Thermal power plants are operating. Thermal power plants (TPP, IES, CHP)

combined heat and power plant (CHP)

CHP plants were most widely used in the USSR. The first heat pipelines were laid from power plants in Leningrad and Moscow (1924, 1928). From the 30s. the design and construction of a thermal power plant with a capacity of 100-200 MW By the end of 1940, the capacity of all operating thermal power plants reached 2 gwt, annual heat supply - 10 8 gj, and the length of thermal networks (See Thermal network) - 650 km. In the mid 70s. the total electric power of the CHPP is about 60 gwt(with the total capacity of power plants Thermal power plant 220 and thermal power plants Thermal power plant 180 gwt). The annual electricity generation at the CHPP reaches 330 billion kWh. kWh, heat release - 4․10 9 GJ; capacity of individual new CHPPs - 1.5-1.6 gwt with hourly heat release up to (1.6-2.0)․10 4 GJ; specific electricity generation during supply 1 GJ heat - 150-160 kWh. Specific reference fuel consumption for production 1 kWh electricity is on average 290 G(whereas at GRES - 370 G); the lowest average annual specific consumption of standard fuel at CHP about 200 g/kW․h(at the best state district power plants - about 300 g/kW․h). Such a reduced (compared with GRES) specific fuel consumption is explained by the combined production of two types of energy using the heat of the exhaust steam. In the USSR, thermal power plants save up to 25 million t reference fuel per year (Heat and power plant 11% of all fuel used for electricity generation).

CHP is the main production link in the district heating system. The construction of a thermal power plant is one of the main directions in the development of the energy economy in the USSR and other socialist countries. In the capitalist countries, thermal power plants are of limited distribution (mainly industrial thermal power plants).

Lit.: Sokolov E. Ya., Heat supply and heat networks, M., 1975; Ryzhkin V. Ya., Thermal power stations, M., 1976.

V. Ya. Ryzhkin.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Heat and Power Plant" is in other dictionaries:

- (CHP), a steam turbine thermal power plant that produces and supplies consumers simultaneously with 2 types of energy: electrical and thermal (in the form of hot water, steam). In Russia, the capacity of individual CHPPs reaches 1.5 1.6 GW with an hourly vacation ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (CHP cogeneration power plant), a thermal power plant that produces not only electrical energy, but also heat supplied to consumers in the form of steam and hot water ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

THERMAL POWER CENTER, and, for women. Thermal power plant that generates electricity and heat (hot water, steam) (CHP). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary Big polytechnical encyclopedia

CHPP 26 (Southern CHPP) in Moscow ... Wikipedia

1 - electric generator; 2 - steam turbine; 3 - control panel; 4 - deaerator; 5 and 6 - bunkers; 7 - separator; 8 - cyclone; 9 - boiler; 10 – heating surface (heat exchanger); 11 - chimney; 12 - crushing room; 13 - storage of reserve fuel; 14 - wagon; 15 - unloading device; 16 - conveyor; 17 - smoke exhauster; 18 - channel; 19 - ash catcher; 20 - fan; 21 - firebox; 22 - mill; 23 - pumping station; 24 - water source; 25 - circulation pump; 26 – high pressure regenerative heater; 27 - feed pump; 28 - capacitor; 29 - installation of chemical water treatment; 30 - step-up transformer; 31 – low pressure regenerative heater; 32 - condensate pump.

The diagram below shows the composition of the main equipment of a thermal power plant and the interconnection of its systems. According to this scheme, it is possible to trace the general sequence of technological processes occurring at TPPs.

Designations on the TPP diagram:

1. Fuel economy;
2. fuel preparation;
3. intermediate superheater;
4. part of the high pressure (CHVD or CVP);
5. low pressure part (LPH or LPC);
6. electric generator;
7. auxiliary transformer;
8. communication transformer;
9. main switchgear;
10. condensate pump;
11. circulation pump;
12. source of water supply (for example, a river);
13. (PND);
14. water treatment plant (VPU);
15. thermal energy consumer;
16. reverse condensate pump;
17. deaerator;
18. feed pump;
19. (PVD);
20. slag and ash removal;
21. ash dump;
22. smoke exhauster (DS);
23. chimney;
24. blower fans (DV);
25. ash catcher.

Description of the technological scheme of TPP:

Summarizing all of the above, we obtain the composition of a thermal power plant:

• fuel economy and fuel preparation system;
• boiler plant: a combination of the boiler itself and auxiliary equipment;
• turbine plant: steam turbine and its auxiliary equipment;
• water treatment and condensate treatment plant;
• technical water supply system;
• ash and slag removal system (for thermal power plants operating on solid fuel);
• electrical equipment and electrical equipment control system.

The fuel economy, depending on the type of fuel used at the station, includes a receiving and unloading device, transport mechanisms, fuel depots for solid and liquid fuels, and devices for preliminary fuel preparation (crushing plants for coal). The composition of the fuel oil economy also includes pumps for pumping fuel oil, fuel oil heaters, filters.

The preparation of solid fuel for combustion consists of grinding and drying it in a pulverizing plant, and the preparation of fuel oil consists in heating it, cleaning it from mechanical impurities, and sometimes treating it with special additives. Everything is easier with gas fuel. Preparation of gas fuel is reduced mainly to the regulation of gas pressure in front of the boiler burners.

The air necessary for fuel combustion is supplied to the combustion space of the boiler by blow fans (DV). The products of fuel combustion - flue gases - are sucked off by smoke exhausters (DS) and discharged through chimneys into the atmosphere. The combination of channels (air ducts and gas ducts) and various elements of equipment through which air and flue gases pass forms the gas-air path of a thermal power plant (heating plant). The smoke exhausters, a chimney and blast fans included in its composition make up a draft installation. In the fuel combustion zone, the non-combustible (mineral) impurities included in its composition undergo chemical and physical transformations and are partially removed from the boiler in the form of slag, and a significant part of them is carried out by flue gases in the form of fine ash particles. To protect atmospheric air from ash emissions, ash collectors are installed in front of smoke exhausters (to prevent their ash wear).

Slag and trapped ash are usually removed hydraulically to ash dumps.

When burning fuel oil and gas, ash collectors are not installed.

When fuel is burned, chemically bound energy is converted into heat. As a result, combustion products are formed, which in the heating surfaces of the boiler give off heat to water and the steam formed from it.

The set of equipment, its individual elements, pipelines through which water and steam move, form the steam-water path of the station.

In the boiler, the water is heated to saturation temperature, evaporates, and the saturated steam formed from the boiling boiler water is superheated. From the boiler, superheated steam is sent through pipelines to the turbine, where its thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy transmitted to the turbine shaft. The steam exhausted in the turbine enters the condenser, gives off heat to the cooling water and condenses.

At modern thermal power plants and thermal power plants with units with a unit capacity of 200 MW and more, reheating of the steam is used. In this case, the turbine has two parts: a high pressure part and a low pressure part. The steam exhausted in the high-pressure section of the turbine is sent to an intermediate superheater, where heat is additionally supplied to it. Next, the steam returns to the turbine (to the low pressure part) and from it enters the condenser. Intermediate steam superheating increases the efficiency of the turbine plant and increases the reliability of its operation.

Condensate is pumped out of the condenser by a condensate pump and, after passing through low pressure heaters (LPH), enters the deaerator. Here it is heated by steam to its saturation temperature, while oxygen and carbon dioxide are released from it and removed into the atmosphere to prevent equipment corrosion. Deaerated water, called feed water, is pumped through high pressure heaters (HPH) to the boiler.

The condensate in the HDPE and the deaerator, as well as the feed water in the HPH, are heated by steam taken from the turbine. This method of heating means the return (regeneration) of heat to the cycle and is called regenerative heating. Thanks to it, the flow of steam into the condenser is reduced, and, consequently, the amount of heat transferred to the cooling water, which leads to an increase in the efficiency of the steam turbine plant.

The set of elements that provide the condensers with cooling water is called the service water supply system. It includes: a source of water supply (a river, a reservoir, a cooling tower - a cooling tower), a circulation pump, inlet and outlet conduits. In the condenser, about 55% of the heat of the steam entering the turbine is transferred to the cooled water; this part of the heat is not used to generate electricity and is wasted.

These losses are significantly reduced if partially exhausted steam is taken from the turbine and its heat is used for the technological needs of industrial enterprises or for heating water for heating and hot water supply. Thus, the station becomes a combined heat and power plant (CHP), which provides combined generation of electrical and thermal energy. At CHPPs, special turbines with steam extraction are installed - the so-called cogeneration turbines. The condensate of the steam given to the heat consumer is returned to the CHP plant by a return condensate pump.

At the TPP, there are internal losses of steam and condensate due to incomplete tightness of the steam-water path, as well as non-returnable consumption of steam and condensate for the technical needs of the station. They make up approximately 1 - 1.5% of the total steam flow to the turbines.

At CHPPs, there may be external losses of steam and condensate associated with the supply of heat to industrial consumers. On average, they are 35 - 50%. Internal and external losses of steam and condensate are replenished with make-up water pre-treated in the water treatment plant.

Thus, boiler feed water is a mixture of turbine condensate and make-up water.

The electrical facilities of the station include an electric generator, a communication transformer, a main switchgear, a power supply system for the power plant's own mechanisms through an auxiliary transformer.

The control system collects and processes information on the course of the technological process and the state of the equipment, automatic and remote control of mechanisms and regulation of the main processes, automatic protection of equipment.

Once, when we were driving into the glorious city of Cheboksary, from the east, my wife noticed two huge towers standing along the highway. "And what is it?" she asked. Since I absolutely did not want to show my ignorance to my wife, I dug a little in my memory and gave out a victorious one: "These are cooling towers, don't you know?". She was a little embarrassed: "What are they for?" "Well, there's something to cool, it seems." "And what?". Then I was embarrassed, because I did not know at all how to get out further.

Maybe this question has remained forever in the memory without an answer, but miracles do happen. A few months after this incident, I see a post in my friend feed z_alexey about the recruitment of bloggers who want to visit the Cheboksary CHPP-2, the same one that we saw from the road. Having to drastically change all your plans, it would be unforgivable to miss such a chance!

So what is CHP?

This is the heart of the CHP plant, and here the main action takes place. The gas entering the boiler burns out, releasing a crazy amount of energy. This is where Pure Water comes in. After heating, it turns into steam, more precisely into superheated steam, having an outlet temperature of 560 degrees and a pressure of 140 atmospheres. We will also call it "Pure steam" because it is formed from prepared water.
In addition to steam, we also have exhaust at the exit. At maximum power, all five boilers consume almost 60 cubic meters of natural gas per second! To remove the products of combustion, a non-childish "smoke" pipe is needed. And there is one too.

The pipe can be seen from almost any area of ​​the city, given the height of 250 meters. I suspect that this is the tallest building in Cheboksary.

Nearby is a slightly smaller pipe. Reserve again.

If the CHP plant is coal-fired, additional exhaust treatment is required. But in our case, this is not required, since natural gas is used as fuel.

In the second section of the boiler and turbine shop there are installations that generate electricity.

Four of them are installed in the engine room of the Cheboksary CHPP-2, with a total capacity of 460 MW (megawatts). It is here that superheated steam from the boiler room is supplied. He, under huge pressure, is sent to the turbine blades, forcing the thirty-ton rotor to rotate at a speed of 3000 rpm.

The installation consists of two parts: the turbine itself, and a generator that generates electricity.

And here is what the turbine rotor looks like.

Sensors and gauges are everywhere.

Both turbines and boilers can be stopped instantly in case of an emergency. For this, there are special valves that can shut off the supply of steam or fuel in a fraction of a second.

Interestingly, is there such a thing as an industrial landscape, or an industrial portrait? It has its own beauty.

There is a terrible noise in the room, and in order to hear a neighbor, you have to strain your hearing a lot. Besides, it's very hot. I want to take off my helmet and strip down to my T-shirt, but I can't do that. For safety reasons, short-sleeved clothing is prohibited at the CHP plant, there are too many hot pipes.
Most of the time, the workshop is empty, people appear here once every two hours, during a round. And the operation of the equipment is controlled from the Main Control Board (Group Control Panels for Boilers and Turbines).

This is what the duty station looks like.

There are hundreds of buttons around.

And dozens of sensors.

Some are mechanical and some are electronic.

This is our excursion, and people are working.

In total, after the boiler and turbine shop, at the output we have electricity and steam that has partially cooled down and lost part of its pressure. With electricity, it seems to be easier. At the output from different generators, the voltage can be from 10 to 18 kV (kilovolt). With the help of block transformers, it rises to 110 kV, and then electricity can be transmitted over long distances using power lines (power lines).

It is unprofitable to release the remaining "Clean steam" to the side. Since it is formed from "Pure Water", the production of which is a rather complicated and costly process, it is more expedient to cool it and return it to the boiler. So in a vicious circle. But with its help, and with the help of heat exchangers, you can heat water or produce secondary steam, which can be safely sold to third-party consumers.

In general, it is in this way that you and I receive heat and electricity in our homes, having the usual comfort and coziness.

Oh yes. Why are cooling towers needed anyway?

It turns out everything is very simple. In order to cool the remaining "Pure steam", before a new supply to the boiler, all the same heat exchangers are used. It is cooled with the help of technical water, at CHPP-2 it is taken directly from the Volga. It does not require any special training and can also be reused. After passing through the heat exchanger, process water is heated and goes to the cooling towers. There it flows down in a thin film or falls down in the form of drops and is cooled by the oncoming air flow created by the fans. And in ejection cooling towers, water is sprayed using special nozzles. In any case, the main cooling occurs due to the evaporation of a small part of the water. The cooled water leaves the cooling towers through a special channel, after which, with the help of a pumping station, it is sent for reuse.
In a word, cooling towers are needed to cool the water that cools the steam that works in the boiler-turbine system.

All work of the CHP is controlled from the Main Control Panel.

There is an attendant here at all times.

All events are logged.

Don't feed me bread, let me take pictures of the buttons and sensors...

On this, almost everything. In conclusion, there are a few photos of the station.

This is an old, no longer working pipe. Most likely it will be taken down soon.

There is a lot of propaganda at the enterprise.

They are proud of their employees here.

And their achievements.

It doesn't seem right...

It remains to add that, as in a joke - "I don't know who these bloggers are, but their guide is the director of the branch in Mari El and Chuvashia of OAO TGC-5, the IES of the holding - Dobrov S.V."

Together with the station director S.D. Stolyarov.

Without exaggeration - true professionals in their field.

And of course, many thanks to Irina Romanova, representing the press service of the company, for the perfectly organized tour.

Interactive application "How CHP works"

Pictured on the left is the Mosenergo power plant, which generates electricity and heat for Moscow and the region. The most environmentally friendly fuel - natural gas - is used as fuel. At the CHP plant, gas is supplied through a gas pipeline to a steam boiler. The gas burns in the boiler and heats the water.