What foods contain zinc? Zinc, why the body needs it, symptoms of zinc deficiency

Zinc- one of the most important elements for every person. It is part of hundreds of enzymes and proteins that perform protective functions. Its content in the body is small and varies from two to three grams. Most of this substance is found in nervous, muscle, bone tissue, as well as in the kidneys, liver and glands.

To build impressive muscle mass, bodybuilders often resort to taking a variety of nutritional supplements. Supplementation with zinc, creatine monohydrate, HMB and similar substances is an essential addition to the diet of any serious exerciser.

Taking active supplements does not guarantee complete replenishment of the required amount of substances, vitamins, and elements. This also applies to zinc. Its deficiency is experienced by many, but especially by athletes. Most athletes suffer from zinc deficiency, and without it it is impossible to achieve continuous and safe muscle growth. Therefore, every athlete needs to clearly monitor the sufficient intake of zinc in the body.

The element plays several important functions at once. As a component of enzymes, it affects the metabolism of substances such as fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Zinc is contained in the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which is important in balancing the acid-base balance. The implementation of redox processes is impossible without this trace element.

Zinc takes part in such a complex process as gene expression. It consists of reading the information encoded in DNA, its subsequent transcription in the form of RNA and its further conversion into protein. Being an integral part of deciphering information from DNA molecules, the microelement is inextricably linked with both intracellular division and apoptosis - programmed cell death.

The microelement is required for full sexual, intellectual, physical development, maintaining general tone and the immune system. It affects the metabolism of retinol - true vitamin A and its derivatives, on which the functioning of visual receptors depends. And if a person begins to see poorly in the dark, then this, first of all, may signal a lack of zinc.

Zinc has another important property. The absorption of metals that are present in proteins such as transferrin and albumin depends on it. If you regularly consume at least 50 milligrams of this trace element, the absorption of iron and copper will be suppressed and, conversely, taking more of these metals will reduce the absorption of zinc.

Meat and liver contain the most microelements. For vegetarians, these products can be replaced by: legumes and grains, pumpkin seeds, almonds, sesame seeds, walnuts, sunflowers. Some of these products contain phytate. It impairs the absorption of minerals. The first cases of zinc deficiency are associated precisely with the fact that phytic acid was present in large quantities in food. Currently, purchasing products that are saturated with zinc is not difficult.

The amount of zinc present in the body is usually determined by its plasma concentration. This indicator is not accurate and does not allow one hundred percent to determine the ratio of the microelement as a whole.

What are the consequences of zinc deficiency?

A deficiency of a microelement that performs important biological functions affects the functioning of many systems in the human body. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to diagnose. This is due to the fact that the symptoms are not pronounced and are characteristic exclusively of zinc deficiency.

Characteristic of disturbances in the synthesis of proteins, steroid hormones, and the immune system:

• acne;
• difficult-to-heal and poorly healing wounds;
• thickening and discoloration of the skin;
• seals;
• the appearance of stretch marks;
• brittle nails;
• hair loss;
• muscle weakness;
• diarrhea;
• constant feeling of fatigue;
• delay in growth, physical and sexual development.

Microelement deficiency can also lead to sexual dysfunction, which occurs in both sexes. Libido may decrease, the menstrual cycle may be disrupted, and erectile dysfunction may occur. Disturbances in the process of spermatogenesis can cause infertility.

Due to a lack of zinc, the immune system weakens. This makes the body vulnerable to various allergies and infections. Given the importance of the substance for the organs of vision, eye diseases such as macular degeneration, myopia and cataracts may develop. There is often a change in taste, appetite, and sense of smell. If all these signs are observed at the same time, this indicates a severe zinc deficiency.

A genetic feature of the transport of microelements can lead to a deficiency of the substance.

Causes of zinc deficiency

To avoid a deficiency of this important element, you need to carefully monitor your diet. Deficiency can be caused by both the lack of zinc-rich foods and the lack of food required by the body, including strict diets or an incorrectly designed menu.

A deficiency can be caused by diseases of the liver and pancreas, which lead to impaired absorption of this trace element. Abuse of alcoholic beverages has a negative effect on the amount of zinc in the body.

Zinc deficiency most often affects adolescents and young children, women during pregnancy and lactation.

How much zinc does a person need?

The daily intake of this microelement depends on age. An adult needs approximately forty milligrams, adolescents and children require the substance in smaller quantities. There is a category of people who consume zinc in much higher concentrations. These primarily include bodybuilders.

This is due to the fact that this microelement stimulates the growth of muscle mass, is actively consumed during training, and, therefore, must be replenished. The dosage of the substance obtained with food is not enough. Therefore, every bodybuilder must take special complexes and supplements.

Sources of zinc

Vegetable

Nuts, grains, legumes, pumpkin seeds, mushrooms, cereals, garlic, cabbage, asparagus, apples, pears, plums, cherries, potatoes, beets, carrots.

Animals

Beef liver, meat, fish and seafood, milk, cheese, poultry, eggs.

One of the metals that was discovered quite a long time ago, but to this day has not lost its relevance in use due to its remarkable properties, is zinc. Its physical and chemical properties make it possible to use the material in a wide variety of industries and everyday life. It also has a significant impact on human health.

A Brief History of the Element's Discovery

People knew what zinc was even before our era. After all, it was then that they learned to use alloys containing this metal. The Egyptians used ores containing copper and zinc, smelted them and obtained a very strong, oxidation-resistant material. Household items and dishes made from this material were found.

The name zinc appears in the writings of the physician Paracelsus in the 16th century AD. During the same period, the Chinese began to actively use the metal, casting coins from it. Gradually, knowledge about this substance and its good technical properties is spreading to Europe. Then in Germany and England they also learned what zinc is and where it can be used.

Brass was one of the first and most famous alloys, used since ancient times in Cyprus and later in Germany and other countries.

The name comes from the Latin zincum, but the etymology is not entirely clear. There are several versions.

1. From the German zinke, which translates as "edge".
2. From the Latin zincum, meaning "white coating".
3. Persian "cheng", that is, stone.
4. Old German zinco, which translates as “plaque”, “eyesore”.

The element received its current name only at the beginning of the 20th century. The importance of zinc ions in the human body also became known only relatively recently (20th century). Before this, no ailments were associated with this element.

However, it is known that already in ancient times, many peoples used soups made from young lamb meat as a means of recovery from illness and for a speedy recovery. Today we can say that the effect was achieved due to zinc ions, which this dish contains quite a lot. It helped restore blood circulation, relieve fatigue and activated brain activity.

Element Zinc: characteristics

This element is located in the periodic table in the second group, a secondary subgroup. Serial number 30, mass of Zinc - 65.37. The only and constant oxidation state is +2. Electronic configuration of the outer layer of the 4s 2 atom.

In the table, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Manganese and many others are transition metals. These include all those whose electrons fill the outer and pre-external d and f energy sublevels.

Zinc salts

Almost all salts that are not double and complex, that is, do not contain foreign colored ions, are colorless. The most popular in terms of human use are the following.

1. Zinc chloride - ZnCL 2. Another name for the compound is soldering acid. Externally, it appears as white crystals that absorb air moisture well. Used to clean the surface of metals before soldering, to obtain fiber, in batteries, to impregnate wood before processing as a disinfectant.
2. Zinc sulfide. White powder, quickly turning yellow when heated. It has a high melting point, unlike pure metal. It is used in the production of luminescent compounds applied to screens, panels and other objects. Is a semiconductor.
3. - a common poison used to get rid of gnawing animals (mice, rats).
4. Smithsonite, or zinc carbonate - ZnCO 3. Colorless crystalline compound, insoluble in water. It is used in petrochemical production, as well as in silk production reactions. It is a catalyst in organic synthesis and is used as a soil fertilizer.
5. Zinc acetate - (CH 3 COO) 2 Zn. Colorless crystals, highly soluble in all solvents of any nature. It is widely used in the chemical, medical and food industries. Used to treat nosopharyngitis. Used as a food additive E650 - freshens breath, prevents the appearance of plaque on teeth when included in chewing gum. It is also used for pickling dyes, preserving wood, producing plastics and other organic syntheses. Almost everywhere it plays the role of an inhibitor.
6. Zinc iodide is a white crystal used in radiography, as an electrolyte in batteries, and as a dye for electron microscopy.
7. Black or dark green crystals that cannot be obtained by direct synthesis, since zinc does not react with nitrogen. Formed from metal ammonia. At high temperatures it decomposes with the release of zinc, therefore it is used for its production.
8. Zinc nitrate. Colorless hygroscopic crystals. Zinc is used in this form in the textile and leather industries for treating fabrics.

Zinc alloys

As mentioned above, the most common zinc alloy is brass. It has been known since ancient times and is still actively used by people to this day. What is he like?

Brass is copper and zinc, which are combined harmoniously with several other metals, giving additional shine, strength and refractoriness to the alloy. Zinc is included as an alloying element, copper as the main one. The color of the material is yellow and shiny, but can turn black in the open air in a humid environment. The melting point is about 950 o C, it can vary depending on the zinc content (the more it is, the lower the temperature).

The material is well rolled into sheets, pipes, and contact welded. It has good technical characteristics, so the following elements are made from it:.

1. Machine parts and various technical devices.
2. Sleeves and stamped products.
3. Nuts, bolts, pipes.
4. Fittings, bushings, anti-corrosion parts for various types of transport.
5. Clock details.

Most of the metal we are considering mined in the world goes specifically to the production of this alloy.

Another type of intermetallic compound is zinc antimonide. Its formula is Zn 4 Sb 3. It is also an alloy that is used as a semiconductor in transistors, thermal imagers, and magnetoresistive devices.

It is obvious that the use of zinc and its compounds is very wide and almost everywhere. This metal is as popular as copper and aluminum, silver and gold, manganese and iron. Its importance is especially great for technical purposes as an anti-corrosion material. After all, various alloys and products are coated with zinc to protect them from this destructive natural process.

Biological role

What is zinc from a medical and biological point of view? Does it matter for the life of organisms and how great is it? It turns out that zinc ions simply must be present in living beings. Otherwise, the deficit will lead to the following consequences:

• anemia;
• decreased insulin;
• allergies;
• weight loss and memory;
• fatigue;
• depression;
• blurred vision;
• irritability and others.

The main places of concentration of zinc ions in the human body are the liver and muscles. It is also this metal that is part of most enzymes (for example, carbonic anhydrase). Therefore, most catalytic reactions occur with the participation of zinc.

What exactly do ions do?

1. Participate in the synthesis of male hormones and seminal fluid.
2. Promotes the absorption of vitamin E.
3. Participate in the breakdown of alcohol molecules in the body.
4. They are direct participants in the synthesis of many hormones (insulin, growth hormone, testosterone and others).
5. Takes part in hematopoiesis and healing of damaged tissues.
6. Regulates the secretion of the sebaceous glands, maintains normal hair and nail growth, and promotes regeneration processes in the skin.
7. It has the ability to eliminate toxins from the body and strengthen the immune system.
8. Affects the formation of taste sensations, as well as the sense of smell.
9. Takes part in transcription processes, vitamin A metabolism, nucleic synthesis and decay.
10. It is a participant in all stages of cell growth and development, and also accompanies the process of gene expression.

All this once again proves how important this metal is. Its role in biological systems was clarified only in the 20th century. Many troubles and illnesses in the past could have been avoided if people had known about treatment with zinc-based drugs.

How can you maintain the required amount of this element in the body? The answer is obvious. It is necessary to consume foods containing zinc. The list can be long, so we will indicate only those with the maximum number of the element in question:

• nuts and seeds;
• legumes;
• meat;
• seafood, especially oysters;
• cereals and bread;
• milk products;
• greens, vegetables and fruits.

Human use

We have already generally indicated in which sectors and areas of industry zinc is used. The price of this metal and its alloys is quite high. For example, a sheet of brass measuring 0.6 x 1.5 is approximately valued at 260 rubles. And this is quite justified, because the quality of the material is quite high.

So, metallic zinc, that is, as a simple substance, is used:

• for anti-corrosion coating on iron and steel products;
• in batteries;
• printing houses;
• as a reducing agent and catalyst in organic syntheses;
• in metallurgy for isolating other metals from their solutions.

It is used not only for cosmetic purposes, which we have already mentioned, but also as a filler in the production of rubber, as a white pigment in paints.

We talked about where various zinc salts are used when considering these compounds. It is obvious that, in general, zinc and its substances are important and significant components in industry, medicine and other fields, without which many processes would be impossible or very difficult.

Zinc plays an important role in the body. It is a serious antioxidant, necessary for protein synthesis, for the production of hormones, for the rapid healing of wounds and ulcers.

The deficiency of this microelement immediately manifests itself externally. The condition of the skin and hair deteriorates, body weight may change, hormone levels are disrupted, and metabolism also becomes abnormal. To bring zinc levels back to normal, it is enough to follow a special diet or take zinc tablets.

Content:

Why should you take zinc? Basic properties of zinc

The main property that many people know about zinc is its ability to heal wounds. Zinc is used both externally in the form of an ointment and internally. Many external factors lead to the fact that the natural level of zinc in the body decreases, including alcoholism, ulcers, cirrhosis of the liver, atherosclerosis, diseases of the cardiovascular system, etc. Zinc is removed from the body when using birth control pills, cortisone, if the diet is too rich in sweets or salty foods.

Zinc is necessary in the body for bone formation, especially in childhood. Zinc together with taurine affect the nervous system. In the absence of these elements, there is a risk of developing epilepsy and schizophrenia.

A sufficient amount of zinc in the body helps large wounds heal. You can use not only the ointment, but also increase some products in your diet (sprouted wheat, wheat bran)

Zinc is effective against many viral diseases. It has enhanced antiviral and antitoxic properties. In adolescence, ointment can be used to combat acne. In cosmetology and dermatology, zinc is prescribed for hair loss. If you take medications rich in zinc orally, you can stop the development of arthritis and rheumatism.

Local application of ointment helps fight the above diseases,

and also relieves swelling from swollen joints

Preparations containing zinc are used for tissue healing after surgery. Ulcers on the mucous membranes, including stomach ulcers, heal faster. Zinc is necessary for protein synthesis during metabolism.

Preparations with zinc are prescribed for skin diseases: dandruff, rashes, eczema. By taking zinc tablets in the early stages, you can get rid of anemia and inflammation of the prostate gland. Zinc activates the formation of certain hormones, including testosterone.

A lack of zinc in the body can lead to serious illnesses. Therefore, a person’s diet should be complete and rich in vegetables, fruits, and grains.

Zinc tablets: description of the drug, method of use

Zinc tablets are available in the form of the drug Zincteral. The tablets can restore zinc deficiency in the body, which is necessary for the normal activity of more than 200 enzymes.

Taking zinc orally in tablet form, about 25% of the substance

absorbed in the small and duodenal intestines

The largest amount of the substance in the blood plasma is observed 2 hours after taking the drug. Most of the medicine is excreted through the intestines, the rest through sweat and urine. Zinc accumulates in the pancreas, prostate gland, kidneys and liver, bone tissue, bone tissue and skin, red blood cells and leukocytes.

Indications for use:

Zinc deficiency due to poor diet

Zinc deficiency due to impaired zinc absorption

zinc loss

Before prescribing zinc tablets, laboratory diagnostics are performed. How to take zinc is indicated in the instructions.

Film-coated tablets are taken 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after meals. In this way, maximum absorption can be achieved. The tablet is taken during meals if there are problems with the digestive tract. The dose of the drug and duration of treatment are determined by the attending physician. Usually 1-2 tablets are prescribed per day (either in one dose or in two). The dose varies depending on the patient’s current condition and the dynamics of treatment.

The drug is prescribed to children from 4 years of age, the daily dose is 1 tablet. Taking zinc tablets may also lead to copper deficiency. Therefore, you need to constantly monitor your tests.

During the day (not earlier than two hours after taking the tablet)

You can take foods rich in zinc. The diet should include

dairy products, bran, whole grain bread products

Taking Zincteral is well tolerated by patients. Side effects may occur with long-term use of the drug. They are usually mild and do not require treatment.

In individual cases, the following phenomena may occur:heartburn,nausea, headache, metallic taste in the mouth, leukopenia, anemia, neutropenia, hematological disorders.

It is prohibited to take zinc preparations to patients who have individual intolerance or hypersensitivity. Tablets are prescribed with caution to patients with lactose intolerance.

Zinc supplements should only be taken as prescribed by a doctor.

Much attention is paid to changing the usual diet

The drug is in capsule form

Capsules are not a medicine, but a dietary supplement.Includes:

zinc lactate

chicken egg white

glucose

The drug is taken to normalize the function of the pituitary gland, pancreas, prostate gland . Zinc capsules are taken in a different way than tablets. Despite the non-medicinal form of release, consultation with a doctor is required before taking it. Children from 5 to 12 years old take 1-2 capsules 2 times a day, children from 12 years old and adults take 3-4 capsules 2 times a day. Capsules are taken with meals. The duration of treatment is 1 month.

Several capsules contain a person's daily requirement for zinc. The advantage of capsules is harmless absorption of the intestines, no irritation of the stomach walls

Capsules can be used to prevent skin diseases, hormonal

failures, to maintain immunity and normalize metabolism

You can get the most zinc from red meat. It contains half the daily requirement. A fifth of microelements can be obtained from dairy products. The rest is found in legumes and cereals.

How to take the drug to improve hair condition?

If there is a lack of zinc in the body, this will certainly affect the scalp and hair condition. In addition to zinc for skin and hair, you need large amounts of other microelements, in particular B vitamins, iron, etc.If laboratory tests have confirmed zinc deficiency in the body, the following symptoms will be observed:

hair loss

dry scalp

dandruff

inflammation of the skin

If zinc deficiency is not critical, then it is enough to increase the amount of foods containing zinc. Hair will become stronger and shinier over time. Consuming sufficient amounts of zinc is a simultaneous prevention of androgenetic alopecia.

If it has been confirmed that there is not enough zinc in the body, prescribe tablets

Only a doctor can. Self-medication can lead to the opposite effect.

After all, an excess of vitamins and microelements also leads to negative phenomena.

Can I take zinc during pregnancy?

It is not only possible to consume zinc during pregnancy, but in some cases it is simply necessary. About 80% of pregnant women do not get the required amount of zinc, which is especially important in the second and third trimester.

With zinc deficiency, the fetus may not develop sufficiently, and complications may occur during childbirth. This trace element is necessary for the development of the hormone that is responsible for contractions. There is also a risk of developing intrauterine infections, which can cause premature birth.

A normal amount of zinc is necessary for both the mother and the unborn child. Due to deficiency, the fetal body weight may not reach normal levels. Zinc deficiency during pregnancy can be compensated for by eating certain foods. In rare cases, doctors resort to prescribing pills.

In everyday life, a person should consume enough foods with zinc to maintain normal levels of hormones, metabolism, skin and hair. But in some cases, zinc is removed from the body in large quantities, under the influence of external factors, in certain diseases. A large amount of zinc is consumed during intense sports and during pregnancy. Therefore, pharmacists have developed tablets that allow you to replenish the level of microelements in the shortest possible time.

ZINC (chemical element) ZINC (chemical element)

ZINC (lat. Zincum), Zn (read “zinc”), chemical element with atomic number 30, atomic mass 65.39. Natural zinc consists of a mixture of five stable nuclides: 64 Zn (48.6% by weight), 66 Zn (27.9%), 67 Zn (4.1%), 68 Zn (18.8%) and 70 Zn ( 0.6%). Located in the fourth period in group IIB of the periodic table. Configuration of two outer electronic layers 3 s 2 p 6 d 10 4s 2 . In compounds it exhibits an oxidation state of +2 (valence II).
The radius of the Zn atom is 0.139 nm, the radius of the Zn 2+ ion is 0.060 nm (coordination number 4), 0.0740 nm (coordination number 6) and 0.090 nm (coordination number 8). The sequential ionization energies of the atom correspond to 9.394, 17.964, 39.7, 61.6 and 86.3 eV. Electronegativity according to Pauling (cm. PAULING Linus) 1,66.
Historical reference
Alloys of zinc with copper - brass (cm. BRASS)- were known to the ancient Greeks and Egyptians. Zinc was obtained in the 5th century. BC e. in India. Roman historian Strabo (cm. STRABO) in 60-20 BC. e. wrote about obtaining metallic zinc, or “fake silver.” Subsequently, the secret of obtaining zinc in Europe was lost, since the zinc formed during the thermal reduction of zinc ores turns into steam at 900°C. Zinc vapor reacts with oxygen (cm. OXYGEN) air, forming loose zinc oxide, which alchemists called “white wool.”
In 1743, the first zinc metal plant was opened in Bristol, where zinc ore was reduced in retorts without access to air. In 1746 A. S. Marggraff (cm. MARGGRAF Andreas Sigismund) developed a method for producing metal by calcining a mixture of its oxide and coal without air access in retorts, followed by condensation of zinc vapor in refrigerators.
The word "zinc" appears in the writings of Paracelsus (cm. PARACELSUS) and other researchers of the 16-17 centuries. and goes back, perhaps, to the ancient German “zinc” - plaque, eyesore. The name of this metal has changed several times during its history. The name “zinc” became commonly used only in the 1920s.
Being in nature
The zinc content in the earth's crust is 8.3·10–3% by mass, in the water of the World Ocean 0.01 mg/l. There are 66 known zinc minerals, the most important of which are sphalerite (cm. SPHALERITE), cleiophanes (cm. CLEIOPHANES), marmatite (cm. MARMATITE), wurtzite, (cm. WURTZITE) smithsonite (cm. SMITHSONITE) ZnCO 3, calamine (cm. CALAMINA) Zn 4 (OH) 4 Si 2 O 7 H 2 O, zincite (cm. ZINCITE) ZnO, willemite (cm. WILLEMITH). Zinc is part of polymetallic ores, which also contain copper, lead, cadmium , indium (cm. INDIUM), gallium (cm. GALLIUM), thallium (cm. THALLIUM) and others. Zinc is an important biogenic element: living matter contains 5·10–4% by weight.
Receipt
Zinc is mined from polymetallic ores containing 1-4% Zn in the form of sulfide. The ore is enriched to produce zinc concentrate (50-60%). Zinc concentrates are fired in fluidized bed furnaces, converting zinc sulfide into ZnO. There are two routes from ZnO to Zn. According to the pyrometallurgical method, the concentrate is sintered and then reduced with coal or coke at 1200-1300°C. Then the zinc vapors evaporated from the furnace are condensed.
ZnO + C = Zn + CO.
The main method of obtaining zinc is hydrometallurgical. The burned concentrates are treated with sulfuric acid. Impurities are removed from the resulting sulfate solution by precipitating them with zinc dust. The purified solution is subjected to electrolysis. Zinc is deposited on aluminum cathodes. The purity of electrolytic zinc is 99.95%.
To obtain high-purity zinc, zone melting is used (cm. ZONE MELTING).
Physical and chemical properties
Zinc is a bluish-white metal.
Has a hexagonal lattice with parameters A= 0.26649 nm, With= 0.49468 nm. Melting point 419.58°C, boiling point 906.2°C, density 7.133 kg/dm3. At room temperature it is fragile. At 100-150°C it is plastic. The standard electrode potential is –0.76 V, in the range of standard potentials it is located up to Fe iron.
In air, zinc is coated with a thin film of ZnO oxide. When heated strongly, it burns to form an amphoteric (cm. AMPHOTERIC) white ZnO oxide.
2Zn + O 2 = 2ZnO
Zinc oxide reacts both with acid solutions:
ZnO + 2HNO 3 = Zn(NO 3) 2 + H 2 O
and with alkalis:
ZnO + 2NaOH (fusion) = Na 2 ZnO 2 + H 2 O
In this reaction, sodium zincate Na 2 ZnO 2 is formed.
Zinc of ordinary purity reacts actively with acid solutions:
Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl 2 + H 2
Zn + H 2 SO 4 = ZnSO 4 + H 2
and alkali solutions:
Zn + 2NaOH + 2H 2 O = Na 2 + H 2,
forming hydroxinates. Very pure zinc does not react with solutions of acids and alkalis. The interaction begins when a few drops of copper sulfate solution CuSO 4 are added.
When heated, zinc reacts with halogens (cm. HALOGEN) with the formation of ZnHal 2 halides. With phosphorus (cm. PHOSPHORUS) zinc forms phosphides Zn 3 P 2 and ZnP 2. With sulfur (cm. SULFUR) and its analogues - selenium (cm. SELENIUM) and tellurium (cm. TELLURIUM)- various chalcogenides (cm. CHALCOGENIDES), ZnS, ZnSe, ZnSe 2 and ZnTe.
With hydrogen (cm. HYDROGEN), nitrogen (cm. NITROGEN), carbon (cm. CARBON), silicon (cm. SILICON) and boron (cm. BOR (chemical element)) zinc does not react directly. Nitride Zn 3 N 2 is obtained by the reaction of zinc with ammonia (cm. AMMONIA) NH 3 at 550-600°C.
In aqueous solutions, zinc ions Zn 2+ form aqua complexes 2+ and 2+.
Application
The bulk of the zinc produced is spent on the manufacture of anti-corrosion coatings for iron and steel. Zinc is used in batteries and dry cell batteries. Zinc sheets are used in printing. Zinc alloys (brass, nickel silver and others) are used in technology. ZnO serves as a pigment in zinc white. Zinc compounds are semiconductors. Railway sleepers are impregnated with a solution of zinc chloride ZnCl 2, protecting them from rotting.
Physiological action
Zinc is part of more than 40 metalloenzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptides, proteins and other compounds in the human body. Zinc is part of the hormone insulin. (cm. INSULIN) Zinc enters the human body with meat, milk, and eggs.
Plants with a lack of zinc in the soil become sick.
Zinc metal is slightly toxic. Zinc phosphide and oxide are poisonous. The ingestion of soluble zinc salts into the body leads to indigestion and irritation of the mucous membranes. MPC for zinc in water is 1.0 mg/l.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what "ZINC (chemical element)" is in other dictionaries:

Zinc (lat. Zincum), Zn, chemical element of group II of the periodic system of Mendeleev; atomic number 30, atomic mass 65.38, bluish white metal. There are 5 known stable isotopes with mass numbers 64, 66, 67, 68 and 70; most common... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The silver chloride element is a primary chemical source of current in which the anode is zinc, the cathode is silver chloride, and the electrolyte is an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (ammonia) or sodium chloride. Contents 1 History of invention 2 Parameters ... Wikipedia

- (French Chlore, German Chlor, English Chlorine) an element from the group of halogens; its sign is Cl; atomic weight 35.451 [According to Clarke's calculation of Stas data.] at O ​​= 16; Cl 2 particle, which is well matched by its densities found by Bunsen and Regnault in relation to... ...

- (Argentum, argent, Silber), chemical. Ag sign. S. is one of the metals known to man since ancient times. In nature, it is found both in the native state and in the form of compounds with other bodies (with sulfur, for example Ag 2S... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

- (Argentum, argent, Silber), chemical. Ag sign. S. is one of the metals known to man since ancient times. In nature, it is found both in the native state and in the form of compounds with other bodies (with sulfur, for example Ag2S silver ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

- (Platine French, Platina or um English, Platin German; Pt = 194.83, if O = 16 according to K. Seibert). P. is usually accompanied by other metals, and those of these metals that are adjacent to it in their chemical properties are called... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

- (Bromum; chemical form Br, atomic weight 80) a non-metallic element from the group of halogens, discovered in 1826 by the French chemist Balard in mother solutions of seawater salts; B. received its name from the Greek word Βρωμος stench.… … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

- (Soufre French, Sulfur or Brimstone English, Schwefel German, θετον Greek, Latin Sulfur, whence the symbol S; atomic weight 32.06 at O=16 [Determined by Stas from the composition of silver sulfide Ag 2 S]) belongs among the most important non-metallic elements.... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

Zinc in natural conditions it is a silver-white metal (see photo). It is quite fragile at room temperature; when it is increased to 100-150 degrees Celsius, the metal becomes more ductile. Zinc melts at a temperature of 692°C and boils at 1180°C.

Zinc has been known since ancient times in Greece, Egypt, China and India, where it was used in an alloy with copper - brass. It was isolated in its pure form only in the mid-18th century.

The origin of the name is not precisely established; there are several versions. For example, zincum is translated from Latin as “white coating” and comes from the Old German zinc, meaning eyesore. Because It is obtained by deposition on aluminum cathodes. The name “zinc” was assigned to the element only in the 1920s.

In nature, it is found in the form of salts in minerals. Used in industry as a protective layer against corrosion, fabric protection, and an antifungal agent. It is also used in the production of porcelain and cement for dental treatment.

The action of zinc, its role in the body

The action of the macroelement is due to its presence in the composition of more than forty enzymes. Zinc is one of the most important elements for human life; it plays an important role in the body! Back in ancient Egypt, it was used in compositions for healing wounds. Today, scientists have proven that zinc is directly involved in strengthening the immune system, maintaining hormonal levels, and also stabilizes growth. This chemical is found in blood cells, muscle tissue, bones, liver, kidneys and even the retina of the eyes. The element not only promotes long-term vital activity, but also helps maintain youth and get rid of fatigue.

Zinc enters the body along with food and thus enters the small intestine, from where, after absorption through the blood, it is carried into the liver, and only then distributed to all cells of the body.

The previously mentioned chemical element functions as antioxidants, and experts note that today even young people have a greatly reduced amount of them. This affects the endocrine system and female reproduction. Girls with reduced levels of zinc suffer from a lack of production of sex hormones and continue to grow when all the rest of their peers are already stunted. They have very long limbs and external infantility, and the deposition of fat cells is disrupted. In addition, the menstrual cycle is disrupted.

In men, zinc helps control the growth of the prostate gland and serves to prevent the development of prostate adenoma and male infertility. In addition, it is this macroelement that activates the activity of sperm and sex hormones in general.

In old age, zinc levels need to be increased, otherwise hearing loss, progress in the development of atherosclerosis, and frequent infectious diseases may occur. In addition, a sufficient amount of the element has a positive effect on brain function (attention, memory, etc.).

A very large amount of macronutrients, oddly enough, is found in hair. Even more than in the blood and kidneys. If you have problems with your hair (hair loss, fragility, dullness), you should think about replenishing the beneficial substance. Everyone knows that it is vitamin A that affects external attractiveness. But it happens that even increased intake of retinol does not solve problems with skin, hair and nails. It’s just that zinc is a kind of activator of vitamins A and E. Thus, without it, the processes of skin regeneration, the functioning of the sebaceous glands and healthy growth of hair and nails cannot take place. The element also helps fight acne.

If you have rheumatism, you should also take care of taking zinc. According to scientific experiments, a group of patients with rheumatism and arthritis, taking this element, after three months noticed a reduction in pain and inflammation of the joints so much that they could safely take long walks.

Not only skin, nails and hair need zinc. It is also necessary for teeth to prevent infectious diseases of the gums and oral cavity.

Interesting fact: the high mortality rate of newborn boys is often caused by a deficiency of the element and this may be due to problems in the absorption of this element by the mother during pregnancy. Miscarriages and gestosis are also possible. The needs of women are much less.

Summary: Zinc is found in the blood, bones and tissues of the body. It affects the development of the immune system, vision (in combination with B vitamins), the functioning of the nervous system, growth, reproduction, hematopoiesis and metabolism. In addition, it is essential for athletes to produce testosterone, as it increases endurance and muscle strength.

Women will rejoice in the fact that zinc preserves their youth and attractive appearance, and during pregnancy helps to avoid complications.

Due to its regenerative and antioxidant properties, the macronutrient was already used 5000 years ago to heal wounds and burns. And even now it is added to ointments, creams and lotions.

Daily norm (need of men and women for this substance)

The daily value of a macronutrient was determined only in the 1970s. It is 15 mg for men and 12 mg for women. Although some experts claim a norm that is 2-3 times higher than the modern one. And statistics show that the majority of the world’s population does not even receive the stated dosages.

There are several factors that will require an increased dose: pregnancy and lactation, physical and psychological stress, age. The dosage should only be determined by a doctor.

It must be taken into account that taking contraceptive medications, treatment with cortisone, and excessive consumption of too sweet and salty foods leads to low absorption of zinc. But vitamin B6 and magnesium, on the contrary, are the closest helpers of this element.

Signs of zinc deficiency (deficiency) in the body

Macronutrient deficiency can be caused by a number of reasons, such as poor absorption, lack of intake from food and water, disruption of the thyroid gland and endocrine system, and liver disease. Also, the reason may be a large amount of proteins, phytin (occurs when consuming soy protein) and selenium in food products. But not only food can cause such a problem - physical and mental stress, stressful situations, an unstable lifestyle and an abundance of bad habits can greatly affect the absorption of elements and the quality of life.

There is a large overconsumption of zinc in the body during inflammation and cancer formations of the bronchi, prostate gland, and leukemia. This is due to the fact that during the treatment of these diseases, active cell growth occurs, in which the element takes part.

There is a whole list of possibilities for zinc deficiency:

Deficiency of the element is quite dangerous and can cause complex diseases:

• all kinds of pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract;
• nervousness, fatigue, sleep disturbances;
• depressive states, the emergence of a tendency to alcohol addiction;
• hyperactivity;
• loss of appetite, sense of taste, and sense of smell;
• visual acuity decreases;
• anemia;
• skin diseases such as acne, dermatitis, eczema, ulcers, psoriasis;
• damage to the nail plates (delamination, appearance of white spots), hair (dandruff, slower hair growth, excessive hair loss, baldness);
• the development of diabetes mellitus due to a decrease in the level of the hormone insulin;
• delayed puberty, especially in boys, subsequently impotence and prostate adenoma may develop;
• development of pathologies during pregnancy or infertility in general;
• destabilization of the immune system and, accordingly, frequent respiratory diseases and allergic reactions;
• premature aging of the whole organism.

Recently, studies have been conducted that have shown that a lack of zinc can cause the development of epilepsy, especially if the second component, taurine, is also missing.

It is very important to follow the diet of children, because a lack of an element can lead to stunted growth. In some Eastern countries you can often find people of dwarf stature, precisely because of the above reason.

There are ointments for wound healing with a high zinc content. But it is much more expedient to saturate food with the element, because it will affect the body as a whole, which will contribute to natural regeneration. When taking zinc-containing tablets, first of all you need to consult a doctor, and do not forget that macroelements are absorbed only in organic form.

This ability to recover is greatly needed in the postoperative period. Taking copious amounts of zinc a week before surgery will help you recover in a shorter period. Especially after gynecological interventions and tonsil removal.

Ulcers of the mucous membranes involve eating lightly cooked food, which aggravates the lack of zinc, and scientists have also noted that such diseases can self-destruct when treated with zinc. This suggests that they were caused by neuroses and diets that remove the element.

During pregnancy, women often notice a change in taste preferences. It is at this moment that it is worth increasing the intake of zinc, because at this time the formation and development of the placenta occurs.

The current environmental situation leads to the fact that almost the entire population experiences zinc deficiency. Therefore, everyone should take care of taking it additionally.

Excess zinc and zinc poisoning: what are the symptoms?

An excess of a macronutrient can occur when consuming more than 2 grams. And when taken more than 200 grams, zinc is a vomiting agent. Long-term use of 150 mg per day worsens immunity and contributes to the development of ulcers in the stomach. Acute poisoning is marked by the occurrence of gag reflexes, diarrhea and the appearance of a specific taste in the oral cavity.

The causes of such phenomena may be prolonged contact with compounds at work, taking medications containing zinc without consultation with the attending physician, or metabolic disorders at the cellular level.

Interesting fact: toxic zinc poisoning can occur when cooking and then storing food in galvanized containers.

Pay attention to the following signs if the above points have occurred: decline of the immune system, pathologies of hair, skin and nails, pain in the stomach, disruption of the prostate, pancreas and liver.

With more serious poisoning, increased heart rate, pain in the lumbar region and when urinating may occur. There is a high probability of increased cholesterol levels in the blood vessels.

Many scientists today believe that an overdose of the element in human organs is practically impossible, because it is non-toxic and cannot accumulate as excess in tissues. Especially zinc from foods cannot contribute to this. Rather, at the present time we can talk about a catastrophic deficiency among all of humanity, as evidenced by the increase in characteristic diseases and pathologies.

Interaction with other substances

The interaction of zinc with other substances occurs at the “enemy-helper” level. The first include elements such as copper, mercury, iron, calcium, and selenium. Tannin contained in tea and coffee, alcohol, cortisone treatment and the use of contraceptive drugs, diuretics, and anabolic steroids also have a bad effect on the absorption process.

Such a useful substance as fiber can lead to losses of consumed zinc of up to 80%. Therefore, vegetarians should pay attention to this fact, because... Due to the consumption of large amounts of fruits and vegetables containing fiber and oxalic acid, they are at risk.

The group of helpers includes vitamin B6, C, A and E. Picolinic acid and fluorine can also promote absorption.

Taking a complex of zinc + vitamin B6 + manganese helps reduce the risk of developing certain types of schizophrenia.

Sources in food

Products containing zinc come from both animal and plant sources. First of all, these are seafood, animal and poultry meat, eggs, and cheese. Among vegetables, it is worth noting tomatoes, garlic, ginger, beets, potatoes, and among fruits and berries - oranges, grapefruits, figs, apples, currants, cherries. Also, don’t forget to consume grain products, such as sprouted wheat, bran, and legumes.

An important source of zinc is any type of nuts and sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, mushrooms, and yeast.

It would seem that such an amount of food rich in essential macronutrients should completely cope with the problem of shortage. But more and more often there is talk about the problem of zinc deficiency for all humanity.

However, do not forget that the element content in plant products is quite low. In addition, only a small part supplied with food is absorbed. Therefore, maintaining a vegetarian diet must be properly balanced. Such food is often grown on depleted soils, and also undergoes such processing and purification under industrial conditions that not even a fraction of the beneficial elements remain in it.

For example, bread can be eaten by preparing it with sourdough, rather than with yeast. Such products neutralize the effects of phytin contained in soy and legume products. Add wholemeal flour, bran and sprouted grains to your diet. In this matter, the main thing is not to overdo it, because all these substances contain a large amount of fiber and can displace zinc, which is so beneficial for the body.

A folk remedy for replenishing the deficiency of the element is just an infusion of birch leaves. Simple and very affordable, and most importantly, effective!

Zinc-based preparations

In pharmacies today you can find drugs that help fill the “gaps” in the supply of macronutrients. But let’s make a reservation right away that their use should only occur with the permission of a doctor, because You can easily get poisoned and upset the entire chemical balance in the body.

The drugs used are zinc sulfate and oxide in the form of drops, solutions, powders, ointments and pastes. They are used for conjunctivitis, laryngitis, and skin diseases. Can also be used as a disinfectant and drying agent.

Preparations in the form of suppositories actively treat hemorrhoids and fissures in the anus. Men can use medications to combat hair loss in pill and topical form.

Now they are working on the production of medicines containing zinc in the form of aerosols and shampoos.

Indications for use

Indications for prescribing a macronutrient are a whole list:

• High physical activity – increases endurance and strength.
• Acne – for external use.
• Age-related disorders of the retina (macular degeneration).
• Diabetes mellitus (as an auxiliary component).
• HIV/AIDS (similar).
• Dermatitis, wounds, burns, eczema, bedsores - for external use.