The ability to navigate in space provides what sight. Theoretical basis

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B) visual acuity C) nature of view d) depth of vise d) simultaneous vision23. The ability to navigate in the surrounding space provides a) central vision b) peripheral vision B) color-point D) light machine24. Provides the formation of the shape of small parts and is responsible for identification of the item a) peripheral vision b) the field of the gaze B) color vision d) central vision D) alternating vision25. The ability of a person to perform visual work with a permissible number of non-bug errors for a certain period of time is a) the nature of the visual fatigue b) visual productivity c) visual performance d) excessive voltage of vision26. All variety of color shades can be obtained by mixing three colors of spectrum a) red, green, yellow b) red, blue, orange c) blue, red, green d) red, black, green D) green, purple, red27. A severe form of color vision disorder, characterized by a complete loss of ability to distinguish between colors a) dichromason b) Ahromasa B) hemoralopia d) albinism28. For the first time, the disorder of color visa described the person who suffered a) Louis Brown b) John Dalton C) Olga Skorokhodov d) Valentin GAYUI29. The space perceived by one eye during its stationary position and fixed head a) narrowing of the vision field b) the field of the gaze B) tube vision d) field of view D) fragmentary perception30. The sunssessive recognition of the visually impaired schoolchildren of images and objects is due to a) violation of the color disorders b) with a decrease in visual acuity in) a change in the boundaries of the field of view d) violation of binocular vision31. For peripheral vision respondents a) cornea b) ceiling body c) chopstick apparatus d) optic nerve d) lens. The process of changing the refractive strength of the eye with visual perception of objects a) AFACIA b) agnosia C) Activation D) Accommodation D) anisometry33. Receptor part of the visual analyzer - a) optic nerve b) chiasm c) subcortex optic nerve d) retina d) yellow stain34. The accommodation of the eye is adjustable a) properly aspirated gaze) the ate on the retina parallel rays C) the central nervous system g) the correct installation of visual axes35. With what the character of vision is the perception of images stereoscopic a) simultaneous b) monocular c) alternating d) binocular d) deep36. Conjunctive, cornea, iris, the condition of the lens is investigated a) muscotrenerer b) a slit lamp B) a skiascopic ruler D) in a stationary non-electrical perimeter37. There are projection, tabular, computer, subject methods for research a) view of sight b) field of view c) depth of vision d) of the nature of vision) of visual acuity38. When classifying in visual sharpness, blind with residual vision on a better eye of the eye is children with Visus OI: a) from 0 to 0.04; b) from 0 to 0.5; c) from 0.01 to 0.04; d) from 0.1 to 0.2; e) from 0.05 to 0.239. Partial blindness - a) complete b) partial c) of one eye d) obtained as a result of injury40 .. myopia, hypermetropy, astigmatism, ambulopia - violations related to a) disruption of the ooo eye function b) violation of the functions of the field of view c) insufficient satisfaction visual needs d) disorder of optical mechanisms of view D) violation of the binocular nature of vision41 .. Astigmatism is a) the main focus of the optical eye system - between the retina and lens a) combination in the same eye of different types of refraction b) the main focus of the optical eye system - Behind the retina c) increased intraocular pressure d) unequal in appearance and degree of refraction of the right and left eye42. Authors of the study manual "Basics of Typhlopedagogy", Development, Training and Education of children with violation of vision a) B.K.TUTUNOGOVOY, V.A. Foktistova b) V.P. Ermakov, G.A. Yakunin c) L.I. Plaksina, L.I. Solnev43 .. Alternating the squint - a) Limitting eye mobility b) The eye is deflected by one, only one eye d) is deviated to the nose), then another eye 44. AFACIA - defects of view, caused by a) closet of lens b) lack of lens c) lens lens d) a change in crystal curvature45. Sympathetic inflammation is caused by a) infection b) a severe colder disease c) an incorrect selection of vision correction tools g) by the injury of one of the eyes46. Significant decrease in the size of the eyeball - a) exophthalm b) microftralm c) buffals g) hydrofthalm47. The verbal idea of \u200b\u200bthe suspension is formed a) with a tangible perception b) with the verbal description of the subject C) a combination of verbal description and tactile perception of d) by perception using all saved analyzers48. Violation of motor and coordination functions in children with deep violations - a) activation of compensation processes b) form of anomalous development c) restriction of mastering social experience d) secondary deviations D) tertiary deviations49. Children with polybitensor pathology a) Blind and visually impaired with CPR b) blind and visually impaired with the pathology of the musculoskeletal system C) of the shabluchi d) blind and visually impaired oligofren50. Difficulties in the formation of non-ejective communication tools in children with deep violations of vision is explained by a) poor development of speech b) in the lack of communication skills in) poor coordination of movement d) inability to imitate the actions and expressive means of surrounding D) vocabulary 51. Verbalism for a blind child a) Secondary deviation b) Primary defect c) Tertiary deviation d) Branch of reducing treatment52. Feelings from movement, pressure, heat, cold, pain blind children are obtained using a) system of communicative links b) verbal communication c) of auditory perception d) tactile perception53. Sensitization - a) reduction of skin sensitivity b) increased skin sensitivity c) no skin sensitivity d) pathological changes of the skin54. GAPTIC is a type of touch a) passive b) active c) mediated d) instrument55. How the main stages are divided by a tactile examination a) 2 b) 4 c) 3 g) 556. The visual possibilities of the student depend on a) of the time parameters of the dynamics of the reduction of visual functions b) of the field of view, the color part, light sensitivity c) the state of the traceful functions of the eye d) accounting for the entire complex of functional disorders of D) the rules for using optical equipment, the mode of visual load57. The purpose of the correctional work in class in classes for children with impaired vision a) The formation of sensory experience b) correction of vision functions c) the formation of basic subject representations adequate to existing D) the creation of the optimal conditions of the educational process. d) the expected effect of compensation for defective58. The mode of continuous visual load on the lesson for blind and visually impaired children is no more: a) 25 minutes b) 15 minutes c) 10 minutes g) 20 minutes59. 20-30 minutes of the break of visually impaired children with continuous viewing of the TV shows after a) 1 hour b) 45 minutes c) 1 - 1.5 hours g) 2 hours 60. The leading point of reference for a blind child when learning to referred to aspass a) The spatial environment b) the voice of the accompanying C) the specified point of reference d) own body D) turns on the following path61. The author of the tutorial "Theoretical Fundamentals of Typhalplopedaging" a) B.K. Stupukov b) E.M. Sterninin c) L.S. SEKOVETS D) N.N.Malofeev62. When walking with the accompanying one should lead the blind a) by taking the hand to the right b) putting the hand on the shoulder on the right in) taking the left d) to the left d) blindly takes the arm of the accompanying left hand63. The cane of the blind should be a) bright color b) white color c) color is selected to taste d) The color does not matter64. Mediated tactile perception a) Survey of the item with two hands b) with the help of Typhlothechnical tools c) Reading a relief-point font with a giffel d) survey using residual vision65. A monomanuly tactile perception for the blind child a) with the right hand b) left hand c) with two hands d) one (any) hand66. The correct perception of the subject by the blind child involves a survey a) from top to bottom with two hands b) from the bottom with two hands c) to the right with the advantage of the right hand d) with two hands using the algorithm of a tactile survey of a certain group of items67. The most successful way to form an independent performance of the action by the blind child a) verbal explanation b) summarizing to the correct method of action by eliminating incorrect decisions c) performing actions with the help of an educator, teacher d) practical shown68. The basic condition for the rehabilitation of the blind (a) decent material situation b) level of education c) the creation of optimal living conditions d) inclusion in activities D) the presence of good care, attention69.Type of relations in the family, forming a child with a defect with a defectiveness of inferiority a) atmosphere of excessive love and care b) excessive rigor, hardness C) emotional alienation d) ignoring the difficulties of the child71. Ordered methods of interconnected activities of the teacher and students aimed at achieving the objectives of education - a) the touch experience of students b) a differentiated approach in learning c) teaching methods D) Types of interaction of a child with an open world D) a correctional and developing orientation of training72. Sensory readiness for school learning, development of visual and motor coordination, visual memory, perception of images of complex shape, perception of scene images a) Types of study activities b) indicators of visual perception c) Analysis of visual acuity and thinking d) Cognitive activity73.Maximum cognition of the class visually impaired a) 8 b) 10 c) 12 g) 6 people74. Optimal level of illumination of the working surface in schools for visually impaired a) 100-250 luxury b) 250-500 luxury c) not lower than 500 lux) 700 lux75. Allows you to take into account the individual visual, age, psychophysical and personal features of students in the structure of the federal basis plan A) the invariant part; b) mandatory subgroups and individual classes; c) state final certification; d) the variable part. 76. Accounting for individual, psychophysical features, the implementation of the differentiated approach is solved at all stages of training activities in calendar, thematic, aircraft plans a) educational tasks; b) educational tasks; c) developing tasks; d) Correctional tasks77. Visual Correction - a) Medical treatment of eye pathologies b) Correction of anomalies of eye refraction by optical lenses c) Operational treatment of eye diseases d) Improved vision of special exercises D) Oxigenotherapy78. The main condition for the formation of a child's personality with impaired vision - a) ATTENTION from adults b) cognitive interest in) optimal opportunities for the acquisition of broad social experience d) good conditions in the family, school or internet79. The author of the program "The content of the work of the teacher with students of primary classes for children with visual impairment" a) L.I. Fullsheva b) V.P. Ermakov c) L.P. Grigoriev d) V.Z. Denisin80. The author of the book "Development of visual perception in children with violation of vision" a) V.P. Ermakov. b) B.K.P. Plotxin d) L.I. PLAXINA D) V.A.Faoktistova

Survyopedagog

1. Damage and anomaly of the development of the ear shell, up to the complete absence enticing: a) a significant impairment of hearing b) is mainly only cosmetic significance C) impaired sound perceptions). The eardrum separates the outer hearing pass: a) from the middle ear b) from the inner ear c) from the outer ear d) from the average3. Turning off the hearing area of \u200b\u200bthe cortex of one hemisphere leads: a) to a bilateral decrease in hearing b) to a complete violation of the cortical analysis and synthesis of sound irritants c) to a bilateral decrease in hearing, but mainly on the opposite ear of the ear) to a partial decrease in hearing 4. With a loss of hearing in 50-65 dB, the conversational speech is perceived at a distance: a) 4 - 5 meters b) 1-2 meters c) 0.25 - 1 meter g) in ear shell5. With the loss of hearing more than 60-90 dB, the conversational speech is perceived at a distance: a) 4 - 5 meters b) 1 - 2 meters c) 0.25 - 1 m. G) in ear shell6. The outdoor ear consists of: a) the ear shell and the outer auditory passage b) the eardrum c) of the drum cavity d) of the auditory pipe7. When the touch center of speech is turned off: a), the analysis and synthesis of complex sound complexes b) does not violate the understanding of speech c) the perception of tones and noise, which are part of the speech is not preserved, but the distinction cannot be impossible). Specify the special categories of people with increasingness of hearing: a) deaf b) taguhuhi c) late grocery d) floglukhiy10. Congenital hearing loss: a) unfavorable pregnancy, obstetric pathology b) hycentic deafness c) injury, hemorrhage, tumor d) vocational diseases of ear11. At the place of wearing, hearing aids are distinguished: a) intrahetic b) head c) headed d) all types of devices13. Relate the type of hearing aid with the following characteristic: There is no volume control, the device is adjusted "for the perception of user's sound" a) conventional b) automatic c) programmable d) semi-automatic14. Cochlear implantation This is: a) the impact of the electrodes receiving and transmitting acoustic information b) the audio signal b) the sound signal transforming into a digital format, gain and individual signal modification c) a hearing aid operation program in a changing sound environment with a memory with The help of the computer d) gain and modification of the signal15. Relatively deaf people, their places in society exist concepts: a) biological-medical and sociocultural b) biological c) social d) genetic d) all concepts16. The essence of the sociocultural concept relative to the deaf: a) the public mentality is changing - the self-awareness of the deaf is growing, these are people who have the right to originality b) a deaf person - deviation from the norm that the hearing person embodies. It is necessary to bring a deaf person in the "normal" c) a deaf person needs to restore the hearing d) deaf people need to be separated from the Society of Hearing17. Specify the factors on which the level of speech development depends (according to R.M. Boskis): a) the degree of rumor reduction b) the time of the occurrence of the hearing function c) conditions in which the child is located to school d) individual characteristics of the child e) all factors18. According to the range of deaf sound frequencies to the 4th group, deaf belong: a) range 125-250 Hz b) 125-2000 Hz c) 125-500 Hz g) 125-1000 Hz20. Determine what look at the problem of deaf compensation is owned by S.A. Zykov: a) compensation - synthesis of biological and social factors b) Communication system of teaching deaf children of verbal speech involves learning the language as a means of communication c) it is necessary to bring a deaf person in the "norm" d) all glances21. The indicators from a deaf student of the formation of the skills to use hearing in the perception of speech is when the student: a) perceives the text of the hearing-visually with Zuya, performs the task in the text b) actively uses the hearing perception in the educational process B) uses elements of self-control) uses individual The auditory apparatus at school and after-school time D) all indicators22. Medical classification of hearing disorders in children proposed: a) Neumanan L.V. b) Boskis R.M. c) Vygotsky hp d) Rau F.F.23. According to L.S. Vygotsky is a central question of Survyopodagogyiki: a) the creation of conditions for the mastery of labor skills b) training of verbal speech c) the formation of the worldview and moral qualities of the personality d) the development of unsolvable children, taking into account their originality24. Pedagogical impact in working with a deaf child is primarily aimed at overcoming and preventing defects: a) primary b) secondary c) third order d) of fourth order

25. The mental development of persons with earlieves of hearing refers to the type of ontogenesis:

a) deficient) distortion) damaged) detained26. Criteria for the allocation of children in groups of deaf, late boilers and weighted on barefish R.M. These are: a) the degree of hearing loss b) the time of hearing impairment C) the level of development of speech d) all criteria28. The features of the imagination of deaf children are due to: a) the slowdown in the formation of their speech b) instability of attention c) the strength of memorization of d) all reasons30. What is a primary defect with deafness: a) violations in the development of personality b) hearing impairment c) violation in the development of speech and lagging in it d) the originality of the development of all cognitive processes31. Determine the author of the following concept: "Use as a material of auditory semantic units of speech - words, phrases and phrases. When selecting a material for classes, prompting the situation is excluded. " a) E.I. Leongard b) G.A. Zaitseva c) P. Guborina d) Kuzmichyova E.P.32. G.A. Zaitseva is the author of the methodological system: a) verbotonal b) bilingual training of inadvertent c) "Rehabilitation of deaf and hearing impaired children and their integration into the society of hearing" d) biological-medical33. The composition of the speech apparatus of a person includes: a) a brain with subcortical nodes and the conducting paths of the corresponding nerves b) lungs with bronchops and trachees (sickness) c) larynx, with voice bundles d) sandpipe (pharynx, nose, mouth) d ) All components36. Breathing in speech is characterized by: a) the predominance of the exhalation phase over the phase of the inhabitant b) the predominance of the inhalation phase over the phase of the exhalation in) equal phases d) the interruption of the exhalation phase39. Determine the acoustic signs, the characteristic group of vowels: a) the tonal sounds b) sonar sounds c) noisy d) soft D) solid40. Highlight the main task of learning the deaf pronunciation: a) to ensure sufficient sensitivity of oral speech b) to approve the oral speech of the deaf as a way to communicate with the surrounding c) to create a database of owning the language d) to create a sensory base for assimilation of deaf oral speech41. Specify analyzers that make it possible to deaf perceive oral connected speech: a) auditory b) visual c) skin d) motor d) all analyzers42. Select the sections of the pronunciation of pronunciation: a) means of communication deaf b) reading from lip c) sounds of speech and their combinations d) all sections43. The initial and basic units of learning pronunciation with an analytical synthetic method: a) phonemes b) syllables c) words and phrases d) texts45. Relate regulatory requirements for pronunciation of syllables in the phrase on one exhale in 6-12 classes: a) 10 - 12 syllables b) 12 - 14 syllables c) 6 - 8 syllables g) 16 or more syllables46. What kind of defect is the characteristic: "The voice is low, silent, approaching whisper, with a large air leakage." a) with violation of the power of voice b) with a violation of normal height C) with violation of the voice of the voice) with a violation of force and height47. Determine the defect associated with the violation of the voice height: a) the voice is beyond b) a quiet, weak c) crying d) fancing49. Systematic work on the pronunciation of the word covers the following sides of its phonetic design: a) the sound-syllable structure of the word b) the rhythmic structure of the word C) ORFOPIY D) the pace of pronunciation D) all sides of the work50. Specify the main work sections on the Word (in contrast to the types of work) in the process of learning pronunciation in the school of deaf: a) work on verbal stress b) acquaintance with the orthoepic rules, the application of these rules in speech c) composing proposals and phrases d) all sections51. Select from the listed partitions of work related only to the work on the pronunciation of the phrase: a) the pronunciation of pronunciation b) logical stress c) the defense rate of the pronunciation) orphoepium52. Determine the listed activities related to work on the tempo of speech: a) Repetition of the teacher (based on the hearing and auditory perception) of words in a slow and fast pace b) alternation of the slow and fast pronunciation of words c) learning of spells d) all activities 53 . Specify the general directions in the pronunciation of the speech of unsolvable children: a) the formation of the primary skill to pronounce the sound to imitate b) sound automation using the residual hearing of the child c) the automation of pronuncting skills under the control of the teacher d) all directions54. Phonetic rhythmics: a) Correctional methodology for training and education of people with speech pathology b) rehabilitation methodology for education, training and treatment of children with speech pathology c) system of motor exercises in which various movements are combined with the pronunciation of a certain speech material D) all methods55. Classification of sounds according to the presence or absence of obstacle in the oral cavity a) solid - soft b) nasal - oral c) vowels - consonants d) ringing - deaf56. The formation of the hearing and speech ideas of hearing impaired people depends: a) from the state of hearing b) from the level of development of speech B) from individual characteristics of d) from all factors57. Select one of the most important and difficult to implement among the principles of the development of auditory perception: a) the principle of phased formation of the skills to distinguish between the speech and its elements b) the principle of integration of speech material C) the use of speech as a means of developing speech hearing d) The principle of earning self-controlling 58. Indicate, to which of these principles for the development of auditory perception refers to the characteristic: "The consistent transition from coarse auditory differentiations to a thinner and accurate." a) the principle of developing exercises b) the principle of communication for the development of auditory perception with pronunciation c) the principle of phased formation of skills d) Pronunciation correction principle59. Specify the objectives of the development of auditory perception by non-kind sounds: a) the general development of children, their mental activity b) adaptation of children with hearing impairment in the environment of hearing c) developing auditory attention to the sounds of the environment D) all goals60. Relate the period of the formation of speech hearing in children The content of learning: "Intensive development of hearing perception with the formation of speech perception skill for rumors. Long-term hearing training using Zua (sound-drying equipment), accumulation of the auditory dictionary. " a) the initial period (0-1 cells) b) the main (2-5 CL) c) the period of active use of the individual auditory apparatus (6-12 CL) d) preschool period61. Specify the requirements for the teacher and the student, without which the effectiveness of individual classes cannot be achieved: a) accounting of the state of the hearing function b) dosage of the auditory load c) the use of Zua (sound-drying equipment) d) the use of different types of speech perception. Determine the first stage of the gradual inclusion of a new material into the hearing dictionary of the deaf children (according to E.P. Kuzmichye): a) unfamiliar speech material is offered to children to distinguish between rumor without prior explanation b) speech material is perceived by children with a viewer, and then by ear a ) The material, the sound image of which kids is unfamiliar d) speech material is generally introduced into familiar speech material. Telect out the listed types of work on an individual lesson related to the development of auditory perception: a) the difference in the material of a conversational character using sound-drying equipment b) exercises for voice, lips, language c) work with a schematic sound profile d) exercises to develop articulation differentiations64. Specify the forms of organization of training activities related to the work on the development of the auditory perception of inadvertent children: a) Individual lesson b) Front-class C) Music and rhythmic lesson D) General Education D) All forms of organization

1. Methods of teaching Russian as native in high school: lingvometon aspect

   Program

   The publication contains a program, guidelines for the study of a linguometric aspect of the teaching methodology of the Russian language as native in high school, as well as recommendations on the passage of students in pedagogical practice.

2. Speccars "Features of the teaching of the Russian language in the National School" (for philologists-bachelors iii course)

   Program

   The professional training of students-bachelors of the Philological Faculty, future teachers of the Russian language at school, includes special courses "Features of teaching the Russian language in a national school, designed for 36 hours of audit classes.

3. 032700. 62. 01 Domestic Philology: Russian language and literature Annotation of working programs of educational disciplines

   Literature

   The goal is to form students through the main cultural and historical epochs of a single idea of \u200b\u200bthe historical path of Russian civilization, the upbringing of the principles of citizenship and a sense of patriotism, the development of their professional

4. The program of improving the qualifications of teachers of the Russian language and literature "Actual problems of the content and teaching of the Russian language and literature in the context of the modernization of education"

   Program

   The structure and content of the Unified State Exam (EGE) in Russian language and literature. Methods of training students to work with the materials of the Russian language and literature.

5. The physiological process of perception by man of magnitude, shape and color of objects, their mutual location and distance between them, which makes it possible to navigate in the surrounding world. The human eye perceives only light waves of a certain length - from 302 to 950 nm. The rays of less and greater length, referred to as ultraviolet and infrared, do not cause visual sensations.

   The light rays from the objects under consideration, penetrating through the pupil into the eye, act on its photosensitive shell (retina), in particular on its cells - columns and sticks (1), and cause nervous excitement. This excitation is transmitted by a visual nerve to the cortical center 3. Located in the occipital shared shares of the brain (see Central-Paj the nervous system, brain). Here, light irritations are perceived in the form of certain images, impressions.

   The retina has about 7 million colodes and 120 million sticks. The bulk of the colodes is concentrated in the central field of retina, called a yellow spot. As it deleted from the center, the number of colums decreases, and the number of sticks increases. On the periphery of the retina there are only wands. The sticks have a very high light sensitivity, so they provide 3. at twilight or at night. Night 3. It is important for human orientation under reduced lighting conditions, but the colors, shape and items of the subject are poorly different. Night 3. It is often disturbed by lack of vitamin A food (see vitamin failure). Columns, less sensitive to weak lighting, mainly provide day-time 3. and participate in accurate perception of shape, color and items items.

   The yellow spot, especially its central fossa, consisting only NZ Kolkok, is the most clearly messenger. Central view. Other retinal departments determine the side, or peripheral, vision, when the subject form is perceived less clearly. Central vision provides the ability to consider small parts of items, peripheral - the ability to navigate in space.

   The sensitivity of the retinal eye to the light is very high. The light of the ordinary candle is perceived dark at night at a distance of a few kilometers. High adaptive body capacity 3. Change this sensitivity allows you to see and in bright light, and in the dark.

   The ability of the eye to adapt to the perception of light of different brightness H "Sit the name of adaptation. For the onset of full adaptation, it is generally necessary for some time.

   Extremely important is the ability of the eye to distinguish a huge variety of color shades. All color tones are formed when mixing several colors from seven basic colors of spectrum - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, blue and purple. M. V. Lomonosov proved that three colors are the main in the spectrum - red, green and purple (or blue), and the rest can be obtained by a combination of these three colors. On this basis, T. Jung and G. Gelm Goltz expressed an assumption of the existence in the retina of three elements (or components), each of the reasons is intended for preferential perception of only one of these colors. When exposed to the eye of the color rays, one or another element is excited, which allows you to perceive all the variety of color shades. The three-component theory of color vision is the most adopted, but not the only one (see color blindness).

   The ability of the eye to distinguish separately two points with a minimum distance between them is called urgency. The measure of visual acuity is an angle formed by rays that are from these points (2). The smaller this angle, the higher the acuity of sight. Most people have a minimum angle of view equal to 1 min. The acuity of sight of the eye having the smallest angle of view in 1 min is adopted per unit of visual acuity, but this is the average value of the norm. Some people have an eye of vision, somewhat smaller than the unit, and others have exceeding the unit. To determine the visual acuity, we use special tables, the test signs of various values \u200b\u200bare applied - letters, rings, pictures - to estimate peripheral vision on special devices (perimeters) determine the boundaries of the field of view, i.e. parts of the space visible by a fixed eye.

   When viewed by the subject with both eyes, its image falls on the identical points of the retina of both eyes, and the person sees the subject not forked. If the image of the object falls on the non-denial sections of the retina of both eyes, then the impression has the impression. Normal joint 3. both eyes are binocular, or stereoscopic; It provides a clear volume perception of the subject matter under consideration and the correct definition of its location in space.

   To maintain normal 3. The creation of favorable hygienic is of great importance. Conditions. In this regard, it is very important to correct and sufficient lighting. For unhindered getting into the room of daylight, it is necessary to keep window glass clean, do not put high flowers on the windowsill. The windows should be bright curtains to eliminate the blinding effect of direct sunlight. Natural illumination in the room depends on the degree of reflection of daylight from the ceiling, walls, furniture and other surfaces. Therefore, reflective surfaces must be painted in bright, mostly yellow-green tones.

   For artificial lighting, lamps with incandescent lamps or with fluorescent lamps are used. Especially good lighting gives luminescent lamps. The light of these lamps is close to day and pleasant eye. During the day, a bright place at the window must be settled. In the evening you need to use a 40-60 W lamp with a matte cap. It is necessary to arrange it on the table so that the light falls on the left side only on the working surface, and the eyes remained in the shade. The distance from the eyes to the book or notebook should be an average of 30-35 cm. It is equal to about the length of the hand from the elbow to the tips of the fingers. Such a distance does not require strong voltage 3. And it gives the opportunity to sit without tilting it is impossible to read with poor lighting, on the go, while driving in the tram, trolleybus, bus. An unstable position of the book or newspaper during the movement of the transport makes it difficult to read, encourages overly bringing text to the eyes, causes rapid fatigue.

   It is very important to alternate visual work with a rest for the eyes. Every 30-40 minutes. Classes need to arrange a 10-minute vacation.

   When viewing television programs, it is necessary to stay from the screen at a distance not closer to 2.5 m. The room at this time should be moderately lit.

   Special attention should be paid to hygiene 3. in children. For this purpose, the norms of viewing work for children have been developed. It is necessary to monitor their correct landing during classes, for due coverage of jobs and strict compliance with the regime of the day. With the slightest complaints of the child for violation 3., eye fatigue should urgently show his eye doctor

   1.1 Anatomy-physiological aspects of the visual system

   The visual system is an optical-biological binocular (stereoscopic) system, evolutionary in animals and capable of perceiving visible radiation of an electromagnetic spectrum (light), creating an image, in the form of a sensation (sensory feeling) of the positions of objects in space. The visual system ensures the function of view. The function of the eye consists in obtaining visual information from the environment and transfers it into the sensory areas of the brain.

   Functions of the visual system

   1. Lightweight

   2. Color Wechness

   3. Perception of the shape and movement of objects (visual acuity, field of view)

   4. Binocular vision (the ability of the visual system to connect the image from two eyes into one image and localize it in direction and depth).

   The function of vision is carried out due to a complex system of various interrelated structures forming a visual analyzer, which consists of three departments:

   Peripheral - reticular shell receptors;

   Conductive - optic nerves transmitting excitation to the brain;

   Central - subcortical and stem centers (lateral crankshafts, Talamus pillow, upper hills of the roof of the middle brain), as well as the visual region in the occipital fraction of the cortex of large hemispheres of the brain.

   Anatomical formation of the sensory visual system, in fact, its peripheral department, is the eye - pair, almost spherical formation with a diameter of 24 mm and weighing 6-8 g, located in the fellas of the skull (Fig. 1).

   Fig. one.

   The eye is strengthened here with four direct and two oblique muscles governing his movements. The form of the eye is maintained due to hydrostatic pressure (25 mm Hg. Art.) Watering moisture and vitreous body.

   The human eye perceives light waves of only a certain length - approximately from 380 to 770 nm. The sensitivity of the eye to the light varies: in the dark rises, the light is reduced. The ability of the eye to adapt to the perception of light of different brightness is called visual adaptation. The disorder of the dark adaptation is expressed in a decrease in the ability to navigate in space with insufficient illumination, up to the loss of the possibility of moving. This condition is called hemoralopia ("chicken blindness"). Hemeraralopia may occur in hypovitaminosis A, as a result of infectious diseases, poor nutrition, etc. The light adaptation is the adaptation of the organ of vision to a high level of illumination flowing enough (50-60 seconds). So, if a person comes from darkness into a brightly lit room, he has a temporary blinding that quickly passes. People with disturbed light adaptation are better seen at dusk than in the light. The light rays from the subjects under consideration pass through the optical system of the eye (the cornea, the lens and the vitreous body) and focus on its inner shell (retina), which is actually a visual receptor, because photosensitive cells are concentrated here - photoreceptors (columns and wands).

   Lightness is the finest function of the organ of vision. Thanks to him, a person has the ability to identify light in brightness, intensity and can see not only during the day, but also at twilight. The retina consists of 10 layers, but 2, 6 and 9th (Fig. 2) participate in the light.

   

   Fig. 2.

   I - pigment layer; II - layer of sticks and colodes; III - outer nuclear layer; IV - outer mesh layer; V - layer of horizontal cells; Vi - layer of bipolar cells (internal nuclear); VII - a layer of amacrin (single-pole pear) cells; VIII - internal mesh layer; IX - layer of ganglion cells; The X is a layer of optic nerve fibers in the retina of a person there are approximately 5-6 million colodes and 120 million sticks (Fig. 3).

   

   Fig. 3.

   A - wand: 1 - external segment; 2 - internal segment; 3 - fiber; 4 - core; 5 - final button.

   B - Kolkka: 1 - external segment; 2 - internal segment; 3 - core; 4 - fiber; 5 - leg

   Columns are carriers of colored, day vision, sticks - carriers of light accessories in twilight (heartless) conditions. The sensitivity of the sticks depends on the concentration of the visual purpura in them and the nerve elements of the visual analyzer.

   The most important and very subtle place of the retina is the so-called retinal spot ("yellow spot") with a central fossa, where the basic mass of mobs is concentrated. As it moves to the periphery, the density of the colums is reduced, but at the same time the density of the sticks increases. Columns with high resolution mainly provide daytime color and participate in accurate perception of shape, color and items items. Yellow stain, especially his central jam, is the place of the most clear, so-called central vision. The ability of the optical eye system to build a clear image on the retina is called urgency, which is based on the resolution of the eye, that is, its ability to perceive separately two points with a minimum distance between them. If the rays, emanating from two nearby points, excite the same, or two neighboring wizards, then both points are perceived as one larger. For their separate vision, it is necessary that there are still alone between the excited columns. Consequently, the maximum possible acuity of vision depends on the thickness of the flashes in the central fossa of the yellow spot. The acuity of vision varies somewhat depending on the lighting force. With the same illumination of visual acuity, it can change significantly. In the ultimate acuity of sight decreases.

   As it removes from the yellow spot, the number of colums decreases, and the number of sticks increases; On the periphery of the retina there are only wands. Sticks having a small resolution, but at the same time, very high light sensitivity, contribute to the perception of objects at dusk or at night ("twilight vision").

   The retinal sections around the yellow spot provide peripheral, or side, vision, in which the form of the subject is perceived less clearly. Therefore, if the central vision makes it possible to consider small parts and identify items, then peripheral vision is a very important function that expands the possibilities of free orientation in space. It is determined by the field of view, which is covered simultaneously with a fixed eye. Without peripheral vision, a person is practically blind, he cannot move without any assistance. With a normal field of view, a person is able to overlook objects and phenomena in certain limits, at the same time, in mutual relationships and relationships, to cover distant items. The field of view in children is somewhat less than in adults, which is one of the reasons for the increased frequency of road traffic accidents with children. A significant concentric narrowing of the field of view occurs during retinal pigment dystrophy and glaucoma (the so-called "tube vision"). There are changes in the field of view associated with its partial falling in the center or on the periphery of the retina of the eye (cattle). The presence in the field of view of small livestock leads to the occurrence of shadows, stains, circles, ovals, arcs, complicating the perception of objects, making it difficult to read and write. The latter becomes impossible in extensive bilateral scotomes.

   The visual analyzer ensures the fulfillment of the most complex visual functions.

   It is customary to distinguish between five main visual functions:

   1) of central vision;

   2) peripheral vision;

   3) binocular vision;

   4) light machines;

   5) Coloring.

   Central vision requires bright light and is intended for the perception of colors and small-sized objects.

   A feature of the central view is the perception of the form of objects. Therefore, this function is otherwise called uniforms.

   The state of central vision is determined by the urgency of view.

   Uniform vision develops gradually: it is found at 2--3 month of the child's life; Moving the gaze for a moving subject is formed at the age of 3--5 months; For 4--6 month, the child learns the relatives careering; After 6 months, the child distinguishes toys - VIS-0.02--0.04, from year to two years VIS-0.3--0.6.

   Learning the form of the subject in the child appears earlier (5 months) than the recognition of color.

   Binocular vision is the ability of spatial perception, volume and relief of objects, a vision of two eyes. Its development begins at 3--4 month of the child's life, and the formation ends to 7--13 years. It is improved in the process of accumulating life experience. Normal binocular perception is possible when the interaction of visual-nervous and muscular apparatuses of the eye. In impudent children, binocular perception is most often violated. One of the signs of violation of binocular vision is the squint - the deviation of one eye from the correct symmetric position, which complicates the implementation of visual-spatial synthesis, causes a slowdown in the flow of movement, coordination violation, and so on.

   Peripheral vision acts at dusk, it is intended for perception of the surrounding background and large objects, serves to orientation in space. This view has a high sensitivity to moving subjects. The state of peripheral vision is characterized by a field of view. The field of view is a space that is perceived by one eye with its fixed position. Changing the field of view (scotoma) can be an early sign of some eye diseases and brain damage.

   Thanks to the color vision, a person is able to perceive and distinguish between the variety of colors in the surrounding world. The appearance of the reaction to the color distinction in small children occurs in a certain order. The fastest, the child begins to recognize red, yellow, green, and later - purple and blue.

   The person's eye is able to distinguish between a variety of colors and shades when mixing the three main colors of the spectrum: red, green and blue (or violet).

   Loss or violation of one of the components is called dichromazia. For the first time, this phenomenon was described by the English School of Dalton Chemist, who himself suffered from this disorder. Therefore, colonic violations in some cases are called daltonism. If the red susceptibility is disturbed, red and orange shades for children seem dark gray or even black. Yellow and red traffic light for them is one color.

   Color spectrum tones differ from each other in three signs: color tone, brightness (lightness) and saturation. The development of contrast in teaching children with violations of violation is important. Strengthening brightness, saturation and contrast will provide a clearer perception of depicted objects and phenomena.

   In impudent children of color disorders depend on the clinical forms of weakness, their origin, localization and flow. In essentials instead of view, the management of hands is replaced with muscle feeling.

   Lightweight - the ability of the retina to perceive the light and distinguish its brightness. Different light and dark adaptation. Normally seen eyes have the ability to adapt to different lighting conditions. Light adaptation is an adaptation of an organ of vision to a high level of lighting. Light sensitivity appears in a child immediately after birth.

   Children who have illuminated adaptation, see better in twilight than in the light. Some children with violations are marked by light-free.

   Svetlana Bird
   Methodical development "Orientation in space"

   Introduction

   Space - philosophical category; length objects and the distance between them. Space - the general property of material bodies have a length, occupy a certain place and specially located among others objects of the world.

   The oldest sketches of the terrain on the stones, bones, pieces of wood they say that a person is already on an early stage of development sought to determine the place of his position relative to the surrounding objects. In the Middle Ages in the monasteries began to manufacture geographical maps on which the East was designated at the top, since holy places (for example, for Christians Jerusalem in Palestine) In relation to Europe were in the east. Then there was a term « orientation» which comes from Latin "Oriens" or French "Orient"Meaning "East". It is assumed that this concept is associated with the period when people enjoyed to determine the directions of the visible sunrise place. Man orientation in space Includes distinction and perception space; Understanding various spatial relations - provisions, distances, quantities, forms, directions. Orientation in space It is carried out with the participation of visual, auditory, motor, olfactory, tactile analyzers, the sensations of which are mediated by thinking and speech. In a narrower value, the concept « spatial orientation» means locality on terrain. Under spatial orientation understand: Definition "Standing points" - the location of the subject towards the surrounding objects (I'm right from Misha); Determination of the location of the subject (object) in relation to the subject (home to the left of me); Definition relative to each other (table opposite the cabinet). Active movement - the required component spatial orientationsince man oriented in space for thatTo successfully make movement from one locality point to another. Therefore, focusing on the terrainYou must be able to choose the route of movement, stick to it and detect the target at the end of the movement. Orientation in space It assumes the ability to use any reference system. In early childhood child focus on basis"Sensual" reference systems - on the sides of their own body. In preschool age, he masters the verbal reference system - by the main spatial directions.

   The verbal reference system is associated with the discrimination of the main pair spatial directionsthat correlate with certain parts of the body man: at the top - where the head, below, where the legs, in front - where is the face, from behind - where the back. At the same time, the child eagerly distinguishes the upper-lower direction, which is associated with the acquisition of the vertical position of the body at an early age. Differentiation of other directions occurs several later: First, the front-rear reference is mastered, later the direction of the right-on-left. Having highlight three groups of directions, the child can be mistaken in accuracy of distinguishing areas within each group. Overacted "Sensual" The countdown system learns to distinguish part of their own body, determine their spatial position, indicate directions "Push", move in the specified direction. Transfer from "Sensual" Systems to verbal occurs gradually: First, the child practically relates objects with "Sensual" the reference system (leaning back to the object concerns its hand, then movement to the object is replaced by turning the housing to it, the index gesture, the nod; then the child towards the object only looks and gradually learns to use special spatial terms(adverb and prepositions). Thus, the process of coagulation occurs (Interiorization) Practical actions and transfer them to the inner plan. The reflection process (awareness) kid spatial The relations between the objects of the surrounding world passes 3 stages.

   Stage 1. 1-2 years of life. Reflected child space discrete, i.e. items are perceived as "Separate"out of spatial Relations and RelationsIsolated. In children during this period there is no height fear. Two pictures on which the same items are drawn, but located differently, perceived by the baby as absolutely identical.

   Stage 2. 2-3 years of life. Separate items begin to be perceived by the child in spatial relationships subject to them spatial proximity, i.e. space perceived as consisting of "Some continuity". As a result, the child itself has items close to each other in the process, such as drawing or laying toys on the shelf to perceive them spatial communityCommunication.

   3 stage. 3-4 years of life. Reflection space Wears a more perfect character regardless of the distance between objects, "Separate continuity" Close, forming a uniform indivisible space. Mastering continuous space, child is studying navigate"on myself", on external objects, "Push" (the reference point is fixed on the child, "From other objects" (The reference point is fixed on external objects, objects, with respect to which the location of the child is determined). On this basis, he learns to determine spatial The accommodation of objects relative to each other and use various models.

   « Orientation in space» questions

   II junior group. Space orientation helps to navigate in the location of the parts of your body (Head, legs, eyes, ears, spin, etc.) and in accordance with them distinguish: ahead - rear (behind, at the top - downstairs (right) - Left (left). Distinguish between the right and left hands.

   Medium group. Orientation in space Develops the ability to determine spatial directions from themselves, move in a given direction (Forward - back, right - left, up - down); Denote words objects In relation to yourself (before me, the table on the right of me, on the left - the window, behind the shelves - toys).

   It begins to acquaint S. spatial relationship: far close (The house is close, and the birch is growing away).

   Senior group. Improved skill navigate in the surrounding space: on the left - right, at the top - downstairs, ahead (front) - Rear (for, between, next to, move in a given direction, changing it in the signal, as well as in accordance with signs - signposts of the direction of movement (Forward, back, right, left, etc.).

   Orientation in space helps to determine their location among those around people and objects: "I am standing between Olya and Tanya, for Masha, behind Kati, before Natasha, near Yura"; Denote in speech Mutual location objects: "A hare is sits to the right of the doll, and the horse is standing on the left, the teddy bear behind the doll, and ahead is a car." Leaf orientation(right - left, at the top - downstairs, in the middle, in the corner).

   Preparatory group. Orientation in space allows you to navigate on a limited surface (sheet of paper, academic board, notebook page, books, etc.); Position objects and their images in the specified direction, reflect them in speech spatial location(left, right, at the top, bottom, left, right, above, below, in the left top (right lower) The corner, before, for, between, near, etc.).

   Acquaintance with the plan, scheme, route card. Development of modeling ability spatial Relationship between objects in the form of drawing, plan, schemes.

   Children learn to read simple informationdenoted spatial Relationship and direction of movement of objects (left to right, right left, bottom up, top down); Alone to move in space, focusing on the conditional designation of the direction of movement (signs and symbols).

   Relevance

   Problem man orientation in space wide and multifaceted. It includes both an idea of \u200b\u200bthe value and form and spatial distinction, and perception space, and understanding of various spatial attitude(definition of the position of the subject in space Between other subjects, the perception of depth, etc.).

   In the more narrow value of the expression " spatial orientation "means referring to the terrain. In this sense under referred to in space thinks:

   a) definition of "standing point", i.e. the location of the subject in relation to the objects around him, eg: "I am right from home", etc.;

   b) localization of the surrounding objects for a person, oriented in space, eg: "The cabinet is right, and the door to the left of me";

   c) definition spatial location of objects relative to each other, i.e. spatial relations between them eg: "A teddy's right from the doll sits, and the ball is left of it."

   With movement spatial orientation is necessary. Only under this condition a person can successfully move out of one locality point to another.

   Orientation This requires always a solution of three tasks: setting goals and choosing a route (Selecting direction); Preservation of direction in motion and achieve the goal.

   Although they arise very early, are a more complex process than the ability to distinguish the quality of the subject. In formation spatial Representations and methods orientation in space Various analyzers are involved (Kineette, tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory). In young children, a special role belongs to the kinesthetic and auditorium analyzers.

   “Orientation in space"- One of the sections of the" Programs "in the development of elementary mathematical ideas in children. But this does not mean that the topic ", skills orientation"Purely mathematical. Let us turn to studies of scientists - psychologists and teachers. Through think: Mastering spatial perception, ideas I. orientation Increases the effectiveness and quality of cognitive activity - productive and creative, labor, sensory, intellectual abilities are improved. After all, it is no secret that the quality of the pattern is largely determined by composite construction, aesthetic expressiveness - symmetry, the rhythms of alternation of elements, mastering spatial Coordination improves the quality of exercise - musical and rhythmic, physical education.

   Elementary knowledge O. space and elementary skills orientation Need to prepare children to school. AND last thing: Mastering the rules of the road is completely impossible without elementary knowledge about space.

   Volume of the software content section « Orientation in space» From one age group expands and deepened. It provides accessibility and graduality in consideration of various questions on different age-related steps.

   Fullness of mastering knowledge about space, ability K. spatial orienteering It is ensured by the interaction of motor-kinesthetic, visual and auditory analyzers during the commission of various types of child activities aimed at active knowledge of the surrounding reality.

   Development spatial orientation and view of space It occurs in close connection with the formation of the feeling of the scheme of its body, with the expansion of the practical experience of children, with a change in the structure of the subject-gaming action associated with the further improvement of motor skills. Forming spatial Representations are reflected and further development in the subject-gaming, visual, constructive and domestic activities of children.

   Qualitative changes in formation spatial Perceptions are associated with the development of speech in children, with understanding and active consumption of verbal symbols spatial relationshipexpressed by pretexts, adverbs.

   Mastering knowledge O. space implies the ability to allocate and distinguish spatial Symptoms and relationships, the ability to verbally mean them correctly focus on spatial relations when performing various employment operations based on spatial views.

   Orientation in space Performed on the basis of a person using a reference system. A lot of them. And they all reflect the experience of knowledge of man spatial relationship, summarize experience orientation of people in an unimportant environment.

   Conclusion

   Spatial presentations - presentations in which reflected spatial relations of objects(value, shape, location, movement). The level of generalization and schematization spatial The image depends on how objects, as well as the tasks of activity, which is implemented by the individual and in which publicly generated funds are used spatial Analysis(Pictures, Schemes, Maps).

   Views O. space Early the child gradually. The fundamental stage in the formation structure spatial Representations is a child's perception of his own body, which begins with the sensation of muscles, the feeling of body interaction with the external spaceAs well as from the interaction of the child with adults. In the book of a wonderful domestic psychologist L. S. Vygotsky "Thinking and speech" It is said that "the concept is formed when the sensations are formed.

   Between three and four years old, the child begins to develop an idea of \u200b\u200bthe right and left, that is, the physical scheme is formed and ripens. The process of formation of distinction by the child's right and left sides of his own body is completed approximately six years. To understand whether the preschooler has ideas about the right and left at the preschooler, it is necessary to determine whether he perceives the scheme of his own body, you need to ask forwhere he has a right hand, left leg, left heel, right eye and other parts of the body (ear, cheek, elbow, knee, shoulder, etc.). Infectiously formed representations from the right and left parts of the body often cause written speech disorders (reading, letters).

   Formation spatial orientation is inextricably associated with the development of thinking and speech. Significant changes in perception space The preschooler is observed with the appearance in its dictionary of words denoting the place, direction and spatial location of objects. With the appearance in the active dictionary of the preschooler words: left, right, back, back, close, far perception space rises to a new, qualitatively higher level - expand and deepen spatial views.

   Thanks to the eyes, these amazing authorities, we have a unique opportunity - to see everything around themselves, consider things in the distance and close to the dark, oriented in space, move in it quickly and easily.

   Our vision makes our life richer, more informative, more active. Therefore, it is so important for a person in a timely manner to solve all the problems that arise with eyes, because even the slightest probability stopping seeing this beautiful world scares.

   The eyes are a window into the world, this is the reflection of our soul state, this is a repository of mysteries and secrets.
   

   In this article we will pay special attention to central and peripheral vision.

   What are their differences? How is their quality determine? What is the differences between peripheral and central vision in people and animals and how do animals generally see? And how to improve peripheral vision ...

   This is still very, very much will be considered in this article.

   Central and peripheral vision. Interesting information.
   

   First of central vision.

   This is the most important element of human visual function.

   It received such a name, because Provided by the central retina and central pocket. It gives a person the opportunity to distinguish forms and minor items, so its second name is uniform.

   Even if it slightly decreases, the person will immediately feel it.

   The main characteristic of the central vision is the acuteness of sight.
   
   Its research is of great importance in the assessment of the entire visual apparatus of a person, to track a variety of pathological processes in the organs of vision.

   Under the urgency of view, the ability of a person's eye is understood to distinguish between two points in space, located close to each other, at a certain distance from the person.

   We also pay attention to such a concept as an angle of view, which is an angle formed between the two extreme points of the subject matter and the nodal point of the eye.

   It turns out that the greater the angle of view, the lower its sharpness.

   

   Now about peripheral eyesight.

   It provides a person's orientation in space, makes it possible to see in darkness and semi.

   How to figure out what is central, and what is peripheral vision?
   
   Turn the head to the right, the word is called any object, for example, a picture on the wall, and fix the look at any separate item. You see him well, clearly, isn't it?

   This is due to central vision. But besides this object, you see so well, a large number of different things also fall into view. This, for example, the door to another room, a wardrobe that stands next to the picture you have chosen, a little dog sitting on the floor. You see all these items are unclear, but, nevertheless, you see, you have the opportunity to catch their movement and react to it.

   This is peripheral vision.

   Both eyes of a person, not moving, capable of covering 180 degrees on horizontal meridian and slightly less - somewhere 130 degrees vertical.

   As we have noticed, peripheral vision is less compared to the central. This is explained by the fact that the number of colums, from the center to the peripheral retinal departments, is significantly reduced.

   Peripheral vision is characterized by the so-called field of view.
   
   This is a space that is perceived by a fixed look.

   
   
   Peripheral vision is invaluable for humans.
   
   It is thanks to it that is possible free familiar movement in the human surrounding person, orientation in the environment surrounding us.

   If peripheral vision for some reason is lost, even with full preservation of central vision, the individual cannot move independently, it will be stumbled upon every subject on its way, the ability to cover large items.

   And what sight is considered good?

   Now consider the following questions: how the quality of central and peripheral vision is measured, as well as which indicators are considered normal.

   First of central vision.
   
   We are accustomed that if a person sees well, "the unit on both eyes" say about him.

   What does it mean? That each eye separately can distinguish between two close-based points in space, which are given on the retina an angle of one minute. So it turns out the unit on both eyes.

   By the way, it is only the bottom norm. There are people who have vision 1.2, 2 or more.

   

   It is most often used to determine the severity of vision, the Golovin-Sivzeva table is used, the one, where the letters woven the letters are known in the upper part of all the letters sits in front of the table at a distance of 5 meters and closes alternately, then the left eye. The doctor points to the letters in the table, and the patient utters them out loud.

   Normal is the vision of a person who sees the tenth line with one eye.
   
   Peripheral vision.

   It is characterized by a field of view. His change is the earliest, and sometimes the only sign of some eye ailments.

   The dynamics of changes in the field of view makes it possible to estimate the course of the disease, as well as the effectiveness of its treatment. In addition, due to the study of this parameter, atypical processes in the brain are detected.

   

   Study of the field of view is the definition of its boundaries, identifying the defects of the visual function within them.
   
   To achieve these goals, various methods are used.

   The easiest of them is controlled.
   
   Allows you to quickly, literally in a few minutes, without the use of any devices, determine the field of view of a person.

   The essence of this method is a comparison of the peripheral vision of the physician (which should be normal) with peripheral vision of the patient.

   It looks like this. The doctor and the patient sit opposite each other at a distance of one meter, each of them closes one eye (the variety of eyes are closed), and open eyes perform a point of fixation. The doctor then begins to slowly move the brush of his hand, which is located on the side, out of sight, and gradually bring it to the center of the field of view. The patient should indicate the moment when he sees it. The study is repeated from all sides.

   With this method, the peripheral vision of man is only roughly evaluated.

   There are more complex methods that give profound results, such as campimimetry and perimetry.
   
   
   

   The boundaries of the field of view may differ from a person to a person, depend, including from the level of intelligence, the characteristics of the patient's face structure.

   Normal indicators for white color are as follows: up - 50o, duck - 90o, upstand - 60o, upstairs - 60o, Blank - 90O, Book - 60o, Knutka Book - 50o, Knutrice - 50o.

   Perception of color in central and peripheral vision.
   
   The experimental way is established that human eyes can distinguish up to 150,000 shades and color tones.

   This ability affects the various sides of the human life.

   Colorful eyesight enriches the picture of the world, gives an individual more useful information, has an impact on his psychophysical state.

   Colors are actively used everywhere - in painting, industry, in scientific research ...

   

   For color vision, the so-called columns are responsible, photosensitive cells that are in the eye of a person. But the sticks are responsible for night vision. In the retina, there are three types of colums, each of which is most sensitive to blue, green and red spectrum sites.

   Of course, the picture that we get due to central vision is better saturated with flowers in comparison with the result of peripheral vision. Peripheral vision better catches brighter color, red, for example, or black.

   Women and men, it turns out, see differently!

   Interestingly, women and men see somewhat differently.

   Due to certain differences in the structure of the eyes, a fair sex is capable of distinguishing more colors and shades, rather than a strong part of humanity.
   
   
   

   In addition, scientists have proven that men are better developed central vision, and in women peripherals.

   This is explained by the nature of the activities of people of various sexes in ancient times.

   Men went hunting, where it was important to be clearly concentrated on some one object, nothing besides him. And women watched housing, had to quickly notice the slightest changes, violations of the usual flow of domestic life (for example, to quickly see the snake folosing in the cater).

   There are statistical confirmations of this approval. For example, in 1997, 4132 children were injured in the UK as a result of an accident, of which 60% of boys and 40% of girls were injured.

   In addition, insurance companies noted that women are much less likely than men fall on cars in the accidents that are connected with side blows at intersections. But parallel parking is given to excellent ladies more difficult.

   

   Also, women are better seeing in the dark, more small details are noticed in a wide wide, if you compare with men.
   
   At the same time, the eyes of the latter are well adapted to tracking the object at the far distance.

   If you take into account other physiological features of women and men, the next council will be formed - for a long trip, it is best to alternate as follows - a woman to give the day, and the man is the night.

   And a few more interesting facts.

   Beautiful ladies have a slower, rather than in men.

   In addition, women's eyes are better suited for observation of objects at close range, so they, for example, can be much faster and tracked men to make a thread in the needle's ear.

   People, animals and their eyesight.
   
   Since childhood, people occupy a question - how do animals see, our favorite cats and dogs, soaring in the height of birds floating in the sea of \u200b\u200bcreatures?

   Scientists have long been studying the structure of the eyes of birds, animals and fish so that we can finally find out the answers you are interested in.

   Let's start with our favorite pets - dogs and cats.

   The way they see the world is significantly different from how the world sees. This happens for several reasons.
   
   First.

   The acuity of vision in these animals is significantly lower than in humans. The dog, for example, has a vision of about 0.3, and the cats are generally 0.1. At the same time, these animals have an incredibly wide field of view, much wider than a person.

   The conclusion can be done like this: the eyes of animals are maximally adapted for panoramic vision.

   This is due to the structure of the retina, and the anatomical location of the organs.

   

   Second.

   Animals are much better than a person see in the dark.

   Interestingly, dogs and cats at night are even better than during the day. All thanks to the special structure of the retina, the presence of a special reflective layer.

   
   
   
   Third.

   Our pets, unlike a person, is better distinguished by moving, rather than static items.

   At the same time, animals have a unique ability to determine the distance on which one or another object is located.

   

   Four.
   
   There are differences in the perception of colors. And so, despite the fact that the structure of the cornea and lens in animals and the person is practically no different.

   A person distinguishes much more colors than dogs and cats.

   And it is connected with the features of the structure of the eyes. For example, in the eyes of the dog there is less "columns" responsible for the color perception than in humans. Therefore, they distinguish between the colors.

   Previously, there was a theory that vision in animals, cats and dogs, black and white.

   

   This is if we talk about the differences of human vision of pets.

   Now about other animals and birds.

   Monkeys, for example, see three times better than a person.

   Eagles, vultures, falcons possess extraordinary urgency. The latter can well consider the target, up to 10 cm, at a distance of about 1.5 km. And the vulture is able to distinguish between rodents of a small size, which are 5 km away from it.

   The record holder is in panoramic vision - Waldshnep. It has almost circular!

   But all of us the familiar dove has an angle of view of approximately 340 degrees.

   Deep-sea fish see well in absolute darkness, sea skates and chameleons can generally look at the same time in different directions, and all because their eyes move independently of each other.

   These are such interesting facts.

   How is our vision change in the course of life?

   And how our vision changes, as central and peripheral, in the course of life? What sight are we born and what come to old age? Let's pay attention to these questions.

   At different periods of life in people have a different acuity of sight.

   A person is born, and it will be low. In a four-month age, the child's acuity is approximately 0.06, it grows to 0.1-0.3 by the year, and only five years (in some cases up to 15 years), vision becomes normal.

   Over time, the situation changes. This is due to the fact that the eyes, like any other organs, undergo certain age changes, their activity is gradually decreasing.

   
   
   It is believed that the deterioration of visual acuity is the inevitable or almost inevitable phenomenon in old age.
   
   We highlight the following points.
   
   

   *	With age, the sizes of pupils are reduced due to the weakening of the muscles, which are responsible for their regulation. As a result, the reaction of pupils on the light stream deteriorates. This means that the older the person becomes, the more he needs light for reading and other activities. In addition, in the elderly, the differences brightness differences are very painfully perceived.
   *	Also with the age of the eyes worse recognize colors, the contrast and brightness of the image decreases. This is a consequence of a decrease in the number of retinal cells that are responsible for the perception of colors, shades, contrast and brightness. The outside the world of an elderly person seems to be fading, becomes dim.

   
   What happens with peripheral vision?
   
   It also becomes worse with age - the side view is worsened, field sights are narrowed.

   It is very important to know and take into account, especially people who continue to lead an active lifestyle, drive a car, etc.

   A significant deterioration of it is peripheral vision occurs after 65 years.
   

   The output can be made next.

   A decrease in central and peripheral vision with age is normal, because the eyes, like any other organ of the human body, are susceptible to aging.

   With bad eyes not to be me ...
   
   Many of us have already known since childhood, who want to be in adulthood.

   Someone dreamed of becoming a pilot, someone - an auto mechanic, someone - photographer.

   Everyone would like to do in life exactly what I like is no more, no less. And what is the surprise and disappointment when when receiving a medical certificate for admission to this or that educational institution, it turns out that your long-awaited profession will not become, and everything is due to poor vision.

   Some do not even think that it can become a real obstacle to the implementation of plans for the future.

   

   So, let's figure out which professions require good vision.
   
   They are not so little.

   For example, it is precisely an acuteness of view that jewelers, watchmakers, persons employed in the exact small instrument making in the electrical, radio industries, in optical-mechanical production, as well as a typographical profile profession (it can be a typewriter, correctioner, etc.).

   Undoubtedly, the sharp should be the vision of the photographer, seamstress, shoe.

   In all of the above cases, the quality of central vision is rather important, but there is a profession where the peripheral role plays the role.

   For example, the pilot of aircraft. No one will argue that its peripheral vision should be at the height, as well as the central one.

   The driver's profession is similar. Well developed peripheral vision will avoid the many dangerous and unpleasant, including emergencies on the road.

   In addition, auto mechanics should have excellent vision (and central, and peripheral). This is one of the important requirements for candidates when taking a job for this position.

   Do not also forget about athletes. For example, football players, hockey players, handball players peripheral vision approaching ideal.

   

   There is also a profession, where it is very important to correctly distinguish between the colors (the safety of color vision).

   This, for example, designers, seamstresses, shoes, employees of the radio industries.

   We train peripheral vision. A pair of exercises.
   
   Surely you heard about the courses of aperture.

   The organizers undertake in a couple of months and not for such a big amount of money to teach you to swallow books one after one, and perfectly memorizing their content. So, the lion's share of time on courses is given precisely the development of peripheral vision. Subsequently, a person will not need to drive through the rows in the book, he can immediately see the entire page.

   Therefore, if you set a task in a short time to develop peripheral vision in a short time, you can sign up for traffic courses, and in the near future you will notice significant changes and improvements.

   But not everyone wants to spend time on such events.

   For those who want at home, in a relaxed atmosphere, improve their peripheral vision, we give a few exercises.

   Exercise number 1.
   
   Be near the window and lock the look on any subject on the street. It may be satellite antenna on a nearby house, someone's balcony, or a slide on the playground.

   Fixed? Now, without moving through your eyes and head, name items that are located near your favorites.

   
   

   Exercise number 2.

   Open the book you read at the moment.

   Choose some word on one of the pages and lock your gaze on it. Now, without moving with pupils, try to read the words around the one you recorded the look.

   Exercise number 3.

   For him you will need a newspaper.

   It needs to find the most narrow column, and then take a red handle and in the center of the column, top down, draw a straight thin line. Now, I glid to look only on the red feature, without turning the pupils to the right and left, attempt to read the contents of the speaker.

   Do not worry if you can't do it for the first time.

   When you get with a narrow column, select wider, etc.

   Soon you can cover whole pages of books, magazines.