Hemangioma on the foot of a child. Can pathology be prevented? What types of hemangiomas in children are known to medicine

Hemangioma - a type of tumor growth, is benign in nature. The neoplasm consists of involutional endothelial cells (cells of the inner part of the vessels). Hemangioma in children   Infancy is diagnosed in approximately 10% of cases. Some of them are born with signs of pathology, others acquire during the first months of life. As a rule, this is a childhood disease that does not occur in adults.

The tumor affects not only the upper layers of the epidermis, but also the tissues of the internal organs, most often the liver. Hemangioma in newborns   can have various sizes and colors - from a small spot of light pink color to brown, occupying from 50 to 80% of the surface of the child’s body. Most often, atypical formations are localized on the head and neck, can remain at the level of the epithelium or grow into the depths of the tissues.

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Development reasons

To date, the etiological factors in the development of pathology are not fully understood. Most experts are of the opinion that the main reason for the development of this disease in newborns is an infectious factor (a viral or bacterial infection in the first trimester of pregnancy). Some of the cells that are not fully matured at the embryonic stage are somehow subjected to the pathological process, the blood supply to the tissues is disturbed, as a result of which the development of education is possible.

The formation of pathology in the tissues of the liver is associated with estrogen - a female sex hormone. However, how it affects the development of pathology has not yet been established.

There is also an assumption that the tumor is hereditary.

Clinical picture by type

In medical practice, there are four types of tumors by the type of hemangiomas:

• simple;
• cavernous;
• combined;
• mixed.

Simple type hemangiomas

They are located above the surface of the skin epithelium, the boundaries of the formation are clearly visible, have a red or crimson hue. As a rule, the neoplasm grows to the sides, capturing only a couple of millimeters of the subcutaneous layer. The surface of the tumor has a smooth structure, sometimes it is rough. On palpation, the tumor acquires a pale hue, but quickly restores its former color. In most cases, this type of tumor is classified as a cosmetic defect, they are painless and are almost always localized on the front.

Cavernoma or cavernous tumor

It is formed under the skin against the background of pathological processes of development of subcutaneous tissue and epithelial vessels. Cavernous formation often develops during the trauma of a simple tumor. Visually it is a nodular formation, soft and elastic to the touch. The tumor cavity is filled with blood and may consist of vessels of the lymphatic system. Externally, the tumor has a bluish tint, resembling a hematoma. During exercise, during an increase in blood flow, the tumor becomes larger.

The formation is painless, but has a higher temperature compared to adjacent tissues.

Hemangioma combined type

It consists of two types of tumors - simple and cavernous. It is characterized by the formation under the skin and in its upper areas.

Mixed type

It is formed with the participation of various tissues - veins, vascular cells, tendons, granulosis. How the tumor will look externally depends on the type of pathologically altered tissue.

Such tumors grow quite quickly, especially in the first year of their development. After this period, the growth process slows down, however, regular monitoring or treatment will be necessary.

What is hemangioma dangerous for children?

The neoplasm is characterized by rapid growth, during which the surrounding connective tissue can be destroyed, the work of the organs of vision, hearing can deteriorate, the functional abilities of the respiratory system, etc. can decrease.

In the case of the development of a cavernous tumor and its further trauma, there is a high risk of developing an infectious process or bleeding.

In addition to the above factors, such a tumor can cause psychological discomfort to the child, especially with a tumor located in the facial zone.

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The consequences and complications that the disease may lead to in the future

The main complication during the growth of hemangiomas include the development of intoxication, purulent-inflammatory process of the tumor and a pronounced pain syndrome.

Large tumors carry the risk of developing blood clots and impaired hemostasis (blood coagulation). The consequences of cavernous formations on the liver tissues are the most dangerous. During the gap of this formation, the risk of death of the patient reaches 75%.

Complications of a different nature include the development of the following pathological processes:

• rapid tumor growth, which provokes compression of adjacent organs;
• excessive decrease in hemoglobin, leading to development.

What tests need to be passed?

A number of necessary tests and diagnostic measures are prescribed by the surgeon. Typically, the list includes the following:

1. general and biochemical blood analysis;
2. consultation and examination by a dermatologist;
3. Ultrasound studies of the structure and depth of the neoplasm;
4. x-ray examination of blood vessels using contrast.

Surgical treatment: indications, progress of the operation and at what age to do best

Surgery consists in the removal of the affected areas of the skin (excision of the tumor). Surgical treatment is prescribed in extreme cases when other methods of therapy have been ineffective.

Surgical removal of hemangiomas is prescribed in such cases:

1. the tumor is located in the head area (nape, face, forehead);
2. the development of a tumor on the oral mucosa;
3. there is an intensive growth of education.

But parents should understand that surgical excision of a tumor is dangerous due to the development of bleeding during the operation and further complications of varying degrees. In the case of removal of hemangiomas, deep wounds can remain on the face, and if the manipulation is incorrectly performed, injury to the facial nerve.

Surgical elimination of education is not carried out for infants up to six months and with concomitant severe pathologies.

Laser removal of hemangiomas in a child

Laser removal of hemangiomas is today considered the most acceptable method of therapy for this pathology. A distinctive feature of the laser is the ability to remove any form of the tumor at various stages of its development. Laser excision is less traumatic and does not cause pain. If necessary, the therapeutic process can be divided into several manipulations performed at a convenient time for the patient.

In some cases, just one session is enough to effectively eliminate the neoplasm. If during the sessions the doctor observes signs of remission, then therapy can be completed by choosing a wait-and-see tactic.

The laser type of treatment has its drawbacks, however, compared with other methods of treatment, it is the most gentle with the maximum risk of developing scar tissue.

The rehabilitation period includes taking antibiotics to exclude the inflammatory process and caring for the area of \u200b\u200bthe skin where the removal was performed (treatment with antiseptic agents).

Treatment with tablets, ointments

Drug treatment consists in taking hormonal drugs, in particular - “Pilapron” (“Propranolol”, “Angilol”). The action of hormones is aimed at slowing down the growth of education and its further resorption. However, the effectiveness of such treatment is rather low, and the risk of complications associated with hormone therapy is high.

The effectiveness of alternative treatments

Traditional medicine experts recommend treating hemangiomas in children with celandine or dandelion juice. The effectiveness of folk methods has not been proven, so using them without first consulting a doctor is contraindicated.

Can go into cancer?

The risk of transition of education to the oncological process is extremely low, due to the construction of a tumor from differentiating vessels, the inner layer of which is without pathologies.

Forecast

Due to hemangioma in children   characterized by rapid growth and parallel to the development of complications, it is recommended to carry out surgical removal of the growth. Modern medicine offers many options for eliminating the tumor, which are selected individually and will be as effective as possible.

With small tumors, the prognosis is favorable. In other cases, it all depends on the size of the formation and the complications that may arise against the background of the pathological process.

Benign tumors formed from vascular tissues can appear even in newborn babies. Such neoplasms are known under the general term "hemangioma". The ailment has its own classification, which you will meet a little later. Hemangioma in children occurs unexpectedly - doctors are still arguing about the mechanisms of the onset of the disease.

We have to deal not only with the causes and symptoms, but also with the timely diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Classification of children's hemangiomas

Children's hemangiomas are characterized by a benign course - they can suddenly disappear without medical intervention. A tumor can appear in 2% of newborns, and among one-year-old infants, one in ten is at risk.

Depending on the time of the appearance of the tumor, the hemangioma in children is congenital and acquired (observed after birth). There are four types of ailment:

• capillary type (consists of capillaries, localized on the skin surface);
• cavernous hemangioma (vessels expand and form cavities in which the focus of the disease is monitored);
• combined (combines subcutaneous and visible areas of distribution);
• mixed (covers vascular, connective, nerve, lymphoid and fatty tissues).

In girls, the tumor is much more common, and 75% of angiomas manifest themselves in infancy. The shades and sizes of tumors are different.

There are differences in the localization of neoplasms - a tumor can be found in fatty tissue, bones, tendons, muscles and parenchymal organs. Fortunately, in a baby up to a year, such varieties of the disease are extremely rare.

Causes of vascular tumors in babies

Doctors continue to debate about tumor formation mechanisms. Most often, the tumor appears on the face of the baby. Sometimes the hairline suffers.

The causes of hemangiomas in children can be as follows:

• adverse environmental situation;
• viral pathologies in the mother (I-II trimester);
• mother consuming certain medications during pregnancy;
• exacerbation / occurrence of acute endocrine ailments in a pregnant woman;
• pathologies leading to the birth of a premature baby;
• placenta previa and preeclampsia;
• multiple pregnancy;
• mature age of the mother (exceeding the mark of 35 years).

Often, capillary hemangioma in children has a clear outline and is localized on the skin of the baby. The disease can be recognized by a bumpy-flattened or bumpy-knotted and flat surface. A simple variety, when pressed, tends to fade. If you stop pressing, the previous color will return again.

Symptoms and manifestations of the disease

Vascular neoplasm in most cases manifests itself early - during the first weeks of the baby's life. Almost all hemangiomas "pop up" up to six months, the remaining - up to a year. Symptoms are directly related to the location of the tumor, but the cellular structure is also important.

Here are the main places to localize education:

• face (nose, cheeks, eyelids);
• hair on the head (mainly on the back of the head);
• limbs
• mucous membranes (tongue, lip, anogenital region);
• internal organs;
• bones (spine and skull area).

Outwardly resembles a nodular or flattened tumor, the sizes of which range from 1-15 centimeters. Sometimes it’s a flat spot, sometimes it’s a tuberous elevation.

Shades range from crimson (in some cases of cyanotic) to pinkish. If you compare the temperature of normal skin and neoplasm to the touch, you will feel that the hemangioma is much warmer.

The following symptoms are distinguished depending on the type of tumor:

• Capillary type. A flat shape with clear borders dominates. Color - cyanotic or red. Paleness with pressure, followed by restoration of the shade.
• Cavernous type. An elastic soft tumor covered with slightly blue skin. The presence of an erectile symptom is an increase and tension in hemangiomas with crying, straining and coughing. When pressed, the effect of subsidence is observed.
• Combined type. Combines all of the above symptoms.
• Mixed type. The visual manifestation depends on the adjacent tissues that complement the main component.
• Internal organs. The tumor is able to grow and resembles the appendix appendix.
• Bones. The child feels aches in the bones, pain and the effect of compression of the nerve endings (can be seen during the growth of the affected area).
• Disseminated hemangiomatosis. A very rare type of disease, which is characterized by multiple vascular manifestations of the tumor and metastases in the internal organs.

How is hemangioma diagnosed

There are two scenarios in which the evolution of childhood hemangiomas occurs. The first scenario provides for progressive growth and localization near the organs of perception (eyelid, ear). The tumor in this case can bleed, become infected, and ulcerate.

In such a scenario, the treatment of hemangiomas in children is an urgent need, which can not be avoided. However, 70% are diagnosed with regression of the capillary variety of pathology.

The surgeon, pediatrician and dermatologist are responsible for making the diagnosis. The latter deals with the treatment of pathologies localized on the surface of the skin. With a deeper penetration of the tumor, you will have to seek help from a narrow specialist - an operating ophthalmologist or neurosurgeon.

Diagnosis is based on several types of studies:

• initial inspection data;
• Ultrasound of the tumor;
• dermatoscopy (a non-invasive device is used for examination);
• angiography (x-ray examination of blood vessels adjacent to the neoplasm and "tinted" with a contrasting fluid);
• Ultrasound, computed tomography and radiography (eye sockets, spine and skull are studied - in the case of especially deep penetrations of hemangiomas).

Treatment methods

In most cases, the dermatologist determines the treatment strategy. The most effective method is the removal of hemangiomas in children - drug therapy does not always give the desired result. Do not think of opening the tumor yourself - it will be extremely difficult to stop the bleeding. Superficial and point forms of the disease can be successfully treated with the following methods:

• cryodestruction;
• electrocoagulation;
• laser removal.

There are hemangiomas with a complex anatomical structure, and some neoplasms occupy a fairly large area. In this case, radiotherapy is required - radiation treatment.

Extensive damage to the skin (or subcutaneous) space is fraught with hormonal corticosteroid therapy. In a particularly difficult situation, doctors combine types of treatment. For example, cryodestruction is combined with magnetic microwave irradiation.

Surgical intervention

The stage of tumor formation affects the choice of therapeutic strategy. In the early stages, the freezing method is actively used, which involves treating the pathology with liquid nitrogen. A small bladder is formed, which will soon disappear, and the wound remaining after the operation will heal.

Here is a complete list of surgical techniques:

• cryodestruction (cold exposure);
• destruction by electricity;
• the introduction of sclerosing drugs;
• laser removal;
• surgery.

The operational method is assigned only as a last resort. This occurs after a long observation of pathology in dynamics. The condition of the newborn should be extremely difficult.

Here is a list of indications for surgery:

• intraocular and oral localization;
• location on the genitals, face and head, as well as near the anus;
• complicated course;
• rapid growth of pathology.

Drug therapy

Some types of localizations cannot be operated on. Then doctors develop a complex set of drug effects.

Conventionally, they can be divided into two types - the use of "Propranolol" and the introduction of hormonal drugs directly into the affected vessel. The first method is based on taking tablets, the second - on injections.

Note that hormonal drugs are aimed at boosting hemangioma regression.

This method is relevant for the defeat of a large area of \u200b\u200bthe baby's body. "Propranolol" is administered alone or combined with one of the operational effects.

This is done in a hospital under the strict supervision of doctors.   Antibiotics with drug therapy are completely useless.

Rapid tumor progression is observed in 6.7% of cases. After this, regression and the complete disappearance of the pathology may occur. A pediatric surgeon may decide on dynamic observation - then get ready to lie in the hospital. There are currently no methods for preventing hemangiomas.

The hemangioma that appears on the body or face gives its owner a lot of trouble. Since it’s not aesthetically pleasing and attracts the attention of others, hemangioma on the face   can also cause serious pathological conditions. Let's see what the danger is and what this disease is in children and adults.

Hemangioma or what is a vascular neoplasm

Scientists have found that hemangioma is the proliferation of vascular tissue, or, in other words, a vascular tumor. It can occur suddenly in an adult or be diagnosed in a newborn baby. Depending on the location, the degree of growth and the tendency to remission, doctors select the most appropriate treatment for each patient. A distinctive feature of hemangiomas is the fact that it never degenerates into a poor-quality tumor.

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Development reasons

Specialists cannot individually indicate the exact causes of development in the adult population. But they highlight a number of factors that predispose to the occurrence of this vascular tumor:

1. Hormonal disorders characteristic of pregnancy, puberty and menopause can also provoke the development of a vascular tumor.
2. Indirect effect of drugs on the body of the child, which the woman took during pregnancy.
3. Heredity - a genetic predisposition often causes the onset of tumor growth.
4. SARS transferred by a woman in the initial stages of pregnancy. It is at this point that the vascular system is laid, and a viral infection often leads to the formation of this pathology.
5. Lack of birth weight can also cause hemangiomas.
6. Pathological changes in the vascular system.

The cause of the development of hemangiomas on the face can be either one of the above factors, or their combination.

Early signs of hemangioma in children and adults

The first signs of a vascular tumor appear in adults and children. Therefore, we will consider how a neoplasm develops in each group of patients separately.

The child has

It should be noted that many babies are already born with this pathology and such newborns, according to various sources, from 5 to 12%. At the same time, in girls the probability of developing pathology is 7 times higher than in boys.

The first signs of hemangiomas on the face in children include:

1. A small speck forms. This is the first stage of the development of pathology.
2. Gradually, the neoplasm turns red. In this case, they speak of stage 2 disease.
3. Then there is an increase in the tumor in size. It acquires a bluish tint and the surface becomes tuberous. These are stages 3 and 4, respectively.

Timely medical examination and a quality examination of the baby allows you to identify hemangioma at an early stage of development.

In adults

The first signs of the development of the disease in adults are not too different from its development in the child.

A small spot appears on the face, which in the future may increase in size. Over the years, it may go unnoticed, because it is located in the thickness of the skin. Frequent places of localization are the face, parotid region and neck.

What can be dangerous hemangioma on the face?

For children, this tumor of the surface layers of the skin is rarely a serious danger. In 80% of cases, a vascular tumor recurs by the age of 5-8 years. It is important to explain to the child that the affected area should not be rubbed and then the probability of the disappearance of the hemangioma is significantly increased.

Among the unpleasant moments associated with the presence of a hemangioma in a child include:

1. Infection of a neoplasm as a result of an injury.
2. Hemangiomas in children grow rapidly, and after disappearance they can leave noticeable scars on the skin.
3. Localized in the eye, a child’s tumor can cause partial or complete loss of vision.

For adults, education is less dangerous, because the patient understands the importance of preserving the tumor without injuries and scratching. Timely access to specialists helps get rid of pathology.

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What treatment is being taken?

Modern medicine offers several effective ways to combat vascular neoplasms.

Treatment in children

Among the most accessible and popular ways to save a child from hemangiomas include:

Cryodestruction - fast and effective manipulation with a small tumor size. Children tolerate the procedure well. It is carried out within the walls of a medical institution and consists in local exposure to cold on a tumor.

Sclerosis   - It is used with an average or small tumor size, which is localized in the depths of the tissues. Using a needle, a sclerosing agent is introduced into the hemangioma. It causes a reduction in the size of the pathology, and then its complete replacement with scar tissue.

Surgical removal   - performed only if other methods are ineffective or impossible to use for any reason. it can be removed surgically if it threatens the patient’s eyesight, hearing or breathing.

Adult Treatment

For adults, localized on the face, carried out using one of the following methods:

1. Cryodestruction.
2. Sclerosis.
3. Electrocoagulation or exposure to high frequency current. A crust forms at the site of exposure, which subsequently falls off on its own.
4.   for exposure to deep-lying hemangiomas.
5. The combination of cryodestructive method and ultrasound.
6. Laser exposure or photothermolysis. The most effective lasers are yellow and green (based on copper bromide), the wavelength of which is 578 nm. They have a fatal effect on the cells of the vascular system and do not cause damage to healthy tissues.
7. Surgical intervention in the absence of effect from other methods of treatment.
8. Drug exposure. It is carried out using hormonal drugs under the supervision of an endocrinologist and therapist.

Treatment of neoplasm with alternative methods is not only not effective, but often contributes to increased growth of hemangioma.

Recovery period

To reduce the likelihood of relapse, it is necessary to carefully follow all the recommendations of a specialist after treatment. If methods of physical impact on the neoplasm were used, then it is important not to remove the crust on your own and not to mechanically affect the lesion.

Taking medications, following a diet and daily routine will enhance the body's defenses and shorten the rehabilitation period.

Forecast

With early diagnosis and correctly prescribed treatment, patients manage to avoid an unfavorable prognosis of the course of the disease.

Among the serious consequences of the development of a vascular tumor include:

1. Thrombocytopenia and the development of anemia as a result of bleeding.
2. A cosmetic defect that causes a lot of inconvenience to its owner.
3. Germination of hemangiomas in the surrounding tissues and organs. Loss of hearing, vision, or suffocation may result from the patient refusing treatment.

Specialists note that only in 20% of all cases when the patient is diagnosed hemangioma on the faceshe dissolves on her own. About 50% of neoplasms are gradually replaced by scar tissue. Do not delay the visit to the doctor, especially if the specialist insists on the diagnosis and treatment.

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Hemangioma   is a benign vascular tumor that develops due to a congenital abnormality of blood vessels. A hemangioma can form in any organ or tissue that has a branched and wide network of blood vessels, for example, in the skin, liver, kidneys, spine, etc.

This tumor has a number of characteristic features that distinguish it from other types of benign neoplasms. Firstly, hemangiomas are almost never malignant, that is, they do not degenerate into crayfish. Secondly, these tumors can quickly grow in size and recur after surgical removal. The growth of hemangiomas can provoke atrophy of surrounding tissues, damage to organs with their dysfunction, as well as fatal bleeding. Therefore, despite the seemingly favorable course of hemangiomas, this tumor is not simple, and therefore represents a very urgent problem for the clinical practice of doctors of several specialties at once - surgeons, oncologists, dermatologists and therapists.

Hemangioma, localized on the skin, has the appearance of a red, crimson or cyanotic spot of irregular shape and different sizes. With pressure on the tumor, it can decrease in size, however, after the cessation of the pressure, it completely restores the previous volumes within a few seconds.

Hemangioma - a general characteristic of a tumor

Various diseases and abnormalities of blood vessels are widespread, very diverse and therefore can represent both small in size and volume of lesions in the form of spots on the skin, and large formations localized in any part of the human body, including in the internal organs that are not simply dangerous, but represent a life-threatening condition.

Hemangiomas can be localized in any tissue or organ in which there is a developed network of blood vessels. Most often, these tumors form in organs to which there is a greater blood flow compared with other tissues and organ structures, for example, the liver, kidneys, spine and skin. In practice, hemangiomas located in the skin or subcutaneous tissues are most often found.

Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor formed by blood vessels. This tumor develops due to the uncontrolled growth of inferior blood vessels, which are randomly located, do not perform the function of blood inflow and outflow from tissues and organs, but form a neoplasm.

Hemangiomas are almost never malignant, that is, they do not turn into cancer. However, with prolonged or rapid, explosive growth, the hemangioma can destroy surrounding tissues and organs, which can ultimately provoke serious complications, up to death or disability and loss of function if the tumor damages vital structures. In addition, hemangiomas have another potential danger - this is the likelihood of bleeding and the formation of ulcers on its surface.

A characteristic feature of any hemangioma is its ability to spontaneously regress, that is, the tumor can pass on its own without leaving any traces. It is because of this feature that hemangiomas are not always treated, waiting for its regression sometimes for several years. However, such a wait-and-see tactic is possible only in cases when the tumor is not injured, does not bleed, does not increase in size very quickly, and is also not located in the area of \u200b\u200bvital organs, for example, liver, kidneys, eyes, ears, face, genitals , buttocks, crotch, etc. In situations where the hemangioma grows rapidly, is injured, or is located next to vital organs, the functioning of which it may interfere with, a decision is made to begin its treatment. The choice of treatment tactics is carried out by the doctor based on the location of the tumor, the rate of progression, the general condition of the person and a number of other factors.

Hemangioma in children and infants - a general characteristic

These tumors are detected in approximately 10% of newborns, and girls are 4 times more likely than boys. In addition, hemangiomas are more common in premature infants compared to those born on time, and the risk of tumor is inversely proportional to the body weight of the child. That is, the greater the body weight of the newborn, the lower the risk of hemangioma.

Most often, hemangiomas are congenital or appear in an infant soon after birth (within 1 to 4 months). In the first weeks after birth, the hemangioma can be subtle, resembling a scratch or bruise. Less commonly, the tumor has the appearance of a bright red cavity or the so-called “wine stain” (a skin area painted dark red). However, after a short period of time, the hemangioma can begin to increase very rapidly in size, as a result of which it will become noticeable. Usually, the period of active growth of hemangioma occurs in 1-10 months of the baby’s life, lasting generally for 6-10 months, after which the tumor ceases to grow in size and enters the involution phase. That is, it begins to gradually decrease in size. This period of slow spontaneous involution lasts from 2 to 10 years.

Most hemangiomas are small, with a maximum of a few centimeters in diameter. More extensive tumors are quite rare. Most often, in children and newborns, hemangiomas are localized on the skin of the head and neck, and much less often - on the buttocks, perineum, mucous membranes or on internal organs. If the child’s skin has 6 or more hemangiomas, then most likely he has hemangiomas of the internal organs.

Hemangioma of the skin can be superficial, deep or mixed. A superficial tumor looks like a cluster of bright red vesicles, nodules and spots on the skin, a deep one - like a protruding and soft-touch piece of meat, painted in red and blue.

The hemangiomas that appear spontaneously, without any treatment, disappear within a year in 10% of children. About half of all hemangiomas spontaneously involution and completely disappear by the age of 5, 70% by 7 years, and 90% by 9 years. Signs of the onset of hemangioma involution are a color change from bright red to dark red or gray, as well as softening and thickening of the formation. The tumor becomes colder by touch.

Since almost all hemangiomas disappear by the age of 9-10, if the tumor does not interfere with the functioning of important organs and systems, does not ulcerate and does not bleed, it is not treated until the child is 10 years old, but simply observed. However, if a hemangioma disrupts the functioning of organs and systems (for example, it closes the eye, is localized in the parotid region, impaired hearing, etc.), then doctors begin its treatment in a child of any age to prevent severe complications associated with irreversible damage to the structure of the organ by the tumor .

After involution of the hemangioma, completely normal normal skin may remain at the site of its localization, which does not differ from that in any other area. However, in some cases, scars, areas of atrophy, as well as thinning of the skin and its coloring in a yellowish color can form on the site of the evolved hemangioma. Unfortunately, the same cosmetic changes in the skin in the hemangioma can also form after its treatment with various surgical techniques (cauterization by a laser, liquid nitrogen, removal with a scalpel, electric current, etc.).

Photo hemangiomas in adults, children and newborns

Hemangiomas of various sizes and structures localized on the skin.

Liver hemangioma (sectional photo of the liver, a dark spot on the left is hemangioma).

Causes of Hemangioma

At present, the exact causes of the development of hemangiomas have not been identified, doctors and scientists have only theories that explain one or another aspect of the onset and formation of the tumor. No specific mutations in the human genome that could cause the development of hemangiomas have been identified.

However, the most likely reason for the formation of hemangiomas is acute respiratory viral infections suffered by a woman in the first trimester of pregnancy (up to the 12th week of gestation, inclusive). The fact is that it is during this period of pregnancy that the blood vessel system is formed and laid in the fetus, and viral particles and their toxins can change the properties of the vascular wall. Due to the influence of viruses in a newborn or relatively adult child, hemangiomas can form on the skin or in the internal organs.

Hemangioma Classification

Currently, there are several classifications of hemangiomas, taking into account their various properties and characteristics. First of all, hemangiomas are divided into the following varieties, depending on localization:

• Skin hemangiomas localized in the upper layers of the skin. These tumors are the safest, so they are usually not removed, waiting for natural involution. However, if the hemangioma is located near the ear, eye, perineum or face, then it is removed due to the risk of irreversible tissue damage with the subsequent development of dysfunction of the corresponding organ.
• Hemangiomas of parenchymal organs   (kidneys, liver, brain, ovaries, testicles, adrenal glands, pancreas, etc.). These hemangiomas require prompt removal in all cases, since they can be complicated by internal bleeding or damage to the organ in which they formed.
• Musculoskeletal hemangiomas   (joints, muscles, spine, etc.) are not as dangerous as those located in the parenchymal organs, so they are not always removed immediately after detection. Such hemangiomas begin to be treated only if they disrupt the normal development of the skeleton of the child.

  This classification of hemangiomas is more likely theoretical, since it is not always determined and reflects all the nuances of the severity of the condition of a child or adult. Therefore, practitioners prefer to use another classification - morphological, taking into account the structure of hemangiomas, and, consequently, the likely severity of their course:

• Capillary hemangioma (simple) located on the skin and formed of capillaries. Such tumors are most often localized on the skin or in areas of bone growth.
• Cavernous hemangioma located in the subcutaneous tissue and formed from larger vessels compared to capillaries. Such hemangiomas are usually localized in the area of \u200b\u200borgans and tissues, characterized by increased, abundant blood supply, such as the kidneys, liver and brain.
• Combined hemangioma , consisting simultaneously of two parts - capillary and cavernous. Such hemangiomas are always located on the border of the organ, so they are found on the skin, in the structures of the musculoskeletal system and in parenchymal organs. It is such hemangiomas that most often develop in adults.
• Racemous hemangioma   It is extremely rare and is localized on the scalp or limbs. The tumor consists of convoluted plexuses of sharply thickened blood vessels pierced by fistulas.
• Mixed hemangioma   combined with other tumors, such as lymphoma, keratoma, etc.

  Consider a brief description of each morphological species of hemangioma.

Capillary hemangioma

Capillary hemangioma develops in 3 out of 1000 people. A tumor is a flat spot on the skin or on the surface of an internal organ, colored red-pink. Over time, the color of the spot becomes darker, and it acquires a red-purple color. In the growth phase, the spot may become convex with a tuberous surface. The tumor is formed by dilated and blood-filled capillaries. If a simple hemangioma is located on the eyelid, then it must be removed, because otherwise it can provoke glaucoma with loss of vision in one eye. But in principle, capillary hemangiomas localized on the back of the head, on the forehead or on the eyelids usually disappear spontaneously within 1 to 3 years.

Cavernous hemangioma

Cavernous hemangioma is always localized in the subcutaneous tissue, so on the surface of the skin it is visible as a convex formation of a bluish color. Such a hemangioma consists of a large number of dilated blood vessels and the cavities formed by them, which are filled with blood and connected to each other by numerous anastomoses (vascular bridges). During the growth period, such hemangiomas sprout only the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and underlying tissues such as muscles, bones or internal organs are extremely rarely affected. Cavernous tumors can be of various sizes, single or multiple. Depending on their location on the skin or in the internal organs, cavernous hemangiomas are divided into limited and diffuse. Limited localized in a strictly defined area, not spreading beyond it. And diffuse hemangiomas do not have a clear boundary and are located on a rather vast area in the form of numerous formations of various sizes - from very small to quite large.

Combined hemangioma

Combined hemangioma consists of two parts - capillary and cavernous, and therefore is located simultaneously in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. That is, the capillary part of the combined hemangioma is on the skin, and the cavernous part is in the subcutaneous tissue.

This kind of hemangioma is always localized not in the thickness of the tissues of any organ, but on its edge, in the immediate vicinity of its border. Due to this feature of localization, combined hemangiomas can be found on the skin, in the bones and on the surface of internal organs. This hemangioma is most common in adults.

The appearance, properties and response to treatment depend on which particular component (capillary or cavernous) combined hemangiomas is predominant.

Racemous hemangioma

Racemous hemangioma is usually localized on the scalp, arms or legs, and consists of convoluted thick-walled and sharply dilated blood vessels. On the hemangioma section, serpentine plexuses of thick and dilated vessels filled with blood are visible. This kind of hemangioma is not always isolated, and more often referred to as cavernous.

Mixed hemangioma

Mixed hemangioma consists of elements of a vascular tumor, as well as lymphoid, nervous or connective tissue. This type of hemangioma includes angiofibroma, angioneuroma, hemlyphangioma, etc. The external signs of tumors and their clinical manifestations can be different, since they are determined by the types of tissues that form them and their relationship to each other. This type of neoplasm is rarely referred to as hemangiomas due to the complexity of the structure and a very diverse clinic, and therefore practicing doctors prefer to consider them as a separate, independent pathology, which has some features of a vascular tumor.

Sizes of a vascular tumor

Hemangiomas can have various sizes - from several millimeters to tens of centimeters in diameter. If the tumor is not round, then its size is considered the largest length from any one to the other edge.

Symptoms

The clinical signs of hemangiomas can be different, because they depend on the age, size, depth of tumor growth in the tissue, as well as the location of the tumor. Therefore, we consider the clinical manifestations of hemangiomas of different localization separately to avoid confusion.

Hemangioma of the skin

Skin hemangioma can be localized on any part of the skin - on the head, on the limbs, on the trunk, on the buttocks, on the external genitalia, etc. Regardless of the exact location, all hemangiomas of the skin manifest the same clinical symptoms.

In the area of \u200b\u200bthe skin on which the hemangioma is localized, swelling is always clearly visible and there may be an unusual color in various shades of red (red-pink, burgundy, cherry, red-raspberry, red-blue, etc.). The more arteries are in the hemangioma, the more bright red it is. Accordingly, the more veins, the darker red, for example, cherry, burgundy, etc. If the hemangioma is located in the subcutaneous tissue, then the color of the skin above it may be normal. With physical stress or with increased blood flow to the area where the hemangioma is located, the tumor for some time acquires a brighter color than usual. This is especially noticeable with hemangiomas on the face in children, which literally instantly become very bright against the background of crying.

The stronger the tumor invades the skin, the more likely it is to develop any disorders associated with malnutrition, such as ulcers, hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth), hyperhidrosis (sweating), cracks, etc. All these violations of the integrity of the skin are complications of hemangiomas and can lead to frequent and severe bleeding.

The most characteristic clinical symptoms of any hemangioma of the skin are pain and swelling in the area of \u200b\u200bits localization. When pressed with a finger on a swollen stained area of \u200b\u200bthe skin, it falls off. However, after the cessation of pressure, the hemangioma quickly takes its usual form. The swelling can be felt with a tight-elastic or soft-elastic consistency. If the consistency of the tumor is dense, then this is a favorable sign, because it means that the hemangioma is not prone to growth in the future. If the consistency of the hemangioma is soft elastic, then this means that the tumor is prone to active growth in the near future.

Pain at the onset of hemangioma is mild, arising periodically and disturbing an adult or child for short periods of time. In the phase of tumor growth, when it sprouts muscle tissue and nerves, the pain can be quite strong and permanent. In the period when the tumor does not grow, pain can also be present constantly, due to compression of the tissues. In this case, pain is combined with impaired muscle function and development in their contractures. In addition, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe skin around the tumor, areas of paresthesia are possible (sensory impairments, such as goose bumps, etc.).

Hemangiomas localized in the skin during the growth period slightly increase in area. An increase in the size of a tumor usually occurs due to its germination in deeply lying tissues. If the hemangioma rapidly increases in size, then it can grow muscles and even bones, significantly disrupting the normal functioning of the musculoskeletal system. Affecting the bones, hemangioma provokes severe osteoporosis.

If the hemangioma of the skin is localized in close proximity to the eyes, ears, trachea or bronchi, then squeezing the tissues of these organs, it can provoke visual, hearing, breathing and swallowing disorders.

Body hemangioma

The hemangioma of the body is manifested by the same clinical symptoms as a tumor localized on the skin. That is, the hemangioma of the body is characterized by swelling, pain and color of the skin in various shades of red in the area of \u200b\u200bits localization.

Tumors located on the body are dangerous because they can be located in places subject to constant movement and compression (for example, armpits, shoulders, etc.), as a result of which hemangiomas are complicated by bleeding, ulcerations and cracks. The rapid growth of body tumors can lead to their growth in the ribs or abdominal muscles, disrupting the functioning of these body structures. And this, in turn, will adversely affect the functions of respiration, proper walking, normal functioning of the abdominal organs, etc.

Hemangioma of the face, on the head and on the lip

Hemangioma of the face, on the head and on the lip is fixed quite often. The tumor can be localized on any part of the surface of the skull - on the nose, on the lips, on the cheeks, on the forehead, on the temples, on the eyelids, on the back of the head, near the auricle, under the hair, etc. The main clinical symptoms of hemangiomas of the face, head and lips, like any other skin hemangioma, are pain, swelling, and skin color in shades of red. The danger of tumors on the face and head is due to the fact that they are in close proximity to many important organs, such as the eyes, ears, brain, etc. Therefore, hemangiomas on the face and head are treated with utmost attention and caution, carefully controlling their growth and making sure that the tumor does not compress important organs too much, irreversibly disrupting their functions.

Liver hemangioma

Hemangioma of the liver, as a rule, is asymptomatic, that is, nothing worries a person. Such tumors are usually an accidental finding during an ultrasound scan, as well as computed or magnetic resonance imaging. Liver hemangioma usually occurs in people 30 to 50 years old, mainly in women. This tumor is usually removed operatively after detection.

Hemangioma of the spine

Hemangioma of the spine is characterized by the presence of persistent back pain that cannot be stopped by taking NSAIDs (Ketorol, Ketonal, Ibuprofen, Nimesulide, Ksefokam, etc.) and are not relieved by massage or applying various ointments and gels with distracting or anti-inflammatory effects (for example, Voltaren, Finalgon, Dolgit, Capsicum, etc.). Hemangioma can mimic attacks of osteochondrosis, a hernia of the intervertebral disc and other diseases of the spine due to compression of the tissues and impaired function. The localization of pain and discomfort usually corresponds to that part of the spinal column in which there is a hemangioma. For example, if the hemangioma is located in the lumbar region, then the lower back will hurt, etc. Hemangiomas of the spine can be removed or left and watch its course. Therapeutic tactics are determined by the doctor individually for each individual person, taking into account all the nuances of the disease and the general condition of the patient.

Hemangioma of the kidney

Kidney hemangioma is extremely rare. This tumor is congenital, but it is often found much later. During the period of active growth of the child, the tumor also begins to rapidly increase in size, squeezing the tissue of the kidney and disrupting its functioning, which provokes the appearance of a number of clinical symptoms. Symptoms of kidney hemangioma are the following symptoms:

• Persistent uncontrolled hypertension;
• Low back pain extending to the groin;
• Blood in the urine (hematuria);
• General weakness;
• Low working capacity.

However, these symptoms accompany the hemangioma of the kidney quite rarely, most often the tumor is characterized by an asymptomatic course. A kidney tumor is usually removed operatively after detection.

Hemangioma Complications

Complications of hemangiomas are bleeding, ulceration of their surface, the formation of cracks and trophic ulcers on the skin in the immediate vicinity of the tumor. In addition, with the localization of hemangiomas near any important organs, its complications include impaired functioning of these anatomical structures arising from tissue compression. So, with the localization of hemangiomas on the face or neck, it can compress the trachea and cause breathing difficulties. Usually, when the hemangioma of the trachea is compressed, the child develops a painful cough, cyanosis, and hoarseness.

With the localization of hemangiomas in the eye or ear, a disruption in the functioning of these organs is possible, up to complete and irreversible loss of vision and hearing. Due to the high risk of loss of vision and hearing, hemangiomas located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe eyes or ears begin to be treated without waiting for their disappearance.

With the localization of hemangiomas in the sacral region, damage to the spinal cord is possible, which is fraught with numerous dysfunctions of the pelvic organs and intestines. Symptoms of spinal cord hemangioma are the following manifestations:

• Atrophy of the muscles of the legs;
• Fecal and urinary incontinence;
• Ulcers on the soles of the feet;
• Paresis of the muscles of the legs.

  Hemangiomas localized in the internal organs can be complicated by severe bleeding, which exhaust the person, provoke anemia, loss of strength, etc.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of skin hemangioma is not difficult, since it is clearly visible, and the doctor can examine the formation with the naked eye. That is why the diagnosis of skin hemangiomas consists in examining the formation by a doctor. To detect hemangiomas of the internal organs, magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography is used.

Hemangioma - treatment in children and adults

General principles of treatment

The principles of tumor therapy do not depend on the person’s age, but are determined solely by its properties and localization. Therefore, the treatment of hemangiomas in children and adults is carried out in exactly the same way, using the same methods.

Firstly, because of the high probability of spontaneous disappearance of hemangiomas within a few years, tumors that do not have a high risk of complications usually do not treat, but simply monitor their course. Hemangiomas are only treated if the tumor can cause serious complications (for example, localized on the eyelid or in the orbit of the eye, in the auricle, on the skin of the genital organs, etc.) or its presence disrupts the normal functioning of the organ or tissue . Indications for treatment are localization of hemangiomas in the following areas of the skin:

• Hemangiomas localized around the eyes;
• Hemangiomas that interfere with normal vision;
• Hemangiomas localized near the respiratory tract (for example, on the neck, on the mucous membrane of the oropharynx, etc.);
• Hemangiomas localized in the airways;
• Hemangiomas on the face, if there is a risk of cosmetic defects on the skin in the future;
• Hemangiomas localized in the ear or parotid salivary glands;
• Hemangiomas with ulcerated surface.

  If hemangioma was simply observed, and at some point in time the tumor began to become more complicated, then in this case the passive tactics are replaced by active ones and the disease is started to be treated. In other words, hemangioma can be treated at any time if there is a high risk of complications.

So, the treatment of hemangioma is to reduce its size or completely remove the tumor, which is achieved using surgical or therapeutic methods, such as:
1. Surgical methods for removing the tumor:

• Cryodestruction (cauterization of a tumor with liquid nitrogen);
• Laser irradiation;
• Sclerosing therapy (introducing into the tumor solutions that provoke the death of the vessels forming it);
• Short-focus x-ray therapy (tumor irradiation);
• Electrocoagulation (removal of hemangiomas using electrodes);
• Tumor removal during a normal surgical operation with a scalpel.

2. Therapeutic treatments for hemangiomas:

• Taking drugs containing propranolol (Anaprilin, Inderal, Obzidan, Propranobene, Propranolol) or timolol (Okumol, Arutimol, Timadern, Timol, Niolol, etc.) as the active substance;
• Taking drugs from the group of corticosteroid hormones (Prednisolone, Diprospan, etc.);
• Acceptance of drugs of the cytostatic group (Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide);
• Compression therapy (applying pressure dressings to the tumor).

  Let us consider in more detail all therapeutically and surgical methods of treating hemangiomas.

Removal of hemangiomas (surgery)

The operation is performed under general anesthesia. During the intervention, the doctor removes the entire hemangioma, as well as 1.5 - 2 cm of surrounding tissue. This method is traumatic and ineffective, because in 50-60% of cases after surgical removal, the hemangioma appears again in some neighboring area of \u200b\u200bthe skin, and begins to grow very quickly. Therefore, at present, surgical treatment is used only for hemangiomas localized in the internal organs, and skin tumors are removed by other methods.

Laser removal (laser destruction)

Laser hemangioma removal (laser destruction) is also suitable only for the capillary variety of tumors. Laser cannot remove cavernous or combined hemangiomas, as this will lead to too deep tissue damage and scarring. Laser therapy of simple skin hemangiomas, as well as cryodestruction, can be carried out at any time, including during the period of active tumor growth.

Cauterization (electrocoagulation)

This method of removing various pathological tissues is usually well known to women who experience cervical erosion. The fact is that diathermocoagulation of cervical erosion (the so-called "cauterization") is the same as electrocoagulation of hemangioma. That is, during electrocoagulation under the influence of electric current, the tumor structures are destroyed, after which normal healthy skin grows in its place. Electrocoagulation can be used with any kind of hemangioma, however, in the treatment of cavernous tumors, scar formation is possible due to the fact that it is necessary to destroy tissues to a considerable depth.

Removal of hemangiomas with liquid nitrogen (cryodestruction)

This is currently the most commonly used method for removing capillary skin hemangiomas. Cryodestruction can be used at any time, regardless of what phase the hemangioma is in. That is, burning with liquid nitrogen can also be performed during the period of active tumor growth.

The essence of cryodestruction is the impact on the hemangioma region of liquid nitrogen, which destroys the structure of the tumor. Complete removal of the tumor occurs in 1-3 sessions, after which the healing process begins at the place where the hemangioma was, during which the skin integument is completely restored.

However, cryodestruction can only be used to treat superficial capillary hemangiomas. If cavernous or combined hemangiomas are treated with liquid nitrogen, this can lead to the formation of ugly scars on the skin due to too deep tissue destruction, which, as a result, cannot be restored.

Sclerotherapy

Sclerosing therapy of hemangiomas is the introduction into the tumor of various solutions that cause the death of its constituent blood vessels with their subsequent transformation into connective tissue. That is, under the influence of sclerotherapy, the hemangioma turns into a regular connective tissue cord under the skin. However, if the hemangioma was quite large or treatment was started in the growth phase, then after sclerotherapy, the tumor may not completely disappear, but may decrease in size and stop active growth. As the main sclerosing solution, sterile alcohol is used, which is injected into the tumor along with Novocaine, which stops any pain. Sclerotherapy is effective for deep hemangiomas.

Close Focus Radiotherapy

Short-focus radiotherapy is the irradiation of a tumor with x-rays. The method is very effective and is often used to treat deep hemangiomas.

Therapeutic treatments for hemangiomas

Compression therapy is the safest and most effective enough to apply it to any kind of hemangioma, including complicated one, if it is located in such an area where a pressure bandage can be applied. Treatment consists in applying compression dressings to hemangiomas, which are left for a certain period of time. After 1 - 2 months, the hemangioma significantly decreases in size or completely disappears.

Corticosteroids for the treatment of hemangiomas are taken in an individual dosage, calculated by the ratio of 2 to 3 mg per 1 kg of body weight per day. However, taking corticosteroid hormones (Prednisone, Diprospana) is effective in a limited number of cases (from 30 to 70%). In addition, hormone therapy causes a number of serious side effects (growth retardation, decreased immunity, increased blood pressure, etc.), so this method is usually not used independently. As a rule, hormones are combined with the removal of hemangiomas by any surgical method.

Vincristine for the treatment of hemangiomas is taken once a week in an individual dosage, calculated by the ratio of 0.5 mg per 1 kg of body weight in children weighing more than 20 kg, and 0.025 mg per 1 kg in babies weighing less than 20 kg. Cyclophosphamide is taken in a dosage of 10 mg per 1 kg of body weight daily for 10 days. Currently, Vincristine and Cyclophosphamide are rarely used to treat hemangiomas, since they cause a large number of serious side effects, including from the nervous system.

The most effective and safe therapeutic method for the treatment of hemangiomas is the use of propranolol or timolol in individual dosages. This method is not registered in Russia and the CIS countries, therefore, it is practically not used in the post-Soviet space. However, in Europe and the USA, propranolol and timolol preparations were introduced into the treatment of hemangiomas by a special decree of the respective ministries. This decision was made on the basis of the positive results of experimental treatment of children with hemangiomas with propranolol and timolol preparations. Currently, among all methods of treating hemangiomas (both surgical and therapeutic), it is the use of propranolol or timolol that is the best in terms of safety / efficacy.

Propranolol is given to the child 2 times a day in an individual dosage, calculated by the ratio of 0.5 mg per 1 kg of weight. At the end of the first week of taking propranolol, you should determine the blood glucose level and blood pressure in the child, and make an ECG. If the tests are not normal, then you will have to stop taking the drug and use another method of treating hemangioma. If all the test results are normal, then the dosage is increased to 1 mg per 1 kg and the child is given propranolol in a new dose, 2 times a day for a week. Then they again donate blood for glucose, measure the pressure and make an ECG. If the tests are normal, then the dosage is increased to 2 mg per 1 kg of weight and continue to be given to the child 2 times a day for 4 weeks. On this, the course of therapy is considered completed. However, if necessary, it can be repeated at intervals of one month until the hemangioma completely disappears.

Drugs containing timolol (eye drops or gel) lubricate the surface of the hemangioma 2 times a day for several months.

Currently, the choice of treatment for hemangiomas in both children and adults is the use of propranolol or timolol, since it is highly effective and safe. All other methods can also be used if necessary.

If during the observation of hemangioma ulcers or cracks appeared on its surface, then you can lubricate it with Metronidazole gel, ointments with glucocorticoids (for example, Dexamethasone, Lokoid, etc.) or apply a hydrocolloid dressing (DuoDerm Extra Thin).

Hemangioma in children: description, causes, complications, diagnosis, treatment methods, answers to popular questions - video

Hemangioma of the liver and spine - treatment

Hemangiomas of such localization as skin ones may need treatment or observation. After detecting hemangiomas in the liver or in the spine, doctors perform computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging at intervals of 1 to 2 weeks, using which they see if the tumor is growing. If, as a result of the study, it is found that the hemangioma is actively growing, then treatment should be carried out immediately, which consists in the surgical removal of the tumor, followed by the administration of glucocorticoids or propranolol. If the hemangioma does not grow, then the person is left under observation, monitoring his condition at least 1 time per month, since the tumor is more likely to disappear on its own.

Hemangioma of the liver: description, complications, methods of diagnosis and treatment - video

The main symptoms are:

• Neoplasm pales with pressure
• Tumor-like formation on the skin of a blue-purple color
• Fever in the affected area

Hemangioma in children is a vascular neoplasm that is predominantly non-cancerous in nature and is located on the skin and mucous membranes. Sometimes this tumor can occur inside the organs and in this case it can be difficult to diagnose it, because until a certain time the tumor has no manifestations. Often, hemangioma occurs in newborns - its manifestations can be seen either immediately after birth, or after a few weeks or months. However, this tumor may appear at a later age, as well as in adolescence (against the background of hormonal changes in the body).

More often the tumor develops in girls than in boys. It is localized mainly on the face (including on the lip, forehead, etc.), the scalp and back. The locations of the hemangioma in the newborn are also:

• limbs
• crotch;
• genitals.

Note that if hemangioma occurred in a newborn immediately after birth, then they speak of congenital pathology. If the tumor has developed over the next months or even years of life - it is acquired. Although there is an innate predisposition to pathology in children in both cases.

Causes

The causes of hemangioma in children are not fully understood. Pathology is congenital in nature, as it begins to develop in the fetus even in the womb. It can occur both immediately after birth and in a few months. A tumor occurs in the fetus even during the formation of its vascular system, which occurs in the first trimester, and if during this period any unfavorable factors acted on the mother and the baby in her womb, then a vascular tumor may appear.

At the same time, there are factors that can provoke the appearance of such a pathology in the baby. These factors include:

• viral diseases of a woman in the initial stages of pregnancy;
• taking a woman while carrying a baby some medications;
• mother's age is over 40;
• multiple pregnancy;
• acute endocrine diseases that appear or worsen when a woman carries a baby.

Adverse ecology in the region where a pregnant woman lives can also provoke the appearance of hemangioma in a newborn baby. In addition, hemangiomas in children on the head, lip, eyelids, or even internal organs appear when a woman's pregnancy proceeds with complications, for example, in those cases when she develops or is found.

In adolescents, the causes of the development of such a vascular tumor lie not only in hormonal changes - hemangiomas on the face, head or body can also appear due to liver diseases, as confirmed by studies.

Symptoms

It is not difficult to understand that a hemangioma appeared in a newborn, because this vascular neoplasm has characteristic signs. In particular, it has clearly defined edges, a bright brown, red or gray-red color, and a tendency to increase.

Most often hemangioma in children is located in such parts of the body:

• on the lip, in the mouth, on the genitals;
• on the legs and arms, back and stomach;
• on the internal organs;
• on the face;
• on the head (in the back of the head, behind the ears, on the scalp);
• inside the bones.

Symptoms of hemangiomas of newborns depend on the location of the neoplasm. Usually the tumor is visible to the naked eye and the only symptom is a visual defect. If the child’s hemangioma is near important organs and grows rapidly, there may be a violation of the functions of those organs, for example, decreased vision, etc.

The location of the neoplasm on the internal organs has not been determined for many years, so the parents of the children are not aware of this problem. Such a hemangioma in an infant or an older child can be detected by chance during an ultrasound scan and examinations to identify various diseases. Symptoms manifest as education grows - pain is possible due to pressure on neighboring organs or compression of nerve endings.

The appearance of hemangioma of the newborn is typical - it is a flat or nodular neoplasm, which is located on the nose, lip, head and other areas. It protrudes above the skin surface or is flush with it, has a smooth surface.

Most often, hemangiomas of newborns have a bright brown color - with pressure on the neoplasm, it turns pale, and then regains its original color. At the same time, the location of the tumor not on the surface, but in the thickness of the tissues, can cause the color of the tumor to be slightly different from the color of the skin or acquire a bluish tint. At the same time, the hemangioma located on the skin of a newborn or an older child will differ in temperature - the temperature in the area with the tumor will be higher than the temperature of the rest (healthy) skin.

It must be said that hemangioma in newborns and older children can spontaneously disappear - in 70% of cases up to 5-6 years of age, such neoplasms brighten and completely disappear. If the tumor regression occurred before 4 years of age, there is no scar left on the skin; if it regressed at the age of a child 7 years of age or older, a scar may form at the site of the former tumor.

Classification

Hemangioma, formed in a newborn or an older child, can have different localization, and not in terms of location on the face, lip or back, but in terms of being on the surface or in the inner layers of the skin.

Depending on this, 4 types of vascular neoplasms are distinguished:

• simple or capillary;
• cavernous;
• combined;
• mixed.

Simple hemangiomas of adolescents and newborns consist of capillaries of the skin. Such a neoplasm can have a slow, medium or fast growth. If the neoplasm grows, surgical treatment is required, which consists in removing the tumor using one of the methods existing in medical practice.

Cavernous hemangioma in newborns is a formation consisting of several vascular cavities, combined into a single whole. Such tumors are covered with skin, so their color is paler than capillary.

When talking about combined hemangiomas in infants and newborns, we mean a combination of the above two forms. The mixed form means that the neoplasm includes not only vascular tissues, but also others - usually such a hemangioma in newborns and children occurs when the tumor is located on the internal organs.

Diagnosis and treatment

Hemangioma in newborns is diagnosed on the basis of a visual examination. The doctor examines and feels the baby, and older children undergo ultrasound examination. Ultrasound is also prescribed in cases where it is assumed that there is a neoplasm on the internal organs or inside the spine (in order to clarify the location of the tumor). Sometimes hemangiomas are detected in newborns and older children during MRI or CT, as well as with dermatoscopy and angiography.

Before prescribing treatment for hemangiomas in an infant or an older child, the doctor must determine the phase of development, and carefully observe the tendency to increase or decrease the neoplasm. If rapid growth is noted, removal of the neoplasm is indicated, if the tumor does not grow or grows very slowly, observation of the child is indicated.

Today, the most gentle method that is suitable in most cases is the removal of hemangiomas with a laser in children, since this procedure is painless and allows you to get rid of the tumor without leaving scars on the face, head and body of the child. Of course, such removal cannot be used in cases where a hemangioma of the internal organs in newborns is diagnosed - in this case, they resort to medical treatment or open surgery (when the tumor threatens the health or hurts the children).

Another surgical treatment for such a pathology as hemangioma in newborns and older children is:

• cryodestruction;
• sclerosis;
• diathermocoagulation (electric shock treatment);
• surgical removal.

Indications for removal of the tumor on the lip, head, face and genitals can be infection or self-ulceration of the tumor. Also, in some cases, with hemangioma of newborns, medication is indicated. For this purpose, use hormonal drugs that the doctor selects, or a drug such as Propranolol. Antibiotic treatment for this pathology is not effective, but you can try to treat the neoplasm with alternative methods, for example, tea fungus, mummy solution, etc. True, the effectiveness of such methods has not been proven, although with small hemangiomas of newborns that tend to regress, there is an effect.

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