Purpose of thermal power plant is to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into electrical energy. Since it is practically impossible to carry out such a transformation directly, it is necessary first to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into heat, which is produced by burning the fuel, then to convert the heat into mechanical energy, and, finally, to convert this latter into electrical energy.
The figure below shows the simplest diagram of the thermal part of a power plant, often referred to as a steam power plant. Combustion of fuel is made in a fire chamber. Wherein . The resulting heat is transferred to the water in the steam boiler. As a result, the water heats up and then evaporates, forming the so-called saturated steam, i.e. steam having the same temperature as boiling water. Further, heat is supplied to the saturated steam, as a result of which superheated steam is formed, i.e. steam having a higher temperature than water evaporating at the same pressure. Superheated steam is obtained from saturated steam in a superheater, in most cases, which is a coil of steel pipes. Steam moves inside the pipes, while on the outside the coil is washed by hot gases.
If the pressure in the boiler were equal to atmospheric pressure, then the water would have to be heated to a temperature of 100 ° C; with further heat input, it would begin to evaporate rapidly. The resulting saturated steam would also have a temperature of 100 ° C. At atmospheric pressure, the steam will be superheated if its temperature is above 100 ° C. If the pressure in the boiler is higher than atmospheric, then the saturated steam has a temperature above 100 ° C. The temperature of the saturated the higher the vapor pressure, the higher the pressure. Currently, steam boilers with a pressure close to atmospheric are not used at all in the energy sector. Much more advantageous is the use of steam boilers designed for a much higher pressure, of the order of 100 atmospheres or more. The temperature of saturated steam in this case is 310 ° C or more.
From the superheater, superheated water vapor is supplied through a steel pipeline to a heat engine, most often -. In the existing steam power plants of power plants, other engines are almost never used. Superheated water vapor entering the heat engine contains a large amount of thermal energy released as a result of fuel combustion. The task of a heat engine is to convert the thermal energy of steam into mechanical energy.
The pressure and temperature of the steam at the inlet to the steam turbine, commonly referred to as , is much higher than the pressure and temperature of the steam at the outlet of the turbine. The pressure and temperature of the steam at the outlet of the steam turbine, equal to the pressure and temperature in the condenser, are usually called. At present, as already mentioned, steam of very high initial parameters is used in the energy industry, with a pressure of up to 300 atmospheres and with a temperature of up to 600 ° C. The final parameters, on the contrary, are chosen low: a pressure of about 0.04 atmospheres, i.e. 25 times less than atmospheric, and the temperature is about 30 ° C, i.e., close to the ambient temperature. As the steam expands in the turbine, due to a decrease in the pressure and temperature of the steam, the amount of thermal energy contained in it decreases by a lot. Since the process of expansion of steam occurs very quickly, in this very short time there is no time for any significant transfer of heat from steam to the environment to occur. Where does the excess heat energy go? It is known, after all, that according to the basic law of nature - the law of conservation and transformation of energy - it is impossible to destroy or obtain "out of nothing" any, even the smallest, amount of energy. Energy can only be transferred from one form to another. Obviously, it is with this kind of energy transformation that we are dealing in this case as well. The surplus of thermal energy previously contained in the steam has been converted into mechanical energy and can be used at our discretion.
How a steam turbine works is described in the article about.
Here we will only say that the steam jet entering the turbine blades has a very high speed, often exceeding the speed of sound. The steam jet rotates the disk of the steam turbine and the shaft on which the disk is mounted. The turbine shaft may be connected, for example, to an electric machine - a generator. The task of the generator is to convert the mechanical energy of the shaft rotation into electrical energy. Thus, the chemical energy of the fuel in the steam power plant is converted into mechanical and further into electrical energy, which can be stored in an AC UPS.
The steam that has done work in the engine enters the condenser. Cooling water is continuously pumped through the tubes of the condenser, usually taken from some natural reservoir: rivers, lakes, seas. Cooling water takes heat from the steam entering the condenser, as a result of which the steam condenses, i.e. turns into water. The water formed as a result of condensation is pumped into the steam boiler, in which it evaporates again, and the whole process is repeated anew.
This is, in principle, the operation of the steam power plant of a thermal power plant. As you can see, steam serves as an intermediary, the so-called working fluid, with the help of which the chemical energy of the fuel, converted into thermal energy, is converted into mechanical energy.
One should not think, of course, that the device of a modern, powerful, steam boiler or heat engine is as simple as it is shown in the figure above. On the contrary, the boiler and turbine, which are the most important elements of a steam power plant, have a very complex structure.
We now begin to explain the work.
1 - electric generator; 2 - steam turbine; 3 - control panel; 4 - deaerator; 5 and 6 - bunkers; 7 - separator; 8 - cyclone; 9 - boiler; 10 – heating surface (heat exchanger); 11 - chimney; 12 - crushing room; 13 - storage of reserve fuel; 14 - wagon; 15 - unloading device; 16 - conveyor; 17 - smoke exhauster; 18 - channel; 19 - ash catcher; 20 - fan; 21 - firebox; 22 - mill; 23 - pumping station; 24 - water source; 25 - circulation pump; 26 – high pressure regenerative heater; 27 - feed pump; 28 - capacitor; 29 - installation of chemical water treatment; 30 - step-up transformer; 31 – low pressure regenerative heater; 32 - condensate pump.
The diagram below shows the composition of the main equipment of a thermal power plant and the interconnection of its systems. According to this scheme, it is possible to trace the general sequence of technological processes occurring at TPPs.
Designations on the TPP diagram:
- Fuel economy;
- fuel preparation;
- intermediate superheater;
- part of the high pressure (CHVD or CVP);
- low pressure part (LPH or LPC);
- electric generator;
- auxiliary transformer;
- communication transformer;
- main switchgear;
- condensate pump;
- circulation pump;
- source of water supply (for example, a river);
- (PND);
- water treatment plant (VPU);
- thermal energy consumer;
- reverse condensate pump;
- deaerator;
- feed pump;
- (PVD);
- slag and ash removal;
- ash dump;
- smoke exhauster (DS);
- chimney;
- blower fans (DV);
- ash catcher.
Description of the technological scheme of TPP:
Summarizing all of the above, we obtain the composition of a thermal power plant:
- fuel economy and fuel preparation system;
- boiler plant: a combination of the boiler itself and auxiliary equipment;
- turbine plant: steam turbine and its auxiliary equipment;
- water treatment and condensate treatment plant;
- technical water supply system;
- ash and slag removal system (for thermal power plants operating on solid fuel);
- electrical equipment and electrical equipment control system.
The fuel economy, depending on the type of fuel used at the station, includes a receiving and unloading device, transport mechanisms, fuel depots for solid and liquid fuels, and devices for preliminary fuel preparation (crushing plants for coal). The composition of the fuel oil economy also includes pumps for pumping fuel oil, fuel oil heaters, filters.
The preparation of solid fuel for combustion consists of grinding and drying it in a pulverizing plant, and the preparation of fuel oil consists in heating it, cleaning it from mechanical impurities, and sometimes treating it with special additives. Everything is easier with gas fuel. Preparation of gas fuel is reduced mainly to the regulation of gas pressure in front of the boiler burners.
The air necessary for fuel combustion is supplied to the combustion space of the boiler by blow fans (DV). The products of fuel combustion - flue gases - are sucked off by smoke exhausters (DS) and discharged through chimneys into the atmosphere. The combination of channels (air ducts and gas ducts) and various elements of equipment through which air and flue gases pass forms the gas-air path of a thermal power plant (heating plant). The smoke exhausters, a chimney and blast fans included in its composition make up a draft installation. In the fuel combustion zone, the non-combustible (mineral) impurities included in its composition undergo chemical and physical transformations and are partially removed from the boiler in the form of slag, and a significant part of them is carried out by flue gases in the form of fine ash particles. To protect atmospheric air from ash emissions, ash collectors are installed in front of smoke exhausters (to prevent their ash wear).
Slag and trapped ash are usually removed hydraulically to ash dumps.
When burning fuel oil and gas, ash collectors are not installed.
When fuel is burned, chemically bound energy is converted into heat. As a result, combustion products are formed, which in the heating surfaces of the boiler give off heat to water and the steam formed from it.
The set of equipment, its individual elements, pipelines through which water and steam move, form the steam-water path of the station.
In the boiler, the water is heated to saturation temperature, evaporates, and the saturated steam formed from the boiling boiler water is superheated. From the boiler, superheated steam is sent through pipelines to the turbine, where its thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy transmitted to the turbine shaft. The steam exhausted in the turbine enters the condenser, gives off heat to the cooling water and condenses.
At modern thermal power plants and thermal power plants with units with a unit capacity of 200 MW and more, reheating of the steam is used. In this case, the turbine has two parts: a high pressure part and a low pressure part. The steam exhausted in the high-pressure section of the turbine is sent to an intermediate superheater, where heat is additionally supplied to it. Next, the steam returns to the turbine (to the low pressure part) and from it enters the condenser. Intermediate steam superheating increases the efficiency of the turbine plant and increases the reliability of its operation.
Condensate is pumped out of the condenser by a condensate pump and, after passing through low pressure heaters (LPH), enters the deaerator. Here it is heated by steam to its saturation temperature, while oxygen and carbon dioxide are released from it and removed into the atmosphere to prevent equipment corrosion. Deaerated water, called feed water, is pumped through high pressure heaters (HPH) to the boiler.
The condensate in the HDPE and the deaerator, as well as the feed water in the HPH, are heated by steam taken from the turbine. This method of heating means the return (regeneration) of heat to the cycle and is called regenerative heating. Thanks to it, the flow of steam into the condenser is reduced, and, consequently, the amount of heat transferred to the cooling water, which leads to an increase in the efficiency of the steam turbine plant.
The set of elements that provide the condensers with cooling water is called the service water supply system. It includes: a source of water supply (a river, a reservoir, a cooling tower - a cooling tower), a circulation pump, inlet and outlet conduits. In the condenser, about 55% of the heat of the steam entering the turbine is transferred to the cooled water; this part of the heat is not used to generate electricity and is wasted.
These losses are significantly reduced if partially exhausted steam is taken from the turbine and its heat is used for the technological needs of industrial enterprises or for heating water for heating and hot water supply. Thus, the station becomes a combined heat and power plant (CHP), which provides combined generation of electrical and thermal energy. At CHPPs, special turbines with steam extraction are installed - the so-called cogeneration turbines. The condensate of the steam given to the heat consumer is returned to the CHP plant by a return condensate pump.
At the TPP, there are internal losses of steam and condensate due to incomplete tightness of the steam-water path, as well as non-returnable consumption of steam and condensate for the technical needs of the station. They make up approximately 1 - 1.5% of the total steam flow to the turbines.
At CHPPs, there may be external losses of steam and condensate associated with the supply of heat to industrial consumers. On average, they are 35 - 50%. Internal and external losses of steam and condensate are replenished with make-up water pre-treated in the water treatment plant.
Thus, boiler feed water is a mixture of turbine condensate and make-up water.
The electrical facilities of the station include an electric generator, a communication transformer, a main switchgear, a power supply system for the power plant's own mechanisms through an auxiliary transformer.
The control system collects and processes information on the course of the technological process and the state of the equipment, automatic and remote control of mechanisms and regulation of the main processes, automatic protection of equipment.
The modern world requires a huge amount of energy (electrical and thermal), which is produced in power plants of various types.
Man has learned how to extract energy from several sources (hydrocarbon fuel, nuclear resources, falling water, wind, etc.). However, to this day, thermal and nuclear power plants remain the most popular and efficient, which will be discussed.
What is a nuclear power plant?
A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a facility that uses the decay reaction of nuclear fuel to produce energy.
Attempts to use a controlled (that is, controlled, predictable) nuclear reaction to generate electricity were made by Soviet and American scientists at the same time - in the 40s of the last century. In the 1950s, the "peaceful atom" became a reality, and in many countries of the world they began to build nuclear power plants.
The central node of any nuclear power plant is a nuclear installation in which the reaction takes place. During the decay of radioactive substances, a huge amount of heat is released. The released thermal energy is used to heat the coolant (usually water), which, in turn, heats the water of the secondary circuit until it turns into steam. The hot steam turns the turbines, which generates electricity.
Disputes about the expediency of using nuclear energy to generate electricity do not subside in the world. Supporters of nuclear power plants talk about their high productivity, the safety of the latest generation of reactors, and the fact that such power plants do not pollute the environment. Opponents argue that nuclear power plants are potentially extremely dangerous, and their operation and, especially, the disposal of spent fuel are associated with huge costs.
What is TES?
Thermal power plants are the most traditional and widespread type of power plants in the world. Thermal power plants (as this abbreviation stands for) generate electricity by burning hydrocarbon fuels - gas, coal, fuel oil. 
The scheme of operation of a thermal power plant is as follows: when fuel is burned, a large amount of thermal energy is generated, with the help of which water is heated. The water turns into superheated steam, which is fed into the turbogenerator. Rotating, the turbines set in motion the parts of the electric generator, electrical energy is generated.
At some CHPPs, there is no phase of heat transfer to the coolant (water). They use gas turbine plants, in which the turbine is rotated by gases obtained directly from the combustion of fuel.
A significant advantage of TPPs is the availability and relative cheapness of fuel. However, thermal power plants also have disadvantages. First of all, it is a threat to the environment. When fuel is burned, a large amount of harmful substances are released into the atmosphere. To make thermal power plants safer, a number of methods are used, including: fuel enrichment, installation of special filters that trap harmful compounds, the use of flue gas recirculation, etc.
What is a CHP?
The very name of this facility resembles the previous one, and in fact, CHPPs, like thermal power plants, convert the thermal energy of the burned fuel. But in addition to electricity, thermal power plants (as CHP stands for) supply heat to consumers. CHP plants are especially relevant in cold climatic zones, where it is necessary to provide residential buildings and industrial buildings with heat. That is why there are so many thermal power plants in Russia, where central heating and water supply of cities is traditionally used.
According to the principle of operation, CHPPs are classified as condensing power plants, but unlike them, at combined heat and power plants, part of the generated thermal energy is used to produce electricity, and the other part is used to heat the coolant, which is supplied to the consumer. 
CHP plants are more efficient than conventional thermal power plants because they allow the maximum use of the energy received. After all, after the rotation of the electric generator, the steam remains hot, and this energy can be used for heating.
In addition to thermal power plants, there are nuclear thermal power plants, which in the future should play a leading role in the electricity and heat supply of northern cities.
Once, when we were driving into the glorious city of Cheboksary, from the east, my wife noticed two huge towers standing along the highway. "And what is it?" she asked. Since I absolutely did not want to show my ignorance to my wife, I dug a little in my memory and gave out a victorious one: "These are cooling towers, don't you know?". She was a little embarrassed: "What are they for?" "Well, there's something to cool, it seems." "And what?". Then I was embarrassed, because I did not know at all how to get out further.
Maybe this question has remained forever in the memory without an answer, but miracles do happen. A few months after this incident, I was lucky to get here on a tour.
So what is CHP?
According to Wikipedia CHP - short for combined heat and power plant - is a type of thermal power plant that produces not only electricity, but also a source of heat, in the form of steam or hot water.
I will tell about how everything works below, and here you can see a couple of simplified schemes for the operation of the station.
So, everything starts with water. Since water (and steam, as its derivative) is the main heat carrier at the CHP, before it enters the boiler, it must first be prepared. In order to prevent the formation of scale in the boilers, at the first stage, the water must be softened, and at the second, it must be cleaned of all kinds of impurities and inclusions.
All this takes place on the territory of the chemical workshop, in which all these containers and vessels are located.
Water is pumped by huge pumps.
The work of the workshop is controlled from here.
Lots of buttons around...
Sensors…
And also completely obscure elements ...
Water quality is tested in the laboratory. Everything is serious here...
The water obtained here, in the future, we will call "Pure Water".
So, we figured out the water, now we need fuel. Usually it is gas, fuel oil or coal. At Cheboksary CHPP-2, the main type of fuel is gas supplied through the main gas pipeline Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod. At many stations there is a fuel preparation point. Here, natural gas, as well as water, is purified from mechanical impurities, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.
The CHPP is a strategic facility, operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Therefore, here everywhere, and for everything, there is a reserve. Fuel is no exception. In the absence of natural gas, our station can run on fuel oil, which is stored in huge tanks located across the road.
Now we have Clean water and prepared fuel. The next point of our journey is the boiler and turbine shop.
It consists of two departments. The first one contains boilers. No not like this. In the first one there are BOILERS. To write differently, the hand does not rise, each, with a twelve-story building. In total, there are five of them at CHPP-2.
This is the heart of the CHP plant, and here the main action takes place. The gas entering the boiler burns out, releasing a crazy amount of energy. This is where Pure Water comes in. After heating, it turns into steam, more precisely into superheated steam, having an outlet temperature of 560 degrees and a pressure of 140 atmospheres. We will also call it "Pure steam" because it is formed from prepared water.
In addition to steam, we also have exhaust at the exit. At maximum power, all five boilers consume almost 60 cubic meters of natural gas per second! To remove the products of combustion, a non-childish "smoke" pipe is needed. And there is one too.
The pipe can be seen from almost any area of the city, given the height of 250 meters. I suspect that this is the tallest building in Cheboksary.
Nearby is a slightly smaller pipe. Reserve again.
If the CHP plant is coal-fired, additional exhaust treatment is required. But in our case, this is not required, since natural gas is used as fuel.
In the second section of the boiler and turbine shop there are installations that generate electricity.
Four of them are installed in the engine room of the Cheboksary CHPP-2, with a total capacity of 460 MW (megawatts). It is here that superheated steam from the boiler room is supplied. He, under huge pressure, is sent to the turbine blades, forcing the thirty-ton rotor to rotate at a speed of 3000 rpm.
The installation consists of two parts: the turbine itself, and a generator that generates electricity.
And here is what the turbine rotor looks like.
Sensors and gauges are everywhere.
Both turbines and boilers can be stopped instantly in case of an emergency. For this, there are special valves that can shut off the supply of steam or fuel in a fraction of a second.
Interestingly, is there such a thing as an industrial landscape, or an industrial portrait? It has its own beauty.
There is a terrible noise in the room, and in order to hear a neighbor, you have to strain your hearing a lot. Besides, it's very hot. I want to take off my helmet and strip down to my T-shirt, but I can't do that. For safety reasons, short-sleeved clothing is prohibited at the CHP plant, there are too many hot pipes.
Most of the time, the workshop is empty, people appear here once every two hours, during a round. And the operation of the equipment is controlled from the Main Control Board (Group Control Panels for Boilers and Turbines).
This is what the duty station looks like.
There are hundreds of buttons around.
And dozens of sensors.
Some are mechanical and some are electronic.
This is our excursion, and people are working.
In total, after the boiler and turbine shop, at the output we have electricity and steam that has partially cooled down and lost part of its pressure. With electricity, it seems to be easier. At the output from different generators, the voltage can be from 10 to 18 kV (kilovolt). With the help of block transformers, it rises to 110 kV, and then electricity can be transmitted over long distances using power lines (power lines).
It is unprofitable to release the remaining "Clean steam" to the side. Since it is formed from "Pure Water", the production of which is a rather complicated and costly process, it is more expedient to cool it and return it to the boiler. So in a vicious circle. But with its help, and with the help of heat exchangers, you can heat water or produce secondary steam, which can be safely sold to third-party consumers.
In general, it is in this way that you and I receive heat and electricity in our homes, having the usual comfort and coziness.
Oh yes. Why are cooling towers needed anyway?
It turns out everything is very simple. In order to cool the remaining "Pure steam", before a new supply to the boiler, all the same heat exchangers are used. It is cooled with the help of technical water, at CHPP-2 it is taken directly from the Volga. It does not require any special training and can also be reused. After passing through the heat exchanger, process water is heated and goes to the cooling towers. There it flows down in a thin film or falls down in the form of drops and is cooled by the oncoming air flow created by the fans.
And in ejection cooling towers, water is sprayed using special nozzles. In any case, the main cooling occurs due to the evaporation of a small part of the water. The cooled water leaves the cooling towers through a special channel, after which, with the help of a pumping station, it is sent for reuse.
In a word, cooling towers are needed to cool the water that cools the steam that works in the boiler-turbine system.
All work of the CHP is controlled from the Main Control Panel.
There is an attendant here at all times.
All events are logged.
Don't feed me bread, let me take pictures of the buttons and sensors...
On this, almost everything. In conclusion, there are a few photos of the station.
This is an old, no longer working pipe. Most likely it will be taken down soon.
There is a lot of propaganda at the enterprise.
They are proud of their employees here.
And their achievements.
It doesn't seem right...
It remains to add that, as in a joke - "I don't know who these bloggers are, but their guide is the director of the branch in Mari El and Chuvashia of OAO TGC-5, the IES of the holding - Dobrov S.V."
Together with the station director S.D. Stolyarov.
Without exaggeration, they are true professionals in their field.
CHP is a thermal power plant that produces not only electricity, but also gives heat to our homes in winter. On the example of the Krasnoyarsk CHPP, let's see how almost any thermal power plant works.
There are 3 combined heat and power plants in Krasnoyarsk, the total electric power of which is only 1146 MW (for comparison, our Novosibirsk CHPP 5 alone has a capacity of 1200 MW), but it was Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3 that was remarkable for me because the station is new - not even a year has passed , as the first and so far the only power unit was certified by the System Operator and put into commercial operation. Therefore, I managed to take pictures of a beautiful station that was not yet dusty and learned a lot about the CHP plant.
In this post, in addition to technical information about KrasCHP-3, I want to reveal the very principle of operation of almost any combined heat and power plant.
1.
Three chimneys, the height of the highest of them is 275 m, the second highest is 180 m
The abbreviation CHP itself implies that the station produces not only electricity, but also heat (hot water, heating), and heat generation is perhaps even more priority in our country known for harsh winters.
2.
The installed electric capacity of the Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3 is 208 MW, and the installed thermal capacity is 631.5 Gcal/h
In a simplified way, the principle of operation of a CHP can be described as follows:
It all starts with fuel. Coal, gas, peat, oil shale can act as fuel at different power plants. In our case, this is brown coal grade B2 from the Borodino open pit, located 162 km from the station. Coal is brought in by rail. Part of it is stored, the other part goes through conveyors to the power unit, where the coal itself is first crushed to dust and then fed into the combustion chamber - a steam boiler.
A steam boiler is a unit for producing steam with a pressure above atmospheric pressure from feed water continuously supplied to it. This happens due to the heat released during the combustion of fuel. The boiler itself looks quite impressive. At KrasCHPP-3, the height of the boiler is 78 meters (26-storey building), and it weighs more than 7,000 tons.
6.
Steam boiler brand Ep-670, produced in Taganrog. Boiler capacity 670 tons of steam per hour
I borrowed a simplified diagram of a power plant steam boiler from the site energoworld.ru so that you can understand its structure 
1 - combustion chamber (furnace); 2 - horizontal flue; 3 - convective shaft; 4 - furnace screens; 5 - ceiling screens; 6 - downpipes; 7 - drum; 8 - radiation-convective superheater; 9 - convective superheater; 10 - water economizer; 11 - air heater; 12 - blower fan; 13 - lower screen collectors; 14 - slag chest of drawers; 15 - cold crown; 16 - burners. The diagram does not show the ash catcher and smoke exhauster.
7.
View from above
10.
The boiler drum is clearly visible. The drum is a cylindrical horizontal vessel having water and steam volumes, which are separated by a surface called the evaporation mirror.
Due to the high steam capacity, the boiler has developed heating surfaces, both evaporating and superheating. His firebox is prismatic, quadrangular with natural circulation.
A few words about the principle of operation of the boiler:
Feed water enters the drum, passing through the economizer, descends through the downpipes to the lower collectors of the screens from the pipes, through these pipes the water rises and, accordingly, heats up, since the torch burns inside the furnace. Water turns into a steam-water mixture, part of it enters the remote cyclones and the other part goes back to the drum. Both there and there, this mixture is separated into water and steam. The steam goes to the superheaters, and the water repeats its path.
11.
Cooled flue gases (about 130 degrees) exit the furnace into electrostatic precipitators. In electrostatic precipitators, the gases are cleaned from ash, the ash is removed to the ash dump, and the cleaned flue gases go into the atmosphere. The effective degree of flue gas purification is 99.7%.
In the photo are the same electrostatic precipitators.
Passing through the superheaters, the steam is heated to a temperature of 545 degrees and enters the turbine, where the turbine generator rotor rotates under its pressure and, accordingly, electricity is generated. It should be noted that in condensing power plants (GRES) the water circulation system is completely closed. All steam passing through the turbine is cooled and condensed. Once again turned into a liquid state, the water is reused. And in CHP turbines, not all steam enters the condenser. Steam extractions are carried out - industrial (use of hot steam in any production) and heating (hot water supply network). This makes CHP economically more profitable, but it has its drawbacks. The disadvantage of combined heat and power plants is that they must be built close to the end user. The laying of heating mains costs a lot of money.
12.
At the Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3, a once-through process water supply system is used, which makes it possible to abandon the use of cooling towers. That is, water for cooling the condenser and using it in the boiler is taken directly from the Yenisei, but before that it is cleaned and desalted. After use, the water returns through the canal back to the Yenisei, passing through the dissipative outlet system (mixing heated water with cold water in order to reduce thermal pollution of the river)
14.
Turbogenerator
I hope I was able to clearly describe the principle of operation of the CHP. Now a little about KrasTETS-3 itself.
The construction of the station began back in 1981, but, as it happens in Russia, due to the collapse of the USSR and crises, it was not possible to build a thermal power plant on time. From 1992 to 2012, the station worked as a boiler room - it heated water, but it only learned to generate electricity on March 1 last year.
Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3 belongs to the Yenisei TGC-13. The CHPP employs about 560 people. At present, the Krasnoyarsk CHPP-3 provides heat supply to industrial enterprises and the housing and communal sector of the Sovetsky district of Krasnoyarsk - in particular, the Severny, Vzletka, Pokrovsky and Innokentevsky microdistricts.
17.
19.
CPU
20.
There are also 4 hot water boilers at KrasCHPP-3
21.
Peephole in the firebox
23.
And this photo was taken from the roof of the power unit. The large pipe has a height of 180m, the smaller one is the pipe of the starting boiler house.
24.
transformers
25.
As a switchgear at KrasCHP-3, a closed switchgear with SF6 insulation (ZRUE) for 220 kV is used.
26.
inside the building
28.
General view of the switchgear
29.
That's all. Thank you for your attention
What is virtual gambling?
Do-it-yourself ceramic tiles What tiles are made of
How does a thermal power plant work?
Thermal power plants (TPP, IES, CHP)
How to make a ship in a bottle How to make a sailboat in a bottle