The main purpose of adaptive physical culture. Adaptive physical culture: concept and essence

Date: 08.03.2020

nashaucheba.ru.

AFK - Answers to Questions - Theory and Organization of Adaptive Physical Culture

The concept of "adaptive physical culture", the subject, purpose, tasks and place in the rehabilitation and social integration of persons with in a state of health and disabled people.

Adaptive physical culture (AFC) is the form of a general physical culture for persons with disabilities in health. The main goal of AFC is the maximum possible development of a person's viability, having sustainable defiations in health, by ensuring the optimal functioning of the functioning of the natural and available in the presence (remaining during the life) of its body and motor characteristics and spiritual forces, their harmonization for maximum self-realization in as a social and individually significant subject. Maximum development with the help of means and methods of adaptive physical culture of human viability, maintaining the optimal psychophysical state represents every disabled opportunity to realize their creative potency and achieve outstanding results, not only commensurate with the results of healthy people, but also exceeding them. Subject: Principles, Methods and Methodological Takes by Motor Action during AFC classes.

For many people with disabilities, AFC is the only way to "break" a closed space, enter society, acquire new friends, to be able to communicate, full emotions, knowledge of the world, etc. etc. It is here, it is often for the first time in his life, they will know the joy of movement, learn to win and decent to carry defeats, realize the happiness of overcoming themselves and each cell of their body feel the philosophy of "honest game" ...

Purpose of AFK as a type of FC - the maximum possible development of a person's viability, having sustainable deviations in a state of health and (or) disability, for ensuring the optimal functioning of the functioning of the natural and available in the presence (remaining during the life) of its body and motor characteristics and spiritual forces, Their harmonization for the maximum possible self-actualization as a socially and individually significant subject.

The tasks decisled in AFC should be put on the basis of the specific needs of each person; The priority of certain problems is largely due to the component (view) of AFC, educational material, material and technical support of the educational process and other factors.

In the most generalized form, the task in AFC can be divided into two groups.

The first group of tasks follows from the features of engaged in persons with the deviation of health and (or) disabled. These are corrective, compensatory and preventive tasks.

Speaking of corrective tasks, there are in mind disorders (defects) not only of the musculoskeletal system (posture, flatfoot, obesity, etc.), but also sensory systems (vision, hearing), speech, intelligence, emotional-volitional sphere , somatic functional systems, etc.

The second group - educational, educational, wellness and developmental tasks are the most traditional for FC.

In person with deviations in physical or mental health adaptive physical education forms:

conscious attitude towards their forces in comparison with the forces of an average healthy person;

the ability to overcome not only physical, but also psychological barriers that prevent full-fledged life;

compensatory skills, i.e. allows the use of functions of different systems and organs instead of missing or disturbed;

the ability to overcome the physical exertion necessary for full functioning in society;

the need to be healthy, as far as possible, and lead a healthy lifestyle;

awareness of the need for his personal contribution to the life of society;

the desire to improve their personal qualities;

the desire to increase mental and physical performance.

It is its own orientation on chronic patients and disabled people, adaptive physical culture differs from one of the sections (species) of the general physical culture, which is called "health-rehabilitation, or therapeutic physical culture" or "Motor rehabilitation"

Characteristics of the object and subject of pedagogical activityin adaptive physical culture.

The object and the subject of pedagogical activity, including teachers of physical culture, and coach, is a person (A.N. Leontiev, 1975), and the object and subject of the activities of a specialist in the field of AFC - a person (child or adult) with limited physical and mental capabilities. For the establishment of a pedagogical process, identify the principles and didactic lines of educational activities, it is necessary to know the health, physical, mental, personal features of people in this category, since the characteristics of the object of pedagogical effects is the initial condition for any formation process.

The category of these people is extremely diverse: on nosology (lesion of vision, hearing, speech, intelligence, musculoskeletal system, central nervous system, etc., as well as combined forms); by age (from birth to old age), according to the severity and structure of the defect, the time of its occurrence (at birth or during life), for the reasons and nature of the disease, medical prognosis, the presence of concomitant diseases and secondary violations, the state of the preserved functions, Social status and other features.

An AFC specialist who has prepared training on adaptive physical culture, is able to realize his knowledge and skills in various fields of activity: in educational institutions of various types and species with a contingent of persons related to special medical groups; in special educational institutions for children with development defects, psychoneurological dispensaries; in physical education and wellness and rehabilitation centers, sanatoriums, holiday homes, tourist clubs, orphanages on boarding schools, etc.; in state and non-state enterprises, in institutions, organizations; in federations, clubs, team teams, sports and youth schools; A specialist in adaptive physical culture in accordance with the general professional and special training can perform the following types of professional activities with persons who have deviations in health; (including disabled): sports and pedagogical, recreational and leisure, health and rehabilitation, educational, correctional and advisory , Research, scientific and methodological, organizational and managerial. A specialist in adaptive physical culture can be: a trainer-teacher on adaptive physical culture, instructor-methodologist on adaptive physical culture. Thus, the scope of its activity is quite wide. Objects of professional activities of a specialist in adaptive physical culture: educational institutions of any types and species (contingent of persons related to special medical groups); Special educational institutions (auxiliary schools and pre-school institutions, boarding schools for children with development defects, alignment classes, children's home boarding schools, psychoneurological dispensaries, correction classes, etc.); Federation, clubs, team teams, sports children and youth schools and other state, municipal and public organizations for persons with disabilities in health (including disabled); Physical and wellness and rehabilitation centers, medical and prophylactic institutions, sanatoriums, holiday homes, physical education and wellness structures of national parks and recreational lands, tourist clubs, etc.; federal, republican, regional government agencies of physical culture and sports; State and non-state enterprises, institutions and organizations. An adaptive physical culture specialist in accordance with general professional and special training can perform the following types of professional activities with persons who have disabilities in a health state (including disabled): sports and pedagogical (teaching, coaching, methodical), recreational and leisure, health-rehabilitation, Educational and professional, correctional, advisory, research, scientific and methodological, organizational and management. Requirements for professional and personal qualities. Requirements for professional qualities of an AFK specialist educational standards of higher and secondary vocational education on adaptive physical culture and tariff qualification characteristics of physical culture and sports workers approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation of 18.02.2000 No. 20 . These positions are called: AFC Trainer (including Senior) and Methodist Methodist (including Senior). Specialist should know: a specialist should know the main provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation; The main provisions of the legislation on labor and labor protection of the Russian Federation; federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on adaptive physical culture issues; Regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of the Russian Federation on Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism and other federal executive bodies in terms of health issues, the education of persons with disabilities; theory and technique of adaptive physical culture; the foundations of a complex (medical, professional and social) rehabilitation of persons with disabilities; funds and methods of physical culture, ways to organize exercise practices in various violations of the body functions; testimony and contraindications to conduct activities on adaptive physical culture; the specifics of the development of interests and needs engaged; Rules and norms of labor protection, safety, sanitation and fire protection in the process of exercise. age and special pedagogy and psychology, physiology and hygiene, the tendency of the possible development of interpersonal conflict situations, testimony and contraindications to the conduct of physical education and sports holidays, competitions; Principles of systematization of methodological information materials. Functions: The teacher's coach conducts groups and individuals with disabled people and persons who have a spa in Sosta health, all age and nosological groups in the direction of a doctor or institution of the civil service of medical society examination. Uses the means and methods of physical education for conducting educational, educational, recreational and leisure, work lads, sent to Max correction of deviations in the development and health of those involved, to eliminate or possibly more complete compensation for life restrictions in accordance with the individual disabled rehabilitation program. Analyzes the Individual of the Rehabilitation Program and the original data of the physical preparedness of the training and on the basis of this, a group of classes for classes, taking into account the main defect and psychophysical state of those involved, is a plan and select the most effective techniques for conducting classes. Performs phased control of the preparedness and on its basis the correction of this process.

Tasks and content of adaptive physical education.

Adaptive physical culture is a type of general physical culture for persons with disabilities in health. The main goal of AFC is the maximum possible development of a person's viability, having sustainable defiations in health, by ensuring the optimal functioning of the functioning of the natural and available in the presence (remaining during the life) of its body and motor characteristics and spiritual forces, their harmonization for maximum self-realization in as a social and individually significant subject. Maximum development with the help of means and methods of adaptive physical culture of human viability, maintaining the optimal psychophysical state represents every disabled opportunity to realize their creative potency and achieve outstanding results, not only commensurate with the results of healthy people, but also exceeding them.

The main types and most common tasks of AFC:

Adaptive physical education (education). The content of adaptive physical education (education) is aimed at the formation of people with disabilities and people with deviations in the health status of a complex of special knowledge, vital and professionally necessary motor skills and skills; on the development of a wide range of basic physical and special qualities, an increase in the functionality of various organs and human systems; For a more complete implementation of its genetic program and, finally, the formation, preservation and use of the remaining bodily motor quality of the disabled person.

The main task of adaptive physical education is in the formation of a deliberate attitude to its forces, solid confidence in them, readiness for bold and decisive actions, overcoming the subject of physical exercise necessary for the full functioning of the subject of physical exercises, as well as the need for systematic exercise practices and in general in implementing healthy Lifestyle in accordance with the recommendations of Valeology.

Adaptive sport is currently developing mainly within the framework of the largest international paralysis and special Olympic movements.

Adaptive physical recreation. The content of adaptive physical recreation is aimed at activating, maintaining or restoring the physical forces spent by disabled during any type of activity (work, study, sports, etc.), on the prevention of fatigue, entertainment, interesting leisure and improving the improvement of the condition , raising the level of resilience through pleasure or with pleasure.

The greatest effect of adaptive physical recreation, the basic idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is to ensure psychological comfort and interest in the full freedom of the choice of funds, methods and forms of classes, should be expected in the case of its addition to the health technologies of preventive medicine.

The main task of adaptive physical recreation is to enforce the personality of the disabled person of proven historical practice of the worldview views of the epicura, preaching philosophy (principle) of hedonism, in mastering the disabled of the main techniques and methods of recreation.

The main task of adaptive motor rehabilitation is to form adequate mental reactions of persons with disabilities, to a particular disease, orientation of them for the use of natural, ecologically justified funds stimulating the speedy restoration of the body; In training their skills, use the appropriate complexes of physical exercises, methods of hydro-vibration massage and self-massage, hardening and thermal procedures, and other means (SU joke acupuncture, etc.).

Thus, the content and tasks of the main types of adaptive physical culture are very briefly considered. They reveal the potential of the capabilities of the means and methods of adaptive physical culture, each of which having a specific orientation contributes to one way or another not only the maximum possible increase in the viability of the disabled person, but also the comprehensive development of the personality, the acquisition of independence, social, household, mental activity and independence , Improvement in professional activities and generally achieve outstanding results in life.

Hippotherapy as a private method of AFC includes all major aspects of adaptive physical culture:

Hippotherapy as adaptive physical education. The content of adaptive riding (with due organization of the educational process) and adaptive physical education is identical. Also, they certainly have common tasks. In addition, adaptive riding as a particular adaptive physical culture technique has its own highly specialized tasks associated with the characteristics of the educational process.

Hippotherapy as adaptive sport. In world practice, invalid equestrian sport is considered as the highest form of therapeutic riding. This is "a powerful means of social rehabilitation for people with limited physical or intellectual possibilities, an inexhaustible source of joy, pride, satisfaction with their achievements, never previously tested, this is the appearance of faith in the ability to overcome fear, improve their skills, win, move forward"

The relationship between hippoterapeutic techniques allows you to choose the necessary individual program, style and work method for each client. Also, depending on the possibilities, the client can try its forces in different fields of hippotherapy, under the guidance of an experienced specialist, determining (changing) the goals and objectives of using specific techniques.

Tasks and content of adaptive (disabled) sports.

Adaptive sport (sports disabled) is a kind of adaptive physical culture. His goal is to implement the ability of the ability to compare them with the abilities of other people who have similar problems in development. Adaptive sport is focused on the competition, to achieve maximum results. That is, the key is the installation on the record - this is the main difference between adaptive sports from all other types of adaptive physical education. A prerequisite for adaptive sports is the correct classification of athletes in abilities, the desire to maximize the equalization of the chance of victory. Such a distribution is carried out in two directions - medical, where the main criterion is the degree of existing functions of functions, and in the sports and functional, where the specificity of motor activity is taken into account in each specific sport.

Currently, three areas of sports disabled were the greatest distribution: Paralympic, Surdoolmpic and Special Olympic.

The main task of adaptive sports is to form a sports culture of the disabled person, admonish it to the socio-historical experience in this field, the development of mobilization, technological, intellectual and other values \u200b\u200bof physical culture.

Tasks and content of adaptive motor recreation.

"Recreation" (from Lat. Recreo) means restoration, refreshment, entertainment, rest. Adding "Movement" specifies the concept that means that in the recovery process, a motion activity is prevalent using exercise. Adaptive motor recreation means that this is a type of motor activity intended for disabled people and persons with disabilities. And. Ponomarev (1996) characterizes motor recreation as game leisure activities related to obtaining pleasure from the process of physical exercise and aimed at organizing an active recreation. The author believes that the recreation is based on hedonism (from Greek. Hydono- pleasure, pleasure) direction arising in antiquity, approving pleasure as the highest motive and the purpose of human behavior. Hence the hedonistic function of physical recreation - pleasure, pleasure from movement.

According to S.P. Evseeva (1996), "The content of adaptive motor recreation is aimed at intensifying, maintaining or restoring physical and spiritual forces spent by disabled during any type of activity (study work, sports, etc.) on the prevention of fatigue, entertainment, interesting leisure and In general, improvement, improvement of the condition, raising the level of resistance through pleasure or with pleasure "(p. 24).

From this definition, there are a number of important specific problems of adaptive motor recreation, reflecting its essence: a hedonistic function (enjoyment, entertainment, pleasure); Health and recovery (prevention, recovery, restoration of physical forces, switching to another activity); developing (maintaining physical condition); Educational (self-education of spiritual forces, resilience).

Under the influence of engagement, in combination with other areas of life, the disabled is expanding the circle of communication and social activity, interests, motives, value orientation on the role of physical activity, which naturally creates prerequisites for the acquisition of social, mental, household independence, self-actualization and integration in society. Thus, adaptive motor recreation performs the following social functions: communicative, socializing, integrative (Fig. 4a). The release of these functions is conditional in nature, since their manifestation affects the identity of the disabled person at the same time and complex, forming nature, behavior, relations with people, nature, society. In adaptive motor recreation, in contrast to recreational and wellness sports, classes are mainly amateur They can be organized and inorganized, systematic and episodic, partially led and independent. In a wide range, funds used in the same class (running "coward", skiing, sledding, rolling games in the snow) and in the time perspective (seasonal change of motor activity). Classes can be carried out individually and with the whole family, where there is a disabled person, in groups of interest and specially organized sections in enterprises where people with disabilities work, in educational institutions, health camps, medical hospitals, rehabilitation centers, stadiums, clubs, in the place of residence; If there are occupations, special equipment, equipment, with partial provision and the absence of it. Rereactive classes do not suggest participation in official competitions. The radio difference between the motor recreation consists in a psychophysical effect - to obtain pleasure from movement, which is achieved by non-exclusive classes (Vinogradov G.P., Yashin TD, 1996).

Medical and adaptive physical culture

Performed: LPE student F SFU Patyukova E.S.

Scientific leader - Novikov V.A.

Physical culture is an integral part of the culture facing strengthening and maintaining health, produces a healthy lifestyle, retains excellent physical development for a long time. Physical culture basically took the centuries-old experience of preparing a person to life, and is a set of values, knowledge, norms that are used by society for the well-known development of physical, mental and moral qualities of a person. In the process of meaningful motor activity, psychophysical abilities laid into humans are formed.

At the heart, two directions of physical culture can be distinguished: adaptive and wellness or therapeutic physical culture.

Adaptive physical culture (AFC) is a complex of sports and recreation measures, concentrated on rehabilitation and adaptation to the natural social environment of people with limited potential, overcoming psychological barriers that prevent a full-fledged life, as well as awareness of the need for their personal contribution to the public formation of society. Adaptive physical culture is an activity that brings socially and individually important results to create a comprehensive development of a person with disabilities in a state of health, to public life. The main goal of AFC is to improve and harmonize all parties and human properties with deviations (for example: physical, intellectual, emotional-volitional, aesthetic, etc.), rehabilitation and socialization of his personality with the support of physical exercises and medical factors. A graduate who has prepared training on adaptive physical culture has the opportunity to carry out his knowledge and skills in various fields of activity. For example, in educational organizations of various species, with a contingent of persons attributed to special medical groups. Or in special educational institutions for babies with defects in development, in physical education and recreation centers, sanatoriums, holiday homes, tourist clubs, orphanages on boarding schools, etc.; in state and non-state enterprises, in institutions, organizations; in federations, clubs, national teams, sports schools; in the federal, republican, regional state authorities of physical culture and sports.

Since the main goal of adaptive culture is to develop the body with disabilities in painful condition, it is necessary to clearly regulate the methods and ways to achieve the goal. This activity regulates the Federal Law of 04.12.2007 No. 329-FZ (ed. From 03.11.2015) "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation".

This law (Article 31) is clearly distinguished by the activities of special medical institutions and methods of improving the level of development of the body with deviations: "Adaptive physical culture, physical rehabilitation of persons with disabilities and persons with disabilities. Sports disabled. "

It includes several basic provisions important for people with deviations, for example:

physical rehabilitation and, of course, the social adaptation of persons with disabilities and persons with disabilities when using adaptive physical education or adaptive sports techniques should undergo strictly equipped centers (rehabilitation centers, physical cultural and sports clubs for disabled people, physical education organizations);

AFK, this is part of a physical culture that applies a certain set of effective means of physical rehabilitation of persons with disabilities and persons with disabilities;

sports of disabled or as it can still be called adaptive sport, aims to social addiction and physical rehabilitation of persons with disabilities;

the development of persons with disabilities is concentrated on the terms of priority (primary), mass distribution in society and accessibility of sports to everyone in need;

for persons with disabilities undergoing training in relevant educational organizations, classes are building in such a way that to take into account their personal abilities and the health status of the students themselves;

the federal executive body in the field of physical culture and sports or the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the ISU bodies together with public associations help the entry of disabled people and persons with disabilities in the system of physical culture, education and sports through physical education and sports organizations;

all bodies at different levels help, and more precisely organize physical education events, as well as the development of sports events with the participation of persons with disabilities and persons with disabilities, create children and youth sports and adaptive schools.

Educational organizations have the right to create branches, branches, structural units on adaptive sport, which will help persons with disabilities.

Adaptive physical culture is impossible to imagine without medicinal culture. Since, for the complete and all third-party development of a weakened organism, comprehensive methods of treatment and prevention, adaptation of the body to the external environment are necessary.

Health physical culture is a persistent combination of methods of treatment, prevention or medical rehabilitation of persons who are formed on the use of physical exercises, methodically developed and specially selected conditions for their implementation. If they are sent, the nature of the disease, its features, stage and the degree of painful process in organs and systems are taken into account.

In the structure of therapeutic effects of physical exercises, rigidly certain loads are arranged in relation to weakened patients. Allocate joint training session for the improvement and strengthening of the body and special training aimed at eliminating the disturbed functions in the established bodies and systems.

The system of exercises of therapeutic physical culture is directed to an increase in the development of the mobility of the joints, stretching the muscles. It allows you to improve metabolic processes in modified tissues, and organs, as well as raise the level of reimbursement of disturbed functions. The use of therapeutic physical education prevents further progression of the disease, speeds up the recovery time and increases the level of comprehensive therapy of weakened organs.

Therapeutic physical education is one of the main elements of general treatment, which is interpreted as a personally collected system of medical methods or means. In the field of surgical, medication, physiotherapeutic, medical nutrition, etc., generalized treatment affects pathologically modified tissues, certain organs, system of organs, as well as on the body entirely. The most important role in complex treatment is determined for therapeutic physical culture as a certain method of functional therapy.

The physical exercises affect the reaction of a whole organism, to external pathogens, they are drawn into the overall reaction mechanisms that participated in the pathological process. Regarding this, therapeutic physical culture should be determined as a method of pathogenetic therapy.

Therapeutic physical culture provides intentional and active fulfillment by weak people of proper exercise. During the exercises, a weakened person develops the ability to use natural factors in order to harde, improve exercise, and for prevention. This fact allows us to believe that classes of therapeutic physical culture is a medical and pedagogical process.

Therapeutic physical culture applies similar principles for the development of physical exercises as physical culture for an ordinary person without pathologies, such as the principles of full exposure, recreational orientation. It can be said that therapeutic physical culture is an integral part of the physical education system.

However, despite the similarity of two varieties of physical crops, it is not possible not to say about their differences, as each intended for a specific application.

Adaptive development is distinguished by the theory and implementation in practice from improving or therapeutic development. It can be said that it covers certain independent directions. When applying this type of development, all knowledge of those such as general physical culture, for example, or medicine and correctional pedagogy and psychology, are summarized for people with deviations. The adaptive system puts its task not to improve the state of human health with disabilities, how much is the resumption of social functions of the body, as well as a change in the psychological state.

The differences in adaptive physical culture and therapeutic lies in the fact that therapeutic rehabilitation in most cases is directed to the resumption of disturbed organism functions, and not to maximize human self-realization in new conditions, which requires a patient or disabled significantly greater activity and independence. In addition, the funds used in the rehabilitation are directed to the components of traditional medicine: medical equipment, massage, physiotherapy, psychotherapy, pharmacology, and not on natural factors. For example, such as movement, healthy lifestyle, rational food, hardening, etc.

At the same time, adaptive physical culture cannot be reduced only to the treatment and medical rehabilitation. It is not a means of treating or preventing specific diseases, or rather one of the forms that make up the full life of a person in its new state that has formed as a result of injury or illness. Adaptive sport, adaptive motor recreation and other types of adaptive physical culture just put the tasks of limiting abstraction from their diseases and problems in the process of competitive or recreational activities. In particular, it includes communication, entertainment, active leisure and other forms of normal human life.

In contrast to preventive medicine, adaptive physical culture has significantly broader means and methods of the given type of culture, which is the basis for the basis of the socialization of the person, its adaptation to labor activity or retraining or increase self-development, self-expression and self-realization.

The Purpose of AFK as a type of physical culture may be due to the maximum permissible development of a human viability with stable defiations in health. By ensuring the best mode of the functioning of the body and its motor capabilities and spiritual forces, their harmonization for marginal self-realization as a socially and individually significant entity.

List of sources used

Aldoshin A.V. The importance of sports in the formation of public activity from cadets of organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Improving the vocational and physical training of cadets, students of educational organizations and staff of power departments: materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Irkutsk: WSI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2015. P. 22-25.

Makeeva V. S., Barkalov S. N., Gerasimov I.V. Adaptation of cadets, students in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, means and methods of physical recreation // Scientific dialogue. 2016. № 2 (50). P. 383-392.

Eremin R. V. Problems of formation, strengthening and preserving the health of students of young people by means of physical culture, sports and tourism // Science and innovation in the field of education and production: a collection of scientific papers. Eagle: Orlovsky State University, 2015. P. 107-114.

Subsums I. N. Physical culture as an important factor in the formation of the culture of personality // Actual problems of physical culture and sports of cadets, listeners and students: a collection of articles. Eagle: Orays of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. V. Lukyanova, 2016. P. 106-109.

Kuznetsov M. B. To the problem of injuries in physical training classes from cadets of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Actual problems of physical culture and sports of cadets, listeners and students: a collection of articles. Eagle: Oremy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia named after V. V. Lukyanova, 2015. P. 32-34.

Savina A. M., Ryrava K. A. Psychological and pedagogical means of prevention of injuries in physical culture and sports // Psychology and pedagogy in the modern world: challenges and solutions: Materials International Scientific and Practical Conference. M.: Moscow Scientific Center for Psychology and Pedagogy, 2014. P. 110-114.

We offer an interview with a professor at the Department of Adaptive Physical Culture MPGU Mikhail Dmitrievich Ripa. Our conversation is about specialists in adaptive physical culture.

Average salary: 20100 rubles per month

Establishment

Payability

Competition

Input barrier

Perspectives

There are professions that we have a lot of persecution:, or a programmer. And there are no less interesting and important, but not such "promoted". In order to expand the representation of our readers about existing professions, we present an interview with Mikhail Dmitrievich Ripa.

- Mikhail Dmitrievich, what kind of physical education, we know. And what is adaptive physical culture?

Adaptive physical culture, or, abbreviated, adaptive physical culture is physical education for people with disabilities (disabled), also for those who have serious deviations in health, for example, sick heart, poor eyesight, weak rumor - and, Finally, for people who are simply not physically developed. For example, a person sits a lot of a computer since childhood, the chest is compressed from him, therefore it has an insufficient volume, the muscles are weak, the posture is broken. He seems to be healthy, but at the physical education class it can not run a distance along with others. Here I must first let down, so to speak, to the "basic" level.

As for the persons with disabilities, it should be borne here that we are talking about completely different types of pathology. This includes amputants (not having hands or legs), blind and visually impaired, deaf and weakly impaired, people with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy (children's cerebral paralysis), with a violation of intellectual development and so on.

In this case, within one diagnosis, great differences are also possible. Let's say amputants the limb may be absent completely or partially; With some forms of palsy, people do not go, but freely own hands, can play the ball - it means that they can participate in rolling games and in competitions, and with other forms - they are deprived of this capabilities; Mentally retarded, let's say, physically healthy, but they remember very badly, therefore, on the assimilation of running skills, for example, they can get more time than that of blind. In working with children suffering from such a notch, it is very important to know, for example, that theatrical lessons are more effective, and when conducting competitions for such children, you need all of the awards.

A specialist in adaptive physical culture in his work relies on the conclusion of doctors, psychologists, speech therapists, defectologists and other specialists, uses tested techniques - and at the same time applies an individual approach to each involved. But at the same time, it is absolutely important for all it is important to thoroughly develop a small motility of the hands, because it will help people to master the work on the computer, master the letters, sewing, household skills.

"So an AFK specialist is physical culture for people with health defects?"

You know, in the popular literature and in the works in the fantasy genre, the concept of "parallel world" is often found. This is either a subtle world that exists simultaneously with us, but not visible by us, or the world in which we live the same, but our fates add up differently. I have a feeling that the people we are talking about now live as if in such a parallel world, and a moaning person cannot fully feel like a blind one. He can close his eyes and try to imagine how it is; But what is it - it is constantly living in the dark, he is not able to understand. But now he returned from Afghan, he is blind - and he immediately understood everything and felt everything.

And so it seems to me that a specialist in adaptive physical culture is a person who does not have to go through Afghan to understand how "on the bank of the river" lives, this is a man who builds bridges and connects both shores to a single city. After all, often sick and disabled are isolated from the usual life of society, sometimes it is generally existence in four walls. The task of Specialist in AFC is, as in yoga, improving the spiritual state of man and education needs in self-development and in parallel with this increase in its physical abilities.

At the same time, a specialist in adaptive physical culture must be very well educated, especially in its field.

However, those whose work is associated with direct communication with people, teachers, coaches, directors - should be good psychologists. And the profession about which we speak here, given the peculiarities of the contingent, doubly implies in a person not only the presence of inborn qualities of the psychologist, but also the possession of scientific psychological methods, with the help of which it can competently affect the identity of the study. For example, in a group where totally blind or visually impaired, the usual teacher will enter, says and may be introduced. A specialist in adaptive physical culture will suit everyone, will be the first to be, asked, as the name, and greeted the hand. Through this tactile contact, the student will feel better, will take his mentor. In the future, this will simplify their interaction.

An adaptive physical culture specialist should be a good coach, which means a teacher, that is, he must correctly teach his ward. Thus, there is an excellent knowledge of not only techniques of physical culture and sports training, but also didactic principles for the application of these techniques. Incorrectly selected load can harm health and lead to very undesirable consequences. For example, people with disabilities for listening to swimming can, but to jump into the water from the stands down their heads to them cannot be allowed, because water has a strong pressure on the drummers and it can harm the learner.

Specialist in adaptive physical culture is not, but it is clear that its activities are directly related to medicine. If in a big sport, the achievement of the highest result is largely due to developments in the field of sports medicine, the Specialist in AFCs, especially the less, should be perfectly understood in the peculiarities of this or that ailment, it depends on it, which nature of the load should be selected in a particular case and how to dose it . For example, the "core", performing the exercise "pump" (slopes to the side with an alienated pull-up of hands along the body), will make it 6-8 times, and with diseases of the respiratory disease, a larger number of slopes are recommended, and with elongated exhalation and uttering on the exhalation of vowels and consonant sounds.

All the work of the specialist should be aimed at correction, correction, improving the moral and physical condition of the patient, to increase its psychological and physical performance, and therefore should contribute to better adaptation, adaptability to life in real, and not in the "parallel" world.

"Tell me, should the coach regret his ward, give up to him, to go around him?"

Sorry in what sense? In the sense, put the chin with a fist, sighing puzzled, of course, no. And consider the features, try to understand the reason for one or another reaction, of course, yes. The coach needs to have a great patience, be very tactful, he must have a great power of suggestion, sometimes even create a situation of artificial success to cheer up engaged in - and, maybe the most important thing: he must respect his student. I personally regret alcoholics, drug addicts, because they suffer the most terrible ailment - loss of personality. And my students in the sense of the strength of the spirit can be a lot to learn.

By the way, the indicative example of the socialization of the disabled person is Yuri Vereskov. He spoke about his life and wrote a lot. I was personally familiar with him. He moved to the crutch then. Yuri's leg lost in childhood, but did not fall into despondency, but on the contrary, began to intensively engage in physical exercises, and first learned to ride a two-wheeled bike, turn a pedal with one foot. Subsequently, he became a coach and an active paralympic athlete.

Then the concepts of adaptive physical culture did not exist, but there were people who possessed knowledge and desire to help. It was the beginning. And today, the successes of our paralympians in the world prove that their timely coming to adaptive physical education and adaptive sport allowed them not only to significantly strengthen health, develop physical qualities, but also to reveal their sports talents, to achieve high results, and most importantly - convincingly prove to themselves and the rest that a person is always capable of greater.

Many other examples are known when people with disabilities since childhood suffering from cerebrals and other ailments become scientists, teachers, specialists in different fields.

Thus, the possibilities of adaptive physical education are very wide, but provided that the adaptation process is under the guidance and control of qualified and professionally trained professionals.

- And where and how can you get such a profession?

At the institutions of physical culture at the respective faculties, in some pedagogical universities, in medical universities. High school graduates to study with full-time, and with correspondence forms of training for 4 years, and after the end of the medical or sports and pedagogical college - 3 years.

The spectrum of preparation disciplines is very wide. This is due to necessity, as mentioned above, to understand the wide variety of questions: from the methods of therapeutic massage to medical examination; From the subtleties of psychological counseling before the safety of safety in physical education and sports activities.

There are general professional disciplines: theory and technique of physical culture, theory and organization of adaptive physical culture, developmental psychology, basic types of motor activity and methods of training, anatomy, physiology, biomechanics, general pathology. And this is not all. There are also major disciplines for this specialty: private pathology, disease psychology and disability, age psychopathology, physical rehabilitation, massage, special pedagogy, adaptive physical education, private AFC techniques and much more. And, of course, there are cycles of humanitarian, socio-economic, mathematical and natural-scientific disciplines.

- What do you need to pay attention to the applicant when choosing this specialty?

- The profession can choose those girls and guys who are associated with physical culture and sports. I do not mean the mandatory availability of their high sports ranks. I believe that the road to this profession is open to those who love physical culture and believes in it as a lively source of health, education and self-affirmation in our difficult world.

It is necessary to pass the exam in the Russian language well, it is good to know biology and social studies and have a good physical form, since universities can test the physical fitness of future students - for example, running per 1000 and 100 m, jumping from the place, lifting the body from the position of lying, tilt forward From the position of the sediment, pulling up on a high crossbar for boys and on low for girls.

- To be objective, let's talk about the difficulties of this profession ...

Our direction in Russia is relatively young, so the difficulties that need to be overcome on the path of this profession are objectively. In particular, not all the leaders of educational institutions are not aware of the importance and necessity of AFK. I will explain: Sometimes graduates of the university, addressing the employment issues to school, are faced with the fact that the rates for physical education teachers are, sick students are quite a lot, but there are no clearly prescribed provisions about who such an AFC specialist at school.

- Mikhail Dmitrievich, as far as these difficulties are insurmountable and what is more in this profession: pros or minuses?

Since there is an objective need to prepare highly qualified personnel on adaptive and therapeutic physical culture, issues of regulating legal status, employment, financing, I am convinced, will be solved. And today it is already possible with a lot of confidence to argue that the elected course of training of specialists brings fruit. Otherwise, probably cannot be because students, for example, our university, with a specialty AFC, sufficiently successfully undergo serious organizational and pedagogical practice on the basis of leading rehabilitation centers and correctional institutions of different types. There they manage to combine the resulting theoretical knowledge with the development of practical skills and skills of the future profession. The students most distinguished during the practice often get the opportunity to work in the same institutions.

- And where do Specialists in AFK work?

How to get a job? You can contact the health authorities or education, where requests are received on the specialists of this profile, you can get information via the Internet or in those educational institutions that ended. In general, the usual way.

Such specialists are needed in all educational institutions, where students are classified as a special group. They are needed in special educational institutions - this is primarily talking about boarding schools for children with development defects, about orphanage boarding houses, psychoneurological dispensaries, about the classes of correction and correctional kindergartens. There are both children-youth sports schools for people with health, federation, clubs. And besides, a specialist in adaptive physical culture will find a job in physical education and rehabilitation centers, medical and preventive institutions, sanatoriums, recreation homes.

In general, he can work as a teacher, coach, Methodist. Can conduct research work, to be a consultant. And it can also work in the physical culture and sports authorities - federal, republican or regional levels.

Among our graduates there are employees of famous fitness centers, physical education and sports clubs, clinics and hospitals, teachers of lyceums and gymnasiums, LFC instructors, sports managers. Many of them are engaged in private practice, owning the technique of different types of massage.

And in general, the ability to apply yourself to a specialist in adaptive physical culture is large. Why? Because in modern conditions, many weakened and sick people want on a par with healthy peers to play football and basketball, engage in weightlifting and golf, swim, walk in long tourist hiking. About everything about it was not recently not necessary to hear many. But today, people with disabilities are engaged in the development of computer equipment, acquire interesting professions and crafts, wish to be citizens useful to society.

Adaptive physical education (AFC) is aimed at restoring and maintaining health in people with persistent violations of life, as well as their integration into a social environment. Adaptive and general physical culture have significant differences. The first is intended for disabled people or patients with limited abilities, and the second covers all segments of the population. Let's focus in detail on the principles and methods of implementing AFK.

Adaptive physical culture as an integrative science

AFK is a comprehensive concept. It differs from the medical physical culture of a more extensive sphere of interests that affect not only the problems of physical recovery, but also questions of socialization, psychological correction, improving the quality of life of the individual.

This sector of culture requires integration of knowledge on medicine, physical training, pedagogy. Specialist in AFK is mastering the widest range at first view of heterogeneous disciplines:

Theory, methodology of physical education;
Sports medicine;
Motor recreation;
Pediatric;
Special footagogy;
Rehabilitology;
Biomechanic;
Psychology and psychiatry;
Therapy;
Anatomy;
Physiology;

This list is not full. The main problem is the unity of these knowledge. They should not be scattered scientific disciplines. It is important to form them in an indisputable complex that is a decisive list of tasks facing AFK.

Theory of Adaptive Physical Culture

AFC theory is a science that studies the essence of adaptive physical education, its principles, goals, tasks, functions. The sphere of interests of this theory includes funds, methods, ways to implement formulated tasks.

The primary attention is focused on problems, values, interests, needs of persons with health impairment. The theory of AFC develops paths and techniques for their self-realization, engaging in a social life.

The economic aspect does not work out without attention, which provides for the return of patients to work, the possibility of mastering new professions.

The main support concepts of the theory of adaptive physical culture

5 fundamental humanistic concepts of AFK are recognized:

Human life is the main value, regardless of the level of health.
A person personifies the indivisible unity of natural and spiritual.
Each person is a unique identity formed by genetic factors and sociocultural medium.
Man is a free personality, the essence of which is spirituality, compassion, mercy.
An independent personality is able to develop creatively, to learn, to implement themselves in all sorts of directions.

Objectives and objectives of adaptive physical culture

The dominant goal for adaptive physical culture is considered to ensure the optimal level of vital activity of the patient's body with disabilities, as well as its full integration into society.

Common tasks of adaptive physical education are divided into four blocks.

Correctional:

Activation of recovery processes;
Prevention of the development of complications;
Improving the outcomes of the disease or injury;
Reducing the risk of disability;
Return to the patient.

Wellness:

Health promotion;
Hardening;
Formation of conditions for normal development;
Correction of lost functions or defects in the development of the body;
Expansion of compensatory abilities.

Educational:

Providing information on the structure of its own body, the functioning of organs, their systems;
Designation of the concept of physical education as an aspect of the general human culture;
Creating ideas about a healthy lifestyle and specific skills of its implementation;
The formation of a motor base corresponding to the age and individual characteristics of a person.

Educational:

The acquisition of such personal properties as purposefulness, determination, responsibility;
Normalization of mental development;
Activation of higher cerebral functions (memory, intelligence, analytical abilities, attention);
Formation of a holistic personality of the patient.

The main components (species) of adaptive physical culture

AFC includes 4 basic components:

Adaptive formation consists in patient learning the basics of physical preparation, anatomy, physiology. It helps to understand the mechanisms of development of the disease and ways to overcome violations, as well as adequately assess the ability of their body.
Adaptive physical rehabilitation implies the development of special training complexes, helping to recover after illness, injury or psyche disorders.
Adaptive motor recreation includes outdoor activities, dynamic games, sports entertainment. Allows you to combine pleasant with useful: pleasure from exciting leisure with a propulsion training.
Adaptive sport implies competitive activities aimed at high performance. It is of paramount importance for self-realization of persons with disabilities or persons with limited abilities.

Adaptive physical culture functions

All functions that adaptive physical culture bearing have a socio-pedagogical nature. These include:

Preventive - prevention of complications, unwanted disease outcomes;
Correctional compensatory - the most accessible compensation for anatomy-physiological disorders;
Educational - provision of information about its own body, on the state of health;
Educational - ensuring personal growth;
Medical and restorative - health restoration;
Recreational and recreation - ensuring a beneficial holiday;
Hedonistic - getting pleasure from life;
Sportiv - participation in sports contests;
Professionally preparatory - adaptation of a patient to work in a certain profession;
Socio-integrative - the introduction of a socio-cultural environment;
Communicative - establishing full-fledged communication with others.

Principles of adaptive physical culture

The fundamental principles on which adaptive physical culture is based, affect social and methodological aspects.

Social principles:

Humanistic orientation - the creation of equal, but at the same time individual conditions for each patient;
Social integration is the inclusion of an individual into cultural, labor, everyday social life;
Continuity of activity within the framework of physical education - it must continue throughout life;
The priority of microsocium is the primary influence of the family on the formation of a person's personality.

General methodical principles:

Results - training the basics of scientific knowledge within the framework of AFC;
Visuality - involvement in the training and training process of all organs of senses;
Availability - compliance with overload prevention;
Strength - long-term storage of received information;
Consciousness - a conscious desire for the physical development and obtaining the necessary knowledge;
Sequence and systematic - phased training and the introduction of theory into the practical sphere.

Special methodical principles:

Diagnostics - a comprehensive assessment of the existing defect;
The individuality of the approach is to account the peculiarities of the course of the disease in a particular person;
Correctional-developing orientation - involves the desire for the mental and physical development of the patient;
The compensatory orientation is the maximum possible refund of the ability to lose person;
Age specificity - features of AFC approaches depending on the age group;
Adequacy, optimization, impact variability - compliance of the patient's selected methods, their correction with changing conditions.

Useful video - Adaptive physical education with children

Adaptive sport

Adaptive is actively developing in the Russian Federation and foreign countries. It has 3 main directions, which in turn are divided into narrow-dimensional options:

Paralympic competitions are sports contests for disabled. They include sports for patients who have suffered an amputation of limbs having paralysis, violations of vision.
Surdlimpic sport - competitions for people who have lost their rumors.
Special sports competitions are designed for persons with intelligence impairment.

In the event that the patient does not comply with the general requirements for Paralympic Games, they organize special competitions available for such a category of patients.

Methods of implementation

To fully apply the principles of adaptive physical culture, 2 methods are equally important:

Training theory. Includes the development of the patient knowledge of the structure, the functions of the human body, the features of his illness and physical abilities. It is important to choose such a way of reporting information that will be available for a person with certain deviations. For example, if the patient is blind, then the training is carried out on a rumor or involving the tactile method of perception: it is possible to give it to learn the mock of the human skeleton, muscular system. When teaching deaf patients, a survival is used, showing information slides.
The development of practical, applied, aspects of adaptive physical culture. Gradually, the theory passes to practice, helping the patient to master the available physical skills, as well as some types of professional activities. Use standard or author techniques, which, as a rule, have a narrow orientation.

Methods

Teachers and doctors are continuously developing new AFC techniques to help achieve positive results to people with a variety of physical or intellectual restrictions. From the Russian and Soviet authors, Ya. V. Kret, L. V. Shapkov, N. G. Baikin and many others were engaged in the problem of adapted physical culture.

L. N. Rostomashvili examined the prospects for physical education and sports in the adaptation of persons with violation of vision. A. A. Potapchuk proposed the author's method of AFC for (children's cerebral paralysis). S. F. Kurdibalo and A. I. Malyshev developed special physical culture complexes for patients who have undergone limb amputation.

D. F. Mosunov pointed out the important role of hydro-realization in adaptive physical culture. The work of L. V. Shapkova, L. P. Yevseeva, who are discussed in detail all aspects of AFK, the features of their implementation are widely known.

Video - exercise for children with disabilities. First stage

Adapted Physical Culture for Children

In adaptive physical education techniques, children and adolescents who have congenital developmental abnormalities are needed (, underdevelopment of limbs) suffering from cerebrals, muscle dystrophy. The most early beginning of the physical rehabilitation allows to achieve significant results: children are fully socialized, they are physically developing, personally, acquire profession.

For this purpose, specialized organizations engaged in adapted focusing children, as well as special groups in general school and pre-school educational institutions are created.

Note!

Studies confirm that in addition to the normalization of the physical condition of the patient, the psycho-emotional component is also improved. The child learns to adequately perceive restrictions, evaluate its own capabilities, ceases to feel its inferiority, alienation from society.

An adaptive physical education specialist should not only thoroughly understand pedagogy, medicine, but also to be a good psychologist. After all, people with limited abilities are important not only practical assistance, but also moral support. Then they acquire faith in themselves, achieve amazing results.

The increase in the disability of the population in most countries of the world, which is associated with the complication of production processes, an increase in traffic flows, the emergence of military conflicts, deterioration of the environmental situation and other reasons, led to the emergence of new areas of human scientific knowledge, educational and scientific disciplines, new specialties in the system of higher professional education. So, in accordance with the decision of the Interdepartmental Expert Council on the State Educational Standards of the State Educational Committee of Russia dated 13.06.96, it was opened and entered into a classifier of the directions and specialties of higher professional education a new specialty N 022500 - "Physical culture for persons with disabilities in health; (adaptive physical culture ) "(Order No. 1309 dated 07.24.96).

The decision of this issue was preceded by the discovery of physical culture in the St. Petersburg State Academy. PF Lesgafeta of a new specialization - "Physical Culture for Disabled" (1993) and the new Department - "Theory and Methods of Adaptive Physical Culture" (1995).

These circumstances predetermined the purpose of this publication - to allocate the lead discipline constituting the core of the new specialty (022500), and consider its philosophy, content, main tasks, differences from related educational and scientific disciplines.

As can be seen from the name of the specialty, its kernel - "theory and technique of adaptive physical culture", which is based on the general theory and methodology of physical culture, which is relative to the new generic concept. However, in contrast to the base discipline, the object of knowledge and transformation in adaptive physical culture is not healthy, but people, including people with disabilities. It is necessary to emphasize once again that the activities of future experts of adaptive physical culture will be carried out precisely with the category of the population that has lost any functions on a sufficiently long term, and often - forever (for example, persons who have suffered amputation limbs, deleting the affected organ, etc. ).

All this requires significant, and sometimes fundamental transformation (adaptation, correction, or, differently, adaptation) tasks, principles, means, methods, organizational forms of the main sections (or species) of basic discipline in relation to so unusual for physical culture category of the category. Hence the name - "Adaptive Physical Culture".

It is its own orientation on chronic patients and disabled adaptive physical cultures differs from one of the sections (species) of the general physical culture, which is called "health-rehabilitation, or therapeutic physical culture" or "Motor Rehabilitation". This section, as noted by B.V. Evstafiev, who devoted a special monograph to the analysis of basic concepts in the theory of physical culture, as the main goal provides for "... Restoration of temporarily lost functions after the disease, injuries, etc." .

According to the system of worldview views, representatives of health, social welfare, education, but not physical culture should be engaged in the system of worldviews, disabled people and persons with sustainable departures in health.

It was focused on healthy or (as an exception) on temporarily lost certain functions, and as for the most developed in both theoretical and practical aspect of the section of this type of culture - sports, it generally provides for active activities with persons not just Healthy, but also motors gifted. Moreover, to get into the number of the latter it was extremely difficult, since in each form of sports a rather rigid system of selection of promising athletes operated.

In this regard, we will pay attention to such a fact that very clearly confirms the priorities of physical culture in relation to a particular category of the population. Leading domestic theoretical physical culture L.P. Matveyev, even in its health-rehabilitation section, the second subsection (by the way, consisting of only two) calls sports-rehabilitation, which "contributes to the restoration of the functional and adaptive capabilities of the body (reduced as a result of overralling, overwork and other reasons)." That is, here we are talking about the rehabilitation of athletes who have temporarily lost their condition.

If you appeal to curriculum and programs disciplines of the specialty "Physical Culture", which are a kind of model content, skills and skills of graduates of universities of physical culture and faculties of physical education of pedagogical institutions and universities, it will be easy to make sure that almost all disciplines, including disciplines Both medical and biological and psychological-pedagogical cycles contain information only about a healthy person. The exceptions are two disciplines: therapeutic physical culture and sports medicine that are mainly the disease and damage characteristic of sports activities.

It will be appropriate to remember the list of medical contraindications for advertisers of universities of physical culture, which determines significantly higher demands on the state of the health of future students of universities of this profile compared to all other educational institutions. This list, in essence, overlapped the path to universities of physical culture for disabled people and persons with limited physical and mental capabilities, and the content of education, consisting of information, almost only about healthy and engine-gifted people, significantly reduced the motivation of it to obtain those who would like to Defend your life with disabled people.

This allows you to conclude that in Russia the highest vocational education in the field of physical culture was obtained in the overwhelming majority only healthy people, as a rule, former and existing athletes, and it was focused on the work of specialists with healthy and engine-gifted children and adults.

The author of the article is not inclined to believe that similar inattention to the problems of persons with disabilities is fully due to the position of representatives of the sphere of physical culture, although it is obviously that they would have to be the main initiators of the expansion of the sphere of influence in the society of physical culture, justification and evidence of its truly social significance 1. However The point here is much more complicated than it may seem at first glance. An important role in the current situation plays the insufficient development of theoretical, conceptual problems of the physical culture of persons with disabilities. Conducted by A.V. The analysis of the domestic and foreign literature devoted to the problem of health, the definition of its qualitative and quantitative parameters, allowed him to argue that there was an impassable wall between the concepts of "human health" and "person's disabilities" and that these concepts were interpreted as mutually exclusive. In particular, the concept of "health", set forth in the Charter of the World Health Organization as "the state of full physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not only the lack of diseases and physical defects" is actually identified with "absolute health" and, of course, does not allow and Thoughts about the possibility of having health in the disabled person, as it has a one or another defect (physical or mental). Such a statement of the issue, essentially refused to a huge group of people - disabled - in the health and healthy lifestyle, the core of which is the rational motor activity of a person or, more generalizable, physical culture. To make sure it is enough to remember that admission to the physical education classes at school, technical school, university, in a particular sports section and especially to participate in competitions gives a doctor who must state the relevant level of health from those who want to participate in physical education and sports Activities.

Thus, due to a number of objective conditions and subjective factors, disabled people were in the field of medicine, in which the independent direction was relatively recently originated - rehabilitation. In the encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms, it is defined as "a complex of medical, pedagogical and social events aimed at restoring (or compensation) of the disturbed functions of the body, also social functions and disabilities of patients and disabled." As can be seen from the definition, the concept of "rehabilitation" includes functional recovery or compensation of what cannot be restored, adaptation to everyday life and adaptation to the labor process of a patient or disabled person. Accordingly, there are three main types of rehabilitation: medical, social, (domestic) and professional (labor).

It is important to note that medical rehabilitation includes therapeutic measures aimed at restoring the health of the patient, and the mental training of the victim to the necessary adaptation, responding or retraining. At the same time, so far there are differences in understanding the essence of the rehabilitation by those or other physician specialists. So, in neurology, therapy, cardiology under rehabilitation is primarily implied by various procedures (massage, psychotherapy, medical gymnastics, etc.); In traumatology and orthopedics - prosthetics: in physiotherapy - physical treatment; In psychiatry - psycho- and work therapy.

All these provisions, taking into account a particular medical specialties, are quite understandable. However, on the one hand, they narrow the goals, objectives, funds, methods, organizational forms of rehabilitation, orient them depending on the profile of the disease or disability per generally accepted in official medicine and methods and clearly underestimate the role of movement and in general the physical culture of the person participating in this process; And on the other hand, once again confirm that the medical rehabilitation is only on the way out of the framework of the medical and hospital paradigm. In accordance with the latter, by the way, repeatedly criticized, the main goal of medicine is the cure of specific diseases in hospitals, polyclinics, sanatoriums, rehabilitation centers with medicines and medical equipment under the guidance and supervision of medical specialists, and not the maximum possible development of human vitality ( Healthy, patient, disabled), its physical and motion and mental potentials released by nature and available (remaining) in the process of life.

Thus, in contrast to the adaptive physical culture, medical rehabilitation is more aimed at restoring the broken functions of the body, and not to maximize human self-realization in new conditions, which requires a patient or disabled much more activity and independence. In addition, the funds used in rehabilitation are somehow oriented to the components of traditional medicine: medical equipment, massage, physiotherapy, psychotherapy, pharmacology, etc., and not on natural factors - movement, healthy lifestyle, rational food, hardening, etc. .

True, in the last leadership for doctors on therapeutic physical culture (LFC) in the system of medical rehabilitation, it is recognized that the movement is the most important naturally biological stimulant of the body, which has become the first need of a modern person. However, it is immediately emphasized that the LFC is the method of comprehensive treatment that it uses the nosological principle on the most important diseases, an organ-systematic approach in differentiation of private issues and reflects the tasks of specific areas in domestic medicine 2. Moreover, according to the authors of this manual, even Physical culture and sport are an organized form of secondary prevention necessary to preserve the results achieved in the treatment of patients (underlined by me. - S.E.).

The position of the author's allowance is that adaptive physical culture cannot be reduced only to the treatment and medical rehabilitation. It is not only and not even so much as a means of treating or preventing specific diseases, as one of the forms that make up the full life of a person in its new state, forming the injury or illness. Adaptive sport, adaptive motor recreation and other types of adaptive physical culture just put the tasks of maximum distraction from their diseases and problems in the process of competitive or recreational activities, providing for communication, entertainment, active leisure and other forms of normal human life.

To a significant expansion of the sphere of traditional medicine, "inxicated" success in the treatment of previously incurable diseases and salvation of dying and "seeing" only in this, the main task of serving people, such "branches", as valeology and preventive medicine, are directed.

The main goal of valeology is to implement the "direct path" to health, in its preservation, strengthening and "reproduction". Unlike medicine, the main means of valeology are the components of a healthy lifestyle:

1) Consciousness raised since childhood is a reasonable attitude towards his health, the right regime of labor and rest;
2) movement (physical culture and hardening the body);
3) rational nutrition;
4) Prectuctically used drugs (medicines for healthy).

However, emphasizing that in contrast to medicine engaged in patients, Valeology is a science of healthy people, as well as in a state of presets or having risk factors, I.I. Brechman is one of the authors and initiators of its appearance, in essence, as if by inertia, eliminates chronically sick and disabled people from among those for whom it is intended. Although, of course, he, rather, at the current tradition, forgets this category of the population, rather believes that valeology and in general the valeological approach to life they do not need. Nor paradoxically, but here the situation that has developed in the field of physical culture is repeated. Those people for whom both valeology and physical culture are needed by more than anyone, their conceptual schemes are for "board".

As for preventive medicine, it is certainly recognizing her a huge role in the recovery of the population of Russia, especially considering his current state, it is necessary to draw the attention of readers to the fact that it is still medicine:

1) at the main purpose - the prevention of specific diseases;
2) for human resources - medical workers;
3) by means - various drugs, recreational rehabilitation complexes, etc.

If you analyze modern technologies of the Russian Institute of Preventive Medicine - one of the leaders of this area: inhalation of various medicinal and plant drugs, halo-, aerofito, aeroion, phytotherapy; musical, audiovisual therapy; diet and therapy; biosauna; hydromassage; Solarium and others, then there will be quite obvious their ecological-medical orientation.

However, we must pay tribute to the director of this institute - the doctor of medical sciences, Professor P.P. Gorbenko, who, in contrast to many medical workers, in its concept of prevention, pays great attention to the motor activity of patients (work on universal simulators, Tredban, cyergometer, step-simulator, etc.) and in general, the formation of their physical culture in the most modern understanding of this the words. Of course, the motor activity offered in the technologies of the Institute of Preventive Medicine is the implementation of a largely recreational direction of physical culture, the main idea of \u200b\u200bwhich is to activate, maintain or restore physical and spiritual forces, the prevention of fatigue and generally in rehabilitation through pleasure.

Thus, noting the undoubted benefit of modern technologies of preventive medicine for the disabled, we emphasize that adaptive physical culture implies a significantly greater attraction of funds and methods of this type of culture, which is the basis of the basis of the socialization of the personality of a disabled person, its adaptation to labor activity or retractions and in general self-development, self-expression and self-realization.

This is the place of adaptive physical culture among disciplines that actively use the movement in working with various contingents of the population.

As for other disciplines dealing with the problems of persons who have deviations in a state of health, and disabled (Tiflo-, Surdo, oligophrenopedagogic, speech therapy, etc.), they are practically not used in them in them to be practically no other components of physical cultural and sports activities. This is explained by the subject of these disciplines, specific goals, tasks, means and methods.

The same can be said about a number of disciplines that consider individual components of health and a healthy lifestyle. For example, hygiene examines mostly habitat, nutritional is predominantly therapeutic nutrition, etc.

Returning to the problem of training professionals to work with disabled people in the field of physical culture, it is necessary to state that the first steps have already been made here, there is a certain, although there is a small experience, published scientific articles and educational materials.

At the same time, it should be especially noted by the mobilical activities of the defectologists of the former APN of the USSR, Odessa, Slavic and Krasnoyarsk state pedagogical institutions, the Mogyfka and VNIIFKA. Representatives of the last two organizations - A.V. Sakhna and V.S. Dmitriev - prepared for the publication a two-volume collection of materials for lectures on physical culture and sports of persons with disabilities, which is a point in this direction.

The approval of the State Committee for Russia is a new specialty - "Adaptive Physical Culture" will consist of the activities of universities in the training of personnel for this noble case.

Consider the main provisions of the concept of adaptive physical culture.