What is the difference between the production cooperative from the collective farm? Types of ownership of USSR in the field of agriculture, or what is the difference between the farm from the state farm.

When in Soviet villages and villages, by the 30s, collectivization and the way of life of the blades and cattle breeders were generally generalized, the state's assessment of their work with the special support of the Council of State, the state made a workman. This single measure of labor accounting and the distribution of the income of the collective farmers existed until the mid-60s. Ideally, the workman was supposed to become a share of the income of a collective farm, which was distributed depending on the degree of labor participation of a particular employee.

The system of workforce, in the entire history of its existence, repeatedly reformed, nevertheless, remained a rather confusing scheme of material promotion of collective farmers. It most often did not depend on the efficiency of production, but at the same time allowed the differentially distributed income from the grown crop (or to slaughter the cattle) - commensurate the contribution of a certain employee. For non-participation, the norms of work in the USSR, criminal liability was provided - the stratum was sentenced to regrab structures in his own collective farm with the hold of a quarter.

Remuneration for labor was mainly a nutritional (mainly grain). In the military proud (1941 - 1945), less sheltered grain was issued on the workday. In winter, 1946 - 1947 in the USSR, a massive hunger happened in connection with the crown.

The collective farmers from the very beginning of the action of such a payment system protested massively - cutting cattle, left the villages in the city. In 1932, a special passport regime was introduced in the USSR, as a result of which residents of villages and villages actually received the status of serfs, which, without the permission of Barin (Chairman of the collective farm or village council), was prohibited from leaving the settlement. For the children of peasants in a similar case, after graduation, there was most often one way - to go to work in the collective farm. In films about collective farm life, which are a classic of Soviet cinema, often meet scenes in which the Chairman decides, to release graduates of the rural school to learn further to the city or not. Guys who served in the army, knowing what fate is waiting for them at home in the village, by any ways they sought to gain peace in the cities.

If the serf peasant in Russia before the revolution had the opportunity to receive income from his land, and sell surplus, the Soviet collective farmer was deprived of this and this - the state imposed exorbitant taxes in the village or in the village of the village, Selyanin was forced to pay hardly for each apple tree in Garden.

Pensions, old men in Soviet collective farms or did not pay at all, or they were meager.

History of development

1918-1928

The need to create state agricultural enterprises was justified by V. I. Lenin during the preparation of the Socialist Revolution. In April Tesis, V. I. Lenin (1917) was raised about the organization on the basis of large landlord estates state farmswhich in the conditions of victory of the socialist revolution were supposed to serve as a model of large social socialist production. The state farms began to be created after the publication of the land decree of October 27 (November 9), on the basis of individual landlord estates. The first statements were actually state equestrian plants; With on the basis of government decrees, state farms of various specialization began to be organized: beet, breeding animal husbandry, etc. February 14, the Central Executive Committee adopts the "Regulations on the socialist land management and measures to transition to socialist agriculture", and on February 15, the decree of SNK "On the organization of Soviet farms with institutions and associations of industrial proletariat »Where the main tasks of state-owned construction were identified. Land area of \u200b\u200bstate farms in thousand hectares by year: 1918/1919 - 2090; 1919/1920 - 2857; 1920/1921 - 3324; 1921/1922 - 3385. K 4316 state farms with a land area of \u200b\u200b3324 thousand hectares. (from more than 150 million Gectar who belonged to October 1917 large landowners). Preferably, these were highly specialized agricultural enterprises engaged in technical crops (sugar bumps, flax, tobacco, cotton, etc.) - t. N. Collected state farms. The governing structure was the Gosselsindikat part of the RSFSR addict.

The main disadvantages of state farms at that time were (according to the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) on the results of the state-owned and collective farm construction of December 30): Insufficient leadership by the Narkomsky; limited basic and working capital; breeding and high-cost governing states (Seldrald, Gosselsindikat); high overhead costs in production and mismanagement; lack of planned management and irrational use of labor; Availability in a significant number of farms backward forms and methods of agriculture (isoching, rent, low production techniques, three-rolled, damning of fields, low-productive cattle, etc.)

1928-1956

The year of the first five-year plan, "difficulties with bilbo houses" 1928 became the year of the "indigenous fracture" for state farms. In May 1928, Stalin in conversations with students of the Institute of Red Professors, Comacademia and Sverdlovsk University pointed out as one of the exits from the "grain problem", the mass construction of state farms "The exit consists, secondly, in order to expand and strengthen the old state farms to organize and develop new Large state farms. Gross products of bread in the current state farms in 1927, according to CSB, at least 45 million emissions with a payment of 65% ... There is a decision of Soviet power, which is organized in areas free from peasant incidents, new major state farms (from 10 to 30 Thousands of tits each), which should give years after 5-6 - 100 million poods of commercial bread. "

Zernovo

On July 11, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a resolution "On the organization of new (grain) state farms", in paragraph 7 of which it was indicated: "To approve the task for 1928 with a total area of \u200b\u200bplowing, sufficient to receive 5-7 million in 1929 in 1929 of bread".

The result of this resolution was the adoption of the decision of the CEC and SCC of the USSR dated August 1, 1928 "On the organization of large grain farms", paragraph 1 of which she said: "Recognize it is necessary to organize new large grain Soviet farms (grain factories) on free land funds with such accounting to The crop to ensure the receipt of commercial grain from these farms in the amount of at least 1,650,000 tons (100,000,000) poods. According to paragraph 4 of the same resolution, organized in accordance with paragraph 1, new Soviet farms are united into the trust of the general-union value "Granularity", which is in direct subordination to the Council of Labor and Defense.

By the end of 1928, 10 (according to other data 11) were created, high-headed (for that time) of grainvaroshoz. Of these, 5 were created on the Lower Volga, 2 at the Medium Volga and Kazakhstan, 1 in the North Caucasus and the Urals, the first of which was the state farm "Giant" in the Salsk steppes of the North Caucasian Territory (Sovr. Rostov region). The total tractor park of state farms with 3477 units in 1925 increased to 6,700 units at the end of the year.

In addition to the weak provision of equipment, qualified personnel and management in the regions of "risky agriculture" in the first years of development (1929-1932), the Zernoskhoz suffered from the construction of theories that prevailed in the initial period of creating theories of the construction of state farms (Gigantomania - Some Square The state farms were increased to 200-250 thousand ha), the "necessity" of the establishment of state-owned-collective farm combines with a common economy under the guidance of collective farms. Giant sizes Sowing and small provision of equipment, besides, inefficiently used due to a number of reasons, led to great losses in harvesting and wrapped bread (grain crushed and rotted stacks). No less harm was provided by the theory in which the mechanization was opposed to agrotechnik, as a result of the "simplification" of the latter - the introduction of a small plowing, the possibility is without zyabi and vapors, the transition to the Wheat monoculture, the combination of plowing and sowing of winter, "unnecessaryness" of cleaning the grain and combating Weeds, etc. Widely used for 1930-1932. As a result, it led to the degradation of soils, damaging fields and harvesting.

State farms in cinema

In 1974, the Leningrad Film Studio of Documentary Films released the documentary "Why a man sowed bread" (director Vladislav Efremov, operator Viktor Petrov). The film tells about the weekdays of Soviet farms on the example of the Association "Upper Trinity" of the Kashinsky district of the Kalinin region (now -

It is ready to argue that the words "state farm" and "collective farm" sounds ten times more often in the speech of our parents, and hundreds of times more often - in the speech of our grandparents. The Soviet era passed irretrievably, but the historians who left us left for a long time will live in popular memory. For example, such words as in the title of articles can be found in the names of the streets of almost any city of our country. In this case, know what is the basis of these similar concepts, our duty.

Word " collective farm»Formed by the favorite Soviet method of word formation - this is an abbreviation. It means in this case "collective economy". Imagine: that the workers-workers of the village have common tools, land, distribute work, income, and the like. It was a whole system, lifestyle with its charter, work, principles, and the like. What is the fate of the collective farm today? After the collapse of the previous regime in 1991, the overwhelming majority of collective farms ceased to exist or was reformed, but in the current legislation, surprisingly, there is a "collective farm" as a complete synonym for agricultural artel. In today's associations of this type, the degree of collectivization is high, however, not as in Soviet times.

State farm - This is a state agricultural association of time soviet power. He did not create the cultivators themselves, in this the first difference from the collective farm. In the state farms worked people with a certain earned fee, which the state was paid to them, everyone for themselves, in essence. Over time, the collective farm has become difficult to compete with a larger state farm, therefore, there was a massive re-formation of collective farms in the state farm. Since, according to human psychologyPeople would be much more worse in state farm than collective farms, life in the collective farm was much more "drawn" media, cinema, books. Therefore, some "romance" of that period is connected with collective farms. Some farmers have kept their state-owned names to this day.

Conclusions Site

1. The state farm was a state, collective farm - voluntary independent association with internal management
2. In collective farms workers worked for "workload", in the state farms received wages
3. The collective farms "died out" before the state farms due to the difference in the scale of production and financing.

The main and most significant distinctive features Full partnership and production cooperative are a form of ownership and responsibility. And the responsibility for the affairs of the enterprise is a tough, financial is ensured by the property of co-owners of the company.

The distribution of profits in two data categories also occurs in different ways. In the first case, the profit is distributed based on personal participation in the work of the enterprise. That is, the co-owner, in order to get his part of the profit, is obliged to fulfill a number of his own duties before the enterprise. And in the second case, the enterprise is commercial, with a standard profit distribution established by the Law of the Russian Federation.

Full partnership

The full partnership leads its main and side activities from the moment of its creation on the basis of the standard constituent contract, which is approved and signed simultaneously by all participants in the partnership. Management is carried out according to general coordination ...

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6.4. Legal position of agricultural production cooperatives (collective farms) in Belarus

The main type of agricultural production cooperative to the present remains of the collective farms, the legal status of which is determined by the approximate charter of the collective farm (agricultural production cooperative), approved by Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus on February 2, 2001
The collective farm as a production cooperative has the status of a commercial organization created by citizens based on voluntary membership for joint activity for the production, processing, sales of agricultural products, as well as other not prohibited by law. Its main tasks are entrepreneurial activities aimed at ensuring the Republic of food, other goods, agricultural raw materials, creating conditions for ...

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6. Production cooperative

The Law "On Production Cooperatives" provides the obligation to perform the main volume of work in the production cooperative by the forces of its members: paragraph 2 of Art. The 7 of this Law has been established that the number of members of the cooperative who have made a share contribution involved in the activities of a cooperative, but not accepting personal labor participation in its activities, cannot exceed 25% of the number of members of the cooperative who take personal labor participation in its activities, and Art. 21 limits the number of employees of the cooperative.

Production cooperative is a commercial organization. Types of production cooperatives are:

1) agricultural artel (collective farm);

2) fishing artel (collective farm);

3) cooperative economy (coophoz);

4) Other cooperatives created in accordance with the requirements provided for in paragraph 1 of Art. 3 FZ "On Agricultural Cooperation".

According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the artel and production ...

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The difference between production and consumer cooperatives

In accordance with Art. 107 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation Production Cooperative (Artel) is an association of faces for joint management business activities On the basis of their personal labor and other participation, the initial property of which is made up of mutual contributions of members of the association. In the manufacturing cooperative, as in economic partnerships, the personal participation of its members in the activities of the organization is crucial. But the norms about economic partnerships are designed mainly in the calculation to provide full comrades the possibility of direct personal participation in entrepreneurial activity. With regard to production cooperatives, emphasis is on direct labor involvement, involving the inclusion of the participant in labor team Cooperative. Therefore, Art. The 7 of the Law "On Production Cooperatives" limits the number of members of the cooperative, not hosting personal labor ...

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Speaking about the concept of a cooperative as an independent organizational and legal form, it is impossible not to say about the production cooperatives contained in the GC bind to produce shares. Foreign practice speaks about the opposite. In many countries, such a ban is not only no, but the cooperatives are often acting as partnerships (companies) with limited liability, while maintaining a cooperative internal organization and specificity of management.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides that the legal status of production cooperatives, the rights and obligations of their members are determined in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the laws on industrial cooperatives. Currently, in Russia there are two such laws: the federal law "On production cooperatives" and federal law "on agricultural ...

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Introduction one

§one. The concept of production cooperative. 2.

1.1. History of cooperative movement. 2.

1.2. The concept of production cooperative. four

§2. Organizational basis activities of the production cooperative. 7.

2.1. Membership in the production cooperative. 7.

2.2. Legal regime of the property of the cooperative. 10

2.3. Labor Relations. 12

2.4. Management in the cooperative. 13

§3. The possible role of production cooperatives in the development of the economy. fourteen

Conclusion. fifteen

Appendix 1. 16.

Products, its competitiveness and objectives of release 16

Economic feasibility and substantiation of the selected production 17

III production cycle 19

List of used regulatory material and literature: 21

Introduction

The words that our country is now experiencing the economic, social and political crises, have long since ...

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The state farm is a state enterprise, such as a plant or factory. A collective farm is a type of cooperative. The collective farm - it was an allegedly type of community of freely gathered peasants, allegedly choosing the head of his own.
A state farm is a state enterprise, with the head appointed from the district or regional center, and with hired employees (milking and other bugs).

Form of ownership. The state farm is state ownership, and a collective farm - collective. By the same, the principle is distinguished by the cooperative home and the usual. In the state farms, people were given passports (in contrast to collective farms).

The collective farms were obliged to conduct a planned economy, expand the sowing areas, increase the yield, etc. To serve collective farms, machine-tractor stations were created (MTS).

SOKHO Z (- reduction from the Soviet economy - a state agricultural enterprise in the USSR. Unlike the collective farms that were "voluntary-forced" public associations of peasants, ...

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In collective farms and collective farmers - Part 1: Artel

I will write a few articles on a collective farm topic. First, liberal myths around this topic - just not to read. Razor the garbage in any case is necessary. Secondly, I have already met people who are passionate about the Soviet past several times, are interested in topics related to communism, but when it comes to the collective farms of their knowledge can be described by the phrase Socrates "I know that I don't know anything." I think you need to help deal with this topic.

First of all, let's deal with the collective farm, and what it is not. The word "collective farm", as many know, is a reduction in the phrase "collective economy". But the collective farms have another name - agricultural artel. "The Charter of the Agricultural Artel" is the name of the document on the basis of which Soviet collective farms were created and worked.

So, the collective farm is the artel. What does it mean? Artel is essentially an enterprise that is in the collective ownership of those who work on it.

I will give an example for understanding. Imagine a factory on which people produce goods on machines.
- If the machines belong to the private person (owner) - this is called "Private property". Work workers work on machines, they receive a fixed salary for their work. The owner manages all profit as a whole, and has the opportunity to enriched at the expense of the factory.

If the machines belong to the state - this is called "state ownership". The director of the plant in this case itself is a hired employee, and receives a salary as well as other employees.

If the machines belong to those who work for them, it is called "Collective Property". This is the artel. Arthal does not have a host, but it may have an older or chairman - the one whom the members of Arteel chose to solve economic issues.

It turns out that the artel is not a private enterprise, because there is no relation to the type of the owner - the hired worker. But it is not a state-owned enterprise, because. Partners Artel works themselves. They themselves produce norms and principles of collective interaction, they themselves dispose of profit as they consider it necessary.

Now we return to agricultural artists. The collective farm is a collective farm owned by Kolkhoznikov, occupied different species agricultural work. I emphasize: the collective farm (in contrast to the state farm) is not a state enterprise. Liberals like Swanidze may cry back crocodile tears for a long time on the theme of collective farmers who did not pay salaries. Indeed, did not pay. It would be strange if the state paid wages to employees non-state enterprises. Farmer State also does not pay salary, so? The farmer raised the products, sold it and he lives at the expense of this. Here is the same. Remuneration for your work, the collective farmer receives from the collective farm, and not the state.

For details on how collective farms and collective farmers earned themselves for life, I will tell you another time, but still fix how the collamp of collective farms occurs.

1. The state is a plan in which it is indicated how much arable land is at its disposal, how much land should be allocated for sowing of certain crops.
2. The plan goes down to the regions of the country as a task: how much and what you need to sow in this area. An example of such plans you can see.
3. The collective farms agrees to solve the question of which cultures and in what quantity will sing.
4. The collective farm gets a crop, is calculated with the state for renting land and agricultural machinery. The remaining products can be implemented in several ways. The collective farmers sell agricultural products to the city, and the goods produced in the city are purchased on the proceeds.

In fact, the agricultural artel earns the state order on the agricade products. Well, this way of earning is not worse than any other.

(to be continued)