of class formation, Rus came to feudalism, bypassing the slave formation.

In the IX - X centuries. The antagonistic classes of the feudal society are formed. The number of warriors is increasing everywhere, their differentiation increases, it is highlighted from their environment known - boyars and princes.

An important thing in the history of feudalism is the question of the time of the appearance of cities in Russia. In the conditions of a tribal system, there were certain centers where the tribal peshe were gathered, the prince was gathered, trade was taken, divided, courtes were performed, the victims were solved by the gods and the most important dates of the year were noted. Sometimes such a center became the focus of the most important types of production. Most of these ancient centers turned later in medieval cities.

In the IX - X centuries. Feudals created a number of new cities that served both the goals of defense from nomads and the goals of domination over the mortgageous population. In the cities concentrated and craft production. The old name "Grad", "City", which denoted the strengthening, was already applied to the real feudal city with the Kremlin (Fortress) in the center and extensive craft dressing.

With all the graduality and slowness of the process of feudalization, you can still specify a certain facet, starting with which there are reason to talk about feudalities in Russia. This face is the IX century, when the feudal state has already formed the Eastern Slavs.

The Eastern Slavic tribes combined into a single state of Earth received the name of Russia. The arguments of historians "Normanists", who were trying to declare the creators of the Old Russian state of Normannov, who was then called Varyags, are unconvincing. These historians declared that the annals implied Varyagov. But as it was already shown, the prerequisites for the formation of states in the Slavs were developed for many centuries and to the IX century. They gave a noticeable result not only in the Western Slavic lands, where Normans never penetrated and where the Velikoyeravskaya Power originated, but in the lands of East Slavic (in Kievan Rus), where Normans appeared, robbed, destroyed representatives of local princely dynasties and sometimes became princes themselves. Obviously, Normans could neither promote or seriously interfere with the feudalization process. The name of Russia began to be used in sources in relation to the part of the Slavs 300 years before the appearance of Varyags.

For the first time mention of the people rOS. It is found in the middle of the VI century, when Syria has already reached the information about him. Polyana, called, according to the chronicler, Rusy, become the basis of the future Old Russian nationality, and their land - the core of the territory of the future state - Kievan Rus.

Among the news belonging to Northar, one passage survived, which describes Russia before the appearance of the Varyags. "These are the Slavic oblasts," Nestor writes, - which are part of Russia - Polyana, Drevlyan, Dregovichi, Polokhan, Novgorod Slovenia, Northerners ... "Readings on the history of Russia: in 4 tons, - . 1. From ancient times to the XVII century. / Sost: I. V. Babich, V. N. Zakharov, I. E. Ukolova .-- M.: Miros - International. Relationship, 1994. p. 121. This list includes only half of East Slavic regions. In the composition of Russia, therefore, at that time, the curviti, radmichi, vetchi, Croats, Oitli and Tivers were not yet included. In the center of the new state education was the Holy Tribe. Old Russian state It became a kind of federation of the tribes, in his form it was an early refortion monarchy Isaev I.A. The history of the state and the rights of Russia: a full course of lectures. - 2nd ed. Pererab. and add. - M.: Lawyer, 1998.c.14 ..

In many educational and popular science materials, it was rapid the idea that Kiev became the capital in 882, after the city was captured by Prince Oleg. This statement, as a rule, relies on the story of the "Tale of Bygone Years", in which, under the 882 year it says: "And Sedge Oleg Prince in Kiev, and River Oleg: Sea Budi Mati Grad Rusky." At first glance, everything is obvious, but the recent studies of specialists in the history of ancient Russia show that the formation of ideas about Kiev as the capital was a much more complex and long-lasting process.

Examples of using

In 882, the successor to Rüric Novgorod Prince Oleg Probe captured Kiev, who since that time becomes the capital of Russia. (Wikipedia, capital of Russia)

In 882, Kiev became the capital of Russia and since then received the honorable name of the "Mother of the Russian cities". (Material on the site "B.Ru")

V.M. Vasnetsov. Baptism of Russia. 1885-1896.

Reality

A rather detailed analysis of how the ideas about Kiev were formed as the capital gave in his article "Whether the capital was in ancient Russia" A.V. Nazarenko.

By itself, the term "capital", the researcher writes, not recorded in ancient Russian language. It is known for its analog, "table", or "capital city". However, the "table" was not only Kiev, but also a number of other cities of Rus, which were owned by representatives of the Old Russian Princely family, for example, Novgorod. Kiev, being the capital, would have to at least be allocated to some specific definition, or are named somehow differently.

Such epithets really occur in sources, but only in the XI-XII centuries. One of them, the "oldest hail", was recorded in the "Tale of Bygone Years", in the story about the events of 1096: about the invitation of the Kiev Prince Svyatopolka Izyaslavich and Pereyaslavsky, Vladimir Vsevolodovich (Monomakh), their cousin Oleg Svyatoslavovich, to Kiev, for conclusion contract. In another text, the "Word to the renewal of the Town Church", dating in the middle of the XII century, Kiev is called "elders in the city", the Kiev Prince is "elders in the princess", and the local Metropolitan is "elders in Saint."

Another definition, the most "mother of cities", is a direct tracker with Greek Mhtropolis, from one of the epithets of Constantinople and is used for the "equalization" of the status of Kiev with Tsargradsky, Nazarenko notes. According to him, this expression is no longer so often; In addition to the chronic talk about taking Oleg Kiev, only his consumption in the service of lighting in 1051/3 of the Church of St. George in Kiev; Here the city is also called "primitive".

The concept of the communional capital has developed in the XI-XIII centuries, the author of the article marks. By itself, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Unified, the main "urgent town", according to A.V. Nazarenko, organically belongs to the complex of imperial political ideas; Attempts to form and embody it were repeatedly taken in the Western, Latin world. The plans of the unit of the Unified Capital were repeatedly taken by Frankish, and later the German rulers, he writes. So, Karl the Great tried to create a parallel Rome of the National Center with elements of sacralization in Aachen. The same, in fact, the "rimocentric" idea was trying to embody Otton III, who was trying to organize an empire with the center in Rome on the lateant sample. Apologist of the Empire, managed from Rome, was both Friedrich I Barbarossa. However, a number of such important factors as the fragmentation of the feudal period, political and church polycentricity (as well as the confrontation of these centers) did not give this idea to be embodied in the West.

In Russia, where such a concept could be in support to Constantinople, and not to the Roman model, its formation significantly contributed to the epoch of Vladimir Saint and Yaroslav Wise, during which a fairly developed metropolitan ideological complex could have developed around Kiev, contributing, according to A. IN. Nazarenko, further, more distinct crystallization of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe elders of Kiev. In addition, the researcher notes, a fundamental connection, which existed between the church-administrative unity of the country and the idea of \u200b\u200bthe political sovereignty of its ruler, did the presence of the communional Kiev Metropolis of the most important prerequisite for the formation of the idea state Unity Rus and its preservation in conditions of political particulism, which, in turn, stabilized the idea of \u200b\u200bKiev as the capital of Russia as a whole. All together it formed a durable ideological complex, which led to the amazing historical survival rate of the idea and feelings of community unity, concludes A.V. Nazarenko.

Sources and literature

Nazarenko A.V. Was the capital in ancient Russia? Some Comparative Historical and Terminology Observations // A.V. Nazarenko. Ancient Rus and Slavs (historical and philological studies). Ancient Rus and Slavs (the most ancient state of Eastern Europe, 2007). M., 2009. P. 103-113.

21-y.	XXI
20-y.	XX
19-y.	XIX.
18th	XVIII
17-y.	XVII
16th	XVI
15th	XV
14-y.	XIV.
13th	XIII.
12-y.	XII.
11-y.	XI
10-y.	X.
9-y.	IX
8-y.	VIII.
7-y.	VII
6-y.	VI
5-y.	V.
4-y.	IV.
3rd	III
2-y.	II.
1-y.	I.

Roman numbers, invented more than 2500 years ago, were used by Europeans for two thousand years, then were ousted by Arabic numbers. This happened because the Roman numbers will be written quite difficult, and any arithmetic action in the Roman system is much more complicated than in the Arabic calculus system. Despite the fact that today the Roman system is not often used, it does not mean that it became irrelevant. In most cases, centuries are denoted by the Roman numbers, but for years or accurate dates are taken to write Arabic figures.

Roman numbers are also used when writing sequence numbers of monarchs, encyclopedic volumes, valence of various chemical elements. On the dials of manual clocks, the figures of the Roman system of calculus are also often used.

Roman numbers are certain signs with which decimal discharges and their half are recorded. Use only seven for this. capital letters Latin alphabet. The number 1 corresponds to the Roman digit i, 5 - V, 10 - x, 50 - L, 100 - C, 500 - D, 1000 - M. With the designation natural numbers These figures are repeated. So 2 can be written using two times I, that is, 2 - II, 3 - three letters I, that is, 3 - III. If a smaller figure stands before more, then the principle of subtraction is used (the smaller figure is deducted from greater). So, the figure 4 is depicted as IV (that is, 5-1).

In the case where the big figure is ahead of the smaller, they are folded, for example, 6 is written in the Roman system as Vi (i.e. 5 + 1).

If you are used to write down the number of Arabic numbers, then some difficulties may arise in the case when you need to record centuries with Roman numbers, any number or date. Translate any number from the Arab system to the Roman system of calculus and, on the contrary, can be very easily and very quickly using a convenient converter on our website.

On the computer keyboard, it is enough to go to English so that you can easily burn any number of Roman numbers.

Apparently, the ancient Romans preferred direct lines, so all their numbers are straight and strict. However, Roman numbers are nothing like a simplified image of the fingers of the human hand. Figures from one to four resemble the elongated fingers, the figure five can be compared with the opened palm, where thumb Ottop. And the number ten reminds two crossed hands. In European countries, with the score, it is customary to blend fingers, but in Russia, on the contrary, bend.

Founder

The key to understanding the early Russian statehood is a housing.

For us, it is extremely important to establish the existence of a warmer at the level

one union tribes, that is, at a lower level of development than "Union

unions "- Russia. For the tribal union, we have information about the full

createness of the Fichu - the annual detour "Light Prince" of all subjects

territory, garment collection (obviously, fur) and selling collected values \u200b\u200bdown

on Don to ITIL, instead of what nodiac know received in the 9th century and large

the amount of oriental silver in coins, and oriental jewelry, which influenced

on the local tribal craft.

Next to the Tribal Union of Vodny ("Slavs") existed simultaneously with

him SuperSuz Russia, uniting five to six separate tribal unions,

similar viscous. Here also housed a lot (Rusa was carried their fur

"From the remote ends of Slavs"), but it significantly differed from

venical primarily by the sizes of the subject territory, and therefore

it should have different and a different, higher organization of Dani collection.

Rus, as well as Vyatichi, the second task was to sell the results of the Fichu.

rUSS, significantly exceeding what we can assume for Vyatichi.

Rusa sold their goods and in Byzantium, and in the land of the Caliphate, reaching to Ray,

Baghdad and Balka (!).

The same phenomena that took place in each of the independent

tribal unions and in the synchronous supersow of Russia, with all their similarity

differ in that what happened in the "Union of Unions" was an order of magnitude higher

what was done inside individual unions that have not yet reached the highest degree

integration.

Perhaps it is here that there is a point of reference new

socio-economic relations, new formation. Union tribes was the highest

the level of development of the primitive-communal system, which prepared separate

tribes to the upcoming historical life in large associations in which

inevitably and quickly disappeared ancient patriarchal forms of communication, replacing

new, wider. Creating a tribal union was already prepared for

transition to statehood. "Chapter Head," who headed the Tens of tribes and

called the "light sovereign" or, in the transmission of Inomers, "king" was already

not so much the master of primitive tribes as the head of the born

states. When society rises an order of magnitude higher and creates from

unions tribes new (and quantitatively, and qualitatively) association, "Union

unions "tribes, then the question of statehood can only be solved

definitely: where the integration of the tribes reached such a high level,

the state has already developed.

When the chronicler listed in detail which of East Slavic

tribal unions became part of Russia, he described his readers

the State Rus at one of the stages of development (in the first half of the 9th century),

when Russia covered only half of the tribal unions. Founder - the first

the most nude form of domination and subordination, the implementation of the right to

earth, establishing the concept of citizenship. If in the Union of the tribes of the Found next

some extent can be based on old tribal connections, then in supersayuzu

it has already been completely abstructed and separated from all sorts of patriarchal

memories.

Due to those falsifications that admit to Russian

history of the Normanists, it should be noted that in the sources of the FIR

before us as a purely Slavic Institute with Slavic Terminology.

Founder is known, for example, in Poland, where it was called "Stan", and climbated

emplies - "Gosteny".

The Russian word "Filiarity" we meet in the chronicles, and in grades.

No relation to the Varyagum does not have a lot; On the contrary, in the Scandinavian

lands for the designation of this phenomenon used Russian, Slavic

word. In the Scandinavian saga about Garald, when mentioning such detours

the borrowed Slavic word "POLUTA" ("Polutasvarf") is used. Top

the same Slavic word denotes a circular princely detour and emperor

Konstantin buggernogenic.

Founder as a detour of remote Slavic lands was known

characteristic of the entire IX century (maybe for the end of the VIII century?) And for

the first half of the X century, although as a local relicing phenomenon it is known

and in the XII century. A detailed description of the Fichu for the middle of the X century left us

emperor Konstantin, and one of the tragic episodes - the murder of Prince in

time for collecting a stay - describes in detail the chronicle 945.

Analyzing the 940s Founder, we must distribute the view

about him and at earnings (up to the turn of the VIII - IX centuries; the difference in

the volume of land, subject to Russia, was, but she no longer created high-quality

differences. Supersonuz Beginning of the IX century out of five and six tribal unions and supersoyuz

mid-X century out of eight - ten unions did not differ in principle

from another.

Let's start considering the Russian late with the description of the emperor Konstantin

(about 948), having rearranged some sections on the thematic principle.

Konstantin buggernogenic.

"On the Rus, coming from Russia on monoxyls to Constantinople."

"Winter and harsh lifestyle of these their ratios. When comes

november month, the princes will immediately come out with all the Rus from Kiev and

go in a lot, that is, a circular detour and it is to the Slavic lands

Verveyan [Drevlyan] Friends [Dregovich] Curvitians [Curvic] north

and the rest of the Slavs, paying tribute to Rus. Leaning there during

whole winter, they are in the month of April, when ice melts on the Dnieper River, again

return to Kiev. Then take your one-piece, equipped and

go to Byzantium ... "

"Singlessings coming to Constantinople from external Russia come from

Nightard [Novgorod], in which Svyatoslav sat, the son of the Russian prince

Igor, as well as from the fortress of Milinski [Smolensk] from the television (love] inkigozh

[Chernigov] and from Visegrad [Vyshgorod near Kiev]. They all descend on the river

Dnieper and gather in the Kiev fortress called "Samvatas" (?). Dannika

them, the Slavs, called Curvateins [Curves] and Lensanins [Polochany],

and other Slavs are cut down in their mountains in the winter and, whining them,

with the opening of time (swimming), when the ice is melted, introduced into the near lakes.

Then, since they ("lakes") fall into the Dnieper River, then they themselves

come in the same river, come to Kiev, pull boats to the shore for

snap and sell Rus. Rus, buying only the very decks, dissolve

old monophrys, take oars from them, sturdy and other tackle and equip

The most interesting story about the Full of Emperor Constantine, annually

russian "Singlessyrevki" seen with its own eyes - MONOXILES, long known

historians, but never attempts have been made to recreate the middle of the middle x

century in all its real swing as a communional annual phenomenon. And without

this we will not be able to understand the essence of the state of Russia in the VIII - X centuries.

Let's start with the "One-Room", in which small duck shunks often saw

slavs, sweeping from one tree than their Greek explained

name - "MONOXILES". Little shuttles, which accommodate only three

man, at that time really existed, as we know by "note

greek topar ", the younger contemporary Constantine. But here it is about

completely different: already from the given text it is clear that the courts came across

hollows and oars, while the ships were managed by one feed oars and

never had sturdy and swinging fun: the shuttle was too narrow for them.

The nature of the monoxyls is found out when describing them through

dnipro thresholds: People come out of the courts, leaving the cargo there, and pushed

ships through the spray part, "at the same time one pushing the nose of the boat, and

other middle, third - stern. "Everywhere plural; One Lady.

pushes a whole crowd of people; In Roa, not only the cargo, but also "chained in chains

slaves. "It is clear that we are not nonsense fucking, and the courts that raised by

20--40 people (as we know on other sources).

On the significant amount of Russian loades testify and words

Constantine that, having done the most severe part of the path, dragged his

ships through thresholds, rusa "again supply your one-piece missing

accessories: sails, masts and solutions that bring with you. "

Masty and Rei finally convinced that it is not about shuttle, but about

ships, roals. Onemen they are named because the keel of the vessel

manufactured from one tree (10--15 meters long), and this allowed

build a root, suitable not only for swimming on the river, but also for distant

sea travel.

The whole process of annual making several hundred ships already

speaks about the state approach to this an important thing. Ships were preparing

in the whole pool, Dnieper ("Lakes", fill in the Dnieper) and even the pool

Ilmeni. Named vast lands of curvice and shelter, where during the winter

ship worked.

We are already well acquainted with this huge space of the Dnieper basin,

all rivers of which converge in Kiev; still in the V - VI centuries when it started

the spontaneous movement of the Northern Slavic tribes south, Kiev became the owner

dniprovsky shipping. Now in the whole of this region "Danikanika" Rusov rubs

singleper in "their mountains". True, Konstantin writes that

slavs-Danikov sell their freshly prepared rooks in Kiev. But not

randomly the emperor knitted the ship's shipment with Obviously, that's

was the mantosis of the Slavs-Danikov who received some kind of

On the application of the state principle in making trade

the fleet says that Konstantin shows regional vehicle collection points

for 900 kilometers: Novgorod (pool Ilmeni, gums and services),

Smolensk (Upper Dnipro Pool), Chernigov (Gums and Seimas Pools), Lyubek

(Berezina's pool, part of the Dnieper and Spear), Vyshgorod (Polyati pool and

TETEREV). In Kiev, a special tract was assigned (obviously, sincere?)

where all the rooks delivered from these rivers were finally equipped. Name

this fortress is "Samvatas" - still not deciphered by scientists.

So, the process of manufacturing the fleet occupied winter time and part of the spring

(alloy and equipped) and demanded the efforts of many thousand Slavic carpenters and

ship. He was subject to control of five regional chiefs, from

which one was the son of the Grand Duke, and ended in the capital itself. TO

the work of men who made the wooden framework of the ship, we must add work

slavic women, weaving sails for equipment of flotilla.

The number of the merchant fleet is unknown to us; Military fleets

there were up to 2 thousand ships. Annual commercial expeditions exporting

the results of the Fichu, were obviously less numerous, but could not be

and too small, since they had to make their way through the lands of Pechenegs,

robbed Russian caravans at the thresholds.

We accept conditionally the number of one-plan in 400--500 vessels. For one sail

it was required about 16 square meters of "Tollins" (coarse, but durable

two weaves for the whole winter. Considering that after the thresholds set spare

sails, we get such an approximate calculation: for the manufacture of all sails

the work of 2 thousand weaving mills throughout the winter was required, that is

the work of women is 80--100 the then villages. Add to this cultivation and

spinning of flax and cannabis and the manufacture of about 2 thousand meters "Drying" -

ship ropes.

All these calculations (giving, of course, only approximate results)

show all the same way that we can and should be for laconic source rows

consider the phenomena referred to them in all their real life

incarnation. And it turns out that only one part of that social complex,

which is briefly referred to me, is a significant

meetness. Building mills, transportation of Dani in Kiev, manufacture

ladi and sails to them - all this primary shape of the Celebration Rent, heaviness

which lay on both the princely jelly and on the peasants-community.

Consider from the same positions very much as an annual

state event, we will open up as far as possible, its practical

organizational essence. The treatise of the emperor Constantine contains enough

data for this.

First, we know the land of those tribes (more precisely, tribal unions),

who passed a lot. This is the area of \u200b\u200bthe Ridge (between Dnipro, Mountain and

supremes of the southern Bug); region Dregovichi (from pripyat north to

watershed with Nemman's pool and Dvina, in the East - from Dnipro

inclusive); Extensive area of \u200b\u200bcurvaches in the upper reaches of the Dnieper, Dvina and Volga

and finally, the region of Northerners, covering the average gum, satellite and swimming pools

verkhov sang and Vorskla.

If we depict these four areas on the map, we will see that they

covers space 700x1000 kilometers, almost touching each other

friend, but leaving in the middle of great " white spot"About 300 kilometers in

diameter. It falls on the land of radiramics. Radmichi are not included

Konstantin Bagrynorogennoe into the list of tribes who paid tribute to Kiev.

The emperor was accurate: Radmichi are conquered by Voevoda Vladimir Wolf Tail

only in 984, after the battle on the Song River, 36 years after

writing the treatise.

Secondly, we know that the hemp will continue 6 months (from November P.

april), that is, about 180 days.

Thirdly, we can attach the speed to CONSTANTIN

traveling of the Fichu (not forgetting about its conventions), equal to about 7--8

kilometers per day.

Fourth, we know that the detour was circular and if follow

the order of the description of the tribes, moved "Somaton" (by the Sun).

By changing the number of days per middle daily speed (7--8

kilometers), we get an approximate length of the entire path of the Fichu - 1200--1500

kilometers. What could be a specific Fichuel route? Training in

the perimeter of four tribal unions should be immediately rejected, as it would go

on the full off-road forest and swampy outflows and in total

it would be about 3 thousand kilometers.

In the chronicle story about the "reforms" of Olga there are two groups of accurate

geographic confinement: in the north near Novgorod - Meta and meadows, and on

south near Kiev - Dnipro and Desna. Founder sent in autumn from Kiev and

returned in the spring there, it could take advantage of these

kiev rivers forming almost a full ring: first the way up

Dnieper to Smolensk, and then - down the gum to the Aalgin City of Vyshgorod,

standing among the mouth of the gum.

Check this by counting: the path from Kiev to Smolensk along the shore of the Dnieper

(or on ice) amounted to about 600 kilometers. Check-in

Earrows, where Igor collected tribute, increased the distance by 200--250

kilometers. Path from Smolensk to Kiev, along the gums on Yelnya (city

mentioned in the XII century), Bryansk and Chernigov amounted to about 700--750

kilometers. The total distance (1500--1600 kilometers) could be passed with

november to April.

He satisfies us and with respect to all four persons mentioned by Constantine

tribal unions. The first in his list are Vervian (Drevlyan); Most likely

in total, the princely war began with the nearest land to Kiev,

lying in one day of the way from Kiev to the West. On the way from Kiev to the capital

of the Drevlyan Land - Earrows - Led Town Malin, not mentioned

chronicle, but, quite likely, who was the residence of the Drevalnsky Prince

Mala woven to Olga. In addition to the eraser, the Foulie could attend and

Handing (Ovruch), lying 50 kilometers north of the eraser.

Trees, collected in November, when the rivers did not yet, could

be fused to the dnipro to Chernobyle and from there to Kiev so as not to

hoigify the upcoming circular detour.

From the Drevlyansky Earrows (and Ovrich) the Foulh should move in

northeast direction on love, as if the Northern Gate

"Internal Rus" Constantine Bagryanorogennoe. Following north, up

Dnieper, the Fudge fell into the land of Drigvitov (Dregovichi) who lived on both

adjacent to the radios.

In the upper course of the Dnieper, the prince's detour took the extensive area

curvic, passing through her southern outskirts, and reached the Criminal Capital -

Bryansk entered the northwest outskirts of Seversk land

(Novgorod-Seversky, Sevsk) and through Chernihiv, lying outside Severschy,

lead the gauge to Kiev.

This circular route did not cross the Earth's across the Listed tribes,

and went through the inner edge of the possessions of each of the four tribes, everywhere rich

white spot of radiramics not mentioned by the emperor Konstantin

supressed Rus. Move the proposed route somewhere in the direction

it seems possible, since then one of the tribes will inevitably fall out

will change the speed of movement compared to 1190, when, as

installed, the Founder was moving at an average speed of 7--8 kilometers per day.

The average movement speed of the FIRD does not mean, of course, that

riders and rides took place only 7--8 kilometers away. Path Day B.

such wooded areas are usually equal to 30 kilometers. In such

case The entire princely detour 1500 kilometers can be dissected by 50

daily segments: day of the road and overnight. The place of overnight chance was probably called

in the X century becoming. For longer stops, 130 days remains.

So we must imagine a lot like movement with

the usual speed of medieval equestrian drive, with stops on average for 2--3

day in every post night. In major cities stops could be more

durable by reducing stay in minor becomes.

The slowness of the overall movement gave the opportunity of races to the parties from

main route; Therefore, the path of the Fichu is not a line, but a strip

at 20--30 kilometers width, which could drive around Dani collectors

(Dannikov, Virnechniki, Emitsa, Frequencies, etc.).

In the lane of the "Big Fichu", described by Konstantin

Bagranogeneous, we are known for sources of the X - XII centuries a number of cities and

towns (by archaeological data, often ascending to the X century), which

could be becoming a fire:

Path from Kiev.

Earrangement - Handing - Chernobyl - Bryagin - Lishech - Strezhev - Rogachev -

Smoking - Odska - Kleble - Red - Smolensk

Path from Smolensk

Doogobuzh (?) Luchin (?) - Yelnya - Rognedino - Patzyn - Cub - Pizza -

Debryansk - Tubeez - Novgorod-Seversky - Radochch - Khorobor - Sidina -

Blisovit - Snovsk - Chernigov - Moravian - Vyshgorod - Kiev

Five cities (Kiev, Vyshgorod, Lisher, Smolensk and Chernigov) from this

the list is named after Konstantin, the rest at different times in different reasons

mentioned by chroniclers and diploma of Rostislav Smolensky.

In one of the cities, kopyse, the memory of the Founder has been preserved until XII

century. Among the large number of items mentioned by the Rostislava

(1136), only in two collected a file, called Fuling: "On the Copy

four hryvnia ... "

Smoke is located on the Dnieper, on the way of our stay.

Smolensk was the most distant and turning point of the circular princess

through a middle way. Somewhere nearby Smolensk alend had to

go to the river system gums. Possible check-in in Dorogobuzh, but Desninsky

the path began, in all likelihood, from Yelni. Smolensk is designated

Konstantin as one of the important centers, from where in the spring, after opening the rivers,

montoxyla goes go to Kiev. It is possible that the tribute collected in the first

half of the Fichu, did not face with him, and remained in Breath before Spring,

when it could be easily fused down the Dnieper. The main point

storage Dani could be Smolensk, called Constantine Fortress.

The Founder was undoubtedly crowded. Konstantin writes that the princes

going out in November "with all the rules." Igor went to the village earth from all

his buddy and, gathering tribute, sent most of the squad with tribute to

Kiev, and himself remained in hostile land with a small friend. Need to think that

this smaller part of the squad seemed to be sufficient in order to

support the prestige of the Grand Duke and protect its safety.

Together with the squad they had to go to the Holy Konya, riding with the turn,

different servants, "Kormiltsy" -Kashevara, "Ice", reinitive saddles and

i break, etc. Some idea of \u200b\u200bthe number of detects can give

words of Ibn-Fadlan (922 years) About Kiev Prince: "Together with him (king of Russia) in

his castle is 400 husbands from the number of heroes, his associates and

he has reliable people ... "Even if you consider that the prince was supposed to

leave in Kiev some part of "heroes" for the defense of the capital from

pechenegs, then in this case the Founder consisted of several hundred

druzhnikov and "reliable people." All this mass should have been taken in becoming.

In winter, the "yystics" should have been in trouble - warm

premises for people, stables, barns for warehouse and sorting Dani, Sousse and

senakers for pre-stored grain and forage. Bothery should have been

equipped with furnaces for baking bread, millstones, blacksmiths for different

armory.

Much in everyday life should have been prepared in advance, to

the invasions of the very fuel. There should have been people who performed a variety

work on the preparation of becoming, according to its maintenance during the last and guarding

complex becoming (maybe with a tribute left before spring) until the next

the arrival of the prince with his "heroes".

The fact that the Fouls did not penetrate the depths of the tribes,

and only at the very border of the territory of each tribal union, forces

we think about the way to collect Dani. It should be thought that the mechanic collection

directly from the peasant population was already quite developed

local princes and a certain amount of Dani from remote areas

in advanceosed to the items through which the Kiev Fouls took place

We do not have to imagine a lot like a rackety drip of Kiev

friends in the weighs and cities without all sorts of parsing. Tribute was targeted

(This we know on the events of 945), and, in all likelihood, a FUND,

its annually, visited from year to year alone and the same becoming

which local princes have been reduced in advance due to tribute, that is, "we were lucky

The route of the Fituity defended 200--250 kilometers from external borders

tribal unions of Drevlyan, Dregovich, Krivich and Northerners. Without

preliminary "attendant", organized by the local tribal to know, difficult

imagine such a big and cumbersome mechanism like a Full. After all, if

would hit the voracious and greedy mass of Kiev warriors constantly

the same terrain on the Dnieper and the gums were subjected, the population of these

places would simply be broken, went deep into the tribal territory, away from

dangerous circular trail. If this did not happen, then local

princes, protecting his position in the tribe and striving for uniform

the distribution of the Kiev Dani, guaranteed a fixed tribute to

becoming Fichu.

Violation of the agreement with Kiev could lead to the fact that the Foul

it would turn into a campaign against a tribal union. therefore

founder should be impaired not as the primary shape of the Dani collection, but as

the final phase of this process that covered the local tribal squads.

The most extensive tribal union was curvacious. Tribute to them

it was supposed to be flocked in their capital - Smolensk. He was a croution between

Novgorod and Kiev and, as already found out, the turning point of the big

fullies. By virtue of this, we should not be surprised by the presence under Smolensky

a huge camp - the city of IX - X centuries in the nest. Kurgan Cemetery IX - XI

Nosov had every reason to say: "There is no doubt that in the old Smolensk

IX - XI centuries has developed its strong feudal to know whose wealth

reveals the contents of nesting burials. She rose at the local root:

the nesting mounds in their mass belonged to the curvists, as everyone recognizes

archaeologists. You can think that wealth and power of this nobility held on

operation of the dependent and semi-dependent population. "This has grown on

local breeding tribal to know and could be an intermediate link between

the curvic village and the fourth of the Kiev Prince, which in no way

could cover all the huge territory of Curvich.

Interesting and full of colorful details Story about the Founder contains

russian chronicle under 945 year. Prince Igor Old just made two

hike to Byzantium. During the first marine campaign of 941, Igor

he headed the squadron of 10 thousand ships. The figure is probably exaggerated, but

the Russian fleet still turned the whole south-west coast of the Black Sea:

Viphinia, Paflagonia, Herakleje Pontic and Nikomidia. Even Bosphorus suffered

("Court is all shill"). Only the famous Greek flamets shooting "Yako

the same Melnia, "the Russians moved away from Constantinople.

Immediately after the failure, Prince Igor began to prepare a new campaign. Kievsky

prince was hired overseas Varyags and steppe Pechenegs (they even have

hostages took); Relative northern squads are invited and

krivichi and southern troops of the Dniester tivers. The army went in 943 and

land and sea. Chersoness Greeks were notified by the emperor Roman: "

route Rus Devs Number ship - covered the essence of the sea ships! "

When Igor was already standing in the Danube, the emperor sent ambassadors about the world for him.

Igor began to consult a friend who was glad without battles get

tribute from the empire: "... food [hardly] ktoto the message, kuto will overcome - we are, they

whether? Does the Sovepen with the sea with the sea? Beco without land, but in the depths of fruct

and the general to reimmiate ... "Taking the bumping from the Greeks, Igor returned to Kiev, and on

the next year concluded with Roman and Constantine Baghrynorological Treaty,

i resolved Russia to send to Constantinople for the sake of bargaining "ship, Elico

want ... Auger with the world come. "The contract was approved in Kiev in the Cathedral

the Church of St. Ilya on Podol and on the hill at idol Perun.

Two-time pressure on Byzantium in 941 and 943, probably caused

some obstacles that revenge the Greeks of Russian trade, despite

treaty of 911, concluded with the Father of Roman and Constantine. A number of restrictions

contained in the 941 Treaty, but the path to Russian ships to the shopping center

the world - Tsargrad - was opened. Kyiv government, strongly spent

on the organization of two ambitious floties (of which one suffered alone)

and export in particular.

The appearance in Kiev hired by Igor Varangian detachments should be dated

in the end of the 930s, when the Varangian Voi Voivode is mentioned. For

war of these breeding unions with Kiev. Oil city is crossed (at Dnipro)

three years resisted Igor, but he finally "at the torch of decencies, admitted to Nia

tribute and away Svendend. "

This phrase is often understood as award, the transfer of the Right of Dani, but

grammatical form phrases makes it possible to understand it only in one sense: tribute,

igor received, Igor, gave Sveteland in 940. Exclude participation

varangi warriors in the collection of the Treastse or Oil Dani can not, but it comes

about the legal side. When the five years later Igor went to collect

the Trean Dan himself, the chronicler did not show any wake that

complete the rights of Svendeld. Varyaga simply was not: he received

In 942, after the defeat of the Russian troops, the Greeks may be like

compensation of Varyags participating in the glood campaign, Varana Voivode

he received the Radian tribute, which caused the Ropot of Kiev squad: "CE Delighted

one Musical Music ". Kievans began to envy Varyagam:" Otrozi Schmanggles

they were poisoned the essence of weapons and perts, and we - Nazi. Yes go, kinjez with us in tribute

Yes, and you are dreeshi and we. "

After concluding a contract of 944, the strengthened position of Russia,

the need for Varana hired army has significantly decreased (Igor Prince

"WORLD HAVE TO ALL COUNTRIES"), and in the fall of 945, the Kiev prince returned the land

drevlyan in the old system of his Kiev Fichu, when the prince began his

circular detour from the razlyan.

945 year. "And the fall of autumn and the beginning of Milsti on the rallies, although IF

large tribute ... And I'll listen to their [warriors] Igor - Ide in the tree in tribute and

primary to the first Dani and nasaya them and her husbands. And inland tribute, width in

his hail. I go to him to silent, the hardening, rummer my friend: "Go with

denmark Domii, and Jaz fit [to the rallies] and look still. "And let them go a squad

his Domii, with Malm, the squad, worse than the big estate. "

Tribute, obviously, was long charged, since Igor increased it,

i intended new defeats to "First Dani". When Igor appeared again,

"Wanting a big estate", inside the Treated Society is curious

consolidation of all layers: Against the Kiev Prince, they were treachered and their

local princes led by the "prince of the princes" Malom.

"Hearing the same Drevdan, Yako again to fuck [Igor] and wisely Doodle with

kunnyazmm His Malm: "She is smiling to enter the Evice in Ovice, then to endure the flock,

do not kill him. Taco and smoke - do not kill him, then go to ruin! "

And lump to him, verbolly: "Paid the idea again - I caught

tribute. "And I do not listen to their Igor. And the exhaust from the hail of the eraser

trees, killing Igor and his squad, there are few of them. And Igor is buried;

and there may be it for the estimated hail in the village and to this dick. "

Byzantine writer Lev Deacon reports one detail of the death of Igor:

"... Having hooked on the Germans (?), He was captured by them, tied

to the trunks of the trees and is broken into two parts ...

Trees who executed Igor to sentence, considered themselves in their

right. Ambassadors who arrived in Kiev wwat for the Radio Prince Widow Igor

Olga, said to her:

"Foysh Big's husband of your Aka Elk, Caught and Grabbie. And our kunyzi good

the essence, and the essence of the Earth tree was ... "

Before us again, as in the case of Vyatichi, the Union of Tribes with

his hierarchy of local princes. Princes a lot; In conflict with Kiev they

somewhat idealized and described as good shepherds. At the head of the Union

it is worth the prince of small, corresponding to the "light-Malik", "chapter of chapters" at Vyatichi. He

it feels like an almost smooth Kiev prince and boldly woven to his

widow. Archaeologists are known for his dominal city in the Drevlyan Earth,

i still carry his name - Malin.

It is noteworthy that at the beginning of Igor, none of these princes

protested against the collection of Dani, did not organize unsubscribe Igor, everything is obvious

it was in the order of things. Good princes killed Igor-lawlessness when he

he became a violator of the established order, the rate of rent pasted. This is once again

convinces us that the Foulich was not a simple disorderly traveling, but

well-established major public affairs in the execution process

which occurred consolidation of the feudal class and at the same time

a multistage feudal hierarchy was installed.

Local princes of different ranks (who lived at the expense of "passengers" of them tribes)

contributed to the harvest of their suzeren, the Grand Duke of Kiev, and the one

turn, did not forget his vassals in diplomatic ideas

zesaryam Byzantium. Igor send the embassy in the year to death

Constantinople on his own name "Great Kunjaz Russkago and from Vyusaya

digitia and from Vseech People Rusk Land. "Contract 944 provides for

normal for society with a feudal hierarchy Vassali and

arrier-Vassalov: "Is it a kunyaz or from people of Russia ...

it breaks her, hedgehog writing this in the haracter - it will be worthy of their usime

dyubriti and yes will kistat from God and from Perun! "

Founder existed in every tribal union; It banned

departure from patriarchal tribal relations and traditions when every member

the tribes knew his tribal prince in the face. Found in the Union of Tribes,

appearing, it is necessary to think, at the same time with the formation of the Union itself, it was

already transitional form for class society, to statehood. Power

"Prince princes" broke away from ancient local traditions and related

connections, became a multistage ("Prince of Princes", Prince of the tribe,

"Old buildings" of childbirth).

When several unions tribes are volunteer or involuntarily entered into

Rusi, then the separation of the supreme power from direct producers has become

full. State power is completely abstract, and the right to land,

which invasion was associated in the representation of landpash and labor and

the hereditary right of his microscopic "peace", now bind

already with the right of supreme (alienated) power, with the right of military force.

Feudal hierarchy as a system to a certain extent cemented new

society, forming a chain of conjugate units: Higher links

("Bright Princes") were associated, on the one hand, from Great Prince, and with

the other is with the princes of individual tribes. Princes of tribes were associated with

boyish. Vassalytte, which grown from the microstructure of primitive society,

it was a natural form for the feudal state.

The sum of the sources, ascending to the beginning of the IX century, allows you to give a consolidated

overview of socio-political stratigraphy Rus:

1. "Great Prince Russian." "Hagan-Rus" (title, equal to the imperial).

2. "Heads of Chapters", "Bright Princes" (princes of alliances tribes).

3. "Any princess" - the princes of individual tribes.

4. "Great Boyar."

5. "Boyar", "Guys", "Knights" (Persian "Morovat").

6. Purchase guests.

7. "People". Sadda.

8. Chelyant. Slaves.

The bulky and complex mechanism of the Fichu could act under the condition

coherence and cooding of all units. Violation of cozenism

led to wars. Chronicle repeatedly suggests that one or another

union tribes "Buy", "Mistake" with the Kiev prince. Statehood

Rus as a whole was approved in a serious confrontation of various forces.

Konstantin Bagrynorovnoe described the state Rus at that time when

founder as the primary form of receiving the rent has already lived in recent years.

tribes to supersonunions-states, that is, the turn of the VIII - IX centuries. Top

naturally, exactly what is this time and was the time of the origin of wide

trade relations between Russia and the East and Byzantium: the Foulich was not only

the prince's prince and his squad, but also a way to enrich those values,

which could not give an emerging Russian craft.

Fel a half a year fed a Kiev squad and her servant; in all

probability, the Founder guaranteed food reserves and on the second,

summer, half of the year, when the sale of the most valuable part of Dani took place,

collected black kuns, beabons, black foxes, veversmen proteins. FROM

i love the certificate, the incorrect understanding of which sometimes led

researchers for thoughts about the stranger of rules with farming:

"Rures are not passed, but only come from the fact that they bring out of the ground

slavs "(Ibn Ruste)." Always 100--200 of them (rules) go to the Slavs and

forcibly take them to their content, while there are "(Gardi).

All this is perfectly explained by Fuling. Export part of the Fichua

consisted of fur, wax and honey; to products of hunting and beekeeping

chelying, slaves, willingly purchased in international markets and in

muslim Khalifatte, and in the Christian Byzantium. Acquaintance with the system

file's sales with special persuasive will show the state character

actions Kiev Rus IX - X centuries.

Sales of Fituity

The center of international trade relations of Eastern Europe was undoubtedly

Kiev. Kiev and Russian merchants - "Ruzariev" knew well in Central and

Northern Europe, provided them with significant benefits, as they with weapons

in the hands of Khazar, Magyar, Pechenegs, made their way through the nomadic barrels,

internal Bulgarians and supplied Europeans with luxury oriental bazaars. Night

to the crusades Kiev did not lose their importance of an important trading

center of Europe.

The running path was conducted from Kiev to the west to Krakow and further to Regensburg

on the Danube. Through Kiev (and thanks to Kiev) there was a way "from Greek in Varyagi",

connecting Byzantium with Scandinavia. Important and well organized was

the path from Kiev in Bulgar on the Volga. It was divided into 20 stations,

located about 70 kilometers from each other. For

gonzov, who had skated, was the day of the path, and for merchants who were walking "with

bremen grave, "two days of the road and a day of rest at the station point.

In Russian lands to the east, the path was walking through such city stations: Kiev

The settlement on the Sul - Priluk - Romain - Vyr (?) - Lipicky Skill -

modern villages have retained the archaic name of vintage road stations

IX - XI centuries "Forest" (from "Istiba" - a warm room, "warm mill");

they are exactly 70 kilometers from each other.

The tenth station coming to the middle of the path between the Bulgar and Kiev,

it was somewhere in Don, south of Voronezh. Here on oriental sources

(Jamehani, Idrisi), was the eastern border of Russia. Eastern

travelers moving from Bulgar to the West, first overcame

deserted Mordovian Forests and Meadows, and then turned out to be on Don, where this

the land road crossed the Don River from Vyatichi in the Volga and

ITIL. It is on this road that they did their observations about life and life

When you reach two months later to the western end of your road at 1400

kilometers, Bulgarian or other eastern merchants turned out to be in Kiev, on

the shores of the Dnieper, which they called the River "Duna", then "Rusa". Here, in

Middle Primprovier, near Kiev, Eastern authors indicate three

russian cities that have become an apple of discord between several dozen

contemporary scientists. One of the most reliable sources, Hudud al-ale

reports:

"There is another River Rus (Duna), resulting from the depths of the land of Slavs and

current in the eastern direction up to the border of the Rus. Then she passes

on the borders of Artab, Salab and Kuyaba (Kiev), who are the cities of Rus ... "

Idrisi, who possessed a huge library of Eastern Geographic

literature IX - XI centuries, the only one of all authors indicates the distance

between these three cities of Rus, located on the same river: from the city

Artian to Kiev - 4 days of the road; The city of Slavia is also 4 days of the road.

Ignoring the above exact guidelines, researchers

considered the notorious "three centers of ancient Russia" as some

state associations that cover each large space. Kiev

(Kuyaba, Quaif, etc.) did not cause special doubts and was usually identified with

historic Kiev, the center of South Rus.

"Slavia", as a rule, compared with Novgorod Sloves and

Novgorod, although not a single source - nor Russian nor Scandinavian nor

greek - Novgorod did not call Slavney. This affected the impact

normanism, who sipped artificially create any state

center in the north. Contributed to such widespread builds and the fact that

arabic texts were often confused by the concepts of the "city" and "country".

Especially diverse was the definition of a third city, name

which varies in two dozen forms. No less diverse searches

Artania or Artania (both forms are extremely conditional) on the geographic map IX - X

centuries. In Artania, they saw Mordwu-Erzy, Tmutarakan, and Ryazan, and Rostov ...

Without going into consideration of the huge literature dedicated to "three

centers ", try to outline their search, based on the above

landmarks:

1) all three cities are on the same river as Kiev, that is

on the Dnieper;

2) All of them are located near Kiev, at a distance that

ranges from 140 to 280 kilometers.

Such a constellation of Russian cities in the average subwayer to us very well

it is known according to the documents of the X century, it is referred to by the city's Greeks

Kiev, Pereyaslavl and Chernigov. Distance from Kiev to Chernigov - 140

kilometers; before Pereyaslavl - about 100 kilometers; from Pereyaslavl T.

Chernigov - 170 kilometers. This triad is constantly mentioned as

the main cities of Russian land in a narrow sense. Slavia city should not be sought

at that north, about which oriental geographers did not have any concept.

Slavia - Pereyaslavl (or Pereslav), ancient citystanding near the Dnieper and

nearest to "inner Bulgarians". In the involvement of Chernigov there is only one

disagreement with the source - Chernihiv is located not on the Dnieper, but on the gum.

After familiarization with the characteristic of all three cities instead of Chernigov

another option to confine artania can be offered.

In Hudud al-ale, these three cities of Russia are characterized as follows:

"Kuyaba is the city of Russia, the closest to the countries of Islam, a pleasant place and

residence of the king. From it, various fur and valuable swords are taken out.

Glory is a pleasant city, and from it, when the world reigns, go to trade in

Bulgarian district.

Artab is a city where foreigners kill when they get there. There

produce valuable blades for swords and swords that can be overloaded.

but if you let them go, they return to the previous state. "

Bulgar, noting that Kiev is more Bulgar.

For us, it is always very important to reveal the point of view of the informants.

Ibn Haukal, one of the earliest writers, writes: "And people have achieved with

trading goals of Kuyaba and the district ". That's why Kiev is considered the most

close to the countries of Islam; That is why it is compared with the Bulgar - it was done

merchants who are familiar to us dear in 20 stations started in Bulgar and

completed in Kiev.

The merchants fall into Kiev through the city of Romain (modern Romny, Idrisi -

"Armen"), really located on this trunk road. Town

Slavia is described by Idrisi as the most important. Perhaps here affected

understanding the name of the city - Preslav, "Preslav", or analogy with

bulgarian capital Preslav?

The most difficult thing is with a third city, conventionally called

Artania, or, as Persian Anonymous, Urtab calls him. Supplements K.

the above is the following: Talking about the murder of alien, Idrisi adds,

that in this city "does not allow anyone to enter into trade ... and export

from there (fur and lead) merchants from Kuyaba. "Ibn Haukal also writes that

residents of the Arsea are not allowed, "they themselves go down the water for trade and

do not report anything about the affairs of their own and their products and do not allow anyone

follow myself and enter your country. "

On the Dnieper, 120 kilometers (three and a half days of the path in a straight line) from

Kiev, at the mouth of the Rosi River was the city of Rozhny (in the proposed case in the chronicles "in

Rodnia "), from which now there is a settlement on a high mountain - the princes of the mountain.

The city launched with the adoption of Christianity and during the XI - XIII centuries

once it is not mentioned in the chronicles, although there were many events in its surroundings.

Judging by the location in the middle of the districts of the antiquities of Russia VI - VII centuries,

Rozhny could be a tribal center of Russia and called the name of the most important

god of ancient Slavs - kind. He was compared with Oziris, Baad Gad and

biblical Savaof. It was a deity more significant than replaced him

druzhinno-Prince Perun.

Such an assumption would fully explain the chronicle phrase (perhaps taken

from the Greek sources of the IX century) "the same, nine in Russia ...". Name

the union tribes on the general Divine can be traced in the name of the curvice called

so on the ancient native (Lithuanian) God Kryve - Curvey. Ruses on the river

Russia could get their name from the god of the family, the place of the cult of which was related

Under Svyatoslav here was obviously a princely domain, because there

it was his "Courtyard of the Thunder", during the struggle for the Kiev throne in 980

the year she was hiding (perhaps counting on the sacred place?) Prince

Yaropolk, but after a long siege, waters were killed. The town was

in all likelihood, widely known in Russia, since after this heavy

the siege about him has settled the saying that existed for more than a century: "

tits SI and to this dick - "trouble, acre in Rodney," the contemporary wrote

Monomakh.

God Rod was the Supreme Deity of the Sky and the Universe. He brought him

bog-thresholds), documented for the Slavs of the Rodin district calendar of the IV century

aD, and in 983, this time was sacrificed to the young Varyag,

living in Kiev. Bringing their granolas to the victim of strangers, prisoners,

defeated enemies were common in antiquity in many nations and wore

special name (Greek) "Xenokton". Obviously, this custom

annual sacrifices and gave rise to those sections of their foreign writers

works, where they say too expansion about the murder of ingenians in general.

The prohibition of entry into the area of \u200b\u200bthe Utab to trade is quite explained in

case if we identify urtab (artania) with rhodium. Here, near Viticheva

(Cities mentioned by Konstantin in connection with the Fuling) accumulated

singleper before sailing in Byzantium. Here in the last, protected forest

the Islands section of the Dnieper was produced, obviously, the final gear

fleet and sorting goods intended for sale on distant

international markets. The merchants and begged here were not needed. Urtab-Rozhny

did not rule out of trade, but the local trading was given Kiev, people from Kuyaba;

no wonder in this city almost at the very border of Russia, there was a "terman yard"

prince Svyatoslav.

The most logical seems to be the identification of "three cities

Kuyaba - Kiev.

Glory - Pereyaslavl

"Arta" - Rozhny at the mouth of Rosi.

All three cities on the same river - on the Dnieper.

Kuyaba, "The closest to the countries of Islam" city, named so because

informants got into it on a trunk road from Bulgar to Kiev. Two

other cities were already aside from this highway: artians in 4 days

(down on the river) from Kiev, and Slavia in 4 days of the way from Artania, if saved up

on the Dnieper from the mouth of Rosi to Pereyaslavly.

Transmitted from an essay into an essay story about the removal of flexible steel

swords from Kiev and Urtab finds confirmation in the legend of the Khazar about an attempt to their

to entrust tribute to the pollast. In response to the requirement of Dani

"By the same time, the meadow and the entrance from smoke - a sword ... and decisive old

cosatism: "Bindness of the tribute, kunij ... si Imat Ihmai tribute to us and in different

countries. "Come to cubs."

The Kiev legend of Khazarah could be known in the Khazar East.

Slavia trades with Bulgarians. Pereyaslavl is located closer than other cities

to "internal Bulgarians" of the left bank, constantly fighting with the Rus; that I.

the reservation is explained relative to the bargaining then, "when the world".

Urtab-relative. Here in the place of concentration of the merchant fleet with felt,

to the city, controlled by the Grand Duke Himself Kiev (and so far

called the pronunkey mountain), do not let foreign traders. Here, in

the sanctuary of the genus (by whose name is the city) sacrificed strangers.

All this together enveloped the area of \u200b\u200bthe princess Mountains by various legends, creating

which Kiev could contribute purposeful. Name of this city so

varies in Arabic graphics and such different cities are substituted with

deciphering that the equalization of the village of the nurse is perhaps one of

the most successful options.

Kuyaba, Slavia and Urtab are not three states, not three "center of Russia",

and just Kiev and two neighboring cities that played an important role in life

Kievan Rus and interested in the eastern merchants arriving in Kiev from Bulgar.

Princes of princes (or their sons) they took for the "kings" and repeated

legends about the very remote city of Narland, where the path they were ordered. Already K.

at the beginning of the X century, the place of Roda took Chernihiv, who became the most important triad

russian cities.

Every year in the spring, Kievan Rus carried out its second state

the task is to export a huge number of goods received for six months

circular tracker. Dani collectors turned into navigators and

caravan Basha, in warriors who made their way through nomadic barriers and in

merchants who sold brought with them and purchased everything that produced

rich East, blinded by Europeans's then luxury.

Floors filled with barrels with wax and honey, beavers, blacks

foxes and another product, prepared for sailing in the distant seas in Kiev and

neighboring cities on the Dnieper - Vyshgorod, Vitichev, where there was a signal

the tower not coming to the fire about the approach of Pechenegov, Pereyaslavl Russian and

Relatives. The most southern harbor-fortress on the border river Sulu at 10

kilometers from the Dnieper was the city of Zalli (Site Warius), peculiar

the construction where the came out of Russia could in case of unfavorable news

help in coastal strengthening, inside which the rooks were entered directly from

"In June, in the month, moving along the Dnieper River, they (Singlemen Rusov)

go down in Vitichev, subject to Russia. After waiting there for two or three days,

while all one-jobs are suitable, they move on the road and descend by named

river Dnieper "(Konstantin Bagrynorodnaya).

services) Heavy and dangerous flotilla transition through Dnipro thresholds.

The names of the thresholds it leads both in Slavyansky and in Russian, taking

the official position of the contemporary of Sveneldd, who served Russia, for his

nationality.

"Russian" - the names of the thresholds (really in some cases

scandinavian) - gave great joy to the Normanists, but in fact

they do not prove anything more than the presence of Varyagov in the service of Kiev

prince, which is already known as from the Rus agreement with the same Konstantin,

and from the chronicle certificate that Igor hired Varyagov at this very time.

for war with the Greeks.

"The first threshold is called Esza, that in Russian and in Slavyansky means

"Do not sleep!". This threshold is so narrow that does not exceed the width of the hippodrome.

In the middle, it is the rotten and high rocks, like islets.

Striving for them and climbing, and from there overthrowing down, water produces

strong noise and inspires fear. "

Rusa hardly converted their ships through every threshold, sometimes even

pulling out of them to like and dragging the rooks along the shore. So they traveled to

"Crane crossing" (Kichitsa), which was used by the Chersoness merchants,

we went to Russia. All this path passed under the stove of Pechenegs.

Passing the thresholds on the island of Khortitsa (near the modern Zaporozhye)

"... Rusa make their sacrifices, because there grows a huge

oak. They bring live roosters, the arrows stick around the arrows, and other clashes

bread, meat ... ".

From the chortsia Rusa sail to the island of Berezan near the mouth of the Dnieper and there

additionally, they are equipped before swimming around the sea. Next, their path lies to

the mouth of the Dniester, and from there to Girla Danube to Celine.

"While they are not afraid of the Celina River, Pechenegs are jumping along the shore. And

if the sea, which is often happens, will throw one-bedroom on land, then they are all

pull out ashore to resist the pechenegs together. "

Swimming along the West Bank of the Black Sea (to which we still

we'll have to return) Completed in Constantinople, where Russians "Guests"

conducted all summer, returning to Russia only for a new one.

From the mouth of the Dnieper or from the island of Berezan, the upcoming sea route

ruitsa diversified: one direction was the specified path in Tsaryrad, and

Caliphate, what we already know from the story of Ibn-Hardadbaga of the middle of the 9th century.

"Museum Ruses are one of the sections of Slavs. They carry the furs of the protein,

chernobuli foxes and swords from the extreme limits of Slavs to black

("Roman") Sea, and takes from them the tithe of the Byzantine Lord. And then they

going along Don ("Tanasu"), Slavic River, pass to (Hamlijas

(Khazar Capital), and takes her tithing the lord from them. "

An interesting option is the message of Ibn-Al-Fakiha:

"... The provinel of Byzantium takes the tenth from them. Then follow the sea to

Samkushu-Jew, after which they turn to Slavonia. Then they take the way from

Slavic Sea (Azov), until they come to the Khazar sleeve, where

the ruler Khazar takes the tithing from them. Then go to the Khazar sea on that

the river, which is called the Slavic River ... "

It is important to note here, firstly, the passage of the Russian fleet through Kerch

strait, which belonged to the Khazara, who accepted Judaism ("Samkush-Jew"), and

secondly, the abundance of "Slavic" definitions: the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - Slavic;

tanais-Don - Slavic River, Northern Azovia - Slavonia (?) And

even the Lower Volga in her, undoubtedly, the Khazar current is also the "river of Slavs".

Not trying to make clarity in these definitions, we only note that the Azovia and

The lower Dnieper is obviously really flooded in that era of the Slavs.

Annual expeditions of Russia through Kerch Strait past Kerch and

Tmutarakani led to the emergence of new geographical names (if not

local residents, in foreign geographers) related to Rus:

Kerch - "City of Russia",

Kerch Strait - "River Russ",

the Black Sea section near Tmutarakani (in five days of swimming

Trapezund) - "Russian Sea".

It is not surprising that scientists often tied one more scientists

the riddle of the eastern geographical writings is the "Island of Rus", in which

they want to see Tmutarakan. No doubt that Kievan Rus with

a significant impact of its trading operations in the south were extremely necessary

some reference points on the Black Sea, but Tmutarakan, who was

960s in power Khazar, hardly suitable for definition "island

rus "(although it was called Island).

Having done a difficult and dear on the amount of duties of the way on Khazaria (300

kilometers in Azov Sea., 400 kilometers up Don and Volokas and 400

kilometers down the Volga), Russian flotilla went to the Caspian Sea,

called that Khazarsky, then Khorezmian (in the chronicle "Khvaisse"), then

Jurjan, then Chorasansky.

Ibn-Khordadbeg, continuing his story about the rules, reports

interesting information On the distant marine and land routes of Russian

From Khazaria "they go to the Gijdjan Sea and planted on

some of the shore. And the diameter of this sea 500 farceng. (Ibn fakes saved

another detail of this text: "... and sell everything that they have with them; and

it all comes to Ray "). And sometimes they bring their products on camels from

Gurdjana in Baghdad, where Slavic slaves serve for them for them. AND

they give themselves for Christians and pay a submail. "Option:" ... they go

in the Gurdjan Sea, then to Balka and Maverannahra, then to the nomad

toguz-puzzles, then to China. "

We must fully trust Ibn-choir-Dadbaga, as he himself

it was in rehe, and the path of Russian merchants from Reia to Baghdad (about 700

kilometers) passed on the region of Jebel, over which Ibn-chordadbeg

he supervised as a member ruler. Russian caravans annually

In addition to these long roads{!LANG-fb1a44f9f850117fa31aea5bb793fef7!}

{!LANG-9a050f2457f7b266181074236b51a8f4!}

{!LANG-110c5d27e2b98796c50b0020ca9f194a!}

{!LANG-cf81c5de86c7610003c3a913bc9c80ed!}

{!LANG-47d06d4088ed73fef8a75fd082040a94!}

{!LANG-d16428d9e83b06d7526a611777f7b68b!}

{!LANG-71fe10d54deabeec7d859af099110502!}

{!LANG-0bb6f71b152abaa13c0b39859e5f4381!}

{!LANG-d43695bd765fffb54aee8f0fc52487d2!}

{!LANG-15cc4a00b967b20875f9f4b050d36b72!}

{!LANG-eb80a645a20deb9bc02e803c9bd78d4e!}

{!LANG-3a25dee7a16d9ae200be86c8de302000!}

{!LANG-d785b71f5d87b436c63fa2e1456590db!}

{!LANG-b04e04f86cb422f56e672ac34805fe8d!}

{!LANG-dbe02e87397842e4d928bb558a1338f4!}

{!LANG-08c5441054a541810e178fb658bbb987!}

{!LANG-963337668cf96003a8410b5b3d028820!}

{!LANG-1b845846f21c112e8b464b8439490ded!}

{!LANG-18a075fecd72ba13e8c08866e703807c!}

{!LANG-d0bcf14dfefa462daa2ea526fb2c78d2!}