Muscular canal. Cerebral region of the skull

The date: 04.03.2020

The temporal bone, the anatomy of which will be discussed later, is a steam room. It contains the organs of balance and hearing. The temporal bone of the skull takes part in the formation of its base and the lateral wall of the vault. Articulating with the lower jaw, it is a support for the chewing apparatus. Next, let's take a closer look at what the temporal bone is.

Anatomy

There is an auditory opening on the outer surface of the element. There are three parts around it: scaly (above), stony (or pyramid of the temporal bone) - behind and inside, tympanic - below and in front. The rocky area, in turn, has 3 surfaces and the same number of edges. The left and right temporal bones are the same. The segments contain channels and cavities.

scaly part

It is presented in the form of a plate. The outer surface of this part is slightly rough and has a slightly convex shape. In the posterior section, the groove of the temporal (middle) artery passes in a vertical direction. An arcuate line runs along the posterior lower section. From the scaly part, the zygomatic process extends somewhat anteriorly and from above in a horizontal direction. It is, as it were, a continuation of the ridge located on the outer surface along the lower edge. Its beginning is represented as a broad root. Then the process narrows. It has an outer and inner surface and 2 edges. One - the upper one - is longer, and the second, the lower one, is respectively short. The front end of the element is serrated. The processes of the temporal bone in this area are connected with a suture. As a result, a zygomatic arch is formed. On the lower surface of the root is the mandibular fossa. It has a transverse oval shape. The anterior part of the fossa - half to the stony-squamous fissure - is the articular surface of the temporomandibular joint. In front, the fossa is bounded by a tubercle. The outer plane of the squamous part takes part in the formation of the temporal fossa. In this place, muscle bundles originate. On the inner surface there are finger-like impressions and an arterial groove. In the latter lies the meningeal (middle) artery.

The edges of the scaly part

There are two of them: parietal and wedge-shaped. The latter - serrated and wide - articulates with the scaly margin in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. As a result, a seam is formed. The upper posterior parietal edge is longer than the previous one, pointed and articulated with the squamous in the parietal bone.

rocky part

The structure of the temporal bone in this area is quite complex. The stony part includes the anteromedial and posterolateral sections. The latter is a mastoid process of the temporal bone. It is located posterior to the auditory (external) opening. It distinguishes between internal and external surfaces. External - rough, has a convex shape. Muscles are attached to it. From top to bottom, the process passes into a ledge. It has a conical shape and is quite well felt through the skin. On the inside there is a deep cut. Parallel to it and slightly posterior is the furrow of the occipital artery. The occipital jagged edge protrudes as the boundary of the process behind. Connecting, the edges in this area form a seam. In the middle of its length, or at the occipital end, there is a mastoid opening. In some cases, there may be more than one. Here lie the emissary mastoid veins. From above, the process is limited to the parietal edge. On the border with the scaly part of the same name, it forms a notch. It includes an angle from the parietal bone and forms a suture.

The surfaces of the stony department

There are three of them. The anterior surface is broad and smooth. It is turned into the cranial cavity, directed obliquely anteriorly and from top to bottom, passes into the cerebral plane of the squamous part. Almost in the center on the front surface there is an arcuate elevation. It is formed by the semicircular anterior canal of the labyrinth, lying below. Between the gap and the elevation there is a roof of the drum part. The posterior surface of the petrous part, like the anterior one, turns into the cranial cavity. However, it is directed backwards and upwards. The posterior surface is continued by the mastoid process. Almost in the middle of it is the auditory (internal) opening leading to the corresponding passage. The underside is uneven and rough. It forms part of the lower plane of the base of the skull. There is an oval or rounded jugular fossa. At its bottom, a small groove is visible, leading to the opening of the mastoid tubule. The posterior edge of the fossa limits the notch. It is divided into two parts by a small process.

The edges of the rocky area

A furrow runs in the upper edge of the pyramid. It is an imprint of the venous sinus lying here and the fixation of the cerebellum tenon. The posterior edge of the rocky area separates the posterior and lower surfaces. A furrow of the petrosal sinus runs along the cerebral surface along it. Almost in the middle of the posterior margin, near the jugular notch, there is a funnel-shaped triangular depression. The anterior margin is shorter than the posterior and superior margins. It is separated from the scaly part by a gap. At the front edge there is an opening leading to the tympanic cavity of the musculo-tubal canal.

Channels of the rocky part

There are several. The carotid canal originates in the middle sections on the lower surface in the stony part with an external opening. At first it is directed upwards. Further, bending, the canal follows medially and anteriorly, opening at the top of the pyramid with a hole. The carotid tympanic tubules are small branches. They lead to the tympanic cavity. At the bottom, in the internal auditory canal, the facial canal begins. It runs horizontally and almost at right angles to the axis of the petrous section. Further, the channel is directed to the front surface. In this place, turning at an angle of 90 degrees, it forms a knee. Further, the channel passes to the posterior part of the medial wall in the tympanic cavity. Then, heading backwards, it passes along the axis in the stony part to the elevation. From this place it goes down vertically, opening with a stylomastoid opening.

drum string channel

It starts a few millimeters higher than the stylomastoid foramen. The channel goes up and forward, entering the tympanic cavity, opens on it back wall. The drum string - a branch of the intermediate nerve - passes through the tubule. It leaves the cavity through the stony-tympanic fissure.

Musculo-tubal canal

It is a continuation of the anterior upper region of the tympanic cavity. Its outer opening is located near the notch between the scaly and petrous parts of the bone. The canal runs laterally and somewhat posteriorly from the horizontal section of the carotid pathway, almost along the longitudinal axis of the petrous region. Inside it there is a partition. It is located horizontally. Through this partition, the channel is divided into two parts. Upper - semi-canal of the muscle that strains the eardrum. The large lower section belongs to the auditory tube.

drum tubule

It starts from the lower surface in the pyramidal part, in the depths of the rocky fossa. Further, it is directed towards the lower cavity, perforating which, it passes along the medial wall, reaching the furrow of the cape. Then he goes to the upper plane. There it opens with a fissure in the canal of the petrosal nerve.

drum part

This is the smallest department, which includes the temporal bone of the skull. It is presented in the form of a somewhat curved annular plate. The tympanic part forms part of the posterior, lower and anterior walls of the auditory (external canal). A borderline fissure is also visible here, which, together with the stony one, delimits this area from the mandibular fossa. The outer edge is closed from above by the scales of the bone. It delimits the auditory (external) opening. There is an awn at its posterior upper outer edge. Beneath it is an overpass hole.

Damage

One of the most serious injuries is considered a fracture of the temporal bone. It can be either longitudinal or transverse. Both types of damage, unlike injuries of other bones, are characterized by the absence of movement of fragments. Due to this, the gap width is usually small. An exception is impression damage to the scales. In such cases, there may be a fairly significant displacement of fragments.

CT scan of the temporal bones

The study is used if there are suspicions of violations in the structure of the element. Computer diagnostics is a special method. With its help, the temporal bone is scanned in layers. This creates a series of images. The temporal bone is examined in cases of presence:

Injuries on one or both sides.
Otitis, especially of an unknown nature.
Disorders of balance and hearing, signs of dysfunction of the formations, next to which the temporal bone is located.
Otosclerosis.
Suspicion of a tumor in structures located near or inside the temporal bone.
Mastoiditis.
Abscess of the brain in close proximity to the bone.
Ear discharge.

Tomography of the temporal bones is also indicated in preparation for electrode implantation.

Contraindications for the study

Computed tomography allows specialists to obtain accurate information about the state of the temporal bones and is considered one of the best diagnostic methods for various disorders. However, in some cases it is necessary to abandon this procedure. This is due to the presence of contraindications in patients. Among them it should be noted:

All stages of pregnancy. Exposure to ionizing radiation generated by the tubes of the apparatus can provoke the development of fetal pathology.
Overweight. Structurally, the tomograph is not intended for examination of patients with obesity.
Hypersensitivity to a contrast agent. When a compound is introduced into the body, a severe allergic reaction can develop, up to anaphylactic shock.
Renal failure. In patients in this case, the contrast agent is not excreted from the body, which can be harmful to health.

There are other limitations to the diagnostics. They are quite rare.

Target

To study the structure and specific features of the temporal bone.

Educational visual aids

1. Tables - skeletons and skulls of domestic animals and birds

2. Skeletons of domestic animals and birds.

3. Skulls of dogs, pigs, cattle, horses.

4. Stony part of the temporal bone of the horse.

5. Temporal bone of cattle and horse.

6. Sagittal section of the skull of a horse and cattle.

Teaching methodology

1. There are four sets of training preparations on the tables of students.

2. Demonstration preparations and a set of training preparations are on the teacher's table

3. Tables are posted on the board, and Latin terms are recorded

4. The teacher explains the content of the lesson (25 min)

5. Independent work of students (40 min)

6. Checking the quality of assimilation of the studied material (20 min)

7. Answers to questions and homework (5 min).

1. Familiarize yourself with general structure skulls.

2. To study the structure of the temporal bone and species features in various types of domestic animals and birds.

Temporal bone - os temporale(steam room)

I. Scaly part - pars squamosa.

1. Brain surface - facies cerebralis.

2. Temporal surface - facies temporalis.

3. Temporal fossa - fossa temporalis.

4. Temporal passages - meatus temporalis.

5. Frontal edge - margo frontalis.

6. Wedge-shaped edge - margo sphenoidalis.

7. Parietal edge - margo parietalis.

8. Occipital process - processus occipitalis.

9. Zygomatic process - processus zygomaticus.

10. Zygomatic arch - arcus zygomaticus.

11. Temporal crest - crista temporalis.

12. Articular tubercle - tuberculum articularis.

13. Mandibular fossa - fossa mandibularis.

14. Retroarticular process - processus retroarticularis.

15. Retroarticular foramen - foramen retroarticularis.

II. Drum part - pars tympanica.

1. Styloid process - processus styloideus.

2. Stylomastoid opening - foramen stylomastoideus.

3. Outdoor ear canal- meatus acusticus externus.

4. Drum bubble - bulla tympanica.

5. Muscular process - processus muscularis.

6. Musculotubular canal - canalis musculotubarius.

III. The rocky part is pars petrosum.

1. Mastoid process - processus mastoideus.

2. The ridge of the rocky part - crista partis petrosae.

3. Indentation trigeminal nerve- impresionis nervi trigemini.

4. Fossa of the cerebellum - fossa cerebelli.

5. The outer opening of the vestibule water supply - apertura externa aquaductus vestibuli.

6. External opening of the cochlear tubules - apertura externa canaliculus cochle.

7. Internal auditory meatus - meatus acusticus internus.

Facial canal - canalis facialis.

Equilibrium auditory canal - canalis vestibulocochlearis.

View features:

Dog. The external auditory meatus is short. subulate

and no muscle fibers. The tympanic bubble is rounded. Zastovnoy and mastoid processes are weakly expressed.

Pig. The external auditory meatus is long. There are no mastoid, retroarticular and muscular processes. The tympanic bladder is elongated.

KRS. The external auditory meatus is long. The tympanic bladder is elongated. The styloid process is pressed into the wall of the tympanic bladder. The muscular process has the appearance of a wide plate.

Horse. The external auditory meatus is short. The tympanic bubble is rounded. The styloid process is short. The muscular process is pointed. The mastoid process is well developed.

Questions to consolidate the studied material

1. What are the main parts of the temporal bone.

2. Name the specific features of the temporal bone in a dog, pig, cattle, horse.

3. Name the canals and openings of the temporal bone.

4. Name the components located on the scales, petrous and tympanic parts of the temporal bone.

5. What part of the skull does the temporal bone belong to.

Channel name	Channel start	Channel end	Content
face channel, canalis facialis	internal ear canal, meatus acus-ticus internus	stylomastoid foramen, foramen stylomastoideum	- facial nerve , n. facialis(VII pair) - knee knot, ganglion geniculi;- stylomastoid arteries and veins, a., vv. stylomastoideae
Canal of the greater stony nerve canalis nervi petrosi majoris	Facial canal in the area of the knee, geni-culum canalis facialis	cleft of the greater stony nerve, hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris	- large stony nerve , n. petrosus major(branch n. facialis)
drum string tubule, canaliculus chordae tympani	Facial canal in the region of the stylomastoid foramen foramen stylomastoideum	Stony-tympanic fissure, fissura petroty-mpanica	- drum string chorda tympani(branch n. facialis VII pair)
drum tubule, canaliculus tympanicus	rocky hole, fossula petrosa (aper-tura inferior canaliculi tympanici)	Cleft of a small stony nerve, hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris	- tympanic nerve n. tympanicus(branch n. glossopharyngeus IX pair)
musculoskeletal canal, canalis musculotubarius a) semicanalis m. tensoris tympani b) semicanalis tubae auditivae	tympanic cavity, cavitas tympani	Top of the pyramid apex pyramis	- m. tensor tympani; - pars ossea tubae auditivae
dream channel, canalis caroticus	External carotid opening apertura externa canalis carotici	internal sleeping hole, apertura interna canalis carotici	- internal carotid artery a. carotis interna; - venous plexus of the carotid canal, plexus venosus caroticus internus; - internal carotid plexus plexus caroticus internus(from ganglion superius truncus sympathicus)
carotid tubules, canaliculi caroticotympanici	sleepy channel Canalis caroticus	tympanic cavity , Cavitas tympanica	- carotid-tympanic arteries , a.a. carotico- tympanici(from a. carotis interna); - carotid tympanic nerves nn. caroti-cotympanici(from pl. caroticus internus et n. tympanicus)
mastoid canal, canaliculus mastoideus	jugular fossa, fossa jugularis (foramen mastoideum)	mastoid-tympanic fissure, fissura tympano-mastoidea (apertura ca-naliculi mastoidei)	- ear branch of the vagus nerve, ramus auricularis n. vagi

Bones of the facial skull

To bones of the facial skull include: paired bones - upper jaw, maxilla; palatine bone, os palatine; lacrimal bone, os lacrimale; nasal bone, os nasale; inferior turbinate, concha nasalis inferior; cheekbone, os zygomaticum; and unpaired bones - the lower jaw, mandibula; coulter, vomer; hyoid bone, os hyoideum.

upper jaw, maxilla, (Fig. 3.15, 3.16) consists of a body and four processes. Body of the upper jaw corpus maxillae, has 4 surfaces: nasal, orbital, infratemporal and anterior.

In the thickness of the body of the upper jaw is the maxillary (Hymoral) sinus, sinus maxillaris (Higmori) that opens into the middle nasal passage. This sinus is the only one with which the child is born, the rest are formed in the postnatal period of development.

front surface, facies anterior, below goes into alveolar ridge, where a series of elevations is noticeable, juga alveolaria, which correspond to the position of the dental roots. The elevation corresponding to the canine is more pronounced than the others. Above it and laterally is the canine fossa, fossa canina. At the top, the anterior surface of the upper jaw is delimited from the orbital by the infraorbital margin, margo infraorbitalis. Immediately below it, the infraorbital foramen is noticeable, foramen infraorbital, through which the nerve and artery of the same name exit the orbit. The medial boundary of the anterior surface is the nasal notch, incisura nasalis.

nasal surface, facies nasalis, below passes into the upper surface of the palatine process. It shows a comb for the inferior turbinate ( crista conchalis). Behind the frontal process, a lacrimal sulcus is visible, sulcus lacrimalis, which with the lacrimal bone and the inferior nasal concha turns into the nasolacrimal canal, canalis nasolacrimalis, which communicates the orbit with the lower nasal passage. Even more posteriorly - a large opening leading to the sinus maxillaris, maxillary cleft, hiatus maxillaris.

infratemporal surface, facies infratemporalis, separated from the anterior surface by the base of the zygomatic process. On this surface, the tubercle of the upper jaw is clearly visible, tuber maxillae where the alveolar foramen opens foramina alveolaria. Medial to the tubercle is a vertically running large palatine sulcus, Sulcus palatinus major.

suborbital surface, facies infraorbitalis, takes part in the formation of the lower wall of the orbit. In its posterior part, an infraorbital groove is found, sulcus infraorbitalis, passing anteriorly into the infraorbital canal, canalis infraorbitalis, which opens with the infraorbital foramen, foramen infraorbitalis, on the anterior surface of the body of the upper jaw.

Frontal process of the upper jaw, processus frontalis maxillae, participates in the formation of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and the medial wall of the orbit. On its medial surface, a cribriform ridge is visible, crista ethmoidalis with which the middle turbinate fuses. palatine process, processus palatinus, forms the bony palate and the lower wall (bottom) of the nasal cavity. In the anterior part of the suture formed when both palatine processes are joined, there is an opening leading to the incisive canal, canalis incisivus. cheekbone, processus zygomaticus, connects to the zygomatic bone. The lower free edge of the alveolar process, processus alveolaris, has recesses - dental alveoli, alveoli dentales separated from each other by interalveolar septa, septa interalveolaria. Alveolar elevations are visible on its outer surface, juga alveolaria.

Rice. 3.15 Right upper jaw (side view):

1 - processus frontalis; 2 - crista lacrimalis anterior; 3 - margo infraorbitalis; 4 - facies anterior; 5 - foramen infraorbital; 6 - fossa canina; 7 - incisura nasalis; 8 - processus palatinus; 9 - spina nasalis anterior; 10 - juga alveolaria; 11 - processus alveolaris; 12 - processus zygomaticus; 13 - facies orbitalis; 14 - sulcus infraorbitalis.

Rice. 3.16 Upper jaw and palatine bone (view from the side of the nasal cavity):

1 - processus frontalis; 2 - sulcus lacrimalis; 3 - hiatus maxillaris; 4 - sulcus palatinus major; 5 - processus palatinus; 6 - canalis incisivus; 7 - spina nasalis anterior

palatine bone, os palatine, (Fig. 3.17) consists of horizontal and perpendicular plates , lamina horizontlis et lamina perpendicularis. The horizontal plate forms part of the lower wall of the nasal cavity and the bony palate. The perpendicular plate is part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, forming the medial wall of the pterygopalatine fossa. The orbital and sphenoid processes, processus orbitalis and processus sphenoidalis, separated by the sphenopalatine notch, incisura sphenopalatina. pyramidal process, processus pyramidalis, adjacent to the notch of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.

Rice. 3.17 Right palatine bone (a - outside view; b - inside view):

a:1 - processus sphenoidalis; 2 - incisura sphenopalatina; 3 - processus orbitalis; 4 - lamina perpendicularis; 5 - lamina horizontalis; 6 - processus pyramidalis; arrow indicates sulcus palatinus major;

b:1 - processus sphenoidalis; 2 - crista conchalis; 3 - processus pyramidalis; 4 - lamina horizontalis; 5 - lamina perpendicularis; 6 - processus orbitalis.

lacrimal bone, os lacrimale, (Fig. 3.18c) is part of the medial wall of the orbit and the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

nasal bone, os nasale , (Fig. 3.18b) participates in education top wall nasal cavity.

inferior turbinate, concha nasalis inferior , attached to the shell comb, crista conchalis(Fig. 18d), the upper jaw and perpendicular to the plate of the palatine bone on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and limits the lower nasal passage.

Cheekbone, os zygomaticum, (Fig. 3.18a) connects with the zygomatic processes of the frontal and temporal bones, as well as the upper jaw. Together with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, it forms the zygomatic arch, arcus zygomaticus. It distinguishes between the lateral, temporal and orbital surfaces, facies lateralis, temporalis and orbitalis, and two processes: frontal and temporal, processus frontalis and temporalis. On the orbital surface is the zygomatic-orbital foramen, foramen zygomaticotemporale. It leads to a canal, which bifurcates in the thickness of the bone and opens outwards with two openings: on the lateral surface - the zygomatic-facial opening, foramen zygomaticofaciale, on the temporal surface - the zygomatic-temporal opening, foramen zygomaticotemporale.

coulter, vomer, (Fig. 3.18e) is involved in the formation of the septum of the nasal cavity.

Rice. 3.18 Small bones of the facial skull:

a– os zygomaticum; b– os nasale; in– os lacrimale; G- concha nasalis inferior: d– vomer

a:1 - faces orbitalis; 2 - foramen zygomaticofaciale; 3 - facies lateralis; 4 - processus temporalis; 5 - processus frontalis; b: 1 - margo superior; 2 - foramen nasale; 3 - margo lateralis; in: 1 - crista lacrimalis posterior; 2 - sulcus lacrimalis; 3 - hamulus lacrimalis; G: 1 - processus ethmoidalis; 2 - processus maxillaris; 3 - processus lacrimalis; d: 1 - alae vomeris; 2 - margo anterior; 3 - margo inferior

Lower jaw, mandible, (Fig. 3.19a, b) consists of a body, corpus mandibulae, and the pair branch, ramus mandibulae.

The upper edge of the body forms the alveolar part, pars alveolaris, arranged in the same way as the alveolar process of the upper jaw. In front of the body in the midline is the chin protrusion, protuberantia mentalis, ending downwards with a paired chin tubercle, tuberculum mentale. Behind it is the mental foramen, foramen mentale. On the inner surface of the body in the midline there is a chin spine, spina mentalis. On the sides of it below is a paired digastric fossa, fossa digastrica, and above - the hyoid fossa, fossa sublingualis. At the level of the molars there is a submandibular fossa, fovea submandibularis.

When the body of the lower jaw passes into its branch, the angle of the lower jaw is formed, angulus mandibulae, on the outer surface of which there is a chewing tuberosity, tuberositas masseterica, and on the inside - pterygoid tuberosity, tuberositas pterygoidea. On the inner surface of the branch, the opening of the lower jaw is visible, foramen mandibulae, which leads to the canal of the lower jaw, canalis mandibulae, ending with a chin hole.

At the top, the branch ends with two processes: located in front - the coronoid process, processus coronoideus, and behind - the condylar process, processus condylaris, between which is the notch of the lower jaw, incisura mandibulae. The condylar process has an expanded part - the head, caput mandibulae, and the narrowed part - the neck, collum mandibulae, on the anterior surface of which the pterygoid fossa is located, fovea pterygoidea.

Rice. 3.19 Lower jaw (a - outside view; b - inside view):

a:1 - incisura mandibulae; 2 - ramus mandibulae; 3 - tuberositas masseterica; 4 - protuberantia mentalis; 5 - foramen mentale; 6 - corpus mandibulae; 7 - processus coronoideus;

b:1 - processus coronoideus; 2 - fovea pterygoidea; 3 - processus condylaris; 4 - foramen mandibulae; 5 - angulus mandibulae; 6 - tuberositas pterygoidea; 7 - linea mylohyoidea; 8 - fovea submandibularis; 9 - fovea sublingualis; 10-fossa digastrica.

hyoid bone, os hyoideum, (Figure 3.20a, b) is located in the neck; the larynx is attached to it, part of the muscles lying above and below the hyoid bone. Given the common origin and development, this bone belongs to the facial skull. It consists of a body copus ossis hyoidei, and 2 pairs of processes: a large horn, cornu majus, and the small horn, cornu minus.

Rice. 3.20 Hyoid bone (a - top view; b - side view):

1 - corpus; 2 - cornua minora; 3 - cornua majora

The main components of some bones of the facial skull are presented in table 4.4.

It is impossible to say exactly which bones present in the human body are more important than others. All of them are an integral part of the musculoskeletal system, and damage to one of them can lead to unpredictable consequences. The temporal bone of the skull is no exception and has its own characteristics.

The role and features of the temporal bone

First of all, it should be noted that the temporal bone of the skull is a steam room. Both parts are located in the center of the skull on both sides. Around them are localized occipital, parietal, cuneiform bones. These areas perform protective function. The organs of hearing and balance are attached to them. In addition, they serve as a support for the lower cheekbone, forming the base and lateral part of the skull. Together with the cheekbones, this element forms a movable joint.

The temporal part of the skull has the following purpose.

The main function of the paired element is to protect the brain from direct physical influences.
Of no small importance is the supporting function, due to which the brain is fixed from both sides.
The muscles of the head are attached to this bone.
It is a conductor for various vessels, having many channels.

The right and left parts have an identical anatomical structure.

Anatomy

The outer side of the temporal lobe contains the ear canal, around which three sections are localized.

scaly - located above the temple;
the stony part of the temporal bone, located on the back side closer to the center, it is also called the pyramid;
tympanic department, which is localized at the bottom of the anterior part.

The pyramid has three planes, which is why it got its name.

scaly department

This area looks like a kind of plate. Its outer side is somewhat convex and has roughness. From the back, vertically, a groove for the temporal artery is localized. At the bottom there is a curved line, and closer to the frontal part upwards, the bone has a horizontal extension - the process of the lower jaw, visually representing the extension of the comb protrusion, passing along the lower edge of the outer side. Its base is presented in the form of a pot-bellied root, and towards the end it tapers.

The process also has a back, outer side and edges, one of which is longer than the other. The base of the element has small teeth.

The processes of the temporal lobe at its base have a joint resembling a seam. This is how the zygomatic arch is obtained, under which the mandibular recess is localized. It has an egg-shaped shape, stretched across. Ahead of the recess there is a tuberous body. The outer side of the squamous plate forms a depression where the muscle tissue joins. From the inside, finger-shaped furrows and a vascular canal are observed.

As already found out, the scaly region has 2 edges: wedge-shaped and parietal. The first wide edge has teeth; it joins in the region of the sphenoid bone. The upper dorsal parietal edge is somewhat longer than the first. It has a pointed shape and converges in the parietal lobe.

The anatomy of the temporal bone has a complex bone structure. Its pyramidal part consists of two sections: the frontal median and the dorsal lateral, represented by the mastoid bone, localized behind the ear canal. It has a double-sided rough convex plane. Muscles are attached to it, and from top to bottom, the process is smoothly formed into a cone-shaped protrusion. It can be felt when pressed through the epidermis.

The inner fragment has a deep opening. Parallel to it, near the back, there is a groove of the occipital blood vessels. The back side of the process ends with notches, and a suture is formed at the junction, in the center of which, a mastoid opening is localized. Sometimes there may be several. Connecting veins pass through the same place. At the top, this process ends with a parietal edge. At the junction of the pyramidal and squamous regions, a notch is formed, into which the corner of the parietal bone enters, due to which a seam is formed.

Pyramid planes

The anatomy of the pyramid of the temporal bone has three planes. One of them is directed inward at an angle, gradually moving to the surface of the scaly section. In the middle of the frontal part there is a horseshoe-shaped hill, which is formed by the anterior groove of the oval-shaped ear canal located below. Between this passage and the tubercle, the plane of the tympanic region is localized.

The rear plane is located similarly to the front, only facing the rear upper region. Its continuation is the mastoid process, and the ear opening is localized in the center of the plane.

The anatomy of the lower plane differs from the other two and has an uneven, rough surface. It is a fragment of the lower base of the cranium. There is also an egg-shaped jugular depression. At the bottom of this fossa there is a small canal leading to the mastoid process. Its back part is limited by a notch, divided by a process into two halves.

The edges of the rocky area

At the top of the pyramid there is a channel, which is designed for the transverse sinus and fixing the sheet with a solid meninges. The dorsal edge is located between the posterior and lower planes of the rocky part. On the upper plane along the posterior edge passes the channel of the sinus of the pyramid. Almost in the very center, near the jugular notch, there is a small depression in the shape of a triangle.

The front edge of the pyramid is somewhat shorter in length than the back or top. There is a small gap between it and the scaly fragment, as well as a hole that opens into the cranial cavity.

pyramidal canals

Inside the walls of the cranium are the canals of the temporal bone. Sleepy departs from the outer opening of the lower plane of the pyramid. It rushes up, and then levels off in the middle and exits with a hole at its top. The atlas of carotid tympanic tubules is presented as its offshoots leading inwards. At the bottom of the ear canal there is an entrance to the facial canal, which runs horizontally at right angles to the axis of the pyramid. Then he rushes to the frontal plane, where, turning sharply, forms a kind of knee. After that, he goes to the middle of the back wall, heading back, runs parallel to the axis of the pyramid to its top. Further, the canal goes vertically down, rushing to the stylomastoid foramen.

String channel

This canal originates slightly below the exit of the facial opening, rushing up the frontal wall of the tympanic plane, and ends on the back wall. A string is a branching of the median nerve passing along this path, which is output through the gap of the stony-tympanic joint.

Muscular auditory canal

This outlet is a kind of continuation of the upper front side of the tympanic cavity. Its exit is localized near the notch, between the pyramid and the scaly plate. It runs from the lateral part to the horizontal axis of the carotid tubule. In addition, it has an internal horizontal wall that divides it into two halves. The upper cavity is occupied by the muscles responsible for the membrane, and the lower part is presented as a tubal auditory canal to the main ear opening.

The path starts from the lower plane of the pyramid at the bottom of the pyramidal recess. It is directed towards the lower cavity, and then passes in the middle of the wall, bypassing the furrow of the cape. After that, it rushes to the upper platform, and then exits outside in the cleft of the canal, where the nerve branch stretches.

Tympanic bone

The tympanic region is endowed with the smallest area, unlike other regions of the temporal lobe. It is a bent ring-shaped plate. This part of the temporal plate forms an external auditory opening on three sides, which indicates its shape. In addition, the boundary gap is localized here - the articulation of the tympanic region with the pyramid, dividing it with the jaw recess. The outer part is expressed by a scaly plane and separates the ear canal. Near the back side of the upper outer part there is a process, under which there is an overpass depression.

Damage

The temporal region can be subject to various injuries, but the most dangerous of them is a fracture. Bone injury can be transverse or longitudinal. Such injuries have one feature - the absence of displacement of debris. This suggests that the width of the crack is insignificant, and the fusion of the bone occurs quickly, which cannot be said about the defeat of scaly surfaces.

Examination of the temporal bones

At the slightest suspicion of damage to the temporal bones, specialists use computed tomography allowing to identify various kinds of violations in great detail. A feature of this technique is the layer-by-layer diagnosis of the bone.

For the final diagnosis, several pictures are taken, and the following factors are indications for examination.

Unilateral or bilateral injuries.
Otitis media of indeterminate form or character.
Violation hearing characteristics, impaired coordination, as well as other dysfunctions of nearby organs.
With tumor symptoms, both internal and external.
Disorders of brain activity associated with damage to the temporal lobe.
Otosclerosis.
Mastoiditis.
Discharge from the ears.

Contraindications for the study

Methods computer diagnostics are considered very popular, as they allow you to get a detailed clinical picture with the slightest detail for any bone injury. This technique It is carried out using ionized rays and a special substance introduced into the body. Therefore, in some cases, its use can be hazardous to health. Tomography is not recommended for use under the following circumstances.

Women during pregnancy. Irradiation has a negative effect on the fetus, which in the future can cause irreversible pathological disorders.
Excess weight. This diagnostic method was not originally intended for obese people.
Individual intolerance to the administered drug. The contrast agent may cause allergic reactions.
In renal failure, the substance does not leave the body and can have a negative effect.

Here are the most common factors that are contrary to the use of CT, however, there are other contraindications, but they are extremely rare.

Front surface of the pyramid, fades anterior partis petrosae. Rice. A, V.
Roof of the tympanic cavity, tegmen rympani. A thin bony plate anteriorly and laterally from the arcuate eminence. Rice. AT.
Arcuate elevation, eminentia arcuaia. Lies on the front surface of the pyramid. Corresponds to the anterior semicircular canal. Rice. A, V.
Cleft canal of the large stony nerve, hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris. An opening on the anterior surface of the pyramid through which the nerve of the same name passes. Rice. A, V.
Cleft canal of the small stony nerve, hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris. An opening on the anterior surface of the pyramid, below the cleft of the canal of the greater petrosal nerve. Rice. A, V.
Groove of a large stony nerve, sulcus n. petrosi majoris. It is directed from the corresponding cleft forward and medially to the torn hole. Rice. AT.
Furrow of the small stony nerve, sulcus n.petrosi minoris. Directed from the corresponding cleft to the oval hole. Rice. AT.
Trigeminal depression, impresio trigeminalis. A recess on the anterior surface of the pyramid at its apex for the trigeminal ganglion. Rice. AT.
Upper edge of the pyramid, margo superior partis petrosae. Rice. A, V.
Groove of the superior stony sinus, sulcus sinus petrosi superioris. It runs along the top edge of the pyramid. Rice. A, V.
The back surface of the pyramid, fades posterior partis petrosae. Rice. BUT.
Internal auditory opening, porus acusticus internus. Lies on the back surface of the pyramid. Rice. BUT.
Internal auditory canal, meatus acusticus internus. Contains VII, VIII cranial nerves and vessels. Rice. BUT.
Subarc fossa, fossa subarcuata. An indentation above the internal auditory meatus. Filled with a piece of the cerebellum. Rice. BUT.
Water supply vestibule, aqueductus vestibuli. A narrow canal in the posterior wall of the pyramid that communicates with the endolymphatic space of the inner ear.
External aperture of the vestibule aqueduct, apertura externa aqueductus vestibuli. Rice. BUT.
The rear edge of the pyramid, margo posterior partis petrosae. Rice. A, B.
Furrow of the lower stony sinus, sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris. Rice. BUT.
Jugular notch, incisura jugularis. Forms the anterior edge of the jugular foramen. Rice. A, B.
Intrajugular process, processus intrajugularis. It divides the jugular foramen into two sections: the jugular vein passes in the posterolateral, and the IX, X, XI cranial nerves pass in the anteromedial. Rice. A, B.
Snail tubule, canaliculus cochleae. Contains the perilymphatic duct.
External aperture of the cochlear tubule, apertura externa canaliculi cochleae. It is located anterior and medial to the jugular fossa. Rice. B.
The lower surface of the pyramid, fades inferior partis petrosae. Rice. B.
Jugular fossa, fossa jugularis. Lies near the jugular notch. Contains the upper inner bulb jugular vein. Rice. B.
mastoid tubule, canaliculus mastoideus. It originates in the jugular fossa. Contains the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Rice. B.
Styloid process, processus styloideus. It is located laterally and anteriorly to the jugular fossa. It is a derivative of the second branchial arch. Rice. A, B, G.
Stylomastoid foramen, foramen stylomastoideum. Located behind styloid process between the mastoid process and the jugular fossa. It is the outer opening of the facial canal. Rice. B.
Drum tubule, canaliculus tympanicus. It starts in a rocky hole. Contains the tympanic nerve and inferior tympanic artery. Rice. B.
Stony dimple, fossula petrosa. It is located on the bone crest between the external opening of the carotid canal and the jugular fossa. Contains a tympanic thickening of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Rice. B.
Tympanic cavity, cavitas tympanica. A narrow, air-filled space between the bony labyrinth and the tympanic membrane.
Stony-tympanic [[glazer]] fissure, fissura petrotympanica []. It is located between the tympanic part and the bone plate of the petrous part of the temporal bone, dorsomedally from the mandibular fossa. Rice. B, G.
Stony-scaly fissure, fissura petrosquamosa. It is located on the base of the skull, anterior to the petrotympanic fissure, between the bone plate of the petrous part and the squamous part of the temporal bone. Rice. B, V.
Tympanic-squamous fissure, fissura tympanosquamosa. It is formed by the merger of the above two slits. Rice. B, G.
Tympanomastoid fissure, fissura tympanomastoidea. It is located between the tympanic part and the mastoid process. Exit site of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. Rice. B, G.