How to determine case in phrases. What is declension: how many cases are there in Russian

There are only six cases in Russian:

• Nominative;
• Genitive;
• Dative;
• Accusative;
• Instrumental;
• Prepositional.

Why is it necessary to know how to determine case? Determining the case helps to indicate the correct ending of the word, therefore, avoiding grammatical errors. How to determine the case of a noun, pronoun, adjective or numeral quickly and accurately?

There are special case questions, with their help they determine whether parts of speech belong to a particular case.

Case questions

Nominative: who?, what? (fish, barrel);

Genitive: whom?, what? (fish, barrels);

Dative: to whom?, to what? (fish, barrel);

Accusative: whom?, what? (fish, barrel);

Creative: by whom?, with what? (fish, barrel);

Prepositional: about whom?, about what? (about fish, about a barrel).

To correctly determine the case, you should remember the above questions, two for each case. But there is a little trick: instead of twelve, you can remember only six simple words, which will help not only determine case, but also remember case questions.

Determining case for different words

How to correctly determine case using auxiliary words?

There is a fish (who, what) - nominative;

There is no fish (who, what) - genitive;

I'll give it to the fish (to whom, what) - dative;

I see fish (who, what) - accusative;

Satisfied with the fish (who, what) - instrumental;

I think about fish (about whom, about what) - prepositional.

For example, consider the sentence: “The fish didn’t fit into the barrel.” There are two nouns in this sentence: fish, barrel. We substitute auxiliary words: there is (who, what) fish - nominative case; I see (who, what) a barrel - accusative case.

By substituting the right question for the word, you can determine the case of the pronouns. Examples: she was not given a ticket. To her (to whom, to what) - dative case. I think about him all the time. About him (about whom, about what) - prepositional case.

If difficulties arise, you can replace the pronoun with a suitable noun: I think about my son all the time. About the son (about whom) - prepositional case.

When it is already clear how to determine the case of pronouns and nouns, you can consider numerals and adjectives.

How to determine the case of an adjective and numeral? Adjectives and numerals have the same case as the nouns they refer to.

For example:

A big fish is swimming. Big fish (who, what) - nominative case.

I'm going to my first meeting. The first meeting (of whom, what) - accusative case.

If a noun is omitted in a sentence, then the case can be determined by substituting a word that makes sense:

The most beautiful one is coming. Beautiful (girl) - who, what - nominative case.

After ten, everything will be closed. The tenth (number) - whom, what - genitive case.

If you thoroughly understand the above material, then the question of how to determine the case of a numeral, adjective, pronoun or noun will no longer arise.

In Russian everything six independent cases, and nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns are declined (changed by case). But schoolchildren often have difficulty determining case. Students cannot always correctly put a question to a word, and this leads to mistakes. Particular difficulties arise when a word has the same form in different cases.

There are several techniques that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Please note that the question must be case, and not semantic. For questions where? Where? When? Why? case cannot be determined.

Both candidates(who? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – etc.).

2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining case:

Case	Auxiliary word	Case question
Nominative
Genitive		whom? what?
Dative		to whom? what?
Accusative		whom? what?
Instrumental
Prepositional	speak	about whom? about what?

To distinguish homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

To go on the road(ending -e in both D. p. and P. p.).

Walk on the roads(Why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine gender.

Met a friend(the ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.).

Met a friend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. The magic word is mom.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. As always, he will come to the rescue "Mother". This is the word that can be substituted into a sentence. Framed, look at the ending: mom A – nominative, mom Y – Genitive; mom U – accusative.

Perish yourself, and comrade(ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, and mom(V.p.) help out.

6. Knowledge of characteristic prepositions also helps to determine case.

Case	Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	without, at, from, to, with, from, near
Dative
Accusative	on, for, under, through, in, about,
Instrumental	over, behind, under, with, before, between
Prepositional	in, about, about, on, at

As you can see, there are prepositions that are characteristic of only one case: without– for genitive case (no hitch); by, to – for dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, in front of you).

Let us remember that the case of the adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with the new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – etc.

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Case is a form of formation and function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a connecting link between the individual parts of speech of a sentence. Another definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.

Perfect mastery of the ability to decline different parts of speech according to cases is a distinctive feature of a literate, educated person. Often the school curriculum, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross errors in drawing up the correct sentence structure, causing the members of the sentence to become inconsistent with each other.

An example of an incorrect declension of a word

To understand what we are talking about, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of the word.

• The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right away. Their shiny red skin hid the juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste pleasure.

There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in the Russian language have been safely forgotten, so the word “vkusa” has the wrong declension.

The correct option would be to write the sentence as follows:

• Their shiny red skin hid the juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing pleasure of (what?) taste.

As many cases as there are in the Russian language, there are as many forms of changing the endings of words, which determine the correct use of not only the case form, but also number and gender.

I wonder what percentage of adults not involved in writing, editorial, educational or scientific activities remember how many cases there are in the Russian language?

The disappointing results of the Total Dictation held this year leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy of the majority of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, receiving a well-deserved “A”.

The largest number of errors were identified in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so disastrous. People don’t have any particular problems with spelling words correctly.

And for the correct declension of them in a sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in the Russian language is six.

Brief description of cases

The nominative case most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of a sentence. It is the only one that is always used without preposition.

The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.

The dative case defines a point symbolizing the end of an action.

The accusative case is a designation of the direct object of the action.

The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which the action is performed.

The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, denotes the place of action or indicates an object. Some linguists tend to divide the prepositional case into two types:

• explanatory, answering the questions “about whom?”, “about what?” (characterizing the subject of mental activity, story, narration);
• local, answering the question “where?” (directly the area or hour of the action taking place).

But in modern educational science it is still customary to distinguish six main cases.

There are cases of Russian adjectives and nouns. Declension of words is used for both singular and plural.

Cases of Russian nouns

A noun is a part of speech that denotes the name of objects, acting in a sentence as a subject or object, answering the question “who?” or “what?”

The variety of ways to inflect words makes the multifaceted and rich Russian language difficult for foreigners to understand. The cases of nouns inflect the word, changing its ending.

Case forms of nouns can change endings, answering the questions:

• regarding animate subjects - “whom?”, “to whom?”;
• inanimate objects - “what?”, “what?”.

Cases of nouns with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing endings	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy(), ball()
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)
Dative	To whom? Why?	Boy(s), ball(s)
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball()	On, for, through, about
Instrumental		Boy(s), ball(s)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Indeclinable nouns

There are nouns that are used in any case without declension of endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:

• kangaroos, taxis, subways, flamingos;
• some proper names of foreign origin (Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
• common foreign nouns (madam, missus, mademoiselle);
• Russian and Ukrainian surnames (Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
• complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
• surnames of women denoting male objects (Alice Zhuk, Maria Krol).

Changing adjectives

Adjectives are an independent part of speech, denoting the signs and characteristics of an object, answering the questions “which?”, “which?”, “which?”. In a sentence it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.

Just like a noun, it is declined according to cases by changing the endings. Examples are given in the table.

Cases of adjectives with prepositions

Cases	Questions		Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?	Good	From, without, at, to, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? Why?	Good
Accusative	Whom? What?	Good	On, for, through, about
Instrumental			For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Indeclinable adjectives

Cases of the Russian language are capable of changing all adjectives, if they are not presented in a short form, answering the question “what?” These adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate and are not inflected. For example: He is smart.

Plural cases

Nouns and adjectives can be singular or plural, which also reflects the cases of the Russian language.

The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words depending on the question answered by the case form, with or without the same prepositions.

Plural cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing the endings of nouns	Examples of changing the endings of adjectives	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red	From, without, at, to, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? Why?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red	On, for, through, about
Instrumental		Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red	Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Features of the genitive and accusative cases

For some people, two cases with seemingly identical questions that are answered by the inflected word cause difficulty and some confusion: the genitive case and the question “whom?”, and the accusative case with the question “whom?”.

For ease of understanding, you should remember that in the genitive case the inflected word answers the following questions:

• there was no “who?” at the party. (Paul), “what?” (champagne);
• there was no “who?” in the store. (seller), “what?” (of bread);
• there was no “who?” in the prison cell. (prisoner), “what?” (beds).

That is, the case indicates the ownership of the object, placing emphasis on the event itself, and not on the object.

In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound like this:

• "Who?" was brought to the party. (Paul), “what?” (champagne);
• “Who?” was not brought to the store. (seller) “what?” (bread);
• They didn’t find “who?” in the prison cell. (prisoner) “what?” (bed).

The case indicates directly the object around which the action is performed.

The ability to correctly inflect various parts of speech by case, number, gender is a distinctive feature of an intelligent, literate person who highly values ​​the Russian language and its basic rules. The desire to learn, repeat and improve knowledge is a distinctive feature of a highly intelligent person capable of self-organization.

1. Most often, case questions are used to determine cases. However, it is not always possible to correctly determine case by questions, since the questions are the same, for example, for I. and V. inanimate nouns (what?) and R.

And V. for the animate (who?). In addition, sometimes a case question cannot be asked without violating the laws of elementary logic. For example: He returned in a good mood; Plaid dress; I sat on the presidium.

2. Case can be determined by the form of the word, i.e. by case endings. However, this is possible in cases where the case has only its inherent inflection. For example: book - this inflection in units. including only the I. case of this type of declension; nouns of this type of declension in the T. case also have the ending -oi. "According to the forms D., T. and P. cases in the plural (-am, -ami, -ah - books, houses, mice, etc. ) you can accurately determine the case, since they are the same for nouns of all declensions.

In all other cases, it is impossible to determine the case only by the form of the ending, since this is prevented by the homonymy of inflections, for example: mysh-w (form R.; D., P. * cases of singular number and I.

plural case number of nouns of the 3rd declension); proletarians (the same ending has the forms P/case singular, numbers and I. case plural* numbers nouns of the 2nd declension), etc.

3/ Prepositions can take part in the expression of case meanings. Based on their ability to combine with case forms, prepositions can be divided into three groups:

If the preposition is always used with the form of only one case, you can easily determine the case of the noun. For example: sit at the table (only with the R. case), study according to the schedule (in standardized speech only with the D. case), etc."

4. Case can be determined by the combination of preposition and ending. For example: put in the table (zero inflection can be in I. and V. cases, but with I. forms.

Case prepositions are not used, therefore, the accusative case).

5. Case can be determined by the syntactic function of the case form. For example, in the sentence The pencil is lying on the table, the highlighted noun is the subject; therefore, this is the I. case, and in the sentence I took the pencil from the table, this noun depends on the verb, is a direct object; therefore, it is the V. case.

6. Case can be determined by the form of the word dependent on the noun. For example: front door (feminine adjectives have this ending only in the I. case singular*number). Wed; open the front door (adjectives of feminine "gender only in V." case singular." of number) have this ending."

7: Case is determined by the general meaning of a sentence or speech situation. For example: The sun was covered by a cloud. The highlighted noun is in the I. case, since the sun cannot cover the cloud." In this case, the word order sometimes plays a role." For example: Answer of Austria to France1 - the first highlighted word is in the R. case, the second in the D. case "

8. Case can be determined by substitution. This method is that if the forms of any cases coincide in one type of declension, then a noun of another type of declension should be substituted in this sentence, or this noun in the form of a different number, where

these forms differ."For example: I was driving along the road (form of D. and P. cases) - instead of the word road, you can substitute a noun of the 2nd type of declension (through the city) or this noun in the plural form (on the roads; ending - am occurs only in the D." plural case).

NOUN DECLINATION

The noun has a system of interconnected and correlative case forms. "The totality of case forms of inflection is called the case paradigm, which includes the forms of six singular and plural cases, for example: people, -a, -u, -th, -om, -e; peoples, -ov, -am, -y, -ami, -ah The paradigm can be represented by one form (for indeclinable nouns): coffee, cinema, subway.

Changing nouns by case and number is called declension. Such a change does not change the lexical meaning of the word.

On this page you can view the declension of the word “auxiliary” by case in both singular and plural. Auxiliary word consisting of 15 letters. Word Declension Table "auxiliary" by case is given below. Through search you can find other words you need.

Plural

Singular

It is important to know about word declension

Difficulties in the formation of numeral forms and their use in speech are mainly associated with their change in cases and combination with nouns.

The majority of numerals are declined according to the third declension.

The numeral thousand changes like a first declension noun.

The numerals forty and one hundred have only one form in the indirect cases - forty, hundred...

When declension of compound ordinal numbers changes only their last part Collective numerals (two, three, etc.) can only be used with masculine nouns, nouns denoting baby animals, or those that only have a plural form.

Combinations of compound numerals ending in two, three, four with nouns that do not have a singular form are unacceptable. Only combinations like twenty-one days, twenty-five days are possible.

The numeral pronoun both has two gender forms: both are masculine and neuter, both are feminine. The same applies to the numeral one and a half.

Adjectives are a part of speech that denotes the attribute of an object and answers the questions which?, which?, which?, which? The adjective has the same case form, number and gender as the noun on which it depends.

In the singular, adjectives change according to gender and case. The gender of plural adjectives is not determined.

The gender of plural adjectives cannot be determined.

Changing nouns by case is characterized by changing their endings, which are called case forms. In total, there are six cases in the Russian language, each of which has its own auxiliary question.

The nominative case form is called direct (or initial), all others - indirect.

Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in the Russian language. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by the question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be found out by auxiliary questions answered by the circumstances.

Video lesson on the Russian language "Declination of nouns"