Fillers with calcium hydroxyapatite will help improve the appearance. Calcium hydroxyapatite in toothpaste Hydroxyapatite crystals

/ mineral Hydroxylapatite

Hydroxylapatite - a mineral, calcium phosphate from the apatite group of the apatite supergroup. Hydroxyl analogue of fluorapatite and chlorapatite, phosphate analogue of jonbaumite. Hexagonal polymorph of clinohydroxylapatite.
Soluble in HCl and HNO3.
Hydroxylapatite as a biomineral
Up to 50% by weight of bones is composed of a specific form of hydroxyapatite (known as bone). Hydroxyapatite is the main mineral component of tooth enamel and dentine (non-stoichiometric hydroxylapatite with crystals in the form of plates 40x20x5 nm in size and the "c" axis of the crystal structure lying in the plane of the crystal). Hydroxylapatite crystals are found in small calcifications of living organisms (in the pineal gland and other organs). Also included in pathogenic biominerals (dental, salivary, kidney stones, etc.).
The creation of biomaterials based on hydroxylapatite for replacing damaged bone tissue, etc. It is often used as a filler in place of amputated bone, or as a coating to promote bone ingrowth into prosthetic implants (the body reacts very differently to many other phases, albeit with the same or even identical chemical composition). It has been shown that not only the chemical composition, but also the morphology of synthetic crystals of hydroxylapatite is an important characteristic that determines the response of an organism to foreign material (Puleo D.A., Nanci A., 1999).

tell about an error in the description

Mineral properties

Colour	white, green, blue-green, blue, purple, rarely red
Line color	white
origin of name	Named as the hydroxyl end member of the apatite group, and from the Greek apatao - misleading
IMA status	valid, first described before 1959 (before IMA)
Chemical formula	Ca5 (PO4) 3 (OH)
Shine	glass fatty
Transparency	transparent translucent
Cleavage	very imperfect by (0001) very imperfect by (1010)
Break	conchoidal uneven
Hardness	5
Thermal properties	Under p. Tr. hard to melt around the edges
Strunz (8th Edition)	7 / B.39-30
Hey "s CIM Ref.	19.4.2
Dana (8th Edition)	41.8.1.3
Molecular weight	502.31
Cell parameters	a \u003d 9.41Å, c \u003d 6.88Å
Attitude	a: c \u003d 1: 0.731
Formula units (Z)	2
Unit cell volume	V 527.59 ų
Twinning	Rarely twins accretion by (1121)
Point group	6 / m - Dipyramidal
Space group	P63 / m
Density (calculated)	3.16
Density (measured)	3.14 - 3.21
Refractive indices	nω \u003d 1.651 nε \u003d 1.644
Maximum birefringence	δ \u003d 0.007
A type	uniaxial (-)
Optical relief	moderate
Selection form	in the form of prismatic crystals and needles, less often short-columnar or tabular crystals are noted. Main simple forms: (1010), (1120), (0001), (10l2), (1011), (1121), (2021), (3142), etc.
Classes on taxonomy of the USSR	Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates

Article for the competition "bio / mol / text": Diseases associated with an increased rate of bone degradation in older people are increasingly felt by the population. This is largely due to the increase in life expectancy in general and the aging of the so-called “golden billion”. New calcium phosphate-based materials suitable for implantation in osteoporotic patients may partially solve this problem.

Modern science sets one of its main goals to extend the duration of human life. New methods of treating diseases are being developed, the life of the elderly is made easier, many diseases that were previously considered incurable are almost completely defeated by humanity. However, some age-related changes are genetically inherent in the body, and it is almost impossible to fight them with conventional methods.

Diseases of the bone tissue occupy one of the first lines in the ranking of the most common problems in older people. The loss of bone mass increases with age. Women especially suffer from this - because of the more active leaching of calcium cations from the body, which serves as the basis of our skeleton. Bone loss can be as high as 40% in women over 70!

This disease is called osteoporosis ... The bones affected by it become fragile, with difficulty coping with the load imposed on them. In the event of a fracture, such a bone will heal much longer than a healthy one. As mentioned above, the main reason for such changes is the gradual leaching of calcium from the body. Throughout life, we have two balanced processes in our body: continuous formation of new bone tissue and resorption (dissolution) of old. By old age, the balance shifts towards resorption, and the new tissue simply does not have time to replace the dissolved tissue. And the excess of calcium cations, which is the main product of this process, is excreted from the body naturally.

What is human bone? Figure 1 schematically shows the structure of the human bone. The base consists of a composite (a material composed of other materials and having properties different from those of the "parents"), which is crystals of non-stoichiometric hydroxylapatite with the chemical formula:

Ca 10 − x − y / 2 (HPO 4) x (CO 3) y (PO 4) 6 − x − y (OH) 2 − x,

Thus, a complete replacement of bone with artificial material is undesirable. The most preferred way to regenerate bone tissue today is replacing the damaged part of the tissue with a bioactive prosthesis that will grow together with the surrounding tissues, then accelerate natural regeneration and gradually dissolve without a trace, leaving new tissue on the bone defect.

Figure 2. Individual prosthesis of a fragment of the lower jaw for a patient with sarcoma of the lower jaw. The prosthesis is made of polymer and hydroxyapatite.

Traditionally in orthopedics for these purposes is used hydroxylapatite ... Stoichiometrically, hydroxylapatite (hereinafter, for brevity, we will call it HAP) is the closest in composition to the mineral component of bone (in comparison with other calcium phosphates). Its formula:

What is hydroxylapatite?

For a long time, it was believed that hydroxylapatite Ca 10 (PO 4) 6 (OH) 2 is an ideal material in terms of biocompatibility for restoring damaged bones and teeth. The first documented attempt to use HAP as a bone replacement material dates back to the 1920s. However, the successful application of HAP for these purposes was accomplished only after 60 years. Hydroxylapatite is perfectly compatible with muscle tissue and skin; after implantation, it can directly grow together with bone tissue in the body. The high biocompatibility of hydroxylapatite is explained by the crystal-chemical similarity of the artificial material to the bone "mineral" of vertebrates.

The name of the mineral comes from the Greek "apatao" - I'm deceiving, because beautifully colored natural varieties of apatite are often confused with beryl and tourmaline. Despite a very wide range of colors of natural apatites caused by various impurities, low hardness (it is the standard value of 5 on the 10-point Mohs scale) does not allow considering it as a semi-precious ornamental stone.

It is known that the bone mineral contains a noticeable amount (~ 8% by weight) of carbonate ions; there is also a natural mineral of similar composition - dallite. It is believed that carbonate ions can occupy two different positions in the HAP structure, replacing hydroxyl and / or phosphate ions with the formation of A- and B-type carbonate hydroxylapatite (CHAP), respectively. Apatite of biological origin belongs to type B. The replacement of phosphate ions with carbonate ions leads to a decrease in the size of crystals and the degree of crystallinity of HAP, and this greatly complicates the study of natural biominerals. An increase in the proportion of carbonate ions in the composition of hydroxylapatite causes regular changes in the equilibrium crystal form. Needle crystals "flatten" to form plates that are very similar to the crystallites of apatite existing in the body. Thus, by introducing a small fraction of carbonate ions into the synthesized mineral, it is possible to obtain a material similar to the biogenic one both in chemical composition and geometrically.

An important characteristic of HAP is the stoichiometry of its composition, which is usually expressed as the Ca / P ratio. The variable composition is due to the fact that during the synthesis of HAP from solution it is impossible to protect against the H 3 O + and HPO 4 2 - ions, which can replace the Ca 2+ and PO 4 3 - ions, respectively, in the crystal structure of hydroxylapatite.

How is hydroxylapatite used?

There are various methods for the synthesis of hydroxylapatite. They can be conditionally divided into high and low temperature. High-temperature methods are not of great interest to us, since the materials obtained in this way are practically not bioactive. Low temperature methods can be divided into two large groups: hydrolysis (including the so-called hydrothermal synthesis methods) and precipitation from solution... The combined method of the so-called sol-gel synthesis... In it, the dry residue of the gel undergoes decomposition at a relatively low temperature of 400–700 ° C (in comparison with high-temperature synthesis). The materials obtained in this way are hard, porous ceramics, similar in chemical composition and physical properties to a bone mineral.

How does the body react to calcium phosphate ceramics?

Bioactivity - a complex characteristic of materials compatible with the body, taking into account, in addition to the effect on the biological processes of cell growth and differentiation, also:

• the rate of dissolution of the material in environments created by certain groups of cells (bioresorbability);
• the rate of deposition of the material from the interstitial fluid onto the surface of the material.

Among the requirements for bioactive materials used in medical practice to restore the integrity of bone tissue, in the first place are the relatively high dissolution rate (about tens of microns per year) - the so-called bioresorbability... The surface plays an active role in the biochemical reactions occurring at the bone / implant interface with the participation of cells specific for the osteosynthesis process. Speaking about the rate of resorption of the material in the interstitial fluid, it is customary to compare new materials with those already used in medicine - ceramics based on hydroxylapatite or β-tricalcium phosphate. Large-crystalline HAP-based ceramics are slowly resorbed, so that inclusions of artificial material can be found in the bone even after many years. The ceramics obtained using β-Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 dissolves so quickly that the growing bone does not have time to fill the resulting cavities. The dissolution rate of a material depends on many factors: surface area, structure, composition, material defectiveness. These characteristics determine the body's response to a foreign implant. Bioactive materials are characterized by rapid fusion with bone tissue through the formation of an intermediate HAP layer, which is formed in two possible ways:

1. Dissolution of calcium phosphate - precipitation of hydroxylapatite.
2. Deposition of HAP from a supersaturated solution in tissue fluid.

An important procedure for assessing bioactivity involves testing in vivo... It is expensive, time consuming and also risky. However, there is an active development of methods that allow, at an early stage of preclinical trials, to rank materials according to the degree of bioactivity in the course of relatively simple experiments. in vitromodeling the processes in the human body - dissolution of the material and the deposition of HAP on the surface of the material from solutions similar to body fluids.

The study of the bioactivity of materials is carried out using a solution that mimics the ionic composition of human interstitial fluid. Compact samples of the test material are placed in a solution for several days at 37 ° C. The deposition of carbonate hydroxylapatite from the model solution onto the surface of the material is controlled by X-ray phase analysis, IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.

There is a need to regulate the bioresorbability of synthetic materials, depending on their purpose. This possibility exists due to the difference in the properties of materials with different compositions. To make the sample more resorbable, it is necessary to increase the proportion of carbonate and silicate ions in the crystal lattice of the material.

Figure 3. Openwork layer of partially resorbed ceramic. A picture from a scanning electron microscope. Shown here is a fragment of material dissolved in a model solution. in vitro. On right you can see what the material was like before the start of resorption.

The best bioactivity in such studies is shown by a silicon-containing material. Silanol (-SiOH) groups are formed on its surface, actively participating in the mineralization of the outer layer of the implant. Such a material intensively exchanges ions with a solution: silanol groups firmly bind calcium ions, contributing to the formation of a layer of amorphous calcium phosphate on the surface, the stratification and crystallization of which leads to the formation of an openwork layer consisting of HAP particles ~ 10 nm in size (Fig. 3). Differences in the thickness of such a layer can serve as a measure of the bioactivity of the material: the thicker it is, the easier the bone will integrate this material into its structure.

Another of the most important properties of modern implantation materials is osteoinduction - the ability to maintain the vital functions of osteoblasts and stimulate ectopic (outside the bone) bone formation de novo... This is the most important property for artificial implants. The fact is that for the initiation of bone formation around the implant, a microenvironment with particles of living bone is necessary. The newly formed bone gradually grows together with the surrounding implanted particles, "jumping" from one to another.

It is believed that the most active from the point of view of osteosynthesis is the amorphous modification of hydroxylapatite. However, a sufficiently crystalline HAP with crystallite sizes approaching the size of a crystal in bone tissue (20–40 nm 3) can show results that are an order of magnitude higher than the amorphous cements used at present.

Bioinert materials have no effect on the osteosynthesis process. On the surface of the implants made from them, fibrous tissue forms, which prevents the formation of the implant-bone connection. There is a significant likelihood of rejection of such materials by the body, often accompanied by inflammatory processes. Nevertheless, it is still impossible to completely abandon these materials, since they are cheap and easy to process. The main problems that are solved when designing implants made of bioinert materials are the approximation of the elastic characteristics of the implant to the characteristics of the bone, as well as a decrease in the rate of corrosion processes.

Unlike bioinert synthetic materials based on polymers and metals, ceramics based on calcium phosphates are biocompatible and bioactive, which means they are the most promising material for bone implants. Its main disadvantage is fragility. So far, the best way out is the use of composites of metals or polymers coated with calcium phosphate ceramics (Fig. 4). They provide good integration of the material into the bone tissue, preventing the formation of fibrous tissue around the bioinert metal. Over time, the prosthesis will very firmly grow together with the surrounding bone, which will replace the HAP layer. The failure rate of such prostheses is significantly lower than that of metal and plastic counterparts.

Figure 4. Bioactive ceramic coating on a hip prosthesis. and - The porous structure of the ceramic coating. b - X-ray of the prosthesis implanted in place of the hip joint. The prosthesis itself is made of titanium and polymers.

How to give GAP new properties?

Not all properties required for prosthetics are inherent in hydroxylapatite by nature. However, some therapeutic effects can be added to the materials by complicating the composition of the composite with additional substances. However, this is not very convenient, since it will complicate clinical trials, and it is much more difficult to develop such material. But it is possible to achieve progress and obtain unique properties by slightly modifying the composition and introducing impurities of other cations and anions into the hydroxylapatite lattice. By changing the composition of ceramics, one can vary its strength, size and shape of crystallites, dissolution rate, and many other parameters.

Calcium phosphate ceramics can be modified by introducing many components. The possibilities for choosing such a modifier (alloying component) are quite wide: depending on the size of the replaced ion, the composition can be changed both by fractions and tens of percent. For example, low concentrations of silicon ions activate bone tissue regeneration, acting as an antigen for the corresponding cells.

For example, the biological properties of lanthanide cations are interesting. The use of lanthanide ions in oral preparations is limited by their low ability to pass through the walls of the stomach and intestines. To improve the availability of lanthanide cations, lipophilic shells of the complexes can be used. Substances that can penetrate cell membranes are called ionophores... (You can read more about them in the article "Unknown peptides:" shadow "system of bioregulation" .) Such a shell will allow them to penetrate the cell membrane. This method of ion delivery to osteoblasts may become a fundamentally new approach to the treatment of a number of bone diseases.

Due to their high affinity for phosphates, lanthanides are firmly bound in the structure of the minerals that make up the basis of bone tissue, without disrupting their structure. Lanthanides are even able to replace calcium in bones, while simultaneously inhibiting the development of cells responsible for the rupture and resorption of bone tissue. This ability to "mimic" the functions of calcium ions allows lanthanides to be considered as a component in the therapy of bone diseases.

Partial exchange of calcium cations for lanthanide cations opens up broad prospects for a number of different materials based on calcium phosphates. With the help of lanthanides, one can influence the physical properties of the resulting ceramics, regulate the rate of resorption, and even use this material as a drug for the treatment of osteoporosis.

In practice, HAP is used in the form of cement or porous inlays to fill cracks, cavities and other defects in orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery. In the form of a film, it is applied to prostheses made of other materials (most often metal or polymer) to reduce the risk of rejection and better fixation due to the formation of new tissues around the prosthesis. As a rule, these are hip joint prostheses and various dental prostheses.

Of course, artificially synthesized hydroxylapatite is far from ideal, and so far it cannot be used as a material for implantation in the creation of full-fledged prostheses of large bones or joints. But the use of its remarkable properties, such as a relatively simple regulation of the composition and morphology of crystallites, bioactivity and the ability to accelerate natural regeneration, allows us to make preparations on its basis for correcting and preventing bone defects right now. And this means that in the foreseeable future we will be able to significantly simplify the treatment of osteoporosis, accelerate the healing of fractures, and, possibly, even return lost limbs with the help of artificial bones.

Literature

1. Larry L. Hench. (2005). Bioceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 81 , 1705-1728;
2. Veresov A.G., Putlyaev V.I., Tretyakov Yu.D. (2000). Advances in ceramic materials. “Ros. Chem. Journal. " 6 , 32–46;
3. Larry L. Hench. (2006). The story of Bioglass®. J Mater Sci: Mater Med. 17 , 967-978;
4. Dorozhkin S.V. and Agatopoulos S. (2002). Biomaterials: Market Overview. "Chemistry and Life". 2 , 8;
5. E. D. Eanes, A. W. Hailer. (1998). The Effect of Fluoride on the Size and Morphology of Apatite Crystals Grown from Physiologic Solutions. Calcif Tissue Int. 63 , 250-257;
6. Qinghong Hu, Zhou Tan, Yukan Liu, Jinhui Tao, Yurong Cai, et. al .. (2007). Effect of crystallinity of calcium phosphate nanoparticles on adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J. Mater. Chem.. 17 , 4690;
7. Cheri A. Barta, Kristina Sachs-Barrable, Jessica Jia, Katherine H. Thompson, Kishor M. Wasan, Chris Orvig. (2007). Lanthanide containing compounds for therapeutic care in bone resorption disorders. Dalton Trans.. 5019;
8. Unknown peptides: "shadow" bioregulation system;
9. G. Renaudin, P. Laquerrière, Y. Filinchuk, E. Jallot, J. M. Nedelec. (2008). Structural characterization of sol – gel derived Sr-substituted calcium phosphates with anti-osteoporotic and anti-inflammatory properties. J. Mater. Chem.. 18 , 3593.

Dentistry news 09/15/2012 05:27 PM

Nano Hydroxyapatite Protects Teeth Against Caries

Japanese scientists are suggesting a safer alternative to fluoride in the fight against tooth decay.

Research in the field of nanostructured materials is a priority in the development of modern science. Dentistry is no exception in this regard. Thanks to the developments of Japanese scientists, even daily brushing of teeth can now provide hygiene and protection of the oral cavity at the nano level. In search of a remedy that combines a versatile therapeutic and prophylactic effect on tooth tissue and the absence of side effects, Japanese scientists have developed nanocrystalline medical hydroxyapatite (nano-mHAP). This material is an artificially synthesized analogue of natural hydroxyapatite, or calcium phosphate hydroxide - the main mineral of bone tissue and hard tooth tissues. A nano-sized form of hydroxyapatite was developed by Sangi (Japan) and approved by the Japanese government as an effective anti-caries agent. Modern nanotechnology makes it possible to obtain hydroxyapatite particles with a size of 20-80 nanometers (1 nanometer \u003d 1 millionth of a millimeter), which significantly enhances the restorative properties of nano-hydroxyapatite when exposed to enamel and bone tissue of the tooth.

As an active ingredient in the nano-mGAP toothpaste, it replenishes the loss of minerals, restores the smoothness of the enamel and removes plaque. Studies carried out at the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA, have shown the effectiveness of nano-hydroxyapatite in the processes of remineralization and restoration of dental tissues at an early stage of caries development. In the study, scientists compared the effects of nano-hydroxyapatite and fluoride on tooth enamel. It is known that fluoride, when exposed to the affected tooth enamel, restores its structure. Fluorine ions accelerate the deposition of calcium in the surface layers of the enamel, resulting in the formation of the mineral fluorapatite, which is resistant to aggressive factors in the oral cavity. The study showed that the remineralizing effect of nano-hydroxyapatite is comparable in effectiveness to fluorine. The ability of nano-hydroxyapatite to replenish the mineral balance in dental tissues also prevents tooth decay and gets rid of caries in the early stages. This is due to the fact that nano-mHAP ions penetrate through the enamel to the enamel-dentin junction, compensate for the lack of calcium and phosphate ions and, thus, contribute to the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals of tooth enamel. At the same time, scientists note the safety of nano-hydroxyapatite, which, unlike fluorine, does not have toxic properties. It is known that an increased content of fluoride in the body can lead to fluorosis - a chronic disease in which teeth enamel is mainly affected. It was noted that the use of fluoride, mainly in the composition of toothpaste, contributed to an increase in the number of fluorosis diseases, especially in preschool children. On the contrary, the high biological compatibility of nano-hydroxyapatite allows its use in the prevention of caries in young children. As a result of the study, the scientists concluded that nano-hydroxyapatite in the toothpaste is an effective alternative to fluoride toothpastes.

Gureeva Sofia Semyonovna, dentist-therapist, doctor of the highest category, head of the medical and surgical department of the Dental clinic No. 19 in Moscow: “The problem of preventing dental caries remains one of the most urgent in modern dentistry. It is early prevention that is gaining priority. the incidence of dental caries in children in Russia is very high. In this regard, the improvement of methods and increasing the effectiveness of primary prevention of caries comes to the fore. The use of a toothpaste with nano-hydroxyapatite in children of preschool and school age meets these tasks. Hydroxyapatite in dentistry is a well-known and widely used material. However, its nanostructured formula not only has a higher organic compatibility and safety, but is also capable of providing a sufficient flow of essential minerals into the tooth tissue. Medical nano-hydroxyapatite promotes active remineralization of the enamel of a newly erupted tooth and forms a protective layer on the dentin surface. In addition, nanoparticles break down plaque by binding to its protein matrix, which contributes to more effective cleaning of teeth. "

The visit to the dentist is canceled if you have one!

To save your teeth, you need to properly care for them and keep up with modern technology. Does everyone know this common truth from childhood?

Chinese toothpaste with Hydroxyapatite (Hydroxyapatite or nanocrystalline medical hydroxyapatite (nano mHAP)) is a component of tooth enamel of natural origin! Hydroxyapatite has been approved in Japan and the United States as an anti-caries agent. It has been named medical nano hydroxyapatite to differentiate it from other types of hydroxyapatite (dental abrasives). The particle sizes of nano hydroxyapatite used in Apagard toothpastes were measured in nanometers (mostly 100 nm and higher). At present, the improved technology for the preparation of hydroxyapatite has made it possible to obtain hydroxyapatite with smaller particles (20-80 nm) of nanometers. Modern laboratory tests have demonstrated their great remineralizing ability in relation to tooth enamel. (1 nanometer \u003d 0.000001 millimeters).

Goodbye dentists! Now we treat our teeth ourselves!

Restores microcracks on the surface of tooth enamel.

Nano mGAP acts identically to a dental filling of a dentist, “healing”, “bricking up”, “blocking”, “sealing” small holes “cracks” and fissures that form on the surface of the tooth enamel. As a result, tooth enamel acquires a natural, healthy shine, becomes "very, very" smooth and much more resistant to harmful plaque bacteria and stains. Nano mGAP provides minerals to those zones under the enamel surface where their loss has occurred (the so-called stage of the white spot in the formation of caries). Nanocrystalline mHAP does not possess abrasive properties and is 100% biocompatible with human tooth tissue.

We present you - a high quality remineralizing product for home use. Hydroxyapatite is a major mineral in bone and dental hard tissues. Hydroxyapatite SP-1 in toothpaste TM Biao Bang - a mineral of natural origin, its crystal cell includes two molecules. Approximately 70% of the solid basic bone material is formed by inorganic compounds, the main component of which is the inorganic mineral hydroxyapatite. Free from all impurities, it is the main mineral in dentin and tooth enamel. Ceramics based on it do not cause a rejection reaction and are able to actively bind to healthy human bone tissue. Due to these properties, hydroxyapatite can be successfully used in the restoration of damaged areas of tooth enamel, as well as the bioactive layer of the tooth. The main constituent of dentin (70%) and enamel (97%) is hydroxyapatite - a biological calcium phosphate and the third largest component of our body (after water and collagen). Human saliva, which contains a large number of calcium ions and phosphate ions, is a kind of saturated solution of hydroxyapatite. It protects teeth by neutralizing plaque acids and replenishes the loss of minerals during demineralization.

Calcium hydroxyapatite

Chemical properties

Calcium hydroxyapatite is an inorganic main component of bone tissue. Bones are about half composed of this substance, the enamel of the teeth is 96% hydroxyapatite. It is a fine white or white-yellow powder. Made from sea coral Porites... The substance is chemically inert, due to which it is actively used in dentistry, surgery and traumatology. Calcium hydroxyapatite in cosmetology it is used as a remedy against wrinkles and other age-related skin changes.

The substance is produced in the form of a paste, granules, suspension and powder, it is included in various dietary supplements.

pharmachologic effect

Osteogenic.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Hydroxyapatite is biologically compatible with human tissues; it is not rejected or absorbed in the body. The substance stimulates the formation of healthy bone tissue. Usually, after use, the substance is completely replaced by bone tissue.

Indications for use

Hydroxyapatite has a wide range of applications:

• as a stimulant osteogenesis in plastic and maxillofacial surgery, dentistry and traumatology;
• to fill in missing elements of bone tissue, including after elimination sequesters , injuries, fractures, after plastic surgery;
• as an implant, for endoprosthetics;
• at;
• in the form of intradermal injections to smooth wrinkles;
• as a filler for dental filling paste after removal of the cyst, with, after resection, with deep;
• to fill the empty space in the root canals.

Contraindications

The tool is not used for individual intolerance.

Side effects

No adverse reactions to this substance have been observed.

Instructions for use (Method and dosage)

Hydroxyapatite can be mixed with saline , ethylene glycol , oil solution. The powder is mixed in compliance with the rules of the septic tank to a pasty state. You can use the prepared medicine within 2 minutes after preparation.

The medicine in the form of granules is used to fill the pockets formed when periodontitis ... The pre-prepared pocket is tightly filled with granular hydroxyapatite.
The finished paste can be injected into the injured bone after removing the altered or necrotic tissue. Then you should carefully sew up soft tissues in layers.

The paste and suspension are used in accordance with the recommendations specified in the instructions.

In cosmetology, an aqueous solution is used, it is administered by the method of intradermal injection.

Overdose

Data is limited.

Interaction

The drug does not interact with other drugs.

Terms of sale

Non-prescription vacation.

special instructions

If necessary, you can sterilize the substance in a dry heat cabinet at a temperature of 150 degrees Celsius for 10-15 minutes. The procedure can be repeated an unlimited number of times.

Preparations that contain (Analogues)

The substance is available under various brand names such as Belost and Kergap. Included in dietary supplements: Calcimax , Elemvital with organic calcium, Bone Strength etc.

Did you have a reason to think about what an original drug is?

Back in 2004, the World Health Organization adopted a resolution proclaiming its highest priority to radically increase the safety of treatment.

Special emphasis in it is placed on the patient's right to know everything about his disease, methods of its treatment and on the need to obtain the patient's informed consent for treatment, which, logically, implies a preliminary explanation to the patient of the differences between the “analogs” of drugs.

Let's put things in order in the definitions!

Original drug Is a drug created on the basis of a new substance, first synthesized or obtained from natural raw materials, has undergone a full course of preclinical and clinical studies of efficacy and safety and is protected by a patent for a certain period. In the EU countries this period is 10-15 years, in Ukraine - 20 years.

Generic Is a follower, a drug that appeared after the expiration of the patent. Minimizing production costs and using the cheapest ingredients leads to what every doctor knows - too cheap drugs don't work! A quality generic drug cannot be cheap!

Radiesse lifting filler is the first and only original product based on calcium hydroxyapatite. Its unique formula is 30% calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) microspheres with a diameter of 25-45 microns.

What should you pay attention to when choosing a calcium hydroxyapatite preparation?

• COLOUR

Radiesse color is white.

Other drugs containing calcium hydroxyapatite differ from the color of the original drug. Their color is gray.

The white color of Radiesse is determined by its unique production, during which the processing of HAA is carried out in a vacuum, which prevents it from oxidizing and changing color, and also keeps the diameter of the microspheres stable and unchanged.

How does this happen?

In the course of the redox reaction, the reducing agent gives up electrons, that is, it is oxidized. Any redox reaction is a unity of two opposite transformations - oxidation and reduction, occurring simultaneously and without separation of one from the other. When a substance is oxidized as a result of the donation of electrons, its oxidation state increases. As a result of this process, the drug becomes gray. Also, during oxidation, the molecule of the starting substance can become unstable and break down into more stable and smaller components.

• MICROSPHERE SIZE

Radiesse hydroxyapatite microspheres are rounded with a smooth surface. The safest size is 25-45 microns. Microspheres of other sizes are screened out during production.

A greater spread in the size of hydroxyapatite microspheres in other drugs containing calcium hydroxyapatite - 15-60 microns - indicates their quality and safety and, of course, this explains their cost.

Microspheres up to 25 microns, which create mass, and, thereby, reduce the cost of the drug, getting into the vascular bed or into the lymph channel, can accumulate in structures that we do not envision.

The size more than 45 microns causes stimulation of the traumatic nature of the fibroblast, which in turn causes pathological fibrosis.

• BIODEGRADATION

Radiesse microspheres slowly disintegrate as a result of natural internal phagocytosis mechanisms. The calcium and phosphate ions produced are identical to the minerals found in the body.

• SAFETY PROFILE

According to the international standard, a generic is a medicinal product with proven, including therapeutic equivalence, with the original.

“Therapeutically equivalent drugs can only be considered if they are pharmaceutically equivalent and can be expected to have the same clinical effect and the same safety profile when administered to patients as directed in the label.” - FDA, Electronic Orange Book. Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, 23th Edition, 2003.

Generic is therapeutically equivalent to another drug if it contains the same active substance and, according to the results of clinical trials, has the same efficacy and safety as the comparison drug, whose efficacy and safety have been established.

It should be noted that a comparative study should be conducted according to certain rules (GCP - good clinical practice) and should be: independent, multicenter, randomized, controlled, long-term (average duration of treatment), with rigid endpoints.

The lack of therapeutic equivalence studies in generic registrations has numerous negative consequences.

At the same time, the undeniable advantages of original drugs are:

• proven effectiveness;
• proven safety;
• innovativeness;
• reproducibility of the effect;
• strict quality control.

Radiesse Lifting Filler received the European Certificate (EC) of Conformity for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in 2003. In 2006 it was approved by the FDA, in 2011 the Ministry of Health of Ukraine was registered.

By 2016, more than 6,000,000 syringes have been sold worldwide.

• EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY RESEARCH

The effectiveness and safety of Radiesse are confirmed:

• More 20 0 clinical trialsand scientific publications.
• Clinical data about more than 5000 patientsaround the world.
• Dermal filler Radiesse is one of the safest dermal fillersavailable on the market.
• Excellent portability and safety clinically proven.
• 90% of satisfied patientsafter 12 months.
• Trusted all over the world with delivery more than 6 million syringes.

What should a doctor do if he really wants to treat a patient with high quality and safety?