Federico garcia lorca: biography, briefly about life and work. Political beliefs or non-traditional orientation: why Federico García Lorca was executed

Date: 26.09.2019

García Lorca, Federico(Garcia Lorka, Federico) (1898-1936) - Spanish poet and playwright.

Born June 5, 1898 in the village of Fuente Vaqueros near Granada in the family of an Andalusian landowner. Since childhood, he was fond of painting, studied music. As a teenager, he began to write poetry and recite them in local cafes.

Studied law at the University of Granada. In 1918 he published a book of prose, written on the impressions of a trip to Castile. In 1919 he transferred to the University of Madrid, the department of literature. He organized theatrical performances, performed with a public reading of his poems. At this time, his name was associated with the "Generation 27" group, which also included Salvador Dali, Luis Bunuel, poet Rafael Alberti.

In 1921, the first Book of Poems (Libro de poemas) was published, in which the influence of Dario and Jimenez is felt, while Lorca's poetry is distinguished by its closeness to folk culture and a special musicality of the verse. The second collection of poetry Songs (Canciones, 1927) conveys the dramatic vision of life inherent in Andalusian folk songs. At this time, he was fond of ancient traditional Andalusian "deep singing" (cante jondo), participated in organizing festivals. He was engaged in painting - in 1927 his exhibition took place in Barcelona.

From 1929 he headed the student theater troupe Balagan (La Barraca). Its participants tried to revive their interest in classical national drama - they traveled through the villages with performances of Spanish classics - Lope de Vega, Calderon, Cervantes. Lorca's first theatrical success was associated with the staging of the play Mariana Pineda (1929) with the scenery of Salvador Dali - a historical poem in verse about the death of a resident of Granada tortured for participating in secret activities against the tyrant Ferdinand VII.

The most famous poet Lorca in Spain and abroad brought poetry collections Gypsy ballads (Romancero gitano, 1928) and Poem about cante jondo (El Poema del cante jondo, 1931), after which he became famous as a "gypsy poet". In them, the characteristic features of Lorca's talent were most fully manifested - he perceives life fatally, as a fateful destiny, lyricism is full of tremendous emotional intensity.

In 1929 he went to New York to study English at Columbia University. I got acquainted with local amateur and professional theater groups. Here was written a collection of poetry Poeta en Nueva York, published after the death of the author, in 1940.

Upon returning to Spain in 1931, he organized his own theater company. I tried myself in drama - I wrote popular farces - The Magic Shoemaker (La Zapatera prodigiosa, 1930) and Don Perlimplin's Love (Amor de Don Perlimplin con Belisa en su jardin, 1933). In 1933 he traveled to Buenos Aires, where he directed the production of his plays.

In March 1933, the premiere of the tragedy Bloody Wedding (Bodas de sangre, 1933) took place in Madrid. She was a huge success and since then has not left the stage of Spanish theaters. The plot was taken from a newspaper article about a bride who escaped on her wedding night with her lover. The play became the first part of a planned trilogy dedicated to the "Spanish universe", each part of which was based on the tragedy of a woman who caused a bloody feud.

The tragedy Yerma (1934), the second part of the Spanish trilogy, deals with a woman thirsty for motherhood, whose husband is unable to make her a mother. Not wanting to fulfill her desire with another person or, breaking tradition, to leave her husband, she decides to kill her husband. Despite the strong tragic sound, Jerma did not enjoy the same success as the Bloody Wedding - conservative critics accused the playwright of an attempt on traditional Spanish values.

The unfinished tragedy House of Bernarda Alba (La Casa de Bernarda Alba, 1935) is considered the third part of the Spanish trilogy. It is based on the story of the five daughters of a despotic mother who demands strict observance of strict moral precepts. But daughters want to love and try to find their own ways to leave their mother's home. The youngest, having learned that her lover has become a victim of her ruthless mother, commits suicide. The role of Bernarda was specially written for the great tragic actress Margarita Xirgu. And although the play was not staged during Lorca's life, it is considered his highest achievement in drama.

He himself appreciated more his dramatic surrealistic experiments, which destroyed the norms of theatrical realism - When five years pass and the Auditorium.

The last poetic work refers to 1935 - Lament for Ignacio Sanchez Mehias (Llanto por Ignacio Sanchez Mehias) was written in memory of his deceased friend - the famous bullfighter.

In the summer of 1936, before a planned trip to Mexico, he went home. A civil war broke out in Spain, and on the fourth day of his stay in Granada, a military mutiny broke out in southern Spain. The city garrison joined the rebels, the new owners of the city began to carry out mass arrests and executions of the "left" and supporters of the Republicans. Lorca did not belong to any political party, although it was considered left. On August 19, 1936, by order of the Franco center in Seville, together with a school teacher and two matadors, he was shot in the Visnar ravine in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.

Two months before his death, he finished the first part of the House of Bernarda Alba and believed that he was just starting his main works. Under the Francoists, Lorca's works were outlawed and burned in Granada.

The multifaceted creativity of Lorca is based on archaic layers of national consciousness. Motives similar in mood to cante jondo sound in his poetry - the atmosphere of night, nothingness, twilight is conveyed. Lorca wrote: “The Gypsy Sigiriya begins with an eerie cry that divides the world into two ideal hemispheres, this is the cry of past generations, an acute longing for disappeared eras, a passionate memory of love under another moon and another wind ...”. Lorca is one of the most beloved poets of Spain, a playwright known all over the world, including in Russia.

Compositions: Garcia Lorca F. Izbr. works: In 2 vols. M., 1986; Favorites in 2 volumes. Per. with Spanish M., Art. litas, 1986; Garcia-Lorca F. Favorites. M., Children's literature, 1983; Lorca's letters. Per. letters, foreword. and comments. Malinovskaya N. - In the world of the book. M., 1987, No. 2.

Irina Ermakova

THIS IS A PROLOGUE

All my soul in this book

I would like to leave.

This book is with me

I looked at the landscapes

and lived the holy hours.

How painful it is for the books!

They give us in hand

and roses and stars

and slowly leave by themselves.

How painful to see

those suffering and torment,

which heart

decorates his altar!

See the ghosts of lives

that pass - and melt,

naked heart

on a wingless Pegasus;

see life, see death,

see the synthesis of the universe:

meeting in space

they merge together.

Poetic book -

it's a dead autumn;

poems are black leaves

wind blow:

he immerses poetry

into the chest of people, as into space.

The poet is a tree

with the fruits of sorrow:

it cries over what it loves

and the leaves have withered.

The poet is a medium

nature and life, -

he reveals their greatness

with words.

The poet understands

everything that is not clear

and hate contradictions

he calls friendship.

He knows: all paths

equally impossible,

and therefore at night on them

he walks calmly.

Through books of poetry,

among bloody roses,

sadly pass

eternal caravans;

they gave birth to a poet,

and he cries in the evenings,

surrounded by creatures

own inventions.

Poetry is bitterness

heavenly honey - it splashes

from invisible hives,

where souls work.

She's an impossibility

which is suddenly possible.

It's a harp, but the strings

flames and hearts.

She is the life by which

we pass with longing,

hoping that the helmsman

without a rudder will navigate our ship.

Poetic books -

these are the stars that are in strict

the silence float

across the land of emptiness

and write in the sky

their lines in silver.

O deep sorrow -

and forever, without outcome!

singing poets!

I would like to leave

SONG OF LOVE

Any song -

The star is blue -

I feel,

as in the veins

melting the heart with red-hot passion,

a stream of crimson fire streams.

So put it out

woman, fire.

After all, if everything in it burns out,

one ash will rise on the ashes,

Downcast eyes, but soaring in thought,

I wandered and wandered ...

And along the path of times

my life thrashed about, longing for desires.

The gray road was dusty, but one day

I saw a blooming meadow

filled with life and shimmer

You, pink woman, are like a rose:

after all, her maiden body was also married

with your subtlest smell of separation

with an indescribable longing for sadness.

GARDEN SMUGLYANO

(Fragments)

Into silver drums

fountain jets.

Weave the webs of the wind

leaves and vines,

tint with aroma

wild roses.

And with them in harmony

reverses the moon

into the star.

Mary - Soothe my sorrows

I happened to see you

in the lemon grove where the streams sang

a source of tears.

You are the best of roses!

Mary - Soothe my sorrows

I happened to see you.

Your eyes are lighter in crystals

fogs of braids.

You are the best of roses!

Mary - Soothe my sorrows

I happened to see you.

Where is that moon-colored glove

and the first to grow up?

You are the best of roses!

LEMON GROVE

Lemon grove.

my infant dreams.

Lemon roche.

In the nests

amber breasts

your air.

Lemon grove.

you nurse the sea breezes.

Lemon grove.

Orange garden.

Without feelings,

broken by ailment

and bloodless.

Lemon grove.

I saw how with a wave of my hand

my love was cut off.

Lemon grove.

My childish love, my heart is longing

without roses and without a plant.

SUITE WATER

In black, black water

the trees are buried,

daisies

On a road scorched by the sun

there are three oxen.

And a nightingale flies through the air -

heart of a tree.

I would keep in mind

as a silver souvenir,

a particle of a lump of dew.

Among the treeless plains

the transparent pond is brightening

an extinct spring.

Who cut down the long stem

(Left underwater roots for us.)

How easy could we cut

snow-white corollas

eternal acacia!

Again with a bouquet of iris

I leave you, saying goodbye.

Love of my night!

And the widow of starlight

I find you, meeting ...

Lord of the dark

I'm walking my way.

After a thousand years

you will see me.

Love of my night!

Along the azure path

lord of the dark

I will follow my path.

Until it fits in my heart

Universe.

We lived in honeycombs

glass

hive, air hive!

We kissed

through the glass.

Wonderful prison

whose gate -

Cold stars

hang over the roads.

People and beasts are passing by

along smoky wooded paths.

And the huts sigh softly,

when dawn breaks.

A grunt is heard

Mountains, forests, farms

shaking like cisterns.

Under the ulars

reflection.

You can say

anything:

orange or star,

riverbed or sky.

Oh arrow

this is a golden arrow,

wandering over the wind.

A range of fragrances,

falling

(an ensemble of semitones).

A range of moonlights

increasing

SUITE MIRRORS

in the mirror.

in each hand.

His face trembles

and multiplies.

And black looks

his heart

fill up.

HUGE MIRROR

under a huge mirror.

Man is a living azure!

Dona Luna.

(Maybe the mercury was spilled?)

Unlikely.

What kind of boy lit up

her flashlight?

A moth will flicker

and everything will plunge into darkness.

Be quiet ... silence!

After all, this firefly -

All around is an open fan.

Brother, open your arms.

God is just a dot ahead.

The bird sings

from loneliness.

The air is multiplying.

We do not hear with our ears

and mirrors.

We all walk

in the mirror

blind,

on glass

transparent.

If the irises grew

petals down

if the roses bloom

petals down

if the roots were seen

stars and heights,

and the deceased was asleep

with open eyes,

"we would all be revealed as swans.

FANTASY

Behind a mirror-like surface -

extinguished stars

and the rainbow girl

sleeping soundly.

Behind a mirror-like surface -

endless peace,

nesting place of lulls

wingless and eternal.

Mirror surface -

this is a water mummy,

you close at midnight

a shell of light.

Mirror surface -

original dew,

fallen into the evening

an open book and an echo that became

SHINTOISM

Golden bells.

The pagoda is a dragon.

Ding, ding, ding

over the rice field.

Primordial spring

source of truth.

And somewhere in the distance -

pink herons

and a wilted volcano.

There are so many paths in them

wide open.

There are two crossroads

shady and damp.

Death is a frequent visitor

from these secret fields.

(Cuts off by the gardener

lacrimal poppies.)

In the pupils of the horizons

you will never find it.

In the eyes we wander

as in a virgin jungle.

And into the castle "You will enter,

but you won't come back "

we go through

iris.

Oh boy without love

God save you

from thickets of red ivy.

Elena, you embroider ties,

but fear the stranger who comes by.

Adam and Eve.

By the efforts of the serpent

the mirror broke

by a hundred pieces.

there was an apple.

LULLABY TO THE SLEEPING MIRROR

restless looks.

Baiushki bye.

Sleep will not be disturbed

butterfly is nocturnal,

word, or phrase,

or beam-prolase

from lock silk.

Baiushki bye.

You look like

to my heart.

My garden, where is love

Looking forward to meeting me.

Sleep well

wake up if

will die on my lips

last kiss.

Burdened with rainbows

breaks over the leaves

mirrors into stars.

CONFUSION

Is my heart

is this heart of yours?

Who reflects my thoughts?

Who is this passion to me

groundless

Why is my outfit

changes colors?

Everything is a crossroads of roads in the world.

Why do you see in the sky

so many stars?

Brother it is you

And whose hands are these

so cold?

I see myself in the lights of the lightning

and the human anthill

swarming in my heart.

tired of thinking

glasses wipes

with a sigh,

rolls head over heels downhill,

falling stars

And the owl, ruffled, beats with its wings

HOPE SONG

Rivers merge

grasses curl.

scattered by the winds.

Annunciation will enter

to the house of the betrothed,

and the girls will get up in the morning

and embroider their hearts

silk green.

Eternal Corner

Earth and sky

eternal corner

(and the bisector

let the wind be).

Road and sky

giant angle

(and the bisector

POPLAR AND TOWER

Shadow of Living Splendor

and the shadow of centuries.

The shadow is melodious green

and a shadow, betrothed to the ground.

The stone and the wind are watching enemies,

It's time to say goodbye to a one-sounding heart,

with a melody more flawless than a diamond -

without you, who fought the northern winds,

I will remain alone and silently.

A polar headless star.

A fragment of a sunken compass.

SIREN AND CARABINER

(Excerpts)

A triangular olive imprinted in the dusk,

and a triangular profile a surging wave ...

And the pink sky in the west of the bay

tense, as if a bather's back.

The dolphin made the "bridge", frolicking in the evening water,

and they spread their wings, like birds, ships.

The distant hill oozes with balm and glow

and the moon ball silently sailed away from the earth.

At the pier, the sailors began to sing at sunset ...

The bamboo rustles in their songs, the snow freezes in the choruses,

and hikes on an unreliable map glow

in the eyes that frown from under the swollen eyelids.

like apple pulp, into the crimson firmament ...

to battle with the pirate flag and the element of ox.

Night will burst into the quiet of the bay like a black mare,

pushing a slow boat into a Latin sail, -

and the sea that sighed like grace, ashamed,

suddenly the passion comes to know in the guttural groans of the waves.

About melting in a dance among the blue meadows,

accept my gift, muses, and serve me:

let your nine songs be a single word

ESTAMP SKY

not engaged to anyone.

And so beautiful!

They are waiting for a fan

so he drove them

to their Venice, perfectly happy.

They fit every night

to the window bars -

a thousand floors in the sky! -

and give signals to lovers

in the seas of darkness

where they themselves drown.

But girls wait

so that I die, and in the morning, early,

I will kidnap you one by one

THREE STORIES ABOUT THE WIND

There was a red wind in the distance,

the dawn is kindled.

Then it flowed down the river -

Then he was blue and yellow.

ascended like a tight rainbow

over the field.

The wind is dammed like a stream.

Shivering

and algae of poplars,

and the heart too.

The sun is inaudible

leaned in the sky ...

Five in the afternoon.

The wind sleeps.

And the birds are dumb.

Like a curl

the breeze winds

like ivy

like shavings -

curls.

Hatching

in the forest under a stone.

Give white balm to drink

he gorge to the edge

and will beat

Who gets married

for the wind?

Mistress of all desires

in the world.

What gives her for the wedding

Whirlwinds of gold

and maps of all countries in the world.

And what does she give him?

She lets the wind into her heart.

Say her name.

Her name is kept secret.

(Outside the school window - a star canopy.)

LONELINESS

IN MEMORY OF LOUIS DE LEON

Beauty is inaccessible!

Is the world looking for this white

eternal and complete nothingness?

Jorge Guillen

Immersed in his thoughts invariably,

loneliness hovers over the stone with death, care,

where, free and captive,

frozen in the whiteness of flight

cold-wounded light humming something.

Architectureless

loneliness in the style of silence!

Climbing over the grove gloomy,

you erase invisible boundaries

and they will never hurt your dark flesh.

Forgotten in your depths

a feverish thrill of my blood,

my belt, embroidered with a pattern,

and broken chains

and a stunted rose crumpled by the sandy steppes.

Flower of my defeat!

Over dull lights and pale longing,

when the motion fades

and the knot is cut by an invisible hand,

subtle waves of peace spread from you.

In a lingering song

pours from his throat and takes off

over the reeds that bow their stalks to the water.

Decorates with a white rose

the river bank is a young deity,

the grove sang

the sound of nature doubling

and merging the music of the leaves with the murmuring water,

Immortelles in chorus

they ask the sky for immortality

and with its restless pattern

the eyes of the ears hurt

and put their outlines on the map of sorrow.

Harp, her golden sobs

seized by one passion -

find in the depths of the universe

(oh the sounds born of a fragile spring!),

find, loneliness, your kingdom of ice.

But still unattainable

you are for the wounded sounds with their green blood,

and there is no visible height,

and there is no subdued depth,

from where our sobs and groans would come to you.

ON THE DEATH OF JOSE DE SIRIA I ESCALANT

Who can say now that you have lived in the world?

Pain bursts into the illumined twilight.

Dawn will decorate the lawns without you.

Delirium of ash-gray flowers at dawn

your skull will fill with a mysterious ringing.

Oh, light pain and invisible nets!

Nothingness and moon crown!

The crown of the moon! And with my own hand

I will throw your flower into the spring waters,

and he will be carried away into the distance along with the river.

Cold vaults swallowed you;

and the memory of the world with its vanity

erase, oh my friend, endless years.

On the cold mosses that shimmer gloomily,

my profile will not change shape;

in it, a sinless mirror, the pulse is chased

the awake word broke.

And if the strings of streams and wingless ivy -

only the primordial symbol of mortal flesh,

my profile will be on the sandy ridge

the bizarre silence of the crocodile.

And let the tongue of the agonies of the doves

learns the taste not of flame, but of gorse,

growing in desert tracts, -

as a symbol of strength broken before the deadline,

I will stay in crumpled dahlias

and in the stalks of grasses, trampled cruelly.

I'm afraid to lose this bright miracle,

that in your wet eyes froze in silence,

I'm afraid of this night I won't be

touch your face to your rose of breath.

I'm afraid that my branches are a dead pile

the mysterious will cover this shore;

I do not want to carry with me everywhere

those fruits where the worms of suffering are hidden.

If you took my treasured treasure with you,

if you are my pain that asks for no mercy,

even if I'm not worth anything at all, -

may my last ear not be mowed down

and let your stream be strewn with foliage,

that my leaving autumn drops.

THE POET ASKS FOR HIS LOVE TO WRITE TO HIM

Deep love, like death, like spring,

I wait in vain for letters and decisions;

the flower has withered and there is no more doubt:

living, having lost yourself in you, is unbearable.

The air is immortal. The stone is hard, inert

does not know and does not avoid the shadow.

The heart is not needed for its struggles

icy honey - the moon gives them water to the pines.

I have suffered for you. Opening the veins

in battle, doves with a tiger, a snake with flowers,

I doused your body with blood instantly.

Fill my wild delirium with words

or let me live in a selfless night,

in the night of the soul with unknown dreams.

SONG ABOUT LITTLE DEATH

Mossy moons undead plain

and the blood that has gone underground.

Plain of ancient blood.

Yesterday's light and coming light.

Thin grasses inanimate sky.

In the haze of the moon, I met death.

Unliving earthly plain.

Outlines of a small death.

There is a dog on a high roof.

And with my left hand obliquely

I crossed the dried flowers

intermittent cliffs.

Above the cathedral made of ashes - the wind.

Light and darkness rising above the sand.

Outlines of a small death.

Death and I are in full view of death.

A lonely man, and near

outlines of a little death.

And the moons are a lifeless plain.

And the snow fluctuates and groans

outside the doors, in the desert silence.

Man - so what? All this:

a lonely man, and near

death. Plain. Breath of light.

NIGHT SONG OF THE ANDALUZIAN SEAFARERS

From Cadiz to Gibraltar

the road was running.

There all my sighs are sea

counted on the way.

Ah, girl, you never know

ships in the harbor of Malaga!

From Cadiz to Seville

the lemon gardens are up.

The trees are all my sighs

they counted on the way.

Ah, girl, you never know

ships in the harbor of Malaga!

From Seville to Carmona

you can't get a knife.

The sickle of the month cuts the air

and the air carries away the wound.

Ah boy wave

my horse is carried away!

I walked past dead cooling towers

and you, love, have been forgotten.

Who wants to find a heart

let him ask how it happened.

Ah boy wave

my horse is carried away!

Cadiz, don't go here

here the sea will catch up with you.

Sevilla, stand up to your full height

otherwise you will drown in the river.

Ah, girl!

Ah boy!

The road was running.

Ships in the harbor you never know!

And it became cold in the square!

(Poems for the Dead)

I will cut off my right arm.

Patience.

I have two gloves: silk and mercury.

Patience.

Do not Cry. And be quiet.

Let no one hear us.

Patience.

Barely opened the doors -

the statues fell to the ground.

LULLABY

(Mercedes, dead)

You are not breathing when you are asleep.

Your boat is made of oak planks on land.

Sleep, princess of a foreign land.

Your body turns white in the pitch-black night.

Your body is like earth, icy.

Sleep. The dawn passes by the side.

You float away asleep.

Out of fog and sleep, your boat is on land.

If you hear: crying

bitter oleander through the silence,

what will you do my love?

I will sigh.

If you see that you

the light calls with it, leaving,

what will you do my love?

I will remember the sea.

If under the olives in the garden

I will tell you: "I love you" -

what will you do my love?

BLACK MOONS

Black moons over the shore

and the sea in agate light.

They're crying after me

my unborn children.

Father, don't leave us, stay!

The younger has folded his arms ...

My pupils are pouring.

Roosters are singing around.

And the sea in the distance turns to stone

under the mask of wavy laughter.

Father, don't leave us! ..

QUIET WATER

My eyes to the bottom

float like a river ...

With sorrow and love

float like a river ...

(Counts out the heart

rest hours.)

Dry herbs float

road to the mouth ...

Light and dignified

road to the mouth ...

(Isn't it time for the road,

asked the heart with sadness.)

Goodbye

I say goodbye

at the edge of the road.

Guessing the native,

I was in a hurry to cry distant -

but they cried over me.

I say goodbye

at the edge of the road.

In a different way, an unearthly dear

leave the crossroads

wake up a sad memory

about the black minute.

I will not become a wet shiver

stars at sunrise.

I returned to the white grove

soundless melodies.

Not much is usually said about Lorca: he was born on June 5, 1898 in the town of Fuente Vaqueros in Andalusia, at the age of 11 he moved to Granada with his family, glorified the nature of these places in his poetry, did not study at school, was an impressionable dreamy boy, grew up, He traveled a lot, became interested in poetry, entered the circle of avant-garde artists, wrote piercing poetry and prose, painted, played music. He adhered to leftist views, for which Franco was shot by the Nazis at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. It’s even sad that such a large and deep life can be reduced to such a small and fluent paragraph. It is even sadder that such a great and beautiful talent can be ruined with just one quick pull of the trigger ...

Not everyone knows that Lorca was born into a very well-to-do family of a landowner who grows sugarcane, lived in a comfortable villa surrounded by picturesque nature, and his mother was a talented pianist. In his youth, Lorca attracted much less literature than music and theater. In general, he could become a pianist, since it was the training in this skill that absorbed most of his time and effort.

He was inspired by Debussy, Chopin, Beethoven. A little later, Spanish folklore became his main Muse. In literary creation, this source of inspiration will also remain. Lorca began to write only after a tragic event that strongly influenced him - the death of his piano teacher. Then the young man wrote small essays - "Nocturne", "Ballad", "Sonata" - and set them to music. Even then, he began to gather around him the artistic light of Granada - these were meetings in cafes, readings, conversations. A trip to the north of Spain, undertaken together with a professor of the university where he studied, resulted in a collection of poems "Impressions and Landscapes" and brought the talented 20-year-old boy his first fame. At the insistence of Professor Fernando de los Rios, who believed in Lorca's talent, the parents send their son to the progressive Madrid "Oxford" - the Residencia de estudiantes University - to study literature, law and philosophy.

Federico Garcia quickly became a central figure in the artistic environment of Madrid in the 1920s, where he came to study in 1919. At the university, he immediately became friends with the best of the best -,, Manuel de Falla and many other creative young people who would then become famous in the country. Acquaintance with Gregorio Martinez Sierra, director of the Eslava Theater, brought Lorca to the theater: admired by the young man's talent, Sierra invited Lorca to write his first play, The Witchcraft of the Butterfly.

Ridicule from the public about an unusual plot - the love of a butterfly and a cockroach - determined Lorca's attitude towards the theatrical community. Frustrated by her superficial perception, he focuses on poetry.

Lorca was attracted by the themes of the Motherland, nature, love, death. In a slightly surreal, bewitching manner, he sang the surrounding reality and the area of dreams. All this was reflected in the collections "Book of Poems", "Poems about Kant Hondo", "First Songs", "Songs".

The most famous collection of poems "The Gypsy Romancero" of 1928 was full of gypsy mythology in its fusion with that time. Incredibly melodic, sonorous poems stylized as ballads and poems of medieval times, still in use in countryside Andalusia have become the basis for numerous romances. Until the end of his life, Lorca returned to the theme of "deep, fragile, trembling Andalusia", hidden from the first glance at her.

However, there was also success. negative side: Lorca suffered greatly from the label of a "gypsy poet" hung on him, feeling the belittling of his potential, the narrowing of talent in this small definition. Depression was exacerbated by the estrangement of his then best friend Salvador Dali, in whom, as you know, Lorca, who so poetically praised female beauty, was deeply in love, enormous suffering due to homosexuality, forced to be kept secret, and then completely break with his surrealist friends. At the same time, in 1929, Dali and Bunuel began to collaborate on the film "Andalusian Dog", in which Lorca saw a mockery of him, and then Dali began an affair with his future wife and muse Gala. The family, worried about Lorca's difficult mental state, insisted that he go to live in the United States for a year or two. After leaving for New York, Garcia Lorca entered Columbia University, studied English, then moved to Vermont, then to Havana, to Cuba. The 1931 book of poetry "A Poet in New York" reflected the poet's impressions of a year spent in the States, songs about the spirit of wandering, mixed with an aching longing for the homeland. He abruptly departed from the haunted fame of "folklorist", exploring the themes of alienation and isolation in modern materialistic society. He also raised these themes later, arguing that "great art depends on a vivid awareness of death, connection with the soil of the country and recognition of the limitations of reason."

The last collection of the poet's poems was Sonnets of Dark Love, written in 1936, shortly before the execution, inspired by the classic love sonnets of the 16th century.

Lorca also wrote prose, but the fame of the playwright was later and not so bright. The first play after the unsuccessful debut of his youth was written only in 1927 - "Mariana Pineda" - and it was her that Lorca called his first. Staged with the participation of Salvador Dali, it won great success during its premiere in Barcelona. In 1931, two plays "The Public" and "When Five Years Pass" were released in the United States, but the most famous plays, including for the Russian reader, appeared on his return to Spain in the same year, while Lorca was director of a traveling student theater. La Barraca ("Balagan"), bringing theatrical art to the poor Spanish quarters. These are "Bloody Wedding", "Jerma" and "House of Bernarda Alba", full of contempt for the norms of traditional bourgeois society.

But business card Lorca is undoubtedly his poetry. Bright, deep, full of inner warm life, poems left a hot mark in the hearts of his compatriots. They leave the same mark today.

Our talented poet was translated by no less talented personalities - M. Tsvetaeva, N. Aseev, V. Parnakh, A. Geleskul, Yunna Moritz, N. Trauberg, N. Malinovskaya, B. Dubin, N. Vanhanen, K. M. Gusev other.

It should be noted that Lorca accompanied all his works with his own graphic drawings, the exhibition of which was held in Moscow at the Cervantes Institute in 2003.

Remembering Federico Garcia Lorca, "Evening Moscow" chose 7 of his famous poems:

1. BALLAD OF SEA WATER ("Book of Poems", 1921)

The sea is laughing
at the edge of the lagoon.
Foam teeth
azure lips ...

The bronze-breasted girl
what are you looking at with longing?

I sell water, my senor,
sea water.

Dark blooded youth
what does it make noise without stopping?

This is water, my senor,
sea water.

Mother why your tears
pouring like a salt river?

I cry with water, my senor,
sea water.

Heart, tell me, heart, -
where does such bitterness come from?

Too bitter, my lord,
sea water ...

And the sea laughs
at the edge of the lagoon.
Foam teeth
azure lips.

(Translated by A. Geleskul)

2. GUITAR ("Poems about cante hondo", 1921)

Begins
Crying guitar.
Breaks down
Cup of the morning.
Begins
Crying guitar.
Oh, don't expect from her
Silence
Do not ask her
Silence!
Relentlessly
The guitar is crying
Like water through canals - crying
It cries like the wind over the snow
Don't beg her
Silence!
So the sunset cries about the dawn
So an arrow cries without a goal,
So the hot sand cries
About the cool beauty of camellias,
This is how a bird says goodbye to life
Threatened by a snake sting.
Oh guitar,
Poor victim
Five nimble daggers!

(Translated by M. Tsvetaeva)

3. MEMENTO ("Poems about cante hondo", 1921)

When I die
bury me with the guitar
in the river sand.

When I die ...
In an old orange grove,
in any flower.

When I die
I will be a weathervane on the roof,
in the wind.

Quiet...
when I die!

(Translated by I. Tynyanova)

4. PRELUDE ("Songs", 1921-1924)

And the poplars go away
but their trace of the lake is bright.

And the poplars go away
but we are left with the wind.

And the wind will be silent at night
dressed in black crepe.

But the wind will leave an echo
floating down the rivers.

And the world of fireflies will flood -
and the past will drown in him.

And a tiny heart
will open in the palm of your hand.

(Translated by A. Geleskul)

5. SILENT BOY ("Songs", 1921-1924)

(Translated by M. Samaev)

6. FAREWELL ("Songs", 1921-1924)

If I die -
do not close the balcony.

Children eat oranges.
(I can see it from the balcony.)

The reapers are harvesting the wheat.
(I can hear it from the balcony.)

If I die -
do not close the balcony.

(Translated by A. Geleskul)

7. LITTLE VIENNA WALTZ ("Poet in New York", 1929-1930)

Ten girls are going to Vienna.
Death cries on the reveler's chest.
There is a forest of stuffed pigeons
and the dawn in the antique gloom.
There are halls with hundreds of windows
and behind them there are clumps of trees ...
Oh take this waltz
this waltz that bit his lips.

This waltz, this waltz
full of death, entreaty and guilt,
where the wave plays like silks.

I love, I love, I love,
I love you there on the moon
and with a withered book in the window,
and in a secluded nest of daisies,
and in that dance that the snail dreams ...
So please with warmth
this waltz with a broken wing.

There are three mirrors in the Vienna hall,
where your lips are echoed.
Death plays the harpsichord
and the dancers are painted blue
and brings gloss to tears ...

And over the city - the shadows of drunks ...
Oh take this waltz
on the hands of a dying dance.

I love, I love, my miracle
I love you forever and everywhere
and on the roof, where I dream of childhood,
and when you lift your eyelashes
and behind them, in a silver cold, -
old Hungary shepherd's stars,
and lambs and lilies of ice ...
Oh take this waltz
this waltz "I love forever".

I'll dance with you in Vienna
in the carnival dress of the river,
into dominoes of water and shadow.
How dark are my reeds! ..
And then a farewell tribute
I will leave an echo of breath
in photographs and weather vane,
I lay my kisses in front of the door -
and trust your waves
waltz tapes, violin and dust.

(Translated by A. Geleskul)

Many say that in his poems Lorca predicted his violent death and burial in an unknown place. He did write a lot about his death. He also foresaw the changes associated with the Civil War. And so it happened: friendly to the republican regime, Lorca was the object of persecution during the civil war unleashed in 1936. Despite the enormous danger associated with the concentration of Francoists in the south, the poet was eager to get to his small homeland, to Granada, to see orange trees, to walk along the river bank ... This step was fatal. On August 18, 1936, Lorca was arrested and the next day he was shot in the mountains as a republican, and his books were banned until the death of General Franco.

The most famous collection of poems "The Gypsy Romancero" of 1928 was full of gypsy mythology in its fusion with that time. The incredibly melodic, sonorous poems stylized as ballads and poems of medieval times, still in use in the Andalusian countryside, became the basis for numerous romances. Until the end of his life, Lorca returned to the theme of "deep, fragile, trembling Andalusia", hidden from the first glance at her.

However, success also had a negative side: Lorca suffered greatly from the label attached to him as a "gypsy poet", feeling the belittling of his potential, the narrowing of talent in this small definition. Depression was aggravated by the estrangement of his then best friend Salvador Dali, in whom, as you know, Lorca, who so poetically praised female beauty, was deeply in love, enormous suffering due to homosexuality, forced to be kept secret, and then a break with his surrealist friends. ... At the same time, in 1929, Dali and Bunuel began to collaborate on the film "Andalusian Dog", in which Lorca saw a mockery of him, and then Dali began an affair with his future wife and muse Gala. The family, worried about Lorca's difficult mental state, insisted that he go to live in the United States for a year or two. After leaving for New York, Garcia Lorca entered Columbia University, studied English, then moved to Vermont, then to Havana, to Cuba. The 1931 book of poetry "A Poet in New York" reflected the poet's impressions of a year spent in the States, songs about the spirit of wandering, mixed with an aching longing for the homeland. He abruptly departed from the haunted fame of "folklorist", exploring the themes of alienation and isolation in modern materialistic society. He also raised these themes later, arguing that "great art depends on a vivid awareness of death, connection with the soil of the country and recognition of the limitations of reason."

The last collection of the poet's poems was Sonnets of Dark Love, written in 1936, shortly before the execution, inspired by the classic love sonnets of the 16th century.

But Lorca's calling card is undoubtedly his poetry. Bright, deep, full of inner warm life, poems left a hot mark in the hearts of his compatriots. They leave the same mark today.

It should be noted that Lorca accompanied all his works with his own graphic drawings, the exhibition of which was held in Moscow at the Cervantes Institute in 2003.

Remembering Federico Garcia Lorca, "Evening Moscow" chose 7 of his famous poems:

1. BALLAD OF SEA WATER ("Book of Poems", 1921)

The sea is laughing
at the edge of the lagoon.
Foam teeth
azure lips ...

The bronze-breasted girl
what are you looking at with longing?

I sell water, my senor,
sea water.

Dark blooded youth
what does it make noise without stopping?

This is water, my senor,
sea water.

Mother why your tears
pouring like a salt river?

I cry with water, my senor,
sea water.

Heart, tell me, heart, -
where does such bitterness come from?

Too bitter, my lord,
sea water ...

And the sea laughs
at the edge of the lagoon.
Foam teeth
azure lips.

(Translated by A. Geleskul)

2. GUITAR ("Poems about cante hondo", 1921)

(Translated by M. Tsvetaeva)

3. MEMENTO ("Poems about cante hondo", 1921)

When I die
bury me with the guitar
in the river sand.

When I die ...
In an old orange grove,
in any flower.

When I die
I will be a weathervane on the roof,
in the wind.

Quiet...
when I die!

(Translated by I. Tynyanova)

4. PRELUDE ("Songs", 1921-1924)

And the poplars go away
but their trace of the lake is bright.

And the poplars go away
but we are left with the wind.

And the wind will be silent at night
dressed in black crepe.

But the wind will leave an echo
floating down the rivers.

And the world of fireflies will flood -
and the past will drown in him.

And a tiny heart
will open in the palm of your hand.

(Translated by A. Geleskul)

5. SILENT BOY ("Songs", 1921-1924)

(Translated by M. Samaev)

6. FAREWELL ("Songs", 1921-1924)

If I die -
do not close the balcony.

Children eat oranges.
(I can see it from the balcony.)

The reapers are harvesting the wheat.
(I can hear it from the balcony.)

If I die -
do not close the balcony.

(Translated by A. Geleskul)

7. LITTLE VIENNA WALTZ ("Poet in New York", 1929-1930)

This waltz, this waltz
full of death, entreaty and guilt,
where the wave plays like silks.

There are three mirrors in the Vienna hall,
where your lips are echoed.
Death plays the harpsichord
and the dancers are painted blue
and brings gloss to tears ...

And over the city - the shadows of drunks ...
Oh take this waltz
on the hands of a dying dance.

(Translated by A. Geleskul)

Garcia Lorca Federico
Born: June 5, 1898
Died: August 19, 1936.

Biography

Federico García Lorca: June 5, 1898 - August 19, 1936) - Spanish poet and playwright, also known as a musician and graphic artist. The central figure of the "generation of 27", one of the brightest and most significant figures of Spanish culture of the XX century. Killed at the start of the Spanish Civil War.

Lorca was born on June 5, 1898 in the town of Fuente Vaqueros in the Spanish province of Granada. At school, an impressionable boy did not study very well. In 1909 the family moved to Granada. In the 1910s, Federico was actively involved in the life of the local art community. In 1914, Lorca began studying law, philosophy and literature at the University of Granada. García Lorca travels a lot around the country. In 1918, Lorca published his first collection of poetry, Impresiones y paisajes (Impressions and Landscapes), which brought him, if not commercial success, then at least fame.

In 1919 García Lorca comes to Madrid. At the university in the capital, he met Salvador Dali and Luis Bunuel, as well as Gregorio Martinez Sierra, director of the Eslava Theater. At the request of Martinez Sierra Lorca writes his first play El maleficio de la mariposa ("The Witchcraft of the Butterfly") and directs it (1919-1920). Until 1928 he studied at the University of Madrid.

In subsequent years Garcia Lorca becomes a prominent figure among avant-garde artists. He published new collections of poetry, including Romancero gitano ("Gypsy Romancero", 1928). In these verses, the poet, according to him own words, "I wanted to merge gypsy mythology with all of today's everyday life."

A year later, García Lorca left for New York, as a result of which new works soon appeared - the book of poems Poeta en Nueva York (A Poet in New York, 1931), the plays El público (The Public, 1931, 1936) and Así que pasen cinco años When Five Years Have Passed (1931).

The poet's return to Spain coincided with the fall of the Primo de Rivera regime and the establishment of a republic. In 1931 García Lorca was appointed director of the student theater La Barraca ("Balagan"). Working in the theater, Lorca creates his most famous plays: Bodas de sangre ("Bloody wedding"), Yerma ("Jerma") and La casa de Bernarda Alba ("House of Bernarda Alba").

Before the beginning civil war García Lorca leaves Madrid for Granada, although it was obvious that a serious danger awaits him there: in the south of Spain, the positions of the right were especially strong. On August 16, 1936, the Francoists arrest García Lorca at the house of the Rosales brothers, and presumably the next day the poet is shot by order of Governor Valdes Guzman and secretly buried 2 km from Fuente Grande. After that, until the death of General Franco, García Lorca's books were banned in Spain. However, it should be noted that he maintained friendly relations with the leaders of the phalanx-HONS José Antonio Primo de Rivera and Onesimo Redondo Ortega.

There is a version that the poet was not killed and simply disappeared. In 2008, the granddaughter of the teacher, who was shot together with Lorca, demanded the exhumation of the bodies of the common grave, in which Lorca allegedly rested (according to the law on the restoration of historical memory). The exhumation of this and 18 other mass graves was carried out by order of Judge Baltasar Garson, who acted on his own initiative, which led to his loss of office and a criminal charge of abuse of power. No remains were found not only in the grave, but in the entire municipal district, where, according to the official version, the tragedy unfolded. A more mythical version claims that the wounded poet was secretly transported to Argentina, but he no longer remembered his name and past.

García Lorca's works have been translated into many languages; they were translated into Russian by M. Tsvetaeva (translated by Lorca in last days his life), N. Aseev, V. Parnakh, A. Geleskul, Yunna Moritz, N. Trauberg, N. Malinovskaya, B. Dubin, N. Vanhanen, K. M. Gusev and others.

Many admit that at the end of the poem "History and the cycle of three friends" (1930, collection "Poet in New York") Lorca foresaw the Civil War, his own death and the unknown place of his burial.

Prose

Impresiones u paisajes (Impressions and Landscapes, 1918)
Collections of poetry |
Libro de poemas (Book of Poems, 1921)
Poema del cante jondo (Poems about cante jondo, 1921, ed. 1931)
Primeras canciones (First Songs, 1921-1922, ed. 1936)
Canciones (Songs, 1921-1924, ed. 1927)
Oda a Salvador Dalí (Ode to Salvador Dalí, 1926)
Romancero gitano (Gypsy romancero, ed. 1928)
Poeta en Nueva York (Poet in New York, 1929-1930, ed. 1940)
Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías (Lamentations for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías, 1935)
Seis poemas gallegos (Six Poems in Galician, ed. 1935)
Diván del Tamarit (Diván del Tamarit, 1936, ed. 1938)
Sonetos del amor oscuro (Sonnets of Dark Love, 1936, ed. 1984)

Plays

Mariana Pineda (Mariana Pineda, 1927)
La zapatera prodigiosa (The Wonderful Shoemaker, 1930)
Retablillo de Don Cristóbal
El público (Audience, 1930)
Así que pasen cinco años (When Five Years Pass, 1930)
Amor de don Perlimplín con Belisa en su jardín (Love of Don Perlimplín, 1933)
Bodas de sangre (Bloody Wedding, 1933)
Yerma (Yerma, 1934)
Doña Rosita la soltera o el lenguaje de las flores (Doña Rosita, Maiden, or Language of Flowers), 1935)
La casa de Bernarda Alba (House of Bernarda Alba, 1936)
In Russian translations |
Garcia Lorca F. Favorites. M., Goslitizdat, 1944
Garcia Lorca F. Selected Lyrics. M., Goslitizdat, 1960
Garcia Lorca F. Samaya sad joy... Artistic journalism. M., Progress, 1987

Lorca in culture

Lorca's poems are an important element of Pyotr Lebedenko's novel "Red Wind" revealing the theme of the Spanish Civil War. Laureate of the Federico García Lorca Prize Announced (Contrabanda, October 14, 2011)
In 1959, Joseph Brodsky dedicated the poem "The Definition of Poetry" to the memory of Garcia Lorca.
Ospovat L. S. Garcia Lorca. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1965 .-- 432 p. Circulation 115,000 copies. (The life of wonderful people. Issue 16 (410).).
In 1970, American singer-songwriter Tim Buckley released the album Lorca, inspired by the poet's works, with the composition of the same name.
In Spain, director Juan Antonio Bardem filmed the biographical miniseries Lorca, Death of a Poet (1987).
Members of the Russian heavy metal group Aria in 1986, in order to facilitate the official delivery of the program to the artistic council, attributed the lyrics of the song "Torero" (on the topic of bullfighting), actually written by Margarita Pushkina, to the pen of Garcia Lorca.
In 1994, Alexander Yakovlevich Rosenbaum's album "Slow Schizophrenia" was released, in which one of the songs "Federico Garcia Lorca" is dedicated to the poet.
In 1996, Alexander Gradsky's CD "Golden Junk" was released, in which one of the songs ("Spain", music: A. Gradsky, verses: N. Aseev) was dedicated to the memory of Federico Garcia Lorca.
In 2003, based on the novel of the same name by Nadal Prize laureate Fernando Marias (translated into Russian under the title "Magic Light"), the film "Divine Light" was filmed, which received an award at the Moscow Film Festival. He talks about Lorca's "second life", as if he had not died and, having lost his memory, wandered along the roads of Granada.
In 2005, García Lorca's poem "De profundis" was painted on the wall of a building in the center of Leiden (Netherlands). It became the last in a series of one hundred and one similar monuments to world famous poets within the framework of the cultural project "Wall poems".
In 2008, dir. Paul Morrison made a film dedicated to the relationship between F. Garcia Lorca and S. Dali - "Echoes of the Past" ("Salvador Dali: Love. Art. Betrayal").
In 2015, the science fiction series The Ministry of Time began to appear in Spain. The 8th episode of the 1st season is dedicated to the events that took place at the University of Madrid in 1924; one of the main characters in the series is Federico García Lorca.
Mentioned in the song of the DDT group "Life is beautiful" from the album "Transparent" ("Do you remember how Lorca Garcia loved").

miscellanea

In the late 1980s, thanks to the research of biographer Ian Gibson, it became known about the homosexuality of Garcia Lorca. His lover in last years life was the journalist and critic Juan Ramirez de Lucas, to whom the poet dedicated "Sonnets of Dark Love".
In the fighting movie Undisputed 3, the Colombian fighter often holds a book of poem by Federico García Lorca in his hands.
On May 2, 2003, in Moscow at the Cervantes Institute, 40 originals of Lorca's drawings and his personal belongings were exhibited for the first time. All exhibits belong to the García Lorca Foundation, which is run by members of the poet's family. The exhibition was called The World of Federico Garcia Lorca.
Depicted on a 1989 Albanian postage stamp.
Depicted on the 1993 Cuban coins in denominations of 1 and 10 pesos.

GARCIA LORCA, FEDERICO(Garcia Lorka, Federico) (1898-1936) - Spanish poet and playwright.

In 1921 the first Book of Poems (Libro de poemas), in which the influence of Dario and Jimenez is felt, while Lorca's poetry is distinguished by its closeness to folk culture and a special musicality of the verse. Second collection of poetry Songs(Canciones 1927) conveys the dramatic vision of life inherent in Andalusian folk songs. At this time, he was fond of ancient traditional Andalusian "deep singing" (cante jondo), participated in organizing festivals. He was engaged in painting - in 1927 his exhibition took place in Barcelona.

From 1929 he headed the student theater troupe Booth(La Barraca). Its participants tried to revive their interest in classical national drama - they traveled through the villages with performances of Spanish classics - Lope de Vega, Calderon, Cervantes. Lorca's first theatrical success was associated with the production of the play Mariana Pineda(Mariana pineda, 1929) with the scenery of Salvador Dali - a historical poem in verse about the death of a resident of Granada tortured for participation in secret activities against the tyrant Ferdinand VII.

The poet Lorque is best known in Spain and abroad for poetry collections Gypsy ballads(Romancero gitano, 1928) and Poem about cante hondo (El Poema del cante jondo, 1931), after which the glory of the "gypsy poet" was established for him. In them, the characteristic features of Lorca's talent were most fully manifested - he perceives life fatally, as a fateful destiny, lyricism is full of tremendous emotional intensity.

Compositions: Garcia Lorca F. Fav. works: In 2 vols. M., 1986; Favorites in 2 volumes. Per. with Spanish M., Art. litas, 1986; Garcia-Lorca F. Favorites... M., Children's literature, 1983; Lorca's letters... Per. letters, foreword. and comments. Malinovskaya N. - In the world of the book. M., 1987, No. 2.

Irina Ermakova