Ovary.The surface of the ovary is covered with one layer of cubic epithelial cells (Mesovarium),located on a thick connective tissue plate with a high content of the main substance - a protein shell. The ovary consists of a cortical and brainstant. The brainstant is small in volume and formed by a connective tissue rich in elastic fibers, contains a few smooth muscle cells, spiral artery, extensive venous plexus (on the preparation veins with wide lumen), nerve fibers. The connective tissue of the sturge of the cortical substance consists of the heavyness of the spindle-shaped (interstitial) cells and fibers going in different directions. The cortical substance contains the prioritial follicles, growing follicles (primary, secondary, tertiary), ripe follicles (omvertive), yellow bodies, white bodies, atretic follicles.

Ovary.In the cortical substance, Primordial follicles are visible (1), secondary follicles (2), yellow body (3), atretic follicle (4). Coloring hematoxylin and eosin.

Preventive follicle.The cavity (1) of a mature (oververal) follicle is filled with follicular fluid. The follicle cavity is an eggpart (2), inside which is ovocitis (3). Ovyocyte is surrounded by a transparent shell and follicular cells (4). The wall of the mature follicle consists of several layers - a grainy (granular) shell (follicular cells) (4) and two-layer tequas (5). Stromrom (6) of the cortical substance of the ovary is represented by a connecting cloth with interstitial cells. Coloring hematoxylin and eosin.

Yellow bodyit is formed from granular cells and cells of internal text ovulating follicle. The yellow body is represented by the heavy of large vacuated lutein cells (1) adjacent to the sinusoid type capillaries (2). Coloring hematoxylin and eosin.

Oviduct.Three shells are distinguished in the wall of the egg: mucous, muscle and serous (absent in the intrauterine part of the pipe). The mucous membrane surrounds the lumen of the ovage, forming a huge number of branching folds in the gap. The epithelium of the mucous membrane consists of one layer of cylindrical cells, among which the semicondor cells differ. Secretor cells produce mucus. Cells have on the apicial surface of the cilia, performing movements towards the uterus. The proper layer of the mucous membrane is built of loose fibrous unformed connective tissue rich in blood vessels. The muscular shell consists of two layers of smooth muscle cells (internal circular and outdoor longitudinal). The layers are separated from each other with a layer of connective tissue with a significant amount of blood vessels. Serous shell has a standard structure.

Oviduct.In the lumen of the pipe, the branching folds of the mucous membrane are going. Single-layer cylindrical epithelium (1) consists of seating and secretory cells. The own layer of the mucous membrane (2), forming the base of the fold, is represented by a loose fibrous connective tissue. Muscular shell (3) is formed by circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle cells. Coloring hematoxylin and eosin.

Uterus.The wall of the uterus is formed by three shells: mucous (endometrium),muscular (MYOMETRIUM)and serous (perimetrium).The mucous membrane is lined with a single-layer cylindrical epithelium lying on loose fibrous unformed connective tissue of its own layer. Among epithelial cells are distinguished secretory and seating. In its own layer there are uterine glands (crypts) - long, slightly bending, sometimes weakly extended tubular organs, opening into the magnitude of the uterus; Their bottom reaches the muscular shell. The muscular shell consists of three layers of smooth muscle cells (MMC). The direction of the elongated MMC in the layers of the muscular shell is different: longitudinal in the outer and internal, circular - on average. On the middle layer there are many blood vessels. The magnitude of the MMC, their number, the thickness of the muscular shell in general significantly increase during pregnancy. Serous shell has a common structure.

Uterus.The mucous membrane is in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. In its own layer (1), the uterine glands (3) are visible, opening in the enumeration of the organ (4). Muscular shell (3) consists of internal and outer longitudinal and medium circular layers of smooth muscle cells. Coloring hematoxylin and eosin.

Uterine glands.The mucous membrane of the uterus (endometrium) is covered with single-layer cylindrical epithelium (1) containing secretory and eyelashes. In the absurd of the uterus, long tubular weakly sprinkled uterine glands (2) are opened. The glands are immersed in the connecting tissue of its own layer of mucous membrane (3). Coloring hematoxylin and eosin.

Vaginal part of the cervix.The wall of the cervix is \u200b\u200bformed by a dense connective tissue. Among collagen and elastic fibers are longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle cells. The mucous membrane of the cervical cervix consists of a single-layer cylindrical epithelium and its own layer. The epitheliums distinguish ferrous cells producing mucus, and cells having cilia. A numerous branched tubular glands are opened in the canal lumen, located in their own mucous layer. Near the outer throat, single-layer cylindrical epithelium of the mucosa cervical cervical cervix passes into a multi-layer flat, covering the vaginal portion of the cervix and continuing further as part of the mucous membrane of the vagina wall.

Wall of vaginaconsists of 3 shells: mucosa, muscle and adventitious. The mucous membrane distinguishes a multilayer flat epithelium and its own layer. Surface layer epithelial cells contain keratogial granules. In its own layer there are lymphocytes, grainy leukocytes, sometimes lymphatic follicles are found. The muscular shell is formed by internal circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle cells. The adventitious shell is represented by a fibrous connective tissue.

Lactating milk iron

it has a valley structure. End secretory departments of tubular-alveolar glands (alveoli) have a form of rounded or slightly stretched bubbles and are lined with ferrous cubic epithelium located on a basal membrane. The intra-robes are formed by a single-layer cubic epithelium, which in the dairy sinus goes into a multilayer flat. Outside the wall of the alveoli and output ducts surround myopethelial cells. In the junction tissue, the stroma contains blood vessels, fat cells.

Lactating milk iron.Solk glands are separated by connecting partitions (3). End secretory departments (alveoli) (1) are seduced by iron cubic cells (Lactocytes) (2). Picroindigocarmine coloring.

Breast Alveolo.The extended secretory department of the complex branched alveolar gland comprises one layer of high cubic iron cells with rounded cores. Outside, the alveoli is surrounded by myoepithelial cells. Coloring hematoxylin and eosin.

To determine the cause of ectopic or frozen pregnancy, doctors can be directed to analyze histology. With this method, it is possible to know why deviations occur in the body.

Very often, for setting a more accurate diagnosis in gynecology, the doctor sends a patient for analysis on histology. It is in this medical field that such a study helps with the definition of an accurate diagnosis and causes of the appearance of a disease or pathology. There are certain testimony by which the doctor sends to histology, for example, after scraping frozen pregnancy. The most popular reasons for analysis are:

• To identify the presence of an inflammatory process, malignant tumor;
• Interrupted or frozen pregnancy;
• Determination of the nature of the neoplasm: cysts, polypa, papillom;
• After scraping the uterus;
• Determination of the cause of female infertility;
• Study of the pathologies of the cervix and other readings.

Deciphering the result of histology in gynecology

If you have surrendered fabric samples to explore the State Hospital, then you will learn about the results in the doctor's office. In the event of an analysis in a private clinic, the conclusion will be issued to you. But independently you will not be able to decipher the histology, and it does not matter, after frozen pregnancy or for other indications there was a study. On the form you can read your data, which drugs were used to conduct analysis, and the results will be indicated below in Latin. In conclusion, not only detected malignant cells will be indicated, but also all identified tissues. Depending on the testimony for histological examination, different data will be indicated. For example, in the results of histology after measuring pregnancy or after the study of the uterus, due to infertility, the reason for this pathology will be indicated in addition. Only a medical specialist can decipher the conclusion. He will give the necessary recommendations for subsequent treatment.

Histology when measuring pregnancy

Not always the pregnancy ends favorably. There are reasons for the interruption of pregnancy. Measuring pregnancy recently becomes a popular phenomenon. The fruit ceases to develop, but the miscarriage may not occur until certain points. To understand the reason, the analysis of histology after measuring pregnancy. This procedure is done to identify the cause of unpleasant pathology immediately after cleaning the uterine. The fabrics of the dead embryo are investigated, but in some cases specialists can take uterine epithelium or uterine tubes for analysis. The histology of the fetus after frozen pregnancy will be able to show the real cause of pathology, which can be eliminated using medicines.

Histology ovarian cysts

In gynecology there are many diseases that can lead to serious complications, including infertility. The cyst of the ovary in some cases is evident asymptomatic and can be detected either when accidentally examined, or when manifest pronounced symptoms. The removal of cyst can occur by different methods, but the laparoscopy is most often used. After removing the neoplasm, it is sent to histological examination. The results of histology of ovarian cysts are usually ready after 2-3 weeks. They will allow to find out the nature of education, whether it was malignant, as well as the doctor will prescribe the necessary treatment.

Histology of ectopic pregnancy

Ovulation of an egg can occur not only in the uterus, but also in the uterine tube. In this case, the probability of developing the fetus and favorable pregnancy is zero. When discovered ectopic pregnancy, experts hold a special procedure called Laparoscopy. From the uterine tube, it is deleted all the excess and tissue samples for a histological examination. Histology after ectopic pregnancy will be able to determine the cause of the development of pathology. Most often, the results show that in the uterine pipes there was an inflammatory process. But there are other reasons for ectopic pregnancy, which can identify histological examination.

Muffal (Other term - Fallopiev) pipe - These are the three finest tubes with a lining layer of flickering epithelium, coming from the ovaries of females of mammals in the uterus through the royal-tube state. In the nonamoping vertebrates equivalent structures are eggs.

History

Another name of the royal pipes "Fallopiev" is given to them in honor of their discoverer, the Italian Anatoma of the XVI century, Gabriele Fallopio.

Video about the uterine pipes

Structure

In organism women The uterine tube allows an egg to move from the ovary to the uterus. Its various segments (side, medial): a funnel and borough-related frills near the ovary, an ampopod-like area, which represents the main part of the lateral segment, the experiencing, which is a narrower part connecting to the uterus, as well as the interstitial area (also known as intramural), which crosses the muscles of the uterus. The uterine mouth is a place where it converges with the abdominal cavity, while its uterine hole is an entrance to the uterine cavity, the uterine-tube fat.

Histology

In the cross section of the organ, you can see four separate layers: serous, subserosoic, own plate and inner mucosa layer. The serous layer comes from visceral peritoneum. The subserosic layer is formed by loose outer cloth, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, external longitudinal and internal ring layers smooth muscle . This layer is responsible for peristaltic activity Pump tube. Own lamellar layer is a vascular connecting cloth. There are two types of cells in a simple cylindrical epithelium of the uterine tube (ovage). Rishichny cells They prevail everywhere, but they are most numerous in funnels and ampoules. Estrogen increases the production of cilias on these cells. Secretory cells, which contain the top granules and produce tubular liquid . In this fluid contain nutrients For spermatozoa, egg and zygota. Discharge Also contribute to the Cum Cupation by removing glycoproteins and other plasma molecules membranes Spermatozoa. Progesterone increases the number of secretory cells, while estrogen increases their height and secretory activity. The pipe fluid flows against the actions of the cilia, that is, towards the fimbrial end.

Due to the longitudinal variation of histological features, the experienses have a thick muscular sheath and simple mucous membranes folds While the ampoule has complex mucous folds.

Development

Embryos have two pairs of channels to let gunta from organism ; One pair (Muller's ducts) develops into women's foolopiev pipes, uterus and vagina, while another couple (Wolf Doubles) develops into men's podcatt Eggs and seed-winning ducts.

As a rule, only one pair of such channels will develop, and the other regresses and disappears in the womb.

The homologous organ in men is rudimentary egg making.

Function of uterine pipes

The main function of these organs is assistance in fertilization, which occurs as follows. When the oocyte develops in the ovary, it is concluded in the spherical cluster of cells, known as the follicle. Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte completes the phase of MEIOS I for the formation of the first polar body and the secondary oocyte, which stops in Maiza II metafhase. This secondary oocyte is then ovulated. Break The follicle and the walls of the ovary ensures the yield of the secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte is captured by a fringe end and moves to the ampoule of the fallopian tube, where, as a rule, occurs with sperm and occurs. fertilization ; The stage of MEIOS II is immediately completed. The fertilized egg, which now becomes the zygota, moves in the direction of the uterus, which contributes to the activity of the cilia and muscles of the uterus. About five days later, the new embryo falls into the uterus cavity and on the 6th day implanted into the wall of the uterus.

The release of egg cells will not alternate between these two ovaries and, apparently, is chance. In the case of removal of one of the ovaries, the remaining egg produces every month.

Sometimes the embryo is implanted instead of the uterus in Fallopiev pipe, creating an ectopic pregnancy , well-known as "tubular pregnancy".

Clinical meaning

Although the full analysis of the pipe function in patients with infertility is not possible, the testing of the uterine pipes is of great importance, since their obstruction is the main cause of infertility. Hysterosalpingography, laparoscopy With dye or contrasting hysterosalpingosonography demonstrate that pipes are open. Pouring pipes is a standard procedure for testing patency. During operations their condition can be checked for which the dye, for example, methylene blue, can be introduced into the uterine cavity and will be seen how it passes through the pipes when cervix clogged. Since the disease of the pipes is often associated with chlamydial infection, testing for antibodies to Chlamydia has become a profitable type of screening on pathology These organs.

Inflammation

Salpinting is accompanied by inflammation of the disease of the uterine pipes, which can proceed independently or be an integral part of inflammatory diseases pelvic organs. Basching expansion of the uterine tube in its narrow part, due to inflammation, it is known as adenosalpingitis. As inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs and endometriosis He can lead to obstruction of these organs. Neprivability is associated with infertility and ectopic pregnancy.

Fallopyeye tube cancer, which is usually developing in its epithelial lining layer, is historically considered a very rare malignant disease. According to the latest data, it probably is largely the fact that in the past it was classified as cancer ovaries. While this problem may be incorrectly diagnosed as ovarian cancer, it does not matter, since the ovaries and phallopy tubes are treated in the same way.

Surgery

Salpingectomy is an operation to remove the phallopyye tube. If the removal takes place on both sides, it is called bilateral salpingectomy. Operation which combines the removal of the organ with the removal of at least one ovarian, is called salpingo-formation. Operation for the correction of obstruction is called plastic of the fallopian tube.

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Female sex system:
Histological structure and uterine pipe functions, uterus, vagina

The fallopian tubes

The uterine pipes (eggs, foolopiev pipes) are paired organs for which the egg is from going to the uterus.

Development. The uterine pipes are developing from the top of the paramesonephral ducts (muller channels).

Structure. The wall of the egg has three shells: mucous membrane, muscular and serous. The mucous membrane is assembled into large branched longitudinal folds. It is covered with a single-layer prismatic, which consists of two types of cells - recycled and glandssecreted mucus. The own plate of the mucous membrane is presented. The muscular shell consists of an inner circular or spiral layer and outdoor longitudinal. Outside, the eggs are covered with a serous shell.

The distal end of the egg is expanding to the funnel and ends with a fringe (phimnia). At the time of ovulation, the vessels are increasing in volume and the funnel at the same time tightly covers the ovary. The movement of the gender cell in the egg is ensured not only by the movement of the cilia of epithelial cells, lining the cavity of the fallopian tube, but also by peristaltic abbreviations of its muscle shell.

Uterus

Uterus ( uterus.) - Muscle body designed to implement the intrauterine development of the fetus.

Development. The uterus and the vagina develop in the embryo from the distal department of the left and right paramenevonephral ducts at the place of their merger. In this regard, at first, the body of the uterus is characterized by some cougium, but by the 4th month of intrauterine development, the merger ends and the uterus becomes a pear shape.

Structure. The wall of the uterus consists of three shells:

• mucous membrane - endometrial;
• muscular shell - myometrium;
• serous shell - perimetry.

IN endometry distinguish two layers - basal and functional. The structure of the functional (surface) layer depends on the ovarian hormones and undergoes deep adjustment throughout the menstrual cycle. The mucous membrane of the uterus is lined with single-layer prismatic epithelium. As in the uterine pipes, semiconductor and ferrous epithelial cells are isolated. Cells are located mainly around the mouth of the uterine glands. The intrinsic plate of the uterine mucous membrane is formed by a loose fiber junction tissue.

Some connective tissue cells are developing into special decidual cells Large size and rounded shape. Decidual cells contain in its cytoplasm Glycogen's lock and lipoprotein inclusions. The number of decidual cells increases when forming the placenta during pregnancy.

There are numerous mucous membranes uterine glandsextending through the entire endometrium crowd and even penetrating the surface layers of myometrium. Out of the form of uterine glands belong to simple tubular.

The second membrane of the uterus - myometrium - consists of three layers of smooth cells - internal subphony ( stratum Submucosum), medium vascular with the Kosopodol location of myocytes ( stratum Vasculosum), rich vessels, and outdoor supervisory ( stratum Supravasculosum) Also with the orthodoxy arrangement of muscle cells, but cross in relation to the vascular layer. This arrangement of muscle beams has a certain value in the regulation of blood circulation intensity during the menstrual cycle.

Between the bunches of muscle cells, there are interlayers of the connective tissue, replete with elastic fibers. Smooth muscle cells of myometrium about 50 μm long during pregnancy are very hypertrophy, reaching sometimes in a length of 500 microns. They are slightly branched and connected by the process to the network.

Perimetry covers most of the surface of the uterus. Not covered with peritonean only the front and side surfaces of the overall part of the cervix. In the formation of perimetry, the mesothelium, lying on the surface of the organ, and loose fibrous connecting tissue, which make up a layer, adjacent to the muscle membrane of the uterus. However, this interlayer is not in all places. Around the cervix, especially from the sides and in front, there is a large cluster of the adipose tissue, which was called pyrometry. In other parts of the uterus, this part of perimetry is formed by a relatively thin layer of loose fibrous connective tissue.

Cervix ( cervix Uteri.)

The mucous membrane of the cervix is \u200b\u200bcovered, as well as the vagina, a multi-layer flat epithelium. The cervical canal is lined with prismatic epithelium, which secretes the mucus. However, the largest amount of secrets are produced by numerous relatively large branched glands, located in the stroma of the folds of the cervical canal mucosa. The muscular shell of the cervix is \u200b\u200brepresented by a powerful circular layer of smooth muscle cells, which make up the so-called uterine sphincter, with a reduction of the mucus of the cervical glands. With the relaxation of this muscular ring, only a kind of aspiration (suction) arises, contributing to the grip in the umbrella in the vagina.

Features of blood supply and innervation

Vascularization. The blood supply system of the uterus is well developed. Arterys carrying blood to myometrium and endometrial, in the circular layer of myometrium spirals are twisted, which contributes to their automatic compression when cutting the uterus. This feature is particularly important during childbirth, since the possibility of severe uterine bleeding is prevented due to the placenta separation.

Entering endometrials that bring arteries give the beginning of the small arteries of two types, one of them, straight, do not go beyond the boundary layer of endometrial, others, spiralSupplies with blood function layer endometrial.

The lymphatic vessels in endometrial form a deep network, which through the lymphatic vessels of the myometrium is connected to the outer network, located in perimetry.

Innervation. The uterus gets nerve fibers, mostly sympathetic, from the grave plexus. On the surface of the uterus in perimetry, these sympathetic fibers form a well-developed uterine plexus. From this surface plexus, sprigs are departed, supplying the myometrium and penetrating into the endometrium. Near the cervix in the surrounding fiber is a group of large ganglia, in which, in addition to sympathetic nerve cells, there are chromaffine cells. In the thickness of myometrium, ganglionary cells are absent. Recently, data is obtained indicating that the uterus is in practice both sympathetic and some parasympathetic fibers. At the same time, the endometrium discovered a large number of receptor nerve endings of various structures, the irritation of which not only causes shifts in the functional state of the uterus itself, but also reflected on many common features of the body: blood pressure, breathing, the overall metabolism, hormone-forming activities of the pituitary and other Endocrine glands, finally, on the activities of the central nervous system, in particular the hypothalamus.

Vagina ( vagina.)

The wall of the vagina consists of mucous, muscular and advential shells. As part of the mucous membrane, there is a multi-layered flat non-illuminating, in which three layers are distinguished: basal, intermediate and superficial, or functional.

The epithelium of the mucous membrane of the vagina undergoes significant rhythmic (cyclic) changes in the consecutive phases of the menstrual cycle. In the cells of the surface layers of the epithelium (in its functional layer), the grains of keratogial are minimized, but the total energization of the cells is not at normal. The cells of this epithelium layer are rich in glycogen. The decay of glycogen under the influence of microbes that always live in the vagina leads to the formation of lactic acid, so the vaginal muculence has a weakly acidic reaction and has bactericidal properties, which protects the vagina from the development of pathogenic microorganisms in it. The glands in the wall of the vagina are absent. The basal border of the epithelium is uneven, as the proper plate of the mucous membrane shapes the nipples of the wrong shape, walking into the epithelial layer.

The basis of the proper plate of the mucous membrane is loose fibrous connecting fabric with a network of elastic fibers. The own plate is often infiltrated by lymphocytes, sometimes single lymph nodes occur in it. The submucosal base in the vagina is not expressed and the own plate of the mucous membrane directly moves into the interlayer of the connective tissue in the muscular shell, which mainly consists of longitudinally reaching the beams of smooth muscle cells, between the beams of which in the middle part of the muscular shell there are a small number of circularly arranged muscle elements.

The adventitious wrapper of the vagina consists of a loose fibrous unformed connective tissue that connects the vagina with adjacent organs. In this shell there is venous plexus.

Some terms of practical medicine:

• hystero- (Greek. hystera uterus) - an integral part of complex words meaning "related to the uterus"; N.B. - The origin of the term "hysteria" also belongs to the uterus;
• hysteroscopy (hysteroscopia.; hystero- + Greek. skopeo. treat, explore) - method of studying the inner surface of the uterus by examining it with a hysteroscope;
• metrosalpingography (Metro-Greek. metra. Matter + Anat. salpinx, salpingos. Column Pipe + Greek. gRAPHO. write, depict; syn. hysterosalpingography) - radiography of the uterine cavity and uterine pipes after filling them with a contrasting agent through the cervical channel;