Examples are neither. Particle spelling with no different parts of speech

Today we will look at the problem of using the "not" and "neither" particles correctly. The first thing to remember is that usually "not" is used to denote negation, while "neither" is used to reinforce it.

So, for example, “do not” should be written here: “I don’t know what the speech is about”, while “neither” will be needed in such a phrase: “I don’t know about any of what you are talking about” ... Both in the first and in the second example there is a negative predicate, which includes the particle “not” - “I don’t know”, but in the second case there is a pronoun with “neither”, which serves as a strengthening of the negation. Therefore, if there is a negative predicate in a sentence, then all such reinforcing constructions are used only with "neither": "not a soul is visible", "I have never heard of it." This rule is also true for pronouns and adverbs with which "neither" is written together: "never met him", "no one can convince me."

"Ni" is also put in the event that there is no negative predicate in the sentence, but it means: "not a star in the sky." "Neither" (but not "not") can also be used to strengthen the affirmative sense: "No matter how we persuaded him, he did not agree", "Whoever you ask, everyone is ready to express their opinion."

If you need to write a sentence where a negative particle is repeated, then in this case you need to use "neither": "Here, neither a truck, nor a tractor will pass", "The music played neither softly nor loudly." In this case, “neither” can be replaced by the combination “and not”: “The music was playing both not quietly and not loudly”, therefore, it is not necessary to use the conjunction “and” before “neither” (although this is not prohibited). The double "neither" is included in some stable phrases: "neither fish nor meat", "neither alive nor dead", "neither this nor that." Notice that in these examples, the second “neither” is not preceded by a comma.

In addition, “no” is written in combinations: “by all means”, “out of nowhere”, “as if nothing had happened”, etc.: “It was decided at all costs to hold the action protest "," Shaking himself off, Barsik, as if nothing had happened, ran on. " “Not” is written in the following combinations: “almost”, “almost”, “far from”, “not at all”, “not at all”, “not at all”, in conjunctions “not that ... not that”, "Not that ... but": "This is far from as obvious as it seems", "Vasily Petrovich either did not hear, or did not understand my question."

And, finally, the last thing: in order to understand what particle to write in combinations such as “no matter how” - “no matter how”, “no matter how many” - “how many” and the like, you need to figure out what exactly this particle adjoins to. If to the union - then it is written "no", if to the predicate - then "not". It is quite simple to check this: in the first case, the combination can be omitted without changing the meaning, in the second, it cannot. For example: “None other than Ivanov completed this task” (you can leave it simply: “Ivanov completed this task”, the meaning is the same) and “No one else could complete this task” (nothing can be omitted here).

In a famous hit, it is sung: "I will go after you, no matter what the way prophesies to me ..." Or is it "not prophesied"? What is before us - affirmation or denial? Compared with the negative particle, the particle is not used much less often, but it is precisely with the distinction of these particles that many difficulties are connected in Russian writing.

"Transparent" use cases do not include:

nor in stable expressions
- Neither give nor take; neither light nor dawn; neither day nor night; neither stand nor sit; neither alive nor dead; neither fish nor fowl; neither this nor that ( are not comma separated!).
- None - i.e. nobody (not one - many); never - not at all (more than once - many times, several times).
- Don `t move! Not one step back!

pair use neither: no, no (The people did not receive any bread or circuses).
In such sentences, the negative particle can neither be replaced or completely omitted - the meaning of the statement will remain. ( The people did not receive either bread or circuses. The people did not receive bread, circuses.)

TO difficult cases the use of neither can be attributed to the following:

nor to reinforce denial
In sentences, where it is used to reinforce negation, there is usually already a negation (no, not): There is not a penny of money. Didn't give me a single ruble... Sometimes denial is only implied: Not a penny in your pocket. Not a penny was in my pocket.

still exists double negation with not(I could not help but notice. It is impossible not to confess). This double negation gives the sentence the meaning of a statement, not a negation ( I could not help but notice - I noticed. One must confess - one must confess). In order not to make mistakes, choose synonymous substitutions for expressions and words, then a lot will become clear; try not to memorize the rules, but to understand them and focus on examples that illustrate the rules.

use neither with pronouns and adverbs
Whoever passes will leave a trace ( whoever will pass - everyone will pass).
Wherever he stops, everywhere they recognize ( wherever you stop - wherever you stop).
Whichever way you go, everywhere there is a dead end ( no matter which way you go, any way you go).
In such sentences, pronouns and adverbs with nor can be easily replaced with synonymous constructions. Neither is used with pronouns and adverbs when no exclamation and no question.

v independent exclamation and interrogative sentences(in the presence or possibility of substitution of amplifying particles only, really) it is not written: Where has he not been? Who didn't love him! What thoughts I have not changed my mind!

v concessional clauses to strengthen the affirmative sense it is used only: "I will go after you, no matter what the way prophesies to me ..." ("I will go", despite the fact that "prophesies the way"). That is, no matter what is sung, you still need to write.

Writing not With in different parts speech depends on whether not part of a word (prefix) or a separate word - a negative particle. Prefix not- spelled together with the next part of the word, particle not spelled separately with the word following it. Compare, for example: The execution is not terrible - your disfavor is terrible(P.); Not an easy lot, not pleasant / Was taken out for you by fate, / And early with a merciless life / You entered an unequal battle(Tyutsch.).

The difficulty for the writer is to distinguish between particle and prefix. The rules are structured to help the writer distinguish between the prefix not- and a particle not and based on this, choose a continuous or separate spelling.

Particle not expresses negation without creating a new word, whereas with the prefix not- a word is created, compare: Not experience is the reason, but prudence and Inexperience leads to trouble(P.).

With words of the same grammatical categories not can be written only separately, with words of other categories - both together and separately. In addition, there are conditions that determine only continuous spelling not regardless of the grammatical category of words. Only negation is written separately not , referring to the whole phrase.

Continuous spelling NOT

Regardless of the grammatical affiliation of the word, negation not is written together in the following cases.

1. If after not, which has a negative meaning, there follows a part of the word that does not exist separately (without not) as an independent word, For example:

Nouns: fiction, tumbler, ignorance, ignoramus, adversity, unseen, invisible, slave, villain, touchy, ailment, forget-me-not, hatred, bad weather, malfunctions, fidget, slob, unintentional, loser, infidel;

Adjectives (as well as the adverbs formed from them into O ): careless, inconspicuous, irreversible, unharmed, inevitable, unchanging, ridiculous, necessary, invincible, unceasing, inseparable, unspeakable, never-ending, unceasing, unmistakable, incomparable, incongruous, unhappy, awkward, unbearable, unshakable, unassailable, unquestionable; careless, ridiculous, necessary, undoubtedly;

Verbs: dislike, dislike, be indignant, unwell, uncomfortable, hate, unwell, do not feel good, bewildered, do not exist, itching to;

Adverbs and other unchangeable words: unbearable, unbearable, unbearable, unaccountable, by accident, overwhelming, impossible, inadvertently, really.

2. If a part of a word without not in independent use has a different meaning that is not related to the given word , For example: ignorance(‘Ignorance’; conducting stands for ‘industry’, compare: it was in charge of ...); flaw('flaw'; wealth means ‘prosperity, lack of need’); misfortune(‘Trouble’, not ‘lack of happiness’) unimportant('bad'; important means 'proud' and 'significant'); narrow-minded(‘Not very smart’; far means 'at a great distance'); to miss(meaning ‘not enough’), enemy('enemy'). Compare also: unprecedented incident, wrong light, incredible event, impossible character, involuntary lie, bad boy, immediate response, immediate response; unevenness(meaning ‘uneven place on the surface’); not without reason(meaning ‘not in vain’).

3. As part of the consoles, under- and not without- (heaven-):

under- with the value of incompleteness, insufficiency in comparison with the norm, for example: underweight, imperfection, undersized, underestimation, defect; underripe, underdeveloped; underfulfillment, undersupply, undernourished, undernourished, understated, overlooked, undersalted, underslept, undershot;

From verbs with a prefix under- it is necessary to distinguish verbs with the prefix before- and the preceding particle not(such verbs with a particle not denote an unfinished action). Compare: Overlooked the child and Didn't finish watching the play to the end; They are chronically malnourished. and He usually doesn’t finish his portion..

not without- (heaven-) with the value of a moderate, but quite significant degree of the attribute, for example: notorious(‘Pretty famous’) not unfounded, not useless(‘Pretty useful’) not fruitlessly(‘Pretty effective’).

Separate spelling NOT

Negation is not written separately in the following cases.

1. With all forms of verbs :

a) with infinitive and conjugated forms, for example: do not know, do not know, do not know, did not know, did not know, do not rush, do not rush, do not rush, do not like it, unlucky;

b) with short forms participles, for example: not used, not starched, not uncorked, not developed, not closed, not busy, not drunk;

c) with gerunds, for example: not wanting, not being distracted, not in a hurry, not joking, not having time, not having met.

From gerunds with particle not should be distinguished:

a) adverb immediately(‘Straight away’) compare: Immediately got down to business and Without hesitating to answer, he sat down to write;

b) complex prepositions despite, despite, compare: Came despite the difficulties and Walked, not looking around; c) union though.

2. With numerals and countable nouns , For example: not one, not two, not five, not both, not a sixth, not a hundred, not a thousand, not a million.

3. With pronouns , For example: not me, not me, not you, not you, not he, not that, not mine, not ours, not theirs, not someone, not like that, not everyone, not everyone, not so much, not like that, not always, not everywhere, not in my own voice, not myself.

4. With short adjectives : not happy, should not, not much.

5. With adverbs (except those formed from adjectives with the suffix -O ), as well as with unchangeable words used as a predicate , For example: not close, not in time, not quite, not right, not for the future, not seriously, not casually, not yesterday, not full, not tomorrow, not in vain, not otherwise, not forever, not forever, not on purpose, not very much, not behind , not completely, not today, not too much, not on top, not right away; not sorry, not married, not shameful, not necessary.

There are a few exceptions to this rule: adverbs not far, inappropriate, shortly, not for long, not much can be written both together and separately.

6. With any hyphenated words For example: not a commercial and industrial, not a research, not a conference hall, not a social democrat, not in a comradely way, not in Russian, not in our way.

7. With any combination of words :

a) with combinations consisting of significant words (in these cases, the negation does not refer to the word that follows not , but to the whole phrase), for example: not a candidate of sciences, not a citizen of Russia, not a researcher, not an expert in philology, not directly proportional;

b) with prepositional combinations, for example: not for children, not for the sake of glory, not with them, not along the way, not without reason, not under authority, not according to conscience, not from timid, not about war, not in spirit, not able, not in his mind, not to the face, beyond the power.

Merged / separate spelling NOT

With nouns, adjectives (full and short forms and forms comparative), with adverbs in -O , full participles not can be written both together and separately.

-O negation not written separately in the following cases.

1. As part of constructions with opposition : not ... ah, not ... but, ... not ... In such constructions not can only be a negative particle, for example:

Not happiness, but just luck; He told not the truth, but half-truth(compare: Told a lie); Not love, but infatuation(compare: His dislike of animals);

Not good man but rather bad(compare: He is not a good man); The title is quirky, not original(compare: Unoriginal title); Not a simple testicle, but a golden one(compare: Difficult question); It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick; He is resourceful, not cunning; The new sentence is not fairer, but only harsher ;

You did not act badly, but terribly; It is not easy to understand this, but very simple..

Particle is also spelled not in constructions with opposition and in the absence of a union a , For example: This is not entertainment, this is a lesson; Not pleasant - an exciting sight; A gift is not dear - love is dear; He acts not more energetically - more fussy.

Such constructions should be distinguished from opposition of a different kind, in which the unions a and but close in value to although, nevertheless, nevertheless, For example: The river was not wide, but full-flowing; He's ugly, but smart; She is short but slender; An inexpensive gift, but a nice one; Ugly, but pretty; Not stupid but boring... It is not denied here that the river was wide, that it is beautiful, etc., but it is argued that the river is not wide, that it is ugly, etc.

2. As part of constructions that reinforce the negation:

a) with words not at all, not at all, far not, not at all, not at all , For example: This is not true at all; This case is not at all unique; This is by no means obvious; She is far from being brave; He is not in the least stupid man; It's no fun to talk about it; Not in the least embarrassed; She is not at all more educated than her husband.;

b) with negative pronouns: not at all, not at all, no one, no one, no one, never, nowhere, no, no, nothing, nothing, nothing etc., for example: The case is in no way suitable; A worthless project; He's not my friend; not at all envious, not needed by anyone, in no way useless, not good for anything, not capable of anything, not interesting in any way; He is no prettier than his sister.;

v) with the union no no, For example: Neither the hosts nor the guests are known to be a man; Not needed neither for me nor for you.

Constructions that reinforce negation should be distinguished from constructs that emphasize affirmative meaning.

3. In combinations almost ..., almost ..., isn't it ..., not further than ..., not later than ..., not earlier than ...

With nouns, adjectives, adverbs in -O negation is NOT written together in the following cases X

1. If a word with cannot be replaced by a word close in meaning without not. This possibility suggests that not - a prefix that forms a special word, for example: non-interference(neutrality), not true(Lying); frivolous(frivolous), unhealthy(painful), shallow knowledge(superficial), unfriendly(hostile); quietly(quiet), not infrequently(often), not easy(difficult), not close(long away), quite a few(lot).

2. If nouns and adjectives in combination with do not indicate non-belonging to any category of persons or phenomena , For example: non-doctors, non-Marxists, non-Christians, non-specialists, non-Muscovites, non-Russians, non-democrats, non-poets, non-terms, non-metals, non-residents; A non-Russian will look without love / At this pale, in blood, / With a whip, a mutilated muse(Nekr.); A physician cannot figure this out; Non-specialists liked the report; The non-Egyptologist will not understand it; Nematics cannot solve this problem; A nonlinguist will not write such a dictation; non-academic institutions, non-food additives, non-military industries .

3. If there is no definition or preposition before the noun with. The presence of these words is a sign that not forms a single word with this noun, for example: Fired for absenteeism; My eternal bad luck is to blame for everything; Added to his indiscretion was his everlasting indecision; Everyone knows about her bad manners; I doze at the balls, / Until they are deadly reluctant(Gr.).

4... If with an adjective, as well as with an adverb in -O there are words very, extremely, very, extremely, obviously, quite (enough), enough, flagrantly, exclusively, supremely- words with the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the sign, emphasizing the statement, For example: very unscrupulous work, slept very restlessly, became extremely inactive and sluggish, answered extremely unintelligibly and unsatisfactorily, very uncommon, very thoughtless, extremely unresponsive person, extremely unpleasant, clearly inappropriate idea, rather unsuccessful ending, quite consistent, blatantly illiterate, extremely unfavorable , extremely indecent.

However, words like absolutely, completely, can be used both in combinations of this type (emphasizing the statement), and with words that are not written separately. Compare, for example: absolutely(absolutely) bad performance and he is absolutely human(absolutely) not old(possibly synonymous combination not old at all).

5. If in the form of the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs there are clarifying adverbs , For example: even more uninteresting, much uglier, much more unpleasant, everything is inaccessible, a little more incomprehensible, and also if the comparative form is used in negative constructions such as: there is nothing more unfortunate than ... or in a construction with unions what ... so, For example: the simpler the better; the further, the more disappointing.

From a number of adjectives with a prefix not- and the corresponding adverbs of the comparative degree are not formed. These include formations with not- from words having forms with the suffix -e and -she (For example: poor, difficult, not loud, not thin, not far), with a shock suffix -her (For example: weak, unclear, uncomplicated, sad). Therefore, the spellings are common not richer, not easier, not louder, not further, not stronger, more obscure, not more fun.

However, it is very rare for forms of a comparative degree from such formations with not- meet, for example: The floating ghost became even more obscure(P.); It was not simpler, more secretive than him, there was no small one in all Izvala(Boon.).

In all other cases, in the absence in the context of words that help to recognize a negation or a statement and, therefore, distinguish a particle not from prefix not- , the writer must check which words - reinforcing negation or emphasizing a statement - are possible meaningfully in a given context.

If possible, substitution of words expressing opposition or reinforcing negation ( at all, by no means and others), is not written separately, for example: The way there(not at all) not distant; weather was(not at all) not hot; He(long away) not calm; They(not at all) not guilty; They live(at all) not rich; Admit your mistake(at all) not humiliating; Left but(not at all) not for long; May be,(at all) and it’s not bad that he didn’t get there; Understand these rules(not at all) not easy.

If possible, substitution of words that underline the statement ( very, enough and etc.), not written together, for example: The way there(very) narrow-minded; They live(very) not rich; weather was(enough) not hot; He(very) restless; They(clearly) innocent; Left but(very) not for long; May be,(very) and it's not bad that he didn't get there; Understand these rules(very) not easy.

Unlike participles, for any dependent words (except for words that reinforce negation), the spelling of such adjectives with not remains merged, for example: an unusual role for her, a stranger to me, previously unknown poems, a boy unlike his sister, not inclined to bragging, out of the reach of children, the island has long been uninhabited.

Thus, the writer must be aware of what he wants to express: the negation of the feature - and then write not apart from the next word(For example: he is not healthy, it does not matter, cases are not rare, not accidental, not essential, not surprising, not in a democratic way) or assertion of a feature - and then write not together (compare: he is unwell, there are frequent cases, no matter, no coincidence, insignificant, no wonder, in an undemocratic way). The choice of writing will also determine the understanding of what the readers have written.

With full participles, negation is not written separately:

a) if they have dependent words , For example: a person who does not shun any means; not knowing what he is doing; not caring about food; friends who have not seen for many years; non-factual version; genius not recognized by contemporaries; object not identified by ground services; not bound by obligations; not obliged to obey; not moved by her tears; dress that has not been washed for a long time; not painted roof since spring;

b) as part of constructions with opposition or constructions that reinforce denial, For example: this is not a finished work, but some kind of sketches; not knowing, but only guessing; not belligerent, but peacefully neighboring countries; not respected - beloved; not at all reassured, not at all embarrassed, not at all delighted, not noticed by anyone, never discouraged, not loved by anyone.

With full participles, negation is not written together:

a) in the absence of dependent words , For example: unarmed soldiers, unopened letter, unreturned valuables, unemployed retirees, non-combatants, unblown flower, unrealized advantage, unproven theorem, unfinished novel, unrecognized genius, undefined object, unclosed door, non-watered plants;

b) as part of structures that emphasize the statement, for example: extremely undeserved censure, a very rash act, clearly unfounded demands.

We often face the problem of fused separate writing of particles " not" and " nor"With other words. The easiest rule to understand and remember here is that:

1. In all cases when no word is used without a negative particle,For example: ignorant, inevitable, unhappy, indignant, unwell, uncomfortable, lacking(meaning "not enough"), unbearable, impossible, really, intolerable, unshakable, unharmed.

2. With verbs and gerunds, the "not" particle is always written separately, except for:

• the cases specified in the first rule;
• prefixes inadequate in verbs that have the meaning of "lack of action" (undernourished, underbaked, underripe).

Note. Not to be confused with verbs with the prefix and particle " not", Denoting" unfinished action "(do not finish the book, do not watch the film).

3. With nouns, the "not" particle is written together:

• if you cannot find a synonym for the word with without this particle (untruth is a lie, an enemy is an enemy); Note. It is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the word's meaning speaks of a continuous spelling.
• when forming a word denoting persons with the meaning of opposition (professionals - non-professionals, Russian - non-Russian);

apart:

• when there is or should be in its meaning opposition to the union a (not a friend, but an enemy, not happiness, but grief);
• if a word with " not”Means not people (elephants are not elephants, a story is not a story, cold is not cold).

Note. Exceptions are word-terms that are written together: metals - non-metals.

4. With adjectives the particle "not" is written together:

• if you can replace the adjective with " not»A synonym without this particle (unmarried - single, unfriendly - hostile, short - low). Note. It is not always possible to find an exact synonym, but the affirmative connotation of the word's meaning speaks of a continuous spelling.

apart:

• when there is, or should be, within the meaning of the opposition with the union "a" (not bitter, but sweet; not affectionate, but rude);
• if the adjective is relative (the vase is not crystal, the chain is not silver) or qualitative, denoting color (the sea is not blue, the towel is not yellow);
• (nothing like close way, far from useless advice);
• if the particle " not"Is underlined in interrogative sentence(Isn't this statement true? - Is this statement false?);
• if the adjective is hyphenated (not a business).

Note 1. Short adjectives are written with " not», As well as the full ones from which they are produced (an incurable disease - an incurable disease, a person is not smart, but a stupid person - a person is not smart, but stupid);

Note 2. If short adjective does not have full form, then it will always be written separately from the particle " not"(He is not happy to meet).

5. With adverbs, the "not" particle is written together:

• if the adverb ends in -o, and it can be replaced with a word close in meaning (sad - sad, low - low);
• if the adverb is formed from a pronoun (nowhere, nowhere, once, nowhere);

apart:

• when there is, or should be, within the meaning of the opposition with the union "a" (not bad, but good, not weak, but strong);
• when reinforcing the negation with explanatory words such as "Far from", "not at all", "not at all"(it is not at all difficult to do, it is far from being accidental to be near)
• with adverbs in a comparative degree (work no worse than others, receive no more than others);
• if the adverb is spelled with a hyphen (to act unfriendly, dress not like summer).

Note 1. Not with the following adverbs is written separately: not today, not quite, not so, not otherwise, not quite, not here, not very much.

Note 2. It is not written separately with adverbial expressions: not for good, not to your liking, not in measure, not in a hurry, not out of hand, not to your taste, not an example.

6. With participles "not" is written together:

• if the participle is complete and there are no words dependent on it (unfinished linen, not handed over book, unwashed floor)

Note. With explanatory words denoting the degree of quality, "not" with the participle is written together: (extremely rash decision, completely inappropriate example, but: example completely inappropriate to the rule)

apart:

• if the participle is full and has dependent words (These works remained unpublished during the life of the writer);
• with short participles (the debt has not been paid, the fire has not been lit);
• when there is or should be in its meaning opposition to the conjunction "a" (not printed, but handwritten text, not fictional, but real history).

7. Particles "not" and "nor" with negative pronouns are written together

Neither is written together:

1. In pronouns, if the particle is not separated from the subsequent pronoun by a preposition, for example: nobody, nothing, nobody, nothing, nobody, nobody, nobody, nobody, but: no one, no one etc.

2. In adverbs never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, in any way, not at all, at all, at all, at all and in a particle, something.

In all other cases, the particle is not written separately.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish turnovers none other than ..., none other than ... from revolutions nobody else is ...; nothing else ... for example: it was none other than your brother but: no one else could say that; It was nothing but fire; but: nothing else could scare me.

8. The particle "ni" is also written together with some adverbs(not at all, in any way, nowhere, at all).

With all other parts of speech, the particle is not written separately.