Title names choose from France. Why exactly from there? Because in the peoples it is French names most often. With the exception of some used in Russia. And on this page we will tell you who is much.
Titles and titlesAs a rule, presented in order: from the highest to the simplest. Titles coming from emperors to chevalier (knights) are usually called noble. For reference: nobleman - one of the highest estates of the feudal society (along with the clergy), which stood in the service of the monarch and performed state activities. In other words, the nobleman is a person in the courtyard, usually at Prince or King.
Emperor - Monarch's title or several monarchs at once, head of the empire. The emperor is usually the owner of several countries or peoples. As a rule, takes itself the lands on his own will. The highest title of currently existing ones. Feminine - Empress.
Caesar (russian – King) - a single sovereign, owner of the kingdom or a large state. The king is a man chosen by God, the people, etc. Usually associated with the highest dignity of the emperor. In Russia, by the way, the current "king" is currently called president, but in fact it is not so. The king, as a rule, takes over the whole country, and the president manages the country through others. Female genus - Queen.
King - Monarch's title, usually hereditary, but sometimes elected, head of the kingdom, or a small state. Female genus - Queen.
Prince - who it? It seems to be known, but still inform you: this is the son of a monarch (king, king or emperor). And when the king dies, the prince at the same time becomes in his place, being a new king. Female genus - Princess.
Duke (russian – Prince) - the leader of the troops and the ruler of the region. The head of the feudal monarchist state or individual political education, a representative of the feudal aristocracy. Higher noble title. Female genus - Duchess or Princess.
Marquis (russian – Zemsky Boyar) - The nobility title is higher than the county, but below the Ducal. Marquisians usually became overlooked in the service of the king of the county, which received permission to the Board of the Border Mark (administrative unit). Hence, by the way, the title name. Female genus - marquise or boyfriend.
Graph (russian – Prince Boyar) - Noble title in Western Europe and pre-revolutionary Russia. Initially, he identified the highest official, but since the Norman kings turned into an honorary title. As a rule, above the baron and the viscont, but below the Marquis and Duke. Female race - Countess.
Viscount - Member of the European nobility, the average between the baron and the graph. As a rule, the eldest son of the graph (during the life of the Father) is a title of viscont. There is no viscont title in Russian nobility. Female genus - Vikontesse.
Baron (russian – Barin or Boyar) - The noble title, which is below the County and Viscounts. Agenial man, in a narrow sense, the highest layer of feudal society. In medieval feudal western Europe - a largeworgalist nobleman and feudal seen, later - the Honorary Noborian title. Female genus - Baroness or boyar.
Chevalé (russian – Knight) - He and the knight including. The youngest noble title, who had the Earth. Formally, they were not considered not considered and did not enter the higher society, but at the same time they were the species of blue blood and were still nobles.
Gentleman - Initially, the word "gentleman" meant a man of noble origin, it was the basic definition of the aristocrat, the following rank was Esquir. But then they began to call the formed and educated man, respectable and balanced. To the noble title, gentleman, as a rule, does not apply. And the female analogue to the word "gentleman" does not exist. They are called lady.
Lord - This is not a title, but the general name of representatives of the highest estate. Lord Ot english means "lord". They can be called any ruler, regardless of rank. Although, if we talk about the UK, then the Lord is still a title, but in other peoples, Lord is also called the dukes, marquises, and graphs, etc.
Hierarchy nobilityI'm in lately Everything disappears in the online strategy of GoodGame Empire, where you can get the title for military merit (I have already marked X), so, and this hierarchy is attached there, I decided to find out more.
From the bottom to the tops:
1) Knight is a political hereditary estate of untotel or lower nobility. Free, but, on the lack of ownership, a person who is incapable of carrying a horse service could, as a vassal, to get a benefit or a plot of rural land. Putting the rural land pursued economic goals, Distribution of Benefius - Military. Anyway, the owner of the lands, the feuds, had the right to nominate his candidacy in the knights, giving a better oath of loyalty.
Dedication is most often accomplished on Christmas holidays, Easter, Ascension, Pentecost - solemn consecration of the sword, gold spurs and "blow".
The knight must be "m. i. l. e. s. ", That is Magnanimus (generous), Ingenuus (freedom), Largifluus (generous), Egregius (Valiant), Strenuus (militant). Knight's oath (Votum Professionis) It is required to listen to a daily lunch, guard the churches and clergy from robbers, protect the widows and orphans, to avoid an unfair environment and an unclean earnings, to save innocent to go to the duel, visit tournaments only for military exercises, respectfully serve the emperor in worldly affairs , not alienate the imperial flashes, to live perfectly before the Lord and people.
Otherwise, there was also a procedure for depriving knightly dignity, usually completed the transfer of the former knight in the Hands of the executioner X) the ceremony took place on Eshaphid, on which he was hanged by the back side of the knight's shield (necessarily with the personal coat of arms depicted on it), and was accompanied by singing of the clock prayers Choir from a dozen priests. During the ceremony from the knight, in full, after each spat, Psalm was removed any part of the knightly vestments (not only the armor was removed, but also spurs, which were the attribute of knightly dignity). After complete exposure and one more clocking Psalm were broken into three parts of the personal coat of arms of the knight (along with the shield on which it is depicted). After that, I sang the 109th Psalm of King David, consisting of a set of curses, under the last words of which Gerold (and sometimes personally, the king himself poured cold water on the former knight, symbolizing cleansing.
Then the former knight was descended from the scaffold with the help of the gallows, the loop of which was skipped under armpits. The former knight under the hook of the crowd led to the church, where they held a real funeral service, at the end of which he was transferred to the execution of the executioner, if he was not prepared by a sentence, which did not require the executioner (if the Knight is relatively lucky, everything could Restor to the deprivation of knightly dignity). After the execution of the sentence, Herolds in all theirs declared children (or other heirs) "Sleepy, deprived of ranks who do not have the right to carry weapons and appear and participate in games and tournaments, at the courtyard and at the Royal Assemblies, under the fear of being divided by Donag and carved rugs, Like the villas and born from the ungivory father. " If the knight was impeccable and successful in battles, could not give new possessions and titles.
2) Chevalier - not many better knight, almost synonym, - French name, except that he is 100% nobleman.
3) Baron - Honorary Noborian title, this is a major domineering nobleman and feudal seen, the direct vassal of the king with the right of limited criminal and civil judicial jurisdiction in its feuds, and at his discretion appointed judges, prosecutors and judicial officials. This title was assigned to members of such knights, which, having no power rights, enjoyed Lena directly from the king.
4) Count - Title higher nobility, royal official with judicial, administrative and military power. The West German woman was used to translate the Latin Comes "Satellite", which received the value of the "satellite of the king" in the Middle Ages.
5) Marcgraf - He is Marquis. The official in submission of the king, endowed with broad administrative, military and judicial authority in Mark - district, located in the cross-country area and concluded various types of ownership, consisting of both state and private ownership. Provided protection from foreign invaders.
6) Pfalzgraf or Count Palatin, - in the early Middle Ages, the graph-manager of the Palace (Palace) during the absence of the ruling monarch, also the royal official who headed the royal court, and the representative-deputy king. Palatians, who replaced the emperor in their districts, possess the power in their possessions exceeding the power of ordinary graphs.
7) Landgraf - the title of graph, which enjoyed in his possessions by the highest jurisdiction and was not subordinate to the duke or prince. Initially, Landgraf was a royal or imperial official who had possessions transferred to Len directly by the emperor. At the same time, the landscapes did not obey the dukes or graphs or bishops. It was done in order to weaken the power of powerful dukes.
8) Duke - In the ancient Germans - a military leader, elected by a birthday binding; In Western Europe, during the early Middle Ages, the tribal prince, and in the period of feudal fragmentation - a large territorial dominator, ranking first after the king in the military hierarchy. The German Dukes were turned into the king officials who were subordinate to the rulers of individual areas - graphs. In France, with the elimination of feudal separation and approval of the absolutism of the royal power, the word "Duke" began to designate the highest noble title, often members of the royal family and family related families. In the Late European history, the title of Duke is approved, as a rule, for members of royal surnames. In addition to the duke titles of sovereign monarchs and titles of allodial (feudal) origin, there are noble titles Dukes, complained by monarchs, his subjects under the royal prerogative.
9) Prince is the head of individual political education (specific prince). The highest noble title, depending on the importance of an equalized to the prince or to the duke in Western and Southern Europe, in Central Europe (formerly Sacred Roman Empire), this title is referred to as Fürst, and in North - konung. The term "Prince" is used to transfer Western European titles ascending to Princeps and Fürst, also sometimes DUX (usually duke). Initially, the prince was a tribal leader who headed the bodies of military democracy.
10) Kniek-Choker Kurfürst, from Kur - "Choice, Election" and Fürst - "Prince"; Latted traction. Principes Electores Imperii) - In the Sacred Roman Empire, the Imperial Prince, which from the XIII century was enshrined the right to election of the emperor.
The emergence of the Institute of Kurfürst was due, first of all, with the peculiarities of the political development of feudal Germany, with the formation of territorial principalities there, long-term consolidation of political fragmentation and the weakening of the central government.
11) Grand Duke - the title of the head of an independent state. Approximately the European title "Prince of Blood".
12) The Great Duke - the title of independent sovereigns, international law, between kings and dukes; They were assigned the title "Royal Highness".
13) Ertzgercog - the title used exclusively by members of the Austrian monarch of Habsburgs. In the Hierarchy of the titles of Germany, the era of the Middle Ages and the New Time, the ERCGERSOG stands above the duke, but below the Kurfürst and the king. For the first time, Herzgertzog title was recognized by the Emperor Friedrich III from the House of Habsburg. About 1458 he gave this title to his younger Brata Albrecht VI, and in 1477 Sigizmund Tyrolsky. After 1482, the Title of Ertzgertzog began to use the son and heir to Friedrich III Maximilian I, the future emperor. At some point, the use of titles of the prince or prince in other royal houses in Europe is similar.
14) King - König - Monarch's title, usually hereditary, but sometimes elected, head of the kingdom. In Europe, up to 1533, the title of King was given to the Pope Roman, which de facto was recognized by Orthodox monarchs. The only representatives of East Slavic statehood, officially carrying the title of King, were Daniel Galitsky and his descendants - those who received the right to the royal title from the Pope Innokentia IV.
Based on Wikipedia))
Nobility B. german Language space is an inhomogeneous phenomenon. Each land existed its specificity. The nobility can be divided: according to the method of reducing - on ancient and humble; on titled and not titled; The hierarchy is to higher and lower.
The old nobility includes the genus, which existed before 1400 they received, as a rule, confirmation of the nobility from sovereign and were shown in the old "Gothic Almanac" and in the new "genealogical manual of the German nobility" in the chapter A ". Not always, representatives of the old nobility were baronia or graphs. Some of these births were very proud that they refused to build a baron or graph in the title (these titles were often depreciated because of their practice practices).
The chunned nobility includes the genus, initially burgher origin, which were erected by sovereignty to noble dignity with the presentation of the instance of the noble diploma and the worst of the coat of arms. This process began in Germany in Germany in the times of Emperor Charles IV, the construction of the so-called "ministerial" (officials) into the nobility. The oldest noble lot was issued by Emperor Karl IV Viker Frochi, Scholasta of the Church of St. Stephen in Mainz, September 30, 1360. These kinds were entered into the noble books in chapter "B".
Construction to nobility until 1806In the times of the Sacred Roman Empire, it was, above all, the prerogative of the emperor. The exceptions were Prussia, which did not belong to the Roman Empire, and several other princes that were received by this right: ERCHERCHOG AUSTRIA (in 1453), Kurfursta Bavaria and Palatz, Duke of Lorraine (in the XIV century).
The special category of the humble nobility was nobles from officers and nobles "By order." After 30 years of service in the imperial army (up to 1806), each officer of the Burgers origin had the right to the legal requirement for the construction of the nobility. The tradition was continued in Austria-Hungary until 1918.
The lowest nobility includes nobles that have no title. Their names have, however, like the highest nobility, predicate to the name "Background". There are also surnames that have no noble predicates, but still they are nobles, received the right to coat of arms, participation in tournaments and the right to access the yard, becoming a closed estriction of the empire.
The nobility of the sword was established by the King of Prussia for the military after the victory in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871. Already on the day of the entry of Prussian troops in Berlin Wilhelm I granted 42 officers headquarters nobility. how general feature In the emblem, they all received a magenta chapter with a green laurel crown, which contains a crossed scepter and sword. The nobility of the sword since 1897 had its own genealogical book.
The highest title of the empire was, of course, the title of Kaiser (Kaiser) - the word comes from the Latin word "Caesar" (Caesar, Caesar) to the Russian language as "emperor".
The second was the title König (König, Konung) "Highway". The Russian language translates as "king".
The highest "not venance" title in the empire was Herzog (Duke) "leader". So ancient Germans called their military leaders. During the Empire, the duke was military governors of emperors in large areas.
The German word fürst (Fürst) is translated as "Prince", which is not entirely true. The word comes from the ancient German "VIRST" that has meaning "first". The title itself has emerged in imperial times and indicated the highest to know the empire. Subsequently, he secured for the representatives who were not kings or dukes. Thus, the translation of "boyar" is suggested.
There is a derivative of this title - Kurfürst (Kufurst), driven in our literature without translation. What does "fürst" mean, we already know, and "KUR-" means "choice." At the end of the XIII century, the emperors of the Sacred Roman Empire began to elect. Participation in the elections took a narrow room of the nobles (i.e. Fürts). In the texts in Latin (chronic), these veelmes were called "Elector" - "voter". On the german language Their title sounded like "Kurfürst".
The next in the German feudal hierarchy was GRAF (Count). The word itself comes from the Greek Graphios - "scribe." So called the imperial or royal employee, endowed with all the completeness of administrative and judicial power on a certain territory (i.e. in its county).
In addition to ordinary graphs, there were also Mark and PafalCgraves. Marcgraf is a royal governor in Mark. Similar to the French title of Marquis.
PFALZ (Palatinate) - occurred from the Latin "Palatium" - "Palace", and meant a temporary royal or imperial residence. Permanent residencies in the kings of the early Middle Ages, as a rule, was not (the states had no capitals, as such). Kololi used several residences in different parts country. In the absence of a king, his representative was ruled by all cases in such a residence, which was carrying the title of Palachgraft.
As such, Baron title in Germany did not exist. Russian fashion called all the Germans by Baroni from Peter I, which almost all the Baltic Germans became called by Baronami. In Western Europe in the Middle Ages, this is the direct vassal of the king, and the term is rather collective.
Low in the German feudal hierarchy was Freiherr title (Frajerr). It is he who is worn by all the German nobles, known from us as "Barons". Literally "Freiherr" is translated as "Free Mr.". Such status could have their own behavish (domain), in contrast to the holders of the places (feuodes). With the formation of the feudal system, the concept of "title" necessarily included the attitude to a certain hereditary land ownership. Therefore, any title in the empire included the preposition "Von" (from) and the name of the ownership. In France, the same goals served as a pretext "DE".
However, there were nobles without possessions. It was they who, carrying military service, made up a numerous layer of chivalry. I wonder what russian word "Knight" directly comes from the German title Ritter (Ritter). Common roots with the word "reiter" (rider) - rider. Interestingly, the same etymology has a French "Chevalier" (Chevalier, Cavalier). That is, the title of knights dates back to their classes - service in feudal army as serious riders.
They stopped to assign all kinds of noble titles of the monarchs of the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway. In the UK, the last award of the hereditary title took place in the early 1990s (Baronet title for Denis Tetcher, the spouse Margaret Thatcher), but continues the suggestion of the personal nobility and the construction of the Baron's Grandmate. Ponyna is practiced by titles, personal and hereditary nobility in Belgium, Spain (for example, Title Marquis del Bosque in 2011), Liechtenstein.
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On the territory of France, since the Middle Ages and 1871, a single system existed, according to which the feudalists were divided into several categories. The noble titles and their hierarchy today is of great interest. And this is not surprising, since representatives of the aristocracy and their offspring are constantly the object of close attention of the press along with the stars of show business and well-known politicians.
Hierarchy
The head of the medieval French state was the king. At the next stage of the hierarchical staircase, there were suzeres - the dukes and major graphs, which were supreme rulers of a particular area. At the same time, their power on the lands was almost equal to the royal. Next, the owners of domains, the beneficiaries or posts, issued for the service, and the fiops, complained for the service and transmitted by inheritance. These nobles had different titles. Interestingly, any feudal could be both a tiny and domain owner and benefit at the same time.
LE ROI (king)
As already mentioned, this is the highest nobility title of medieval France. AT different periods His owners were endowed with a greater or less power. The highest power of French kings possessed in the era of absolutism, especially during the reign of Louis Fourteenth.
Le Duce (Duke)
This top is not a venance title in the French kingdom, which was translated into Russian as "Duke". It is believed that he initially indicated the leader of the tribe and arose during the times of Carroling, when the French, the Italians and the Germans were submitted by one king. In the course of education and expansion of the Franksky state, the German Dukes turned into officials of the king, the graphs were obeyed - the rulers of individual regions.
Le Marquis (Marquis)
These noble titles in France have arisen in Carlo Great. Their name comes from the name of the cross-border administrative unit - brand. This is due to the fact that Marquis was a royal governor in the region.
Le Comte (Graph)
So called the royal employee who had the authority to manage a certain territory and implement the functions of the judiciary. He was next after Marquis in the hierarchy of noble titles and almost alone, with the exception of only some issues, ruled his county. By the way, from the word Comte, the name "Komtur" occurred, denoting the position in spiritual and knight orders.
Le Vicomte (Viscount)
The noble titles in France were inherited. In different epochs, various rules operated for this. For example, the title of a viscont, which in the early period was the deputy graph, later wore the younger heirs of male marquises and graphs, as well as their descendants.
Le Baron (Baron)
The noble titles in France were quite numerous. Their hierarchy includes both a baron step. So called the feudalists possessing their own domain, which, being vassals directly the king, were sovereigns of their own subjects. In France, was one of the low-prolonged.
Le Chevalier (Chevalier)
The noble titles in France were also from those representatives of this class that did not have their own domains. It was they who joined the ranks of the army and amounted to most of the knighthood. The word "chevalier" means a heavy rider. In Western European countries, originally meant the adoption of military service for their suzerane. For loyalty to Chevalé received from Mr. Hereditary fightened and lifelong benefius.
Monsieur De.
Junior noble title in France of the old order - Equier (Ekuje). They were denoted by a squire, and in the literal translation, it meant "dressed". In addition, it was so called personally independent noble children who did not have the opportunity to unprote and equip themselves alone. The serviced service was the only opportunity for Chevalo to win the right to possession of the fjdef or the beneficiation. However, some of the squires for one or another reasons did not reach the desired and remained simply Monsieur De (name). Over time, this class merged with cheval.
Inheritance title
At the head of the origin of the birthright. It meant that the title was inherited by the eldest son of his owner. At the same time, the daughters born before the boy's family appeared were deprived of this right.
While his father was alive, the son received the so-called truth title lower than the parent. For example, the heir to Duke became marquis. At the same time, when the position of a particular nobleman was considered in the hierarchy of the French aristocracy, the title of father was taken to determine his place as a basis. In other words, the Graph, which is the son of the Duke, was higher than the "colleagues", the father of which was Marquis.
Usually, the highest aristocracy had several titles that remained in the family, so sometimes their offspring had to change them with the death of senior relatives. For example, if after the death of his grandfather, the son became a duke, then the grandson occupied his county place.
Women's titles
The noble title in France and England was usually transmitted through the male line. As for women, they become their owners in two ways. The first option is marriage, and the second is obtaining from the Father. In the latter case, it was again about the title of courtesy, which did not give a lady of any privileges. The matter when the woman became, for example, the duchess as a result of marriage with the duke. This meant that she turned out to be on the same stage of the hierarchy as the spouse, and bypassing everyone, including male representatives who walked behind him. In addition, for example, from two Marquis below stood that, whose husband had a title of courtesy, and did not inherit him after the death of the parent.
At the same time, in France, the Salic Law of the Prestiplotia acted, according to which women unconditionally could not inherit family titles, i.e. The daughter of Duke did not become a duchess, even if the father had no heirs of male.
The most famous aristocratic houses of France
- House de Monmodrance.
The genus is known from the 10th century and gave France 6 of the Connyabley, 12 Marshals, Cardinal, several admirals, as well as masters of various noble orders and numerous well-known states.
The first in the family who received the Duchetic title, in 1551 he became Ann de Monmodransi.
- House D "Albre.
This house reached the top of the hierarchical staircase, becoming the royal in Navarre. In addition, one of his representatives (John D Albrea) married the Duke of the Vendan. In this marriage there was a future king first Navarre, and then France Heinrich Fourth.
- Artoi House.
The county with such a title in the Middle Ages has repeatedly became moreover, it was one of the few, whose inheritance was in spite of the salient law. Later, the county was part of Burgundy. In 1482, the title with the lands went to the Habsburgs. However, already in 1659, it returned to the French Protectorate and became the nominal county. At the same time, its owners received the title of Par France, and later, one of the representatives of this kind became King France Karl ninth.
- Princes Conde.
This younger branch played an important role in public and in political life Kingdom before their disappearance in 1830. Throughout its history, this race has repeatedly claimed a throne and participated in various conspiractions.
- Family Lusignan.
The genus is known for spreading its influence far beyond France. His representatives from the 12th century as a result of dynastic marriages became the rulers of Cyprus and Jerusalem, and in the 13th century became the kings of the Kiliyan Armenian kingdom and the Antioch Principality. Thanks to them, the hierarchy of the noble titles of France has partially crossed these states.
- House Valua Anjo.
Representatives of the genus were kings of Naples and one of the branches of the ancient dynasty of capeting. In 1328, their representative Philip Sixth joined the throne of France. He received him not a legacy, but because of the lack of male heirs from his cousin - the king of France. Dynasty Rules for more than 2 centuries, while the throne did not switched to Henry Fourth.
Now you know how many steps of the hierarchical staircase divided the usual aristocrat and the one who occupied the highest noble title of France, England or other Western European states. Today, many of their offspring, who inherited only a loud name, live as the most ordinary people and only occasionally remember their ancestors who gave them blue blood.
"Staircase" titles
On the top of the top the Royal Family (with its own hierarchy).
Princes - Your Highness, Your Lightness
Duke - Your Lightness, Duke / Duchess
Marquises - Milord / Milady, Marquis / Marquis (mention in conversation - Lord / Lady)
Senior sons of Herzov
Daughters of the Dukes
Counts - Milord / Milady, your clay (mention in conversation - Lord / Lady)
Senior Sons Markov
Daughter Markov
The younger sons of the Herzov
Viscounts - Milord / Milady, your grace (mention in conversation - Lord / Lady)
Senior sons of graphs
Younger Sons Markov
Barons - Milord / Milady, your mercy (mention in conversation - Lord / Lady)
Senior sons of Viconov
Junior sons of graphs
Senior sons of Baronov
The younger sons of Viconov
The younger sons of Baronov
Baronet - Sir
Older sons of younger sons peers
Senior sons of Baronetov
The younger sons of Baronetov
Sons
The eldest son of the title holder is his direct heir.
The eldest son of the Duke, Marquis or Graph gets "title of courtesy" - a senior from the list of titles belonging to the Father (usually the road to the title was held through several lower titles, which continued "remained in the family"). Usually it is the next title (for example, the heir to the Duke - Marquis), but not necessarily. In the general hierarchy, the sons of the title owner was determined by the title of their father, and not their "titular courtesy."
The eldest son of the duke, marquise, a graph or a viscont goes immediately for the title owner following the seniority after the title of his father. (see "Title Ladder")
Thus, the heir to the Duke always stands immediately behind the Marquis, even if his "title courtesy" is just a graph.
The younger sons of the Dukes and Marquis - Lords.
Women
In the overwhelming majority of cases, the title holder was a man. In exceptional cases, the title could belong to a woman if the title was allowed for the female line. It was an exception to the rules. Basically, women's titles are all these Countess, Marquises, etc. - Courtesy Titles are "courtesy titles" and do not give the owner of the right to privileges put by the title owner. The woman became a countess, going married a graph; Marquis, going marriage; etc.
In the general hierarchy, the wife occupies a place determined by the title of her husband. We can say that it stands on the same step of the stairs as her husband, immediately behind him.
Note: Attention should be paid to such a nuance: for example, there are marquises, wives of Marquis and Marquis, wives of the older sons of the dukes (who have the "title of courtesy" Marquis, see the Section of Sons). So, the first always occupy a higher position than the second (again, the position of the wife is determined by the position of the husband, and the Marquis, the son of the duke, always stands below the marquise as such).
Women - owner of the title "right."
In some cases, the title could be inherited by the female line. There could be two options here.
1. The woman became somehow the keeper of the title, passing him by his older son. If the Son was not, the title, on the same conditions passed the next woman heir to transfer her son ... When was the birth of a male heir, the title passed to him.
2. The woman received the title "right" ("Inher Own Right"). In this case, she became the owner of the title. However, in contrast to men, title owners, a woman did not receive the right to sit in the House of Lords with this title, as well as hold posts related to this title.
If the woman married, her husband did not receive the title (both in the first and second case).
Note: Who takes a higher position, Baroness "in Her Own Right" or Baron's wife? After all, the first title belongs directly to it, and the second uses the title of courtesy.
According to the Debrett, the position of the woman is fully determined by the position of her father or her husband, except when a woman has the title "in Her Own Right". In this case, its position is determined by the title itself. Thus, of the two Baroness above the position is the one, whose barn is older. (Compare two title owners).
Widow
In the literature in relation to the widows of titled aristocrats, you can often find a kind of prefix to the title - Dowager, i.e. Widowing. Did you want to call every widow "widowing"? No.
Example. The widow of the fifth Count Chathama may be called a dowager countess of Chatham in the event that the following conditions are simultaneously satisfied:
1. The following graf Chatham became the direct heir to her late husband (i.e. his son, grandson, etc.)
2. If there is no other enlightened Countess Chattech (for example, the widow of the fourth graph, the father of her late husband).
In all other cases, she is Mary, Countess Chatham (Mary, Countess of Chatham, i.e. name + title of deceased husband). For example, if she is a widow of the graph, but still alive the widow of her husband's father. Or if after the death of her husband, his nephew became a graph.
If the current title holder is not yet married, then the Widow of the previous winner of the title continues to be called Countess Chatham (for example), and becomes "widowing" (if it has the right) after the current holder of the title marries and a new Countess Chatham will appear.
How determines the position of the widow in society? - According to the title of her deceased husband. So, the widow of the 4th graf Chatham is higher in the Regulation than the wife of the 5th Count Chatham. Moreover, the age of women does not play any role here.
If the widow marries again, its position is determined by the position of its new husband.
Daughter
The daughters of the dukes, marquises and graphs occupy the next step after the older sons in the family (if he is) and his wife (if it is). They stand above all other sons in the family.
The daughter of the Duke, Marquis or Count gets the title of courtiness "Lady". It preserves this title, even if married a non-tired person. But, going married a titled man she gets the title of her husband.
Titles of rulers
Inherited:
Prince
Tsar Heir Tsarevich (not always)
King heir doughne, prince or infant
Emperor
Magaraja
Elected:
Caliph at Harijitov
Noborian titles:
Boyar
Chevalé
Gadzoku - Japanese Title System
Monarchs
Emperor (Lat. Imperator - Lord) - Monarch's title, Head of State (Empire). Since the Roman emperor of August (27 g BC. E. - 14 g. E.) and his successors, the title of Emperor acquired a monarchical character. Since the Emperor Diocletian (284-305), two emperors with Augusta titles almost always stood at the head of the Roman Empire (their co-guards were tattula Caessee).
It is also used to refer to the rulers of a number of oriental monarchies (China, Korea, Mongolia, Ethiopia, Japan, Precucumbian states of America), despite the fact that the title name is on state languages These countries do not occur from Latin Imperator.
To date, only the Emperor of Japan has this title.
King (Lat. Rex, Fr. Roi, Eng. King, it. Konig) - Monarch's title, usually hereditary, but sometimes elected, head of the kingdom.
King? Va - Woman Governor of the Kingdom or Spouse King.
King (from Cissar, C? Sar, Lat. Caesar, Greek. K ????? - one of the Slavic titles of the monarch, usually associated with the highest dignity of the emperor. In an allegorical speech to designate the championship, dominance: "Lev - Tsar Beasts."
Queen is a reigning person or a spouse of the king.
Tsarevich is the son of King or Queen (in Dopererovskaya time). In addition, Titula Tsarevich was given to some descendants of independent Tatar khans, for example, the descendants of Kuchum Khan Siberia had Titula Tsarevichi Siberian.
Cesarevich - the heir to the male, the full title, the heir to Zesarevich, informally reduced in Russia to the heir (with capital letter) And rarely to Cesarevich.
Cesarer - Spouse Cesarevich.
Tsarevna - the daughter of the king or queen.
Titled nobility:
Prince (Him. Prinz, English and Franz. Prince, Span. Principe, from Lat. Princeps - first) - one of the highest titles of representatives of the aristocracy. Russian word "prince" means direct descendants of monarchs, as well as on a special decree, other members Royal Family
Duke (DUC) - Duchess (Duchess)
GE? RCOG (HERZOG, FR. DUC, English. Duke, Ital. Duca) In the ancient Germans - a military leader, elected by the birthbroken one; In Western Europe, during the early Middle Ages, the tribal prince, and in the period of feudal fragmentation - a large territorial dominator, ranking first after the king in the military hierarchy.
Marquis (Marquess) - Marquis (Marchioness)
Marquis - (Franz. Marquis, Novolat. Marchisus or Marchio, from him. Markgraf, in Italy Marchese) - Western European noble title, standing in the middle between County and Duccian; In England, except M. in his own sense, this title (Marques) is given to the eldest sons of the dukes.
Graph (Earl) - Countess (Counte)
Count (from him. Graf; lat. Comes (letters: "Satellite"), Fr. Comte, English. Earl or Count) - Royal officer in the early Middle Ages in Western Europe. The title arose in the IV century in the Roman Empire and was initially assigned to the highest dignitaries (for example, Comes Sacrarum Largitionum is the main treasurer). In the Frankish state from the second half of the 6th century, the Count in his county has a judicial, administrative and military authority. According to Charles II Bald (Kersiy Capitulia, 877), the position and ownership of the graph became hereditary.
English Earl (Dr.-English. EORL) originally marked the highest official, but since the time of the Norman kings turned into an honorary title.
During the period of feudal fragmentation - the feudal rule of the county, then (with the elimination of feudal fragmentation) of the Higher Nobility title (a woman - Countess). The title formally continues to be maintained in most European countries with a monarchical form of government.
Viscount (Viscount) - Viscountess (viscountess)
Viscount - (FR. Vicornte, English. Viscount, Italian. Visconte, Spanish. ViceComte) - so called in the Middle Ages the governor in some possession of the graph (from Vice Comes). Subsequently, individual V. So strengthened, which was made independent and owned well-known diets (Bomak, Poitiers, etc.) began to connect with the title of V. Currently, this title in France and in England occupies an average place between the graph and the baron. The eldest son of the count is usually wearing title V.
Baron (Baron) - Baroness
Baron (from Late Late. Baro - the Word of Germanic Origin with an initial meaning - a man, man), in Western Europe, the direct vassal of the king, later the noble title (woman - Baroness). B. Title in England (where it remains and today) is lower than the title of Viscount, occupying the last place in the hierarchy of the titles of the highest nobility (in a broader sense to B. belongs to all the English Higher Nobility, hereditary members of the House of Lords); In France and Germany, this title stood below the county. AT Russian Empire Title B. was introduced by Peter I for the German Higher Nobility of the Baltic States.
Baronet (Baronet) - (there is no female version of the title) - Although it is a hereditary title, but in fact, the barons do not belong to the peers (titled aristocracy) and do not have places in the House of Lords.
Note: everyone else falls under the definition "Commoner", i.e. Not titled (incl. Knight, Esquire, Gentleman)
Comment: In the overwhelming majority of cases, the title belongs to a man. In rare cases, a woman can have a title itself. Thus, the Duchess, Marquis, Countess, Vikontes, Baroness - in the overwhelming majority of cases are "courtiness titles"
Within one title, there is a hierarchy that is based on the time of creating title and whether the title is English, Scottish or Irish.
British titles are higher than Scottish, and Scottish, in turn, is higher than Irish. With all that, at a higher stage there are more "old" titles.
Comment: On the titles of English, Scottish and Irish.
At different times, titles were created in England:
until 1707 - Pears of England, Scotland and Ireland
1701-1801. - Pares of Great Britain and Ireland
after 1801 - Pears of the United Kingdom (and Ireland).
Thus, the Irish graph with the title created before 1707 is below the hierarchical staircase than the English graph with the title of the same time; But higher than the British Count with the title created after 1707.
Lord (English Lord - Mr., Host, Vladyka) - noble title in the UK.
Initially, this title was used to designate all belonging to the estate of landowners. In this value, Lord (Fr. Seigneur ("Senor")) confronted peasants who lived on his lands and obliged to him loyalty and feudal insights. Later, a narrower value appeared - the land holder directly from the king, unlike the knights (Gentry in England, Larda in Scotland), which owned land belonging to other nobles. Thus, the title of Lord became collective for five ranks of Parity (Duke, Marquis, Graph, Viscount and Baron).
With the emergence of parliaments in the XIII century in England and Scotland, Lords received the right to participate in parliament, and in England, a separate, upper house of the Lords of Parliament was formed. The nobles possessing the title of Lord were met in the House of Lords on the right of birth, while other faeodals had to elect their representatives in the House of Communities in counties.
In a narrower value, the title of Lord was usually used as an equal title of Baron, the lowest in the Pare rank system. This is especially characteristic of Scotland, where Baron's title did not get distribution. The tattula of the Scottish king title of Lord nobles gave them the opportunity to be directly involved in the country's parliament, and often was not related to the appearance of land owners on the right of holding from the king. Thus, the title of lords of parliament originated in Scotland.
The right to assign a nobleman Titula Lord had only the king. This title was inherited by the male line and in accordance with the principle of birth. Nevertheless, the title of Lord has also become used by children of the nobility of higher gravis (dukes, marquises, viscons). In this meaning, the wearing of this title did not require a special sanction of the monarch.
Lord, it's not a title - this is an appeal to know, Nr Lord Stone.
Lord (Lord, in the initial meaning - the owner, head of the house, family, from Anglo-Saksk. Hlaford, literally - keeper, bread defenseist), 1) Initially in medieval England in the general meaning - the feudal of the landowner (Lord Manora, Landlord) and Senor His vassals, in a more special meaning - a large feudal, the direct holder of the king - Baron. Gradually, the title of L. became a collective title of the English Higher Nobility (Duke, Marquises, Graphs, Viscounts, Barons), which is obtained (from the 14th century) of the Kingdom Pares, which constitute the upper chamber of the British Parliament - the Lords Chamber. The rank of L. is transmitted through the male line and seniority, but may be also awarded the crown (on the recommendation of the Prime Minister). From 19 century Complaints ("For special merit") not only to major landowners, as was taken earlier, but also representatives of large capital, as well as some figures of science, culture, etc. until 1958 places in the House of L. were replaced only in the order of inheritance of this title. From 1958, a part of the members of the L. Chamber members were introduced to the monarch, and appointed L. meet in the ward for life, their title is not inherited. In 1963, hereditary L. received the right to put title. 2) an integral part of the official name of some higher and local officials of Great Britain, such as Lord Chancellor, Lord Mayor and others. Lord Chancellor, Supreme L. Great Britain, is one of the oldest state positions (established in 11th century); In modern Great Britain, L.-Chancellor is a member of the government and a representative of the House of Lords. Performs mainly the function of the Minister of Justice: appoints judges in counties, heads Supreme Courtis the keeper of a large state press. The Lord Mayor - the title of local authorities in London (in the city of City) and a number of other major cities (Bristol, Liverpool, Manchester and others) is preserved from the Middle Ages. 3) In the 15-17th centuries, the component of the title L.-tread, which was assigned to some high-ranking states of England, for example, resents with a minor king. In 1653-58, the title of L.-Tread also wore O. Cromwell.
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Emperor
Kaiser | King | Konung | Tsar | Basilev
Grand Prince | Great Duke | Duke | Kurfürst | ERCGERSOG | Prince
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Titled nobility
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Infant | Prince | Yarl / Earl | Palachgraft
Marquis | Marcgraf | Graph | Landgraf | Despot | Ban
Viscount | Burggrav | Views
Baron | Baronet
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Neotitulated nobility.
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