In the XVI century, Russia needed exit to Baltic Sea.. He opened the trading paths and eliminated intermediaries: German merchants and teutonic knights. But there was a livonia between Russia and Europe. And the war with it Russia lost.
Start of war
Livonia, she is Liflandia, was located on the territory of modern Estonia and Latvia. Initially, so called land inhabited by Lives. In the XVI century, Livonia was under the control of the Livonian Order - the military and political organization of the German Knights Catholics.
In January 1558, Ivan IV began to "chop the window to Europe." The moment was selected successful. The knighthood and the clergy of Livonia were divided, weakened by the reformation, and the local population is tired of the Teutons.
The reason for the war was the non-payment of Moscow by the bishop of the city of Derpte (he same, Yuriev, he is the modern Tartu) "Yuryevskaya Dani" from possessions defended by Russian princes.
Russian army
By the middle of the XVI century, Russia was already a mighty power. Reforms played a major role, the centralization of power, the creation of special infantry parts - the Streetsky troops. In service with the army there was modern artillery: the use of the faucet allowed the use of guns in the field. There were plants for the production of gunpowder, weapons, guns and cores. New ways of taking fortresses have been developed.
Before starting the war, Ivan Grozny secured the country from raids from the East and from the south. Kazan and Astrakhan were taken, a truce with Lithuania was concluded. In 1557, the victory ended the war with Sweden.
First successes
The first campaign of the Russian army in 40 thousand people took place in the winter of 1558. The main goal was to achieve a voluntary concession of Narva from the Livonians. Russians easily reached the Baltic. Livonians were forced to send diplomats to Moscow and agreed to convey the Narva Russia. But soon, Narva Fogt von Schlenberg ordered to fire the Russian fortress Ivangorod, provoking the new invasion of Russians.
20 fortresses were taken, including Narva, Nashlos, Nugauses, Kiripe and Derpt. The Russian army came close to Reel and Riga.
On January 17, 1559, in a major battle near Tirssen, the Germans were defeated, after which they again concluded a truce and briefly.
By the fall, Livonsky Master Gothard von Ketler was enlisted by the support of Sweden and the Grand District of Lithuanian and opposed the Russians. Near Derpta, the Livonians broke the squad of the Governor of Zechariah, Plescheyev, then started the siege of Yuryeva, but the city survived. They tried to take Lais, but suffered large losses and retreated. Russian counteroffensive occurred only in 1560. The troops of Ivan the Terrible took the strongest fortress of Knights Fellin and Marienburg.
War is delayed
The successes of Russians accelerated the collapse of the Teutonic Order. Revel and the city of Northern Estlandia swore at loyalty to the Swedish crown. Master Ketler became the Vassal of the Polish king and the Grand Duke Lithuanian Sigismund II August. Lithuanians occupied more than 10 cities of Livonia.
In response to the aggression of Lithuania, Moscow governors invaded the territory of Lithuania and Livonia. Tarvast (Taurus) and Verpel (Halchev) were captured. Then the Lithuanians "walked" in Smolensk region and Pskovshchina, after which full-scale fighting all over the border unfolded.
Ivan Grozny himself headed the 80,000 thousand army. In January 1563, the Russians moved to Polotsk, besieged and took it.
The decisive battle with the Lithuanians occurred on the Ulle River on January 26, 1564, and thanks to the betrayal of Prince Andrei Kurbsky, turned around by defeat for the Russians. Lithuanian army switched to the offensive. At the same time, the Crimean Han Devlet-Garyre approached Ryazan.
Speech formation compulculated
In 1569, Lithuania and Poland became a single state of the responding speech. Ivan Grozny had to conclude the world with Poles and deal with relations with Sweden, where his enemy Yuhan III asked for the throne.
At the captured Russian lands of Livonia, Grozny created a vassal kingdom under the leadership of the Danish Prince Magnus Golsteinsky.
In 1572, King Sigismund died. Commonwealth was on the threshold civil War. In 1577, the Russian army invaded the Baltic States, and soon Russia received control over the coast of the Gulf of Finland, but the victory was short.
The fracture of the war occurred after the modernity of Stephen Batory's Polish throne. He suppressed the confusion in the country and in the Union with Sweden opposed Russia. He was supported by the Duke of Mangus, Saxon Kurfürst August and the Brandenburg Kurfürst Johann-Georg.
From the onset of defense
September 1, 1578 Palo Falotsk, then Smolenshchina and Seversk land were ruined. Two years later, the Poles again invaded Russia and took great bows. Pali Narva, Oztery, Zavolochye. Under the turbulent, Prince Hilkova was broken. Swedes took the fortress of Padis in Western Estland.
For the third time, the battory invaded Russia in 1581. His goal was Pskov. However, Russians solved the plans of the Poles. Take the city failed.
In 1581, Russia was in a difficult situation. In addition to the Poles, they threatened the Swedes and Crimean Khan. Ivan Grozny was forced to ask peace on the enemy's conditions. Pope Gregory XIII acted as a mediator in the negotiations, which was calculated to strengthen the position of the Vatican in the East. Negotiations were held in the Jama Zapolsky and ended with the conclusion of a ten-year truce.
RESULTS
Attempting Ivan the Terrible to cut the window to Europe ended in failure.
According to the agreement, the Commonwealth returned to Russians, the Great Luki, the Zavolochye, Nevel, the Hill, Rzhev, Pskov, Pskov Island, Red, Voronech, Vella, Verev, Vladimmer, Dubkov, Vyshgorod, Evalot, Izborsk, Owlochka, Gdov, Kobyl Sorcere and Seber.
The Moscow State has passed the speech by compulcilate 41 Livonian city.
Delight the Russians decided the Swedes. In the fall of 1581, they traded Narva and Ivangorod and forced to sign the world on their own terms. Livonian war ended. Russia lost some of its own territories and three border fortresses. For Russians there were only a small fortress of nuts on the Neva and the corridor along the river with a length of slightly more than 30 kilometers. Baltic remained unattainable.
For the beginning of the war, formal reasons were found (see below), the true reasons were held in the geopolitical need for Russia in obtaining an entry to the Baltic Sea, as the most convenient for direct links with the centers of European civilizations, as well as in the desire to take an active part in the section of the Livonsky territory The Order, the progressive breakdown of which became obvious, but which, not wanting strengthening Russia, prevented its external contacts. For example, Livonian authorities did not miss more than a hundred specialists from Europe, invited by Ivan IV. Some of them were planted in prisons and executed.
The presence of such a hostile barrier was not satisfied with Moscow, seeking to escape from continental insulation. However, Russia belonged to a small segment of the Baltic coast, from the Neva Pool to Ivangorod. But he was strategically vulnerable, and there were no ports nor the developed infrastructure. So Ivan Grozny hoped to take advantage of the transport system of Livonia. He considered her ancient Russian patrimony, illegally captured by the Crusaders.
The strength solution to the problem predetermined the causing behavior of the Livonians themselves, which, even in the opinion of their own historians, was unreasonable. The reason for the exacerbation of relations was the mass pogroms of Orthodox churches in Livonia. An outrageous Grozny sent the Epistle to the authorities in which he stated that he would not demolish such actions. The letter was attached to the knot, as a symbol of an imminent car. By that time, the time of the truce between Moscow and the Lionia (prisoner in 1504 as a result of the Russian-Lithuanian war 1500-1503) was exposed. For its extension, the Russian side required the payment of Yuryevsky Dani, which Livonians pledged to give another Ivan III, but for 50 years they never collected. Recognizing the need to pay it, they again did not fulfill their obligations. Then in 1558, Russian troops entered the Livonia. So the Livonian War began. It lasts a quarter of a century, becoming the longest and one of the most severe in the history of Russia.
Livonian War (1558-1583)
Livonian war can be divided into four stages. The first (1558-1561) is directly connected with the Russian-Livonian war. The second (1562-1569) included primarily the Russian-Lithuanian war. The third (1570-1576) was distinguished by the resumption of the struggle of the Russians for the Livonia, where they were fighting against the Swedes together with the Danish prince Magnus. The fourth (1577-1583) is associated primarily with the Russian-Polish war. During this period, the Russian-Swedish war continued.
In the middle of the XVI century. Livonia did not imagine significant military power, able to seriously confront the Russian state. The main martial domain remained powerful stone fortresses. But terrible for arrows and stones, the knightly castles were already not very capable of protecting their inhabitants from the power of heavy siege guns. Therefore, military actions in Livonia have been kept mainly to fighting the fortresses, in which Russian artillery has distinguished himself in Kazan. The first fortress facing the Russians, became Narva.
Taking Narva (1558).
In April 1558, the Russian troops led by the Governors of Adshev, Basmanov and Buturlin besieged by Narva. The fortress defended the garrison under the command of the Knight of the Fokhta Schnelenberg. The decisive assault of Narva took place on May 11th. On this day, a fire broke out in the city, which was accompanied by a storm. According to legend, he arose due to the fact that Drunk Livons was thrown into the fire of the Orthodox icon of the Virgin. Taking advantage of the fact that the protection left the fortifications, the Russians rushed to the assault. They broke the gate and captured the Lower city. Having captured the guns there, the attackers opened fire on the upper castle, preparing stairs for an attack. But it did not follow it, because in the evening the defenders of the castle surrendered to, saying the condition of free exit from the city.
It was the first major fortress taken by Russians in the Livon War. Narva was a comfortable sea harbor, through which Russian direct relations began with Western Europe. At the same time, the creation of your own fleet. In Narva is equipped with shipyard. The first Russian ships on it were built by Masters from Holmogor and Vologda, whom the king sent abroad "for supervision, as the cannons are poured in the West, ships are built." In Narva, flotilla from 17 vessels under the command of the Dane Cartin's race, adopted in Russian service, was based in Narva.
Taking Neighuza (1558). Special persistence in the campaign of 1558 was distinguished by the defense of the Fortress of Negauz, which was defended by several hundred warriors led by the knight-patenorm. Despite his small number, they resistantly resisted almost a month, reflecting the onslaught of the troops of the Governor of Peter Shuisky. After the destruction of the Russian artillery of the fortress walls and the Germans, the Germans were moved to the top castle on June 30, 1558. Padenorm wanted to defend himself to the last extreme, but his remaining associates refused to continue meaningless resistance. As a sign of respect for the coupling, the shuisky allowed them to come out with honor.
Taking Derpte (1558). In July, Shuisky besieged Derpt (until 1224 - Yuriev, now the Estonian city of Tartu). The city defended the garrison under the command of Bishop Weiland (2 thousand people). And here, first of all, the Russian artillery distinguished. July 11, she began shelling the city. Some towers and loopholes were destroyed by nuclei. During the shelling, the Russians brought part of the guns to almost the most fortunate wall, opposite the German and Andreev gates, and opened the shooting to the emphasis. The shelling of the city lasted 7 days. When the basic fortifications were destroyed, besieged, having lost hope for help from the outside, joined Russians to negotiate. Shuisky promised not to destroy the city and retain its inhabitants for the previous management. July 18, 1558 Derptit capitulated. The order in the city was really preserved, and his violators were subjected to strict punishments.
Ringer's defense (1558). After taking a number of cities in Livonia, Russian troops, leaving garrisons there, left in the fall on winter apartments to their limits. This took advantage of the new Livonsky Magister Ketler, who gathered a 10-thousand army and tried to return the lost. At the end of 1558, he tried to the fortress Ringen, which he defended the garrison in several hundred Sagittarov led by the Voivoda Rusin-Ignatiev. Russians courageously laid five weeks, reflecting two attacks. Associated by the departed by the squad of the propulsion repnin (2 thousand people), but he was broken by ketler. This failure did not affect the spirit of the precipitated, which continued resistance. The Germans were able to take the fortress by storm only after her defenders ended gunpowder. All Ringer's defenders were destroyed. Having lost the fifth part of his troops under Ringen (2 thousand people) and spending more than a month on the siege, the ketler could not develop his success. At the end of October, his army retreated to Riga. This small victory turned to the Livons of a large misfortune. In response to their actions, the Tsar Ivan Grozny joined the Lionia, after two months.
Battle for Tirszen (1559). In the area of \u200b\u200bthis city, in Livonia, on January 17, 1559, the battle between the Livonian Order's army under the command of the Knight of Felkenzam and the Russian army led by the governor Silver. The Germans suffered a complete defeat. Felkenzam and 400 knights died in battle, the rest were captured or fled. After this victory, the Russian army unhinderedly made a winter raid on the lands of the Order to the Riga itself and in February returned to Russia.
Truce (1559). In the spring, military actions have not resumed. In May, Russia concluded a truce with the Livonian Order until November 1559. It was largely due to the presence of serious disagreements in the Moscow government about the external strategy. So, the nearest advisers of the king, headed by Ocolnichy Alexei Adshev, were against the war in the Baltic States and advocated the continuation of the struggle in the south, against the Crimean Khanate. This grouping reflected the mood of those nobility circles who wanted, on the one hand, eliminate the threat of attacks by steppes, and on the other, to get a large additional land fund in the steppe zone.
A truce 1559. allowed the Order to win time and conduct an active diplomatic work in order to engage in the conflict against Moscow its closest neighbors - Poland and Sweden. Ivan IV affected by Ivan IV affected the trade interests of the main states that had exits in the Baltic region (Lithuania, Poland, Sweden and Denmark). At that time, trade in the Baltic Sea grew from year to year, and the question of who will control it was very relevant. But not only the problems of their own trade benefits were interested in Russia's neighbors. They were disturbed by the strengthening of Russia by receiving Livonia. That's what, for example, wrote the Polish king of Sigismund-August in English Queen Elizabeth about the role for Russian Livonia: "The Moscow Sovereign increases its power to the acquisition of items, which are brought to Narva; For it is raised here not only goods, but also weapons, so far He is an unknown ... the artists (specialists) come, through which he acquires funds to win everyone ... So far, we could only win it because he was alien to education. But if Narva navigation continues, what will happen to him Unknown? ". Thus, the struggle of Russians for the Livonia received a wide international resonance. The collision on the small Baltic patch of interests of so many states predetermined the severity of the Livonian war in which hostilities were closely intertwined with complex and confusing foreign policy situations.
Derpete and Lais Defense (1559).
Master of the Livonian Order kettlers actively used his respite given to him. Having received assistance from Germany and concluding an alliance with the Polish king, the Master broke the truce and at the beginning of the autumn switched to the offensive. He succeeded in an unexpected attack. To smash near Derpta, a squad of Voevod Plescheyev. In this battle Palo 1 thousand Russians. Nevertheless, the head of the Derptic garrison, Voivod Katyrev-Rostov, managed to take measures to the defense of the city. When Ketler was asked by Derpt, the Russians met his army tools with a gun and brazed outdoor. Within 10 days, the Livonians tried to destroy the walls with fires, but unsuccessfully. Without deciding on a long winter siege or attack, Ketler was forced to retreat.
On the way back, Ketler decided to master the Lais fortress, where there was a small Russian garrison under the command of the Streetsky head of Katkarov (400 people). In November 1559, the Livonians set tours, broke the wall, but could not break into the fortress, stopped by the fierce resistance of the Sagittarius. The brave garrison of Lais for two days she stabbed the attacks of the Livonian troops. Ketleru never managed to defeat the defenders of Lais, and he was forced to retreat to Venden. The unsuccessful siege of Derpte and Lais meant the failure of the autumn onset of the Livonians. On the other hand, their treacherous attack forced Ivan the Terrible to resume military actions against the Order.
Battles at Wittenstein and Ermes (1560). The decisive battles between the Russian and Livon troops occurred in the summer of 1560 near Wittenstein and Ermes. In the first of them, the army of Prince Kurbsky (5 thousand people) was broken by the German squad of the former Master of the Order of Frehensteenberg. Under Ermen, the cavalry of the governor Barbashin (12 thousand people) completely destroyed the detamy of German knights led by Landmarshal Belem (about 1 thousand people), who tried to suddenly attack the riders who had rest on the edge of Russian riders. 120 knights and 11 couples were captured, including their leader Bel. The victory at Ermen opened the Russian path to Fellin.
Fellina (1560). In August 1560, a 60-thousand army led by Vojvodi Mstislavsky and Shuisky besieged Fellin (known from 1211, now Viljandi city in Estonia). This most powerful fortress in the eastern part of Livonia was defended by a garrison under the command of the former Master of Franventberg. The success of Russians near Fellin was provided with the effective actions of their artillery, which for three weeks led a continuous shelling of fortress structures. During the siege, Livonian troops tried to help the besieged garrison from the outside, but were defeated. After the artillery fire destroyed a part of the outer wall and lit the city, Fellina defenders entered into negotiations. But Franventberg did not want to give up and tried to make them defend themselves in an impregnable castle inside the fortress. The garrison that did not receive a few months of complaints, refused to carry out the order. August 21, Fellliners capitulated.
Passing the city by the Russian, his ordinary defenders received a free output. Important prisoners (including Fistermenberg) sent to Moscow. Released Warriors of the Fellensky garrison got to Riga, where they were hanged by Magister Ketler for treason. Fellen's fall actually solved the fate of the Livonian Order. Desperate to defend himself from Russian, Ketler in 1561 passed its lands to Polish-Lithuanian possession. Northern regions with a center in Rive (until 1219 - Kolyvan, now - Tallinn) recognized themselves with the subjects of Sweden. According to the Vilensky Treaty (November 1561), the Livonian Order ceased to exist, its territory was transferred to the joint ownership of Lithuania and Poland, the last Master of the Order received Kurlyanda Duchy. Denmark, who took the Islands of Humume and Saaremaa, declared his claims to part of the Order of the Orange Land. As a result, Russians faced Livonia with the coalition of states who did not want to give their new ownership. Not having time to also seize a significant part of the Lion, including its main ports (Riga and Revel), Ivan IV was in an unfavorable situation. But he continued the struggle, hoping to disconnect his opponents.
Second Stage (1562-1569)
The most intimidant opponent Ivan IV became the Grand Duchy Lithuanian. She was not satisfied with the seizure of Russian Livonia, because in this case they received control over the bread export (through Riga) from the Lithuanian principality to European countries. Even more feared in Lithuania and Poland of military strengthening of Russia by receiving it from Europe's strategic goods through Livonian ports. The oppositeness of the parties in the question of the section of Livonia also contributed their long-standing territorial claims to each other. The Polish-Lithuanian side tried to master and northern Estonia to control all Baltic trading routes leading to Russia. With such a policy, the clash was inevitable. Pretending to Revel, Lithuania spoiled relations with Sweden. This took advantage of Ivan IV, who entered into peace agreements with Sweden and Denmark. To ensure that the safety of Narva port, the Russian king decided to defeat his main competitor - the Lithuanian principality.
In 1561-1562 Military actions between Lithuanians and Russians took place in Livonia. In 1561, Hetman Radziville beat off the Russian fortress. But after defeat to Pernou (Pernava, Pernov, now G. Wärnu), he was forced to leave her. The next year passed in small slaughter and unsuccessful negotiations. In 1563, the Terrible himself, headed by the army, took the case. The purpose of his campaign was Polotsk. The Theater of Military Action moved to the territory of the Lithuanian principality. The conflict with Lithuania significantly expanded the scale and goal of the war for Russia. A long-standing struggle for the return of Old Russian lands was added to the fight for the leaf.
Taking Polotsk (1563). In January 1563, the army of Ivan the Terrible (up to 130 thousand people) performed to Polotsk. The choice of the goal of the campaign was not accidental for a number of reasons. First, Polotsk was rich shopping centerwhose taking has thrown great prey. Secondly, it was the most important strategic point in Western Dvina, who had a direct connection with Riga. He also opened the road to wine and defended from the south of the Lionia. The political aspect was equally important. Polotsk was one of the princely centers of ancient Russia, on the lands of which the Moscow sizards were claimed. We also have religious considerations. In Polotsk, who was near russian bordersThe major Jewish and Protestant communities settled. The spread of their influence within Russia seemed to be very undesirable for the Russian clergy.
Osada Polotsk began on January 31, 1563. The power of Russian artillery was played a decisive role in his taking. The volleys of two hundred of her guns were so strong that the nuclei, flying the fortress wall on the one hand, beat from the inside from the opposite. Suns of guns destroyed the fifth of the fortress walls. According to eyewitnesses, there was such a gun thunder, which seemed like "the sky and the whole earth fell into the city." Taking the Posted, the Russian troops were besieged the castle. After the destruction of the artillery of the part of his walls, the defenders of the fortress surrendered on February 15, 1563. The richness of Polotsky Casna and Arsenal were sent to Moscow, and the injecting centers were destroyed.
The capture of Polotsk has become the largest political and strategic success of the king of Ivan the Terrible. "If Ivan IV died ... At the time of his greatest success in the Western Front, his preparations for the final conquest of Livonia, the historical memory would give him the name of the great conqueror, the creator of the world's largest power, like Alexander Macedon," wrote the historian R. Vipper. However, after Polotsk followed a series of military failures.
Battle on the Ulla River (1564). After unsuccessful negotiations with Lithuanians, Russians in January 1564 moved to a new offensive. The army of the governor of Peter Shuisky (20 thousand people) moved from Polotsk to Orsha to connect there with the troop of Prince Silver, which went from Vyazma. In the campaign, Shuisky did not make precautions. There was no intelligence, people walked with untreated crowds without weapons and armor who were carried on the sleigh. No one thought about the attack of Lithuanians. In the meantime, Lithuanian Voivodes Trotsky and Radziville received accurate information about Russian troops through the lazuts. Voivpends slept him in a wooded area near the Ulla River (near Czhasnikov) and unexpectedly attacked on January 26, 1564. Relatively small forces (4 thousand people). Not having time to take a battle order and constantly armared, the soldiers of the Shuisky succumbed to a panic and began to flee, throwing all their travels (5 thousand carts). Shuisky paid for the carelessness of his own life. The famous conqueror of Derpte died in the beating started. Having learned about the defeat of the troops of Shuisky, silver retreated from Orsha to Smolensk. Soon after the defeat under the street (in April 1564) from Yuryeva, a large Russian commander ran to the side of Lithuania, a closest one of the young years Ivan Grozny - Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky.
Battle of Oztery (1564).
The next failure of the Russians was the battle of the town of Oztery (now Yezhishche) in 60 km north of Vitebsk. Here on July 22, 1564, the Lithuanian army of the guilty of the Pats (12 thousand people) broke the army of Voevod Tokmakov (13 thousand people).
In the summer of 1564, the Russians spoke out of the bridge and besieged the Lithuanian fortress of the october. To the rescue, besieged from Vitebsk army under the command of the Patka. Tokmakov, hoping to easily deal with the Lithuanians, met them only with one of her coneen. The Russians crushed the forefront Lithuanian squad, but did not stand the strike of the battle of the battle of the battle of the battle of the battle of the battle of the battle and in disarray, lost 5 thousand people in Lithuanian data). After the defeat on the Ulle and under the ocerage, the onslaught of Moscow on Lithuania was suspended for almost a hundred years.
Military failures contributed to the transition of Ivan the Terrible to the policy of repression against the part of the feudal nobility, some representatives of which at that time rose on the path of conspiracies and direct treason. Negotiations on the world with Lithuania have resumed. It agreed to give way part of the lands (including Derpt and Polotsk). But Russia did not receive a way out to the sea, which was the goal of war. To discuss such an important issue, Ivan IV was not limited to the opinion of the boyars, and convened the Zemsky Cathedral (1566). He firmly expressed the continuation of the campaign. In 1568, the Lithuanian army of Hetman Khodkevich began an offensive, but her Natisk was stopped by the resistant resistance of the Garrison of the fortress of the fortress (on the River Ulla).
Unable to cope with Moscow, Lithuania concluded with Poland, Lublin Ulya (1569). According to it, both countries united into a single state - Commonwealth. It was one of the most important and very negative results for Russia, the results of the Livonian War, which had an impact on the further fate of Eastern Europe. In the formal equality of both sides, the leading role in this unification belonged to Poland. Coming out due to the back of Lithuania, Warsaw is now becoming the main rival of Moscow in the West, and the final (4th) stage of the Livonian war can be considered the first Russian-Polish war.
Third Stage (1570-1576)
The association of Lithuania and Poland's potentials sharply reduced the chances of the success of Grozny in this war. At that time, the situation in the southern borders of the country was seriously aggravated. In 1569, the Turkish army made a campaign on Astrakhan, seeking to cut off Russia from the Caspian Sea and open a gate for expansion in the Volga region. Although due to poor training, the hike ended in failure, Crimean-Turkish military activity in this region did not decrease (see Russian-Crimean Wars). Relations with Sweden have deteriorated. In 1568, the king Eric XIV was overthrown there, who had friendly relations with Ivan Grozny. The new Swedish government went to the aggravation of relations with Russia. Sweden installed the marine blockade of the Narva port, which made it difficult for the purchase of strategic goods by Russia. After completing the war with Denmark in 1570, the Swedes were engaged in strengthening their positions in Livonia.
The deterioration of the foreign policy situation coincided with the growth of tension within Russia. At that time, Ivan IV receives news about the conspiracy of the Novgorod Rights, which were going to pass Novgorod and Pskov Lithuania. Concerned about the news about separatism in the region located near the hostilities, the king at the beginning of 1570 made a campaign to Novgorod and learned there a cruel violence. People were sent to Pskov and Novgorod. A wide range of persons was attracted to the inquiry on Novgorod business: representatives of the boyars, clergy and even prominent ryam. In the summer of 1570, executions took place in Moscow.
In conditions of exacerbation of the external and internal situation, Ivan IV is taking a new diplomatic move. He goes on a truce with the speech of the compulciety and begins to fight with the Swedes, seeking to displace them from Livonia. The ease with which Warsaw went to temporary reconciliation with Moscow, was explained by the internal political situation in Poland. There lived the last days of the elderly and childless king Sigismund-August. Waiting for his ambulance and election of the new king, Poles sought not to exacerbate relations with Russia. Moreover, Ivan Grozny himself was considered in Warsaw one of the probable candidates for the Polish throne.
Having concluded a truce with Lithuania and Poland, the king opposes Sweden. In an effort to lift the neutrality of Denmark and the support of the part of the Livonian nobility, Ivan decides to create a Vassal kingdom in the Livonian busy in Moscow. His ruler becomes the brother of the Danish king - Prince Magnus. By creating the Kingdom of Livonskoye dependent on Moscow, Ivan Grozny and Magnus begin a new stage of the fight for the Livoni. This time the Theater of Military Action moves to the Swedish part of Estonia.
The first siege of Revel (1570-1571).
The main goal of Ivan IV in this area was the largest Baltic port of Revel (Tallinn). On August 23, 1570, the Russian-German troops led by Magnus (over 25 thousand people) approached the Revel Fortress. On the call to surrender the citizens who took the citizenship of Sweden, responded with refusal. The siege began. The Russians were built opposite the Wooden Towers, from which the shelling of the city. However, this time he did not bring success. The besieged not only defended, but also made bold babblers, destroying siege structures. The number of precipitated was clearly insufficient to take such a major city with powerful fortification facilities.
However, Russian governors (Yakovlev, Lykov, Kropotkin) decided not to remove the siege. They hoped to succeed in winter when the sea would be embedded with ice and the Swedish fleet could not supply reinforcements. Without acting against the fortress, the allied troops were engaged in the devastation of the surrounding villages, restoring the local population against themselves. Meanwhile, the Swedish fleet had time to get a lot of food and weapons to the cold, and they were transferred to the siege without special needs. On the other hand, the Ropot among the precipitated, who did not want to endure the heavy conditions of winter standing. Having stood under Revel 30 weeks, the allies were forced to retreat.
Taking Wittenstein (1572). After that, Ivan Grozny changes tactics. Leaving the roar to rest until the rest, he decides to fully displace the Swedes from Estonia to completely cut off this port from the mainland. At the end of 1572, the king himself heads the campaign. At the head of the 80,000th army, he precipitates the reference point of the Swedes in Central Estonia - the fortress Wittenstein (modern city of Pyde). After a powerful actuator, the city was taken by a fierce attack, during which the royal favorite was killed, the famous scratch of Maluta Skuratov. According to Livonian chronicles, the king in Yaresti ordered the burning of the captive Germans and the Swedes. After taking Wittenstein Ivan IV returned to Novgorod.
Battle of Lod (1573). But the military actions continued, and in the spring of 1573. Russian troops under the command of Voivod Mstislavsky (16 thousand people) agreed in the open field, near the castle of Loda (Western Estonia), with the Swedish detachment of General Claus Totta (2 thousand people). Despite the significant numerical superiority (according to Livonian chronicles), the Russians could not successfully confront the military art of Swedish warriors and suffered a crushing defeat. The news of the failure at Loda, which coincided with the uprising in the area of \u200b\u200bKazan, forced the Tsar Ivan the Terrible to temporarily stop hostilities in Livonia and join the Swedes in the world negotiations.
Fighting in Estonia (1575-1577). In 1575, a partial truce was concluded with the Swedes. It assumed that until 1577, the theater of hostilities between Russia and Sweden would be limited to the Baltic States and would not spread to other areas (primarily Karelia). Thus, Grozny was able to focus all his efforts on the struggle for Estonia. In the campaign 1575-1576 Russian troops with the support of supporters of Magnus managed to master all Western Estonia. The central event of this campaign was the capture of the Russians in the late 1575 of the Fortress (Pärnu), where they lost 7 thousand people during the assault. (according to Livonian data). After the fall of Pernova, the rest of the fortresses surrendered almost without resistance. Thus, by the end of 1576, the Russians actually mastered the entire Estonia, with the exception of the roar. Tired long, the population was rejoiced to the world. Interestingly, after the voluntary surrender of a powerful fortress, the local residents staged a dance, such a striking Moscow nobility. According to the testimony of a number of historians, the Russians were divided into this and said: "What a strange people of the Germans! If we, the Russians, have passed such a city without need, it would not be time to lift the eye on an honest person, and our king did not know what Kazakh kazna execute us . And you, Germans, celebrate their shame. "
Second siege of Revel (1577). Having mastered the whole Estonia, the Russians in January 1577 again approached Reel. The troops of Voevod Mstislavsky and Sheremetyev (50 thousand people) approached the troops. The city defended the garrison led by Swedish General Horn. This time the Swedes even more thoroughly prepared for the protection of their main solid. Suffice it to say that the deposited was five times more cannons than those who precipitated. For six weeks, the Russians fired a roll, hoping to burn with his kalenny nuclei. However, the citizens took successful measures against fires, creating a special team that follows the flight and the fall of shells. For its part, Revel artillery responded to even more powerful fire, causing a cruel damage to the precipitating. One of the leaders of the Russian troops was killed from the cannon kernel - the governor Sheremetev, who promised the king to take root or die. Russians attacked fortress fortifications three times, but every time unsuccessfully. In response, the revive garrison did bold and frequent ribs, preventing serious siege work.
The active defense of the proofers, as well as cold and diseases led to significant losses in Russian troops. On March 13, it was forced to remove the siege. Leaving, the Russians burned their own camp, and then passed the deposited, which they say goodbye to the coming, promising sooner or later to return. After removing the siege, the reveling garrison and the locals made a raid on Russian garrisons in Estonia, which, however, was soon stopped by the approach of troops under the command of Ivan the Terrible. However, the king moved no longer to Reel, but to Polish possessions in Livonia. That were their reasons.
Fourth stage (1577-1583)
In 1572, the childless Polish king of Sigismund-August died in Warsaw. With his death in Poland, the Yagellon Dynasty was interrupted. The election of the new king was trapped for four years. Protection and political anarchy in the Commonwealth temporarily facilitated Russian struggle for the Baltic States. During this period, Moscow diplomacy is actively working with the aim of spending the Russian king to the Polish throne. The candidacy of Ivan Grozny used a certain popularity in the medium of a small gentleman, which was interested in it as a ruler capable of committing a major aristocracy. In addition, Lithuanian knewed with the help of Grozny to weaken the Polish influence. Many in Lithuania and Poland have impressed rapprochement with Russia for joint protection against the expansion of Crimea and Turkey.
At the same time, in the choice of Ivan the Terrible Warsaw, I saw the convenient possibility of peaceful subordination of the Russian state and the opening of its borders for the Polish noble colonization. So, for example, it has already happened with the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the terms of the Lublin Union. In turn, Ivan IV sought the Polish throne primarily for peaceful accession to Russia of Kiev and Livonia, with which Warsaw categorically disagreed. Difficulties of compounds of such polar interests have ultimately led to the failure of Russian candidacy. In 1576, Transylvanian Prince Stefan Batori was elected to the Polish throne. This choice destroyed the hopes of Moscow diplomacy on the peaceful decision of the Livonian dispute. In parallel, the government of Ivan IV led negotiations with the Austrian Emperor Maximilian II, seeking to achieve support from him to terminate the Lublin Union and the separation of Lithuania with Poland. But Maximilian refused to recognize Russia's rights to the Baltic States, and the negotiations ended to no avail.
However, the batators did not meet unanimous support in the country. Some of the areas, above all Danzig, refused to recognize it unconditionally. Using Ivan Ivan Ivan Ivan IV at this soil, Ivan IV tried to attach the Southern Lionia. In the summer of 1577, the troops of the Russian Tsar and his ally Magnus, violating a truce with the responding speech, invaded the South-Eastern regions of Livonia controlled by Poland. The few Polish parts of Hetman Khodkevich did not decide to enter the battle and moved to Western Dvina. Not meeting strong resistance, the troops of Ivan the Terrible and Magnus by the autumn mastered the main fortresses in Southeast Livonia. Thus, all the livonia north of Western Dvina (with the exception of Riga and Revel regions) was under the control of the Russian king. The campaign of 1577 became the last major military success of Ivan the Terrible in the Livonian War.
The hopes of the king on a long confusion in Poland were not justified. Battohor turned out to be an energetic and decisive ruler. He precipitated Danzig and achieved oath from local residents. Suppressing the inner opposition, he was able to direct all the forces to fight Moscow. Having created a well-armed, professional army from mercenaries (Germans, Hungarians, French), he also entered into an alliance with Turkey and Crimea. This time Ivan IV could not disconnect his opponents and turned out to be one for one in the face of strong hostile powers, whose boundaries stretched from Don steppes to Karelia. Total these countries exceeded Russia both by the population and military power. True, in the south, the situation after the Terrible 1571-1572. somewhat discharged. In 1577, the irreconcilable opponent of Moscow Khan Devlet-Gary was died. His son was configured more peacefully. However, the peacefulness of the new Khan was partly due to the fact that his main patron - Turkey was busy with Iran's bloody war at that time.
In 1578, the governors of the Batory invaded the southeast Lionia and managed to repel in Russian almost all of their last year's conquest. This time the Poles were agreed with the Swedes, who almost simultaneously attacked Narva. With such a turn of events, King Magnus changed Grozny and moved to the side of the speech by the compulciety. An attempt by Russian troops to organize a counteroffensive under Vennd ended in failure.
Venenskaya battle (1578).
In October, the Russian troops under the command of the Voevod Ivan Golitsyn, Vasily Tyumen, Twigs, etc. (18 thousand people) tried to repel the vendors taken by Poles (now the Latvian city of Cesis). But arguing about who of them is more important, they missed the time. This allowed the Polish troops of Hetman Sapega to connect with the Swedish detachment of the general of the general and to fall to the rescue assisted. Golitsyn decided to retreat, but the Poles and Swedes on October 21, 1578, resolutely attacked his army, which barely had time to build. The first trembled Tatar cavalry. Without withstanding the fire, she appealed to flight. After that, the Russian army retreated to his fortified camp and shot from there to darkness. At night, Golitsyn with approached Derpte. Following the remnants of his military rushed.
The honor of the Russian army was rescued by artillery officers under the command of Ocolnich Basil Fedorovich Vorontsov. They did not quit their tools and stayed on the battlefield, deciding to fight to the end. The next day, the surviving heroes, who were joined by decided to support their comrades, governors Vasily Sitsky, Danilo Saltykov and Mikhail Turtikin entered the battle with the entire Polish-Swedish army. Fucking the ammunition and not wanting to give up to capture, Russian artilleryrs hanged themselves on their cannons. According to Livonian chronicles, the Russians lost killed under Venendel 6022 people.
The defeat near Venden made Ivan the Terrible to seek the world with a battorium. Resumeing peace negotiations with the Poles, the king decided in the summer of 1579. To strike on the Swedes and take, finally, Revel. For a hike in Novgorod, troops and severe siege artillery were pulled. But the bats did not want the world and was preparing to continue the war. Determining the direction of the main strike, the Polish king rejected the proposal to go into a livonia, where there were many fortresses and Russian troops (up to 100 thousand people). The struggle in such conditions could cost his army of large losses. In addition, he believed that in a ruined long-term war of Livonia, he would not find a sufficient amount of food and mining for his mercenaries. He decided to strike where he was not waiting and seized Polotsk. This king provided a safe rear of his positions in southeastern Livonia and received an important bridgehead for a trip to Russia.
Polotsk defense (1579).
In early August 1579, the army of the Batory (30-50 thousand people) appeared under the walls of Polotsk. Simultaneously with his campaign, Swedish troops invaded Karelia. Within three weeks, the troops of the Batory tried to light the fortress with artillery fire. But the defenders of the city, headed by the voivpets by Telyvsky, Volynsky and Shcherbat, successfully extended emerging fires. This favored and established rainy weather. Then the Polish king promise high awards and mining persuaded his Hungarian mercenaries to go to the storming of the fortress. August 29, 1579, taking advantage of a clear and windy day, the Hungarian infantry rushed to the walls of Polotsk and with the help of torches managed to light them. Then the Hungarians supported by Poles rushed through the flaming walls of the fortress. But her defenders have already managed to dug in this place. When the attackers broke into the fortress, they were stopped by the RVA volley guns. Large losses, the Batory warriors retreated. But this failure did not stop the mercenaries. Peliched legends about the vast wealth stored in the fortress, Hungarian soldiers, supported by German infantry, rushed again to the attack. But this time the fierce assault was repulsed.
Meanwhile, Ivan Grozny, interrupting a trip to Revel, sent a part of the search for the reflection of Swedish Natika in Karelia. Detachments under the command of the Voevod Schina, Lykov and the Palitsky king ordered to rush to the help of Polotsk. However, the governors did not dare to enter into battle with the Polish avant-garde sent against them and moved to the Falcon fortress. Lost faith in helping his search, besieged no longer hoped to protect their dilapidated fortifications. A part of the garrison led by Voevod Volynsky joined the negotiations king, which ended with the passage of Polotsk on the condition of free exit to all routine people. Other governors together with the Lord Cyprian were locked in the Church of St. Sophia and were captured after stubborn resistance. Some of the voluntarily surrendered to the captivity moved to the service to the Batient. But the majority, despite the fear of violence by Ivan the Terrible, preferred to return home to Russia (the king did not touch them and placed in the border garrisons). The capture of Polotsk made a fracture to the Livonian war. From now on, the strategic initiative moved to Polish troops.
Falcon defense (1579). Taking Polotsk, Batators on September 19, 1579 heeded the Fortress Falcon. The number of her defenders by that time significantly decreased, because the detachments of the Don Cossacks sent together with the neck to Polotsk, and left the don. During a number of battles, the Batori managed to defeat the lively strength of the Moscow troops and take the city. September 25, after a strong shelling of Polish artillery, the fortress covered fire. Her defenders, unable to be in the glowing fortress, made a desperate babble, but were repulsed and after brutal contractions ran back to the fortress. For them, the detachment of German mercenaries broke there. But Sokol defenders managed to shut a gate behind him. Having lowered the iron grille, they cut off the German squad from the main forces. Inside the fortress, in fire and smoke, a terrible singer began. At this time, the Poles and Lithuanians rushed to help their companions who were in the fortress. The attackers broke out the gate and broke into the burning falcon. In the ruthless fight, his garrison was almost completely exterminated. Only the governor Sheremetev got in captivity with a small detachment. Governors Shein, Palitsky and Lykov died in the battle outside the city. According to the testimony of the old mercenary, Colonel Weier, nor in one of the battles, he did not see such a number of underlifted corpses. They counted up to 4 thousand. The chronicle indicates terrible abuses over the dead. So, the lame-marchatties cut out of the dead bodies for the preparation of some kind of healing ointment. After taking Falla Batori made a devastating raid in Smolensky and Seversky regions, and then returned back, after completing the campaign of 1579.
So, Ivan Grozny had to expect shocks on a wide front. This forced him to stretch his power from Karelia to Smolensk over the war years. In addition, a large Russian group was in Livonia, where the Russian nobles received land and acquired families. A lot of troops stood on southern frontiers, waiting for the attacks of the Crimeans. In short, the Russians could not focus all the forces to reflect the onslaught of the Batory. It was the Polish king and another serious advantage. We are talking about the quality of combat training of his warriors. Main role In the troops, the Batory played a professional infantry, having a rich experience of European wars behind the shoulders. It was trained in modern methods of fighting with firearms, possessed the art of maneuver and the interaction of all kinds of troops. A huge (sometimes decisive) The fact that the army was personally headed by the king of the batory - not only a skilled politician, but also a professional commander.
In the Russian Army, the main role continued to play equestrian and walking militia, which had a low degree of organization and discipline. In addition, the dense masses of the cavalry, which made the basis of Russian troops, were strongly vulnerable to infantry and artillery fire. Regular, well-trained parts (Sagittarius, Pushkari) in Russian troops were relatively few. Therefore, the total significant number did not talk about his strength. On the contrary, large masses are not enough disciplined and cohesive people easier to panic and run from the battlefield. This was evidenced by unsuccessful, in general, for Russian field battles of this war (with Ulle, Oztery, Loda, Venden, etc.). It is not by chance that Moscow governors sought to avoid battles in the open field, especially with a battorium.
The combination of these adverse factors, along with increasing internal problems (cruising the peasantry, agricultural crisis, financial difficulties, the fight against the opposition, etc.), they predetermined Russia's failure in the Livonian War. The last Gary abandoned on the scales of the titanic confrontation was the military talent of the king of the Batory, who broke the course of the war and pulled out the cherished fruit of his many years of effort from the tenacious hands of the Russian king.
Defense of the Great Leek (1580).
The next year the battory continued on Russia in the northeast direction. By this, he sought to cut the message of Russians with a livon. Starting a hike, the king fell hope for discontent of the part of the society of the repressive policy of Ivan Grozny. But the Russians did not respond to the calls of the king raise the uprising against his king. At the end of August 1580, the Batory army (50 thousand people) was askedid by the Great Luki, who were covered with the south of the path to Novgorod. The city defended the garrison led by the Voevoda Warikov (6-7 thousand people). 60 km East Great Bow, in Toroptz, there was a large Russian army of Hilkova's governor. But he did not decide to help the great bows and limited himself to individual sabotage, waiting for reinforcements.
Meanwhile, the batators began the attack of the fortress. The besieged was responded to bold shades, during one of which was captured by the royal banner. Finally, the precipitated managed to light the fortress by Kalenny nuclei. But in these conditions, her defenders continued to fully fight, turning around to protect against fire with wet skins. On September 5, the fire reached the serf arsenal, where the powder stocks were. Their explosion destroyed part of the walls, which made it possible to soldiers the Batory break into the fortress. The fierce battle continued inside the fortress. In the ruthless massacre, almost all defenders of the great onions, including the voivode of Warkers, fell.
Toropetsk battle (1580). Having mastered the great bows, the king sent the detachment of Prince Zbarazhsky against the governor Hilkova, who was standing in the inaction at the Toroptz. On October 1, 1580, the Poles attacked Russian shelves and won. The defeat of Hilkova deprived the protection of the southern regions of Novgorod lands and allowed Polish-Lithuanian units to continue in winter military actions in the area. In February 1581, they raided Lake Ilmen. During the raid, the city of Hill was captured and the old Russa was burned. In addition, the fortresses of Nevel, Oztery and Zavolochye were taken. Thus, the Russians were not only fully ousted from the possessions of speech post-colon, but also lost significant territories on their Western borders. These successes completed the campaign of the Batory of 1580.
Battle at Nastasino (1580). When the battures took the great onions, the 9-thousand Polish-Lithuanian detachment of the local military department of Philon spoke to Smolensk, who had already declared himself as a governor Smolensky. Having passed through Smolensky regions, he planned to connect to the great onions with a battorium. In October 1580, Fillon's squad was met and attacked by the village of Nastasino (7 km from Smolensk) by Russian regions of Governor Bournerin. Under their Nachis, the Polish-Lithuanian army retreated to the sum. At night, Filon left his fortifications and began a waste. Acting vigorously and persistently, Buturlin organized persecution. Having overtooking the Filon's division into 40 versts from Smolensk, on Spasskaya meadows, the Russians again resolutely attacked the Polish-Lithuanian army and caused him a complete defeat. 10 guns were captured and 370 captives. According to the chronicle, Filon himself "barely traveled to the forest of Utek". This only major victory of Russians in the campaign of 1580 defended Smolensk from the Polish-Lithuanian attack.
Defense of Padis (1580). In the meantime, the Swedes resumed an onslaught in Estonia. In October - December 1580, the Swedish army besieged Padis (now the Estonian city of Paldiski). The fortress defended a small Russian garrison led by Voevoda Danila Chikharev. Deciding to defend itself to the last extreme, Chikharev ordered to kill the Swedish parliamentary who came with a proposal for the delivery. Without having food reserves, Padis defenders endured terrible hunger. They retrained all dogs, cats, and at the end of the siege was powered by straw and leather. Nevertheless, the Russian garrison of 13 weeks later restrained the onslaught of the Swedish troops. Only after the third month of the siege, the Swedes managed to take the attack the fortress that the semi-axis ghosts defended. After the fall of Padis, his defenders were exterminated. The capture of Padis's Swedes laid an end to the Russian presence in the western part of Estonia.
Pskov Defense (1581).
In 1581, with difficulty, having achieved the consent of the Seima to a new campaign, the batators moved to Pskov. Through this largest city was the main connection between Moscow with Livonian lands. Taking Pskov, the king was planning to finally cut off the Russians from Livonia and finish the war victoriously. On August 18, 1581, the Army of Batory (from 50 to 100 thousand people. According to various data), I triggered to Pskov. The fortress was protected up to 30 thousand sortiers and armed citizens under the command of Voevod Vasily and Ivan Shui.
The general attack began on September 8. The attackers managed to fire the guns to break the fortress wall and master the pork and the Pokrovskaya Tower. But the defenders of the city, headed by the brave governor Ivan Shuisky, blew up the pork tower occupied by Poles, and then knocked them away from all positions and embarked in a break. In battle, a breakdown of men came to help men, who brought water and ammunition to their warriors, and in a critical moment they themselves rushed to a hand-to-hand fight. Having lost 5 thousand people, the bodies arched. The losses of the besieged amounted to 2.5 thousand people.
Then the king sent a seded message with the words: "Consider peacefully: you will be honored and the mercy, which not deserve from Moscow Tirana, and the people of the benefit, unknown in Russia ... In the event of an insane stubbornness of the death of you and the people!". The response of Pskovich, who informed the appearance of the era of the era through the century was preserved.
"Let your Majesty know, the proud Lithuanian ruler, King Stephen, that in Pskov and five years, the Christian child will laugh at your madness ... What is the benefit of a person to love the darkness more light, or dishonor more honor, or bitter slavery more freedom? The better to leave We are holy than your Christian faith and conquer your mold? And what is the acquisition of honor to leave us your sovereign and submit to an innocent alien and become like Jews? .. Or do you think to choose us to lacquet or empty lasty or vigorous wealth? But the whole world treasures We do not want to go for your own kiss, who swatched their sovereign. And what are you, king, tack us with bitter and shameful deaths? If God is for us, then no one against us! All of us are ready to die for your faith and for our sovereign, but do not surrender Grand Pskov ... Get ready for the battle with us, and who will overcome whom, then God will show. "
A decent answer to Pskovich finally destroyed the hopes of the Batory on the use of internal difficulties in Russia. Having information about the opposition sentiments of the part of the Russian society, the Polish king has not yet had real information about the opinion of the overwhelming majority of the people. It did not foretell the invaders nothing good. In the campaigns 1580-1581. Batories met stubborn resistance, which did not count. Having become acquainted with the Russians in fact, the king noted that they do not think about life about life, coolly become in place of those killed ... and they get scared with breasts, in the afternoon and night, eat one bread, die from hunger, but do not give up " . The defense of Pskov revealed the weak side of the hired army. Russians died, defending their land. Mercenaries bathed for money. Having met resistant rebuff, they decided to care themselves for other wars. In addition, the content of the hired army required tremendous funds from the Polish treasury, which by that time was already empty.
On November 2, 1581, a new assault was held. He did not differ in the past head and also failed. During the siege, Pskovichi destroyed subpopers and made 46 bold cracks. At the same time, the Pskovo-Pechersk Monastery was heroically defended with Pskov, where 200 Sagittarov, headed by Voevod, Nechay, together with monks, were able to repel the on-line detachment of Hungarian and German mercenaries.
Jam-Zapolskoe truce (concluded 15.1.1582 near the Zapolsky Yam, south of Pskov). With the onset of cold weather, the hired army began to lose the discipline and demand the termination of the war. The battle for Pskov became the final chord of the Batory trips. It represents a rare example of the well-completed defense of the fortress without help from the outside. Without achieving success under Pskov, the Polish king was forced to start negotiations about the world. Poland did not have funds to continue the war and took money abroad. After Pskov, the battory could no longer get a loan secured by his success. The Russian king also no longer hoped for a favorable outcome of the war and was in a hurry to take advantage of the difficulties of the Poles to get out of the contrary to the smallest losses. 6 (15) January 1582 was concluded by pits-zapolsky truce. The Polish king refused claims to Russian territories, including Novgorod and Smolensk. Russia was inferior to Poland Livonian lands and Polotsk.
Nut Defense (1582). While the ranroom fought with Russia, the Swedes, intensifying their army by Scottish mercenaries, continued offensive actions. In 1581, they finally pushed out Russian troops from Estonia. The last panel of Narva, where 7 thousand Russians died. Then the Swedish army under the command of General Pontus Deragari suffered military actions to the Russian territory, mastering Ivangorod, pit and kopory. But the attempt of the Swedes take the nut (now Petrolness) in September - October 1582 ended in failure. The fortress defended the garrison under the command of the Governor of Rostov, Sudakov and Tail. Duchadi tried to take a nut from the go, but the defenders of the fortress beat the attack. Despite the failure, the Swedes did not retreat. On October 8, 1582, in a strong storm, they went to the decisive storming of the fortress. They managed to smash the fortress wall in one place and break inside. But they were stopped by a bold counterattack of garrison parts. Autumn spill of the Neva and her strong that day the excitement did not allow Duchadi in time to send reinforcement into the fortress parts. As a result, they were interrupted by the defenders of the nut and dropped into the stormy river.
The plus truce (concluded on the R. Plussian in August 1583). At that time, the Russian horse shelves under the command of the Governor of Shuisky had already hurried to the rescue. Having learned about the movement to the nuts of fresh strength, Duchadi removed the siege of the fortress and left Russian possessions. In 1583, the Russians concluded a plus truce with Sweden. The Swedes had not only Estonian lands, but also captured Russian cities: Ivangorod, Yam, Coporye, Korela with counties.
So the 25-year-old Livonian war ended. Its completion did not bring the world to the Baltic States, which from now on for a long time became the object of fierce rivalry between Poland and Sweden. This struggle seriously distracted both powers from affairs in the East. As for Russia, her interest in the exit to the Baltic did not disappear. Moscow has shifted the strength and waited for its o'clock until Peter the Great completed the case started by Ivan Grozny.
The best thing is that the story gives us is an enthusiasm.
Livonian war lasted from 1558 to 1583. During the war, Ivan Grozny sought to access and capture the ports of the Baltic Sea, which should have significantly improved the economic situation of Russia, due to improving trade. In this article we will talk briefly about the Levon War, as well as all of its aspects.
Start of the Livonian War
The sixteenth century was a period of continuous wars. The Russian state sought to protect themselves from the neighbors and return the land, which were previously part of ancient Russia.
Wars were conducted in several directions:
- The eastern direction was marked by the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan Khanni, as well as the beginning of the development of Siberia.
- The southern direction of foreign policy represented the eternal struggle with the Crimean Khanate.
- The Western direction is the events of a long, heavy and very bloody Livonian war (1558-1583), which will be discussed.
Livonia is a region in the East Baltic. On the territory of modern Estonia and Latvia. In those days, there was a state created as a result of crusaded conquests. As a state education, it was weak due to the national contradictions (the Balticians were delivered to feudal dependence), the religious split (the reformation was penetrated), the struggle for power among the tops.
Map of the Livonian War
Causes of the start of the Livonian War
Ivan 4 Grozny began Livonian war against the background of the success of his foreign policy in other directions. Russian Prince-King sought to push the boundaries of the state to the ship in order to access the shipping districts and the ports of the Baltic Sea. And the Livonian Order gave the Russian king perfect reasons for the beginning of the Livonian War:
- Failure to pay Dani. In 1503, the Board of the Livnian Order and Russia signed the document according to which the first were obliged to pay the city of Yuriev an annual tribute. In 1557, the Order of this obligation was alibly eliminated.
- The weakening of the exaltic influence of the Order on the background of the library disagreements.
Speaking of the reason, it should be focused on the fact that Livonia separated Russia from the sea, blocked trade. In the seizure of Livonia, major merchants and nobles were interested, who wanted to assign new lands. But the main reason You can select the ambitions of Ivan IV Grozny. The victory was to strengthen his influence, so he led the war, not believing with the circumstances and the poor capabilities of the country for her own greatness.
The course of war and basic events
Livonian war was carried out with big breaks and is historically divided into four stages.
First stage of war
At the first stage (1558-1561), the fighting was relatively successful for Russia. The Russian army in the first months captured Derpt, Narva and was close to the capture of Riga and Revel. Livonian Order was on the edge of death and asked for a truce. Ivan Grozny agreed to stop the war for 6 months, but it was a huge mistake. During this time, the Order moved under the Protectorate of Lithuania and Poland, with the result that Russia received not the 1st weak, but 2 strong opponents.
The most dangerous opponent for Russia was Lithuania, which at that time could in some aspects exceed the Russian kingdom in their potential. Moreover, the peasants of the Baltic States were dissatisfied with the new Russian landlords, the cruelings of war, overvoltage and other disasters.
The second stage of war
The second stage of the war (1562-1570) began with the fact that the new owners of Livonsky lands demanded that Ivan the Terrible to bring troops and abandon Livonia. In fact, it was proposed that the Livonian War would stop, and Russia remained with anything for its results. After refusing the king, this war for Russia finally turned into an adventure. The war with Lithuania lasted 2 years and was unsuccessful for the Russian kingdom. The conflict could be continued only in the conditions of Okrichnin, especially since the boyars were against the continuation of the fighting. Earlier, for dissatisfaction with the Livonian War, in 1560 the king dispersed the "elected Rada".
It was at this stage of the war of war, Poland and Lithuania united into a single state - compolutely talk. It was a strong power, which had to be considered to be considered, without exception.
Third stage of war
The third stage (1570-1577) is the battles of local Russia with Sweden for the territory of modern Estonia. They ended without any meaningful results for both parties. All battles wore a local character and had no significant impact on the course of the war.
The fourth stage of war
At the fourth stage of the Livonian War (1577-1583), Ivan IV again seizes the entire Baltic States, but soon luck turned away from the king and Russian troops were defeated. The new King of the United Poland and Lithuania (Commonwealth speech) Stephen Batori kicked out Ivan the Terrible from the Baltic region, and even managed to seize a number of cities on the territory of the Russian kingdom (Polotsk, Great Luki, etc.). The fighting was accompanied by terrible bloodshed. Help the speech compulculated since 1579 rendered Sweden, which was very successful, capturing Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye.
Since complete defeat, Russia saved the defense of Pskov (from August 1581). For 5 months, the siege of the garrison and residents of the city beat 31 attempts to assault, weakening the army of the Batory.
The end of the war and its results
A spare officer between the Russian kingdom and the speech of the 1582 response, put an end to a long and unnecessary war. Russia abandoned Livonia. It was lost the coast of the Gulf of Finland. He was captured by Sweden, with which in 1583 a plus world was signed.
Thus, it is possible to distinguish the following reasons for the defeat of the Russian state, which summarizes the results of the Limno War:
- aventurism and ambitions of the king - Russia could not lead the war at the same time with three strong states;
- difficult influence of oprichnin, economic ruin, Tatar attack.
- Deep economic crisis inside the country that broke out on 3 and 4 stages of hostilities.
Despite the negative outcome, it was the Livonian War that determined the directions of Russia's foreign policy on long years Forward - get access to the Baltic Sea.
Russian history / Ivan IV Grozny / Livonian War (briefly)
Livonian War (briefly)
Livonian War - Short Description
After the conquest of dismissed Kazan, Russia sent the strength to take Livonia.
Researchers allocate two main causes of the Livonian War: the need to trade in the Russian state in the Baltic, as well as the expansion of possessions. The struggle for the domination of the Baltic waters was between Russia and Denmark, Sweden, as well as Poland and Lithuania.
Reason for the beginning of military actions (Livonian war)
The main reason for the beginning of hostilities was that the Livonian Order did not pay the tribute, which it should have paid on the peace treaty fifty fourth year.
Russian army invaded the Livonia in 1558. At first (1558-1561) several castles and cities were taken (Yuriev, Narva, Derpt).
However, instead of continuing the successful offensive, the Moscow Government provides the Order of the truce, simultaneously with this, having a military expedition against the Crimea. Livonian knights, using support collected forces and defeated Moscow troops a month before the end of the truce.
Against the Crimea Russia did not achieve positive result from hostilities.
A favorable moment was missed for victory in Livonia. Master Ketler in 1561 signs a contract according to which the Order goes under the Program Poland and Lithuania.
After the conclusion of the world with Crimean Khanate, Moscow focused forces on Livonia, but now instead of a weak order, it was necessary to face several powerful applicants. And if at first it was possible to avoid war with Denmark and Sweden, then the war with the Polish-Lithuanian king was inevitable.
The greatest achievement of Russian troops in the second stage of the Livonian war was the capture of Polotsk in 1563, after which there were many fruitless negotiations and unsuccessful battles, as a result of which even Crimean Khan decided to abandon the Union with the Moscow authority.
The final stage of the Livonian War
The final stage of the Livonian War (1679-1683)- Military invasion of the Polish king of Batory to Russia, which at the same time led War with Sweden.
In August, Stefan Batori took Polotsk, and already a year later, Great Luki and small towns were taken. On the ninth of September 1581, the Sweden was taken by Narva, Coporye, Yam, Ivangorod, after which the struggle for the Livonia ceased to be relevant to Grozny.
Since it was impossible to keep a war with two enemies, the king concludes a truce with a battorium.
The result of this war The conclusion is perfect not beneficial for Russia two contracts, as well as the loss of many cities.
Main events and chronology of the Livonian War
Schematic map of the Livonian War
Interesting materials:
Livonian war in the history of Russia.
Livonian war is called a major armed conflict of the XVI century between the Livon Confederation, the Russian kingdom and the Grand Durability of Lithuanian. Also, the conflict was drawn by the Kingdom of Sweden and Denmark.
Military actions, for the most part, were conducted in the territory where the Baltic countries are currently being located, Belarus, as well as the North-West Region of the Russian Federation.
Causes of the Livonian War.
The Livonian Order owned a huge part of the Baltic lands, but by the XVI century began to lose the power due to internal contention and reformation.
Under the seaside position of the land of Livonia was considered convenient for trade routes.
Fearing the growth of Russia, Livonia did not allow Moscow to trade out there. The result of such a policy was the hostility of the Russians to the neighbors.
In order not to give a break in the hands of one of the European powers, which could conquer the lands of a weakening state, Moscow decided to restore the territory itself.
Livonian war 1558-1583.
The beginning of the Livonian war.
Military actions began from the fact of the attack of the Russian kingdom on the territory of Livonia in the winter of 1558
The war lasted in several stages:
- First step. Russian troops won Narva, Derpt and other cities.
- The second stage: the elimination of the Livonian Confederation in 1561 (Vilensky Treaty) occurred.
The war acquired the nature of the confrontation between the Russian kingdom and the Grand District of Lithuania.
- Third stage. In 1563, the Russian army conquered Polotsk, but in a year she was defeated at cups.
- Fourth stage. The Grand District of Lithuanian in 1569, combining efforts with the Polish kingdom, turns into a compudent talk. In 1577, the Russian troops lead the siege of the roar, losing Polotsk, Narva.
Ending war
Livonian War ended in 1583 after signing two peace treaties: Yam-Zapolsky (1582) and plus (1583)
Under the contracts, Moscow lied all the disheveled lands and border areas with speech: Coporye, Yam, Ivangorod.
The lands of the Livonian Confederation were divided between the speech of the associate, Swedish and Danish kingdoms.
The results of the Livonian War.
Russian historians for a long time They characterized the Livonian war as an attempt to go to the Baltic Sea. But today the causes and reasons of the war have already been revised. It is interesting to track, what were the results of the Livonian War.
The war became the end of the Livonian Order.
Military actions of Livonia provoked a change in the internal policy of Eastern European countries, thanks to which the new state appeared - the Commonwealth report, which for another hundred years held in fear of all of Europe on a par in the Roman Empire.
As for the Russian kingdom, the Livonian war has become a catalyst for the economic and political crisis in the country and led to a decline of the state.
The Livonian War became one of the largest military conflicts of the XVI century, which engulfed Russia and Northeast Europe. The army of the Livonian Confederation, Moscow, the Grand Principality of the Lithuanian, Swedish and Danish kingdoms fought on the territory of modern Estonia, Latvia and Belarus. Following the public interest, Ivan IV Grozny, famous for both ambitious and independious monarch, decided to take part in the coming perfection of Europe in connection with the fuss of the once strong Livonian order. As a result, the prolonged conflict was not crowned for Moscow with success.
To begin with, it is necessary to briefly tell about the participants of this war and find out the forces of the parties.
Livonian Confederation
Livonian Order, or the Brotherhood of Knights of Christ Livonia - the military-religious organization of knight-crusaders, which settled in Northeastern Europe in the XIII century. The relations of Livonians with Russian principalities did not work out from the very beginning; In 1242, Knights, who were still located in the Teutonic Order, took part in a campaign on Pskov and Novgorod, but were broken in the battle, known as the Ice Battle. By the XV century, the Order was weakened, and Livonia was a confederation of the Order and the four principal-bishops, sharply competing among themselves.
Map of the Livonian Confederation
By the XVI century, the intra-political situation was only aggravated by the social and political disconnection in the Order of the Odden lands increased to a critical limit. Therefore, it is not surprising that the neighbors of Livonia who did not differ in peacefully, namely Sweden, Denmark and Russia, vultures were circled over the Baltic, expecting ambulance. One of the predecessors of Ivan the Terrible, the Grand Duke Ivan III, at the beginning of the XVI century, concluded a peace treaty with the Order, according to which the Livonians paid the annual tribute to Pskov. Subsequently, Ivan Grozny tightened the terms of the contract, additionally demanding a refusal of military unions with Lithuania and Sweden. Livonians refused to fulfill such requirements, and in 1557 the Order signed a vassing dependence agreement with Poland. In 1558, the war began, which set the cross on the Livon Confederation.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The extensive state, located in the territory of modern Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania, was formed in the XIII century, and from the XVI century there existed in the compulcular speech. In the XV-XVI centuries, the Lithuanian principality was the main rival of Moscow for domination over the territories from Smolensk to Bug and from Baltic to the Black Sea. Therefore, the active participation of Litvinov in the Livonian war is absolutely not surprising.
Russian kingdom
As we have already mentioned, the initiator of the Livonian war was Ivan the Terrible, one of the most famous Russian sovereigns. From Father Vasily III, he got a strong state, albeit the incessant wars for expanding the territory from the beginning of the XVI century. One of the goals of the active king was the Baltic States, since the Livonian Order-tolerated in the insignificance could not have a significant resistance to Russia. All the power of the Livonians consisted in the medieval heritage - a variety of fortified locks that made up a powerful defensive line, which has been able to associate the strength of the enemy for a long time.
Ivan Grozny (Parsuna of the end of XVI century)
The basis of the army of Ivan Grozny was the Archers - the first regular Russian army, recruited from urban and rural residents, armed with guns and peaks. The medieval castles seemed to be impregnable could not protect their owners from the rapidly developed and improving artillery. Shortly before the start of war, in 1557, the king gathered in Novgorod a forty-skate army for the upcoming campaign and was confident in the upcoming success.
Initial period of war
The war began on January 17, 1558 from the reconnaissance raid of Russian troops to the Livonian territory, which was headed by Kazan Han Shah Ali and the governors of Glinsky and Zakarov-Yuriev. The diplomatic justification of the campaign was an attempt to get a tribute from the Livonians with the Livonians, but the Order did not have any chances to collect the necessary amount of 60 thousand talers.
Narva was a strong border fortress of a Livonian Order, founded by the Danes in the XIII century. On the other side of the border to protect against a possible invasion at the end of the 15th century, the Ivangorod fortress was erected. The distance between the fortifications was about two kilometers, which after the start of the fighting allowed the garrison of Narva, who commanded the knight Fokht Schnelllenberg, open fire on Ivangor, provoking a long artillery shootout. By April 1558, Russian troops led by Vojvodov Daniel Adashev, Alexei Basmanov and Ivan Busurlin approached Narva. The siege began.
On May 11, the fortress swept the fire, rushing due to a strong wind. The defenders of Narva had to leave the walls and rushing into an unequal battle with a more powerful opponent - a raging flame. Taking advantage of the panic in the city, the troops of Ivan Grozny went to the assault, and the gate would have been unimpeded. Rapidly capturing the lower city along with enemy artillery, they opened fire on the upper city and the citadel. The besieged quickly acceptable with an inevitable defeat and surrendered to the conditions of free exit from the city. Narva was taken.
Together with the fortress Ivan Grozny got the harbor with access to the Finnish Bay and the Baltic Sea - it was she who became the cradle of the Russian fleet.
In addition to the rapid seizure of Narva with small blood, 1558 was crowned with a number of no less successful operations of the Russian army. At the end of June, despite the heroic defense, the Nigausen Castle fell, whose garrison was led by the Knight Wisczyul von Padenram - the fortress successfully dismissed for a whole month, but truly knightly courage turned out to be powerless against the artillery of Peter Shuisky. In July, Shuisky captured Derpt (modern Tartu) - for seven days artillery destroyed the strengthening practically in emphasis, after which he was precipitated only to negotiate the surrender.
Gothard von Ketler (portrait of the last third of the XVI century)
As a result, for the period of spring-autumn of 1558, the Streletsky army captured two dozen fortresses, including voluntarily passed under the power of the Russian king. By the end of the year, the situation changed - the Livonians decided to move into a counterattack. By 1559, Gothard von Ketler became the new head of the Order, which became the last in the history of the title of Landmister Tutton Order in Livonia ...
Campaign 1559
At the end of the year, when Russian troops retreated for winter apartments, leaving garrisons in the captured fortresses, the new Landmaster was not easily able to assemble the ten-day army and approached the fortress Ringen, protected only by several hundreds of Streltsov. The defenders doomed on the defeat were heroically defended for five weeks, the Voivode spoke to help Ringen, but his detachment in two thousand people was broken by the kettle army. When the gunpoints ended, the Livonians were able to capture the fortress. All her defenders were destroyed. However, the capture of Ringen with difficulty can be called the success of the Livonians - spending more than a month and losing the fifth part of his troops in siege, Ketler could not continue the offensive, and went to Riga.
After taking Ringer's Livonians, King Ivan Grozny decided to give the Order an adequate answer. At the beginning of 1559, the Archells led by Vasilius Semenovich Silver-Obolensky crossed the Livon border and met on January 17, met with the army of the Friedrich von Felcakers in Tirsen (now Tirza in Latvia). The battle ended for the Livonians with a crushing defeat - Friedrich himself and 400 knights (not counting ordinary warriors) died, the rest were captured or fled. Taking advantage of success, Russian troops passed through the Livonian lands through Riga to the Prussian border, seizing 11 more cities.
This operation caused the full collapse of the Livonian army, the combat capability of which decreased to a catastrophic level. By the spring of 1559, all the Needen neighbors were significantly revived, since not only Moscow had species on Livonia lands. Lithuania, Poland, Sweden and Denmark demanded from Ivan the Terrible cessation of the campaign, threatening to speak on the side of the Livonian Confederation.
An equally important factor was the concern of European monarchs to strengthen Moscow. So, Lithuanian Prince Sigismund II not without panic notes reported in the deposte of the English Queen Elizabeth:
"The Moscow Sovereign increases his power to the acquisition of goods, which are brought to Narva, because there is a weapon here, it is still not known to him ... Military specialists are coming, through which he acquires funds to win everyone ..."
Another complexity was disagreement in Moscow. The absence of a common military strategy, when part of the boyar considered the exit to the Baltic, the most priority direction, and the other advocated the fastest elimination of the Crimean Khanate, caused an arbitrary dispute among the approximate king. If the appearance of the ports controlled by Moscow on the Baltic reproving the geopolitical and trademark of Europe, significantly shifting the scales in favor of Ivan the Terrible, the successful southern campaign would protect the boundaries from constant raids and enriched the governor and boyars with new land acquisitions.
Sigismund II August, Grand Prince Lithuanian (Portrait of Brush Lucas Kranech, 1553)
As a result, the king went on concessions and agreed to give Livonians a truce from March to November 1559. The resulting arm of the Order used with maximum benefit for himself. Being unable to cope with the king alone, the Livonians decided to invite more participants for the gambling table, drawing into conflict with Ivan the Terrible Poland and Sweden. However, these intrigue themselves did not help much. Gothard von Kettler concluded an agreement with the Grand Lithuanian Prince Sigismund II, according to which the land of the Order and Riga Archbishop fell under Lithuanian Protector. Later, Revel moved the king of Sweden, and Ezel Island (Saaremaa) Brother of the Danish King - Duke Magnus.
Having received external helpAt the beginning of the fall, 1559, the Livonians broke the truce and the unexpected attack was broken by the squad of the governor of Plescheyev near Derpta. However, by the time they reached the fortress, the head of the garrison of Voevod Katyrev-Rostovsky managed to prepare for defense. 10 days of siege and mutual artillery salts did not give results, and the ketler was forced to retreat.
On the way back, Ketleler took the siege of the Lais fortress, which the Streletsky chapter of the cats, together with the garrison of 400 people, bravely defended over two days, until the Livonians were again retreated. The autumn campaign of the Order not only did not give some results, but also provoked Moscow to resume hostilities.
Campaign 1560.
In the summer of 1560, Ivan Grozny sent a sixty-thousandth army with 40 siege and 50 field cannons under the command of Ivan Mstislavsky and Peter Shuisky. The purpose of the subsequent attack was to become Felleng (modern Wiljandi) - the most powerful fortress of the Order in East Livonia.
According to intelligence data, the Livonians transported the rich treasury in Gapsal (Haapsalu in the north-west of Estonia), and the Russian avant-garde of the twelve thousand riders hurried to overlap the road from Fellin to the sea. By August 2, the riders camped a few kilometers from the castle of Ermes (now Ergema in Latvia). Meanwhile, Livonian troops under the leadership of the "last hope of Livonia" Landmarshal Philip Background Bell gathered at the trick castle to repulse the enemy. Also, on August 2, three dozen knights went behind a fodder, where they encountered a numerous enemy ride.
Both sides discovered the fire, one Russian died, the others preferred to move away to the camp. The knights were divided: 18 turned behind reinforcement, 12 rushed after the retreating. When the first detachment returned to the camp, Belly ordered 300 riders against Russians, since he had no idea about the number of enemy, and the arrived knights saw only a small detachment. Speaking Livonian riders were rapidly surrounded, and when the battle began, many of them were running out. As a result, more than 250 knights died, many were captured. Among them was Philip Von Bell - " last hope"He did not justify himself, and the road to Fellin was from now being opened.
Siege Fellin (engraving from Leongard Fronrisperger, XVI century)
The Army of Mstislavsky and Shuisky reached Fellin in August of the same year. The siege began. The fortress defended the garrison under the leadership of the former Master of Franventberg. Three weeks Russian artillery continuously fired the walls of the old, but strong castle. Attempts by the Livonian troops to remove the siege successfully dismissed by Sagittarius. When the external fortifications fell and the fire began in the city, Franventberg, not wanting to go to negotiations and surrender, ordered the defense in an impregnable castle inside the fortress. However, the garrison, who did not receive salary for several months, was not ready for such heroism and refused to carry out the order. August 21, Felleng capitulated.
The defenders received the right to free exit from the city, important prisoners were sent to Moscow, and the soldiers of the garrison, who coming to Riga, were hanged by Livonians for treason. Fellen's fall practically put a point on the existence of a Livonian Order. In 1561, the background Ketler finally transferred its lands to the Polish-Lithuanian possession, for which the neighbors were calculated. According to the Vilensky Treaty of November 1561, the Order officially stopped existence, and Ketler received Kurland Duchy. The division of rich production began: Revel (Tallinn) recognized the citizenship of Sweden, Denmark presented claims to the islands of Hiyumaa and Saaremaa. Thus, instead of a single weakened order on the path of Moscow, several european states, despite the fact that the army of the king missed the initiative, did not have time to capture the ports of Riga and Revel and get access to the sea.
But Ivan Grozny refused to retreat. This war has just started.
To be continued
The original is taken by W. damadiluma. In the Livonian War: victory or defeat?
"Historical Information" are divided in the absolute majority of two main categories: "Frank Van" and "complete nonsense". The words of the "type of historians" in fact are an empty garbage that is not related to the truth. True once again have to identify, painstakingly comparing the dozens of contradictory sources.
I will give a few examples with support only exclusively on facts and sourceswhich are recognized by reliable "official science".
Livonian war: victory or defeat?
The overall impression of the Livonian war of average educated person We can get from the article on Wikipedia:
Livonian war 1558-83
Results and consequences:
In January 1582, a 10-year truce with the Republic of both peoples (so-called people) was concluded in the PSC-Pskolna pit (not far from Pskov). Russia refused to Livonia and Belarusian lands, but she returned some border lands. In May 1583, there is a 3-year-old plus truce with Sweden, according to which Coporye, pit, Ivangorod and an adjacent territory of the southern coast of the Finnish Bay were inferior. The Russian state again turned out to be cut off from the sea. The country was ravaged, and the northwestern regions depcomted.
True, none of serious people Wikipedia for the source of knowledge does not accept, and therefore will be checked with Big encyclopedic dictionary:
Livonian War 1558-83 Russia against the Livonian Order - Sweden, Poland and the Grand District of Lithuania (from 1569 - Commonwealth) for entering the Baltic m. The 1st stage (up to 1561) ended with the defeat of the Livonian Order. At the 2nd stage (up to 1578), Russian troops were struggled with varying success, taking 1577 a number of Baltic fortresses in the summer. At the 3rd stage (from 1579), Russian troops led defensive battles (defense of Pskov 1581-82, etc.) against the Army Stephen Batory and Swedish troops. He ended with the signing of the Yam-Zapolsky and Plus Armistice unfavorable for Russia.
A source
It remains to be clarified in BES, what exactly lost Russia during the war:
Sapolsky Mir - between Russia and the Rouch Response for 10 years. It was concluded 15.1.1582 near the Zapolsky pit, south of Pskov. One of the diplomatic documents completed Livonian war 1558-83. Russia was returned to the city engaged in the Polish troops, in return, she refused Polotsk and Livonia.
Is everything coincide? Not really. For if you hish the same dictionary, then on one of the BES pages you can find a name of some kind Magnus, Danish Prince:
Magnus (Magnus) (1540-83) - Danish Prince, Member of the Livonian War 1558-83. In 1570 in Moscow, the King of Livonia was proclaimed under the supreme power of the Russian king. In 1578 he moved to Stephan Batorium.
As they say in such cases: uPS-S.!!! It turns out that since 1570, Livonia was a separate kingdom! Livonia, it turns out, is transferred to the Danish Prince as a dowry for the royal niece Maria!
According to the norms of the feudal right of the feudal right, Ivan the Terrible from this moment was no longer right from this moment, than Russia on Georgia or the Baltic States after the collapse of the USSR. As they say - what fell, it was gone.
Prince MagnusAs a feudal and following the feudal right of those times, moved along with his kingdom to the enemy. And this did not bring him anything good. But what about Russia? Take care of their relatives should have already been to Denmark. But she, like Russia, also decided not to hang on the neck of Livonsky claw and limited himself to keeping two islands from the possessions of the Danish Prince: Ezel and Mukh.
Thus, according to a peace treaty, Russia gave the Earth to Poland, which Russia still did not belong to Rus. Funny nuance, isn't it?
According to the Poland, Polish city of Polotsk, captured by twenty years earlier, gave Poland. And Poland returned to Russia: Great Luki, Hill, Zavolochye, Izborsk, Opok, Gdov, Sebezh, Island and others with all their counties and volathes. That is, Poland, who, with a two-thousandth army, began a gripful war, wanting to get Russian lands and retired gold, as a result recognized their defeat and returned Russia everythingThat was able to capture at the beginning of the war. The aggressor attacked, but it turned out to be thrown back to his lair. You can read more about this.
Ask: A. what exactly then is the defeat of Russia? Where did this strange theory come from?
Now let's see what the conditions of the world with Sweden. Dictionaries and encyclopedias for this score for some reason are separated by the most common words, without specifics, therefore it will have to take advantage of the specialized directories of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs: "Foreign Policy of Russia, Russia and the USSR for 1000 years in names, dates, facts."
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