Ring worms have a secondary body cavity. Ring Worms (Anneldides)

1. In the ring worms, a circulatory system appears for the first time. 2. The circulatory system serves to transfer oxygen and nutrients to all animal organs. 3. Ring worms have two main blood vessels. According to the abdominal vessel, blood moves from the front end of the body to the rear. 4. On the spinal vessel, the blood moves from the rear end of the body to the front. 5. The spinal vessel passes above the intestine, the abdominal - under it. In each segment of the dorsal and abdominal vessels are interconnected by ring vessels.

Circulatory system 6. Hearts have no heart worms. Several thick ring vessels have muscle walls, due to the reduction of blood flow. Thread vessels are departed from major vessels, then branching on the finest capillaries. The capillaries comes with oxygen from the skin epithelium and nutrients from the intestine. And from other of the same capillaries, branching in the muscles, there is a return "waste". Thus, blood moves all the time by vessels and is not mixed with a strip liquid. This circulatory system is called closed. 7. In the blood, iron-containing protein, close to hemoglobin.

Circulatory Circular Circulars 1. In the ring worms, a circulatory system appears for the first time. 2. The circulatory system is closed 3. Two main blood vessels: abdominal and dorsal. They are connected in each segment of the ring vessel 4. There is no real heart

The blood system of the mollusks: open (blood from the vessels falls into the body cavity) a heart appeared, an increase in blood circulation rate, which significantly increased the intensity of metabolic processes. Three-chamber or two-chamber heart (1 or 2 atrium and ventricle) from the heart moves aorta, it branches the arteries colorless blood is saturated with oxygen in light (gills) and returns to the heart of the function: blood is distributed in the heart and takes carbon dioxide

Unlike other mollusks, the cipaths have a bloodary system almost closed. In many places (skin, musculatura) there are capillaries through which the arteries move directly into veins. A highly developed circulatory system allows a chart to achieve gigantic sizes. Only in the presence of a capillary system, it is possible to exist very large animals, since only in this case a full-fledged supply of oxygen and nutrients of massive organs is ensured. Blood is driven by three hearts. 1. The main, consisting of ventricle and two atrials (Nautilusa - four atrium). The main heart drives blood on the body. 2. And two gill. 3. Rhythmic reductions in gill hearts push venous blood through the gills, from where it, enriched with oxygen, enters the atrium of the main heart. The frequency of the beating of hearts depends on the water temperature. For example, at octopus at a water temperature of 22 ° C, the heart rate frequency is 40- 50 beats in 1 min. 4. To supply the blood of the head there are special vessels. The blood of challenges of mollusks has a blue color due to the presence of a hemocyanin hemocyanin respiratory pigment in it containing copper. The hemocyanin is produced in special gill glares.

The circulatory system in arthropods is not closed and represented by the heart and large vessels from which the hemolymph (liquid, in many respects of the blood vertebrate) is poured into the body cavity, wash the internal organs and again returns to the heart. 1. The heart is capable of rhythmic cuts. Hemolyimf falls into it from the body cavity through the side openings, an octol, and washes internal organs, supplying them with nutrients. 2. In crustaceans hemolymph performs a respiratory function. It contains weaving oxygen substances - red hemoglobin or blue hemocyanine. There are special gill vessels for this.

Blood System 1. When cutting the heart, the ore valves are closed. 2. And blood moving around the arteries falls into the body cavity. Here it gives the internal organs oxygen and nutrients. 3. It is saturated with carbon dioxide and exchange products. 4. Then the blood enters the gills. 5. There is gas exchange, and blood, freed from carbon dioxide, is again saturated with oxygen. 6. After that, the blood through open octs falls into a relaxed heart.

Blood system The blood system is unlocked. In the transfer of oxygen in insects, blood is practically not involved. The long, tubular heart of insects is located on the dorsal side of the abdomen is divided into several cameras each camera has holes with valves - an oct. Through them, blood from the body cavity falls into the heart. Neighboring chambers are connected to each other valves opening only forward. A consistent reduction of heart cameras from the back to the front ensures blood movement.

Lancturer Blood System: Closed No Heart Reduced Cure Aorta Walls Function: Blood Drain Oxygen and Nutrients, Picks Decay Products

The blood circuit breeding system is closed, one circle circulation, the heart is two-chamber (worst from a thin-walled atrium and muscular ventricle) venous blood is going first into venous sinus - an extension that collects blood from venous vessels, then enters the atrium and pushed out of the ventricle from the heart of venous blood He falls along the abdominal aorta to the gills, the arterial blood is going to the spinal aorta. From all organs, venous blood according to vessels falls into the general venous sinus.

Blood system of amphibian circulatory system. Two circles circulation (big and small). Since the lungs appeared, the pulmonary (small) circle circle occurs. The heart of amphibians becomes three-chamber (formed by two atria and one ventricle), three pairs of arterial arc depart. The metabolism is not yet very intense, amphibians belong to the pikelotermic (cold-blooded) animals.

The blood system of the amphibian in the left atrium from the lungs according to the pulmonary veins is made by arterial blood, and in the right atrium - mixed, since venous blood comes from the internal organs, and skin veins bring arterial blood. In the ventricle, blood is mixed only in part, due to the presence of special separation mechanisms (various grows and spiral valve of the arterial cone).

Blood system is a large circle of blood circulation. From the ventricle, the blood enters three pairs of arterial vessels. When the ventricle is reduced, venous blood is pushed out, which fills the first two pairs of arteries. The blood with the maximum oxygen content enters the third pair of arteries, from which carotid arteries are deployed supplying the blood brain. Then the venous blood (from the internal organs on the hollow veins) and the arterial (for skin veins) fall into the right atrium.

Blood system Small circle of blood circulation. The pulmonary arteries are pounded by oxygen blood to the light, where gas exchange occurs, then arterial blood is in the lung veins in the left atrium. Major branches are departed from each pulmonary artery - skin arteries that carry blood to the skin, where it is oxidized, and then falls into the right atrium. Erythrocytes in amphibians are large, double-screw, have a kernel. Metabolism is higher than fish, but not high enough to maintain constant body temperature

The circulatory system takes further separation of arterial and venous blood flow due to the appearance of an incomplete partition in the ventricle of the heart. The partition partially prevents the mixing of arterial and venous blood. Three vessels independently depart from the ventricle: pulmonary artery, carrying venous blood to the easy, right and left arc of aorta.

Blood System A large circle circulation begins arcs of aorta. The right arc of the aorta comes out of the left part of the ventricle and carries the blood-saturated blood. Sleepy arteries, carrying blood to the brain, and connectible arteries supplying the front limbs are departed from it. Left aorta arc originates from the middle part of the ventricle and carries mixed blood. Both arcs merge into the spinal aorta supplying the remaining organs.

The blood system is a small circle begins with a pulmonary artery that departs from the right side of the ventricle. Venous blood is delivered to the lungs, gas exchange occurs there, and the bloodflows on the pulmonary veins return to the left atrium. Although the blood system is perfect than that of amphibians, the metabolism is insufficient to maintain a constant body temperature, so reptiles do not have a constant body temperature, caciferm.

Circulatory system. The heart becomes four-chamber, the partition divides the heart into two parts - the right and left. Each part of the heart consists of atrium and ventricle. Venous blood in the right half of the heart is returned to the hollow veins (top and bottom) from a large circle of blood circulation. Small circle of blood circulation. With the reduction of the right ventricle, venous blood enters the pulmonary arteries into the lungs, where gas exchanges occurs, and arterial blood according to the pulmonary veins returns from the pulmonary circle of blood circulation in the left atrium.

The blood system is a big circle. From the left ventricle, blood comes out through the right arc of aorta. Sleepy arteries that carry blood to the head are separated, connectible to the upper limbs. The right arc of aortic goes into a spinal aorta, providing blood internal organs. Then the venous blood is going to hollow veins and enters the right atrium. Unlike the breeded system of reptiles, the birds are blood from the heart to the organs in a large circle flows not in two arteries (the left and right arc of the aorta), but only on the right. The oxygen capacity of the blood in birds is 2 times higher than that of reptiles. The average body temperature in birds is about 42 degrees.

The blood system in the right half of the heart is venous blood, in the left half - arterial, i.e. blood mixing does not occur. The pulmonary circle of blood circulation begins in the right ventricle, venous blood according to the pulmonary arteries is brought into the lungs, gas exchange is happening there, and arterial blood on the pulmonary veins falls into the left atrium. A large circle of blood circulation begins in the left ventricle, blood is thrown into the left arc of aorta. The arteries supply all internal organs with blood. Venous blood in the upper and lower hollow veins falls into the right atrium.

Anneld type, which combines about 12,000 species, is as it were a node of the pedigree tree of the animal world. According to existing theories, Killed Worms are originated from ancient cilia worms (turbellar theory) or from forms close to the comb (three-foam theory). In turn, the crown worms arose in the process of progressive evolution of arthropods. Finally, in his origin, Anneldides are connected by a common ancestor with mollusks. All this shows the most important value that has a type in question to understand the philogenesis of the animal world. From a medical point of view, Anneldy has a limited meaning. Of course, only leeches are definite.

General characteristic type

The body of ringed worms consists of a head blade, segmented torso and rear blade. The torso segments throughout the entire body have similar outer appendages and a similar internal structure. Thus, the organization of annelder is characterized by repeatability of the structure, or metamery.

On the sides of the body on each segment, there are usually external appendages in the form of muscular growth supplied with bristles - parapody - or in the form of bristles. These appendages matter when driving a worm. Parapody in the process of phylogenesis gave rise to foreigners of arthropods. At the head end of the body there are special appendages - Tentacles and Palygy.

The skin-muscular bag is developed, which consists of a cuticle lying under it one layer of skin cells and several layers of muscles (see Table 1) and the secondary cavity of the body, or the whole internal organs. Overacted by peritoneal epithelium and divided by partitions into separate cameras. At the same time, in each body segment there is a pair of nominal bags (only the head and rear blades are deprived of the agencies).

The nominal bags in each segment are placed between the intestine and the body of the body, they are filled with a water fluid, in which amoeboid cells float.

Overall performs a reference function. In addition, nutrients come to the numerical fluid from the intestine, which are then distributed throughout the body. In general, harmful metabolic products are accumulated, which are removed by excretory organs. In the walls of the organizer, male and female sex glands are developing.

The central nervous system is represented by the headlinking nerve node and the abdominal nervous chain. Nerves are passing from the senses from the senses: eye, equilibrium organs, tentacles and palp. The abdominal nerve chain consists of nodes (one pair in each segment of the body) and the trunks connecting the nodes among themselves. Each node innervates all organs of this segment.

The digestive system consists of anterior, middle and rear intestine. The front intestine is usually divided into a row of departments: a throat, esophagus, goiter and a muscular stomach. Roth is on the abdominal side of the first segment of the body. The back of the intestine opens a posterior hole on the rear blade. In the intestinal wall there is a musculature, providing food progress.

Options - metanefridium - are paired tubular organs, metairly repeated in body segments. Unlike protonfritis, they have through excretory channels. The latter begins a funnel discovering in the body cavity. Through the funnel in nephridia flows a strip liquid. From the funnel, the jade canal holder, which sometimes opens out. Passing through the tube, the liquid changes its composition; It concentrates the final products of dissimilating, which, through the outer, jade, are emitted from the body.

Annelder for the first time in the philogenesis of the animal world appears a circulatory system. The main blood vessels pass along the dorsal and abdominal side. In the front segments they are connected by transverse vessels. The dorsal and front ring vessels are able to rhythmically shrink and perform the function of the heart. In most species, the circulatory system is closed: the blood circulates along the vessel system, which is not interrupted by cavities, lacunas or sinus. In some species, blood is colorless, in other red due to the presence of hemoglobin.

Most of the types of ringed worms breathe through the skin rich in blood capillaries. A number of marine forms have specialized respiratory authorities - Zhabra. Usually they develop on parapodies or on palpses. Vessels carrying venous blood are suitable for the zhabra; It is saturated with oxygen and in the form of arterial blood enters the body of the worm. Among Annelid there are separate and hermaphroditic species. Sex glands are located in the body cavity.

Killed worms have the highest organization compared to other types of worms (see Table 1); They first appear the secondary cavity of the body, the blood system, the respiratory organs, the nervous system is higher organized.

Table 1. Characteristic features of various types of worms
A type	Skin-muscular bag	Digestive system	Circulatory system	Sex system	Nervous system	Body cavity
Flat worms	Includes layers of longitudinal and ring muscles, as well as bundles of spinal abdominal and diagonal muscles	From the ectodermal front intestine and an entodermal middle intestine	Not developed	Hermaphroditic	Paired brain assembly and several pairs of nervous trunks	Absent, filled with parenchymal
Round worms	Only longitudinal muscles	From the ectodermal front and rear kid and an entodermal middle intestine	Also	Separation	Occillary nervous ring and 6 longitudinal trunks	Primary
	From the outer ring and internal longitudinal muscles	From the ectodermal front and realers and the entodermal middle intestine	Well developed closed	Separactions or hermaphrodites	Pair Brain Node, Regular Nervous Ring, Abdominal Nervous Chain	Secondary

For animals belonging to the type of ringed worms, or rings, are characteristic: three-layerness, i.e., the development of ecto, ento- and mesoderm in embryos; secondary (nominal) body cavity; skin-musical bag; dummy symmetry; outer and internal homoene (equivalent) metamery or body segmentation; the presence of basic systems of organs: digestive, respiratory, excretory, blood, nervous, gender; closed circulatory system; excretory system in the form of metanephridium; the nervous system consisting of a dumping ganglium, occupus commissore and a pair or unpaired abdominal nervous chain; availability of primitive vehicle organs (parapody) Ring worms live in fresh and sea waters, as well as in the soil. Several species live in an air environment. The main classes like ring worms are: multi-Polychate (Polychaeta) unobtinka (Oligochaeta) leeches (hirudinea) Class Multi-Point Ringers From the point of view of phylogenesis of the animal world, polychate is the most important group of Anneldy, since the emergence of higher groups of invertebrates is associated with their progressive development. Body polychite segmented. There are parapody consisting of spinal and abdominal branches, each of which bear the mustache. In the muscular wall of parapodios, there are thick supporting bristles, and from the top of both branches, the beams of thin bristles are sticking out. Parapody function is different. These are usually locomotor bodies involved in worm movement. Sometimes the dorsal mustache grow and turns into the gills. The circulatory system in polychite is well developed and always closed. There are views with skin and gill breath. Polycetes are separate worms. They live in the seas, mainly in the coastal zone. Nereis Pelagica is a characteristic class representative. She is abundant in the seas of our country; Leads a bottom lifestyle, being a predator, captures the extraction of jaws. Another representative - Peskodnica (Arenicola Marina) - lives in the seas, Roet holes. It feeds, passing through its digestive tract of sea sil. Blue breath. Class of unobtinka rings Unobtinka lead their origin from Polyhete. The outer appendages of the body serve as bristles that are sitting directly in the body wall; Parapodiy no. Blood system is closed; Skin breathing. Unobtinka rings - hermaphrodites. The overwhelming majority of species are inhabitants of freshwater and soil. A characteristic class representative can serve as a rainworm (Lumbricus Terrestris). The rainworms live in the soil; In the afternoon, they sit in Norah, and in the evening they often crawl out. Swim in the soil, they skip it through their intestines and feed on plant residues contained in it. Rain Cerves play a big role in the soil-educational processes; They explode the soil and contribute to her aerations; Lock the leaves in the hole, enriching the soil by organic substances; Remove deep layers of the soil on the surface, and superficial - fascinate deep into. Structure and reproduction of rainworms The rainworm has almost a round-section body up to 30 cm long; There are 100-180 segments or segments. In the front third of the rainworm body there is thickening - the belt (its cells function during the period of sexual reproduction and laying of eggs). On the sides of each segment, two pairs of short elastic bristles are developed, which help the animal when moving in the soil. The body has a reddish brown color, lighter on a flat abdominal and darker on a convex dorsal side. A characteristic feature of the inner structure is that the rain worms are developed real tissues. Outside the body is covered with a layer of ectoderm, the cells of which form a coating fabric. Skin epithelium is rich in mucous glazed cells. Under the skin there is a well-developed musculature consisting of a cooler layer and under it a more powerful layer of longitudinal muscles. When reducing the annular muscles, the body of the animal is drawn up and becomes thinner, with a reduction of the longitudinal it is thickened and spreads the soil particles. The digestive system begins at the front end of the body by the mouth of the mouth, the food comes from it sequentially into the throat, the esophagus (in the rainwoods there are three pairs of lime glands, which comes into the esophagus of the lime to neutralize the acids of rotting leaves, which feed animals). Then the food goes into an extended goiter, and a small muscular stomach (the muscles in its walls contribute to the erat). Almost to the rear end of the body, the middle intestine stretches to the rear end of the body, in which the ficker is digested and absorbed. Unauthorized residues come in a short rear and are thrown out through the posterior hole. The rain worms feed on the half-burning residues of the plants, which they swallowed together with the Earth. When passing the intestine, the soil is well mixed with organic substances. The excrement of rainworms contain five times more nitrogen, seven times more phosphorus and in eleven times more potassium than ordinary soil. The bloodstream is closed, consists of blood vessels. Along the entire body over the intestine, the spinal vessel stretches, and under it - the abdominal. In each segment, they are combined with a ring vessel. In the front segments, some ring vessels are thickened, their walls are reduced and rhythmically pulsed, due to this the blood is distilled from the spinal vessel in the abdominal. Red blood is due to the presence in the hemoglobin plasma. For most collide worms, including raindrops, characterized skin breathing, almost all gas exchange is ensured by the surface of the body, so the rainworms are very sensitive to soil moisture and are not found in dry sandy soils, where their skin will soon dry out, and after the rains when Soil a lot of water, crawl into the surface. The excretory system is represented by metanephridia. Methanephridium begins in the body cavity with funnel (nephrost) from which the duct is underway - a thin loop-like curved tube, which opens out the outlook sometimes in the side wall of the body. In each segment of the worm pair of metanephridium - right and left. The funnel and the duct are equipped with cilia that causes the movement of excretory fluid. The nervous system has a typical structure of the structure (see Table 1), two abdominal nerve trunks, their nodes are interconnected and form an abdominal nerve chain. The senses are very weak. In the rainworm, there are no real organs of view, their role is performed by separate photosensitive cells that are in the skin. There are also placed receptors of touch, taste, smell. Like a hydra, rainworms are capable of regeneration. The reproduction occurs only in sexual path. Rain worms - hermaphrodites. In front of their body there are seeds and ovaries. Fertilization of rainworms Cross. During the copulation and laying of eggs, the ziing cells on the 32-37th segment isolated a mucus that serves to form an egg cocoon, and a protein fluid for nutrition of a developing embryo. The separation of the belt form a kind of mucous clutch. The worm crawling out of her back end, laying into the mucus of the egg. The edges of the coupling stick together and the cocoon is formed, which remains in the earthen mink. Embryonic development of eggs occurs in a cocoon, young worms come out of it. The moves of the rainworms are predominantly in the surface layer of the soil to a depth of 1 m, for the winter they descend to a depth of 2 m. Through minks and the moves of worms in the soil penetrate the atmospheric air and the water necessary for the roots of plants and the vital activity of soil microorganisms. Through his intestines per day, the worm passes so much soil as its body weighs (on average 4-5 g). On each hectare of the earth, the rain worms are processed daily on average of 0.25 tons of soil, and over the year they are thrown into the surface in the form of excrement from 10 to 30 tons of soil recycling. In Japan, specifically derived breeds of rapidly breeding rainwoods are breed and their excrement is used for the biological method of soil processing. In those grown on such soil, vegetables and fruits increase the content of sugar. For the first time, Ch. Darwin pointed to the important role of rainworms in the process of soil formation. Killed worms play a significant role in the nutrition of bottom fish, since places of worms are up to 50-60% of the biomass of the bottom layers of water bodies. In 1939-1940 From Azov to the Caspian Sea, worm of Nereis was transferred, which is now the basis of the food diet of the sturgeon fish of the Caspian Sea. Leech class The body is segmented. In addition to true metamers, there is a false anniversary - a few rings in one segment. Parapodiy and bristles are not. The secondary cavity of the body was reduced; Instead, there are sinuses and cracks between the organs. Blood system unlocked; Blood only part of its path passes along the vessels and flows out of them in sinuses and lacuna. There is no respiratory organs. Gerphroditic system. Medical leeches are specifically bred and then sent to hospitals. Used, for example, when treating eye diseases associated with an increase in intraocular pressure (glaucoma), with hemorrhages in the brain and hypertension. When thrombosis and thrombophlebitis, the weightlifting lowers blood clotting and contributes to the dissolution of the thrombus.

Killed worms or anneldides (lat. Annelida) is a type of highly organized invertebrate animals, characterized by the presence of a segmented kommelation, which corresponds to the outer rill. In the process of evolution, Annelides occurred from ancient free-lived flat worms.

Overall is the cavity separating the intestines from the body wall. It is a characteristic feature of the collided worms, since there is no round and flat.

The most famous representatives of Anneld for each person are leeches (Hirudinea subclass) and earthworms (Lumbricin cross), which are also called rain. But there are more than 20 thousand species of these animals.

Systematics

To date, the type of Annelid experts are from 16 to 22 thousand modern species of animals. There is no uniform approved classification of rings. The Soviet Zoologist V.N. Beklemishev, a classification was proposed, which is based on the separation of all representatives of the ringed worms into two essays: the worn, which includes polychas and echiurides, and pious, including oligochet and leech.

Below is a classification from the site of the World Research Institute of Marine Species.

• Multi-point class (polychate). Class representatives have connected side appendages (parapody) carrying chitin bristles; The name of the group is determined by the presence of a large number of bristles with the calculation for each segment. Head with appendages or without them. In most cases - separately; Gamets are discarded directly into water, where fertilization and development occurs; Free floating and called triphorms. Sometimes multiplied by rebeling or fragmentation. The class has more than 6,000 species that are divided into free-lived and seated shapes.
• Class Piyask (Clitellata). Representatives of the body on the body have a slight amount or do not have bristles in general. Parapody is absent. Characterized by the presence of a unique reproductive body - a belt that is formed from a cocoon residue and performs a protective function for fertilized eggs. The class has about 10,000 representatives.
  • The subclass of the simplicity (oligochetes). It is inhabited primarily in fresh water. They have bristles arising directly from the walls of the body, due to a small number of which (as a rule, on 4 on each segment) the subclass was called the name of unauthorized. Pods on the body, as a rule, do not have. Hermaphrodites. The development is direct, the larvae is absent. There are about 3250 species.
  • Subclass of leeches. Inhabited mainly freshwater reservoirs, but there are also terrestrial and marine forms. There are a small sucker at the front end of the body and a large suction cup at the rear end. Fixed number of body segments 33. The body cavity is filled with a connective tissue. Hermaphrodites. Fertilized eggs are postponed in a cocoon. The development is direct, the larvae is absent. There are about 300 species of representatives.

Echiura class (Echiura). This is a small group consisting of only about 170 famous species, all of which are exclusively marine inhabitants. Echiurid's collected worms took recently after DNA examinations, and before it was a separate type. The reason is that their body is different - it does not have segmentation, like the ringed. Some sources of echiurides are considered not as a separate class, but as a subclass of polychets.

Spread

Anneldides, depending on the species, live on land, in fresh and salted water.

Multi-point worms, as a rule, are inhabited in sea water (with the exception of certain species that can be in freshwater reservoirs). They are food for fish, crayfish, as well as birds and mammals.

Unavythinkic worms, to the subclass of which belongs to the rainworm, live in soil, filled with humid or fresh reservoirs.

Echihurides are distributed only in marine water bodies.

Morphology

The main characteristic of the representatives of the Annelida type is considered to be the separation of the body into a number of cylindrical segments, or a metairol, the total number of which, depending on the type of worms, fluctuates widely. Each metaker consists of a section of the body wall and body cavity compartment with its internal organs. The number of external rings of worms corresponds to the number of internal segments. Anneld body consists of a head area (aptomium); a torso consisting of a metaode; and segmented rear blade called pyigidium. In some primitive representatives of this type, metamera are identical, or very similar to each other, each of which contains the same structures; In more advanced forms there is a tendency to consolidate some segments and restriction of certain organs to certain segments.

Anneld's outer shell (skin-muscular bag) includes an epidermis, surrounded by cuticle, as well as well developed, segmentally located muscles - ring and longitudinal. Most Annelid possess external short bristles consisting of chitin. In addition, on each metamer, some representatives of this type of animal may have primitive limbs, called parapody, on the surface of which bristles are placed and sometimes zhar. The spatial movement of worms is carried out either by reducing the muscles, or the movements of parapody.

Anneldel body length ranges from 0.2 mm to 5 m.

The main general anatomical features of the ringed worms in the transverse section

The digestive system of ring worms consists of a non-integnated intestine, which passes through the middle of the body from the oral cavity located on the bottom side of the head, to the rear passage located on the anal blade. The intestine is separated from the body wall by the cavity called the whole. Segmented pricks compartments are usually separated from each other with thin sheets of tissue, called partitions, which perforate the intestine and blood vessels. With the exception of leeches, the whole of representatives of the collected worms is filled with liquid and functions as a skeleton, providing muscle movement, as well as transport, sexual, excretory function of the body. In case of damage to the integrity of the body of the worm, it loses the ability to move properly, since the functioning of the muscles of the body depends on maintaining the volume of nominal fluid in the body cavity. In primitive collides, each compartment is connected to the outer side with the help of channels for the release of genital cells and paired excretal organs (nephonds). In more complex species and excretory and reproductive functions are sometimes maintained by one type of channels (during this case, the channels may be absent in certain segments).

Circulatory system. In the ring worms for the first time in the process of evolution, a circulatory system appeared. Blood usually contains hemoglobin, red respiratory pigment; However, some Annelid contains chlorocruquerine - a green respiratory pigment that gives blood to the corresponding color.

The circulatory system is usually closed, i.e. enclosed in well-developed blood vessels; In some species, the polychite and leech appears a circulatory system of an open type (blood and strip liquid are mixed directly in the bodies of the body cavity). The main vessels - the abdominal and dorsal - will connect with the network of ring vessels. Blood is distributed in each segment of the body of the side vessels. Some of them contain contractile elements and serve as a heart, i.e. Play the role of pumping bodies leading blood.

Respiratory system. Some water annelides have thin-walled, filament gills, through which gas exchange between blood and the environment. Nevertheless, most of the representatives of this type of invertebrates have no special organs for gas exchange, and breathing occurs directly through the body surface.

The nervous system, as a rule, consists of a primitive brain, or ganglia, located in the head area connected by the rings of the nerves with the abdominal nerve chain. In all body metrors, a separate nerve node is located.

The sense of killed senses usually include eyes, taste receptors, tactile tentacles and stavocists - bodies responsible for equilibrium.

The reproduction of Anneldly occurs in sexual or useless way. Miscellaneous reproduction is possible by fragmentation, renovation or division. Among the worms that are multiplied by gender, they meet hermaphrodites, but most species of separation. The fertilized eggs of marine ringed eggs are usually developing in freely floating larvae. Eggs of earth forms are in cockcocks and larvae, as miniature versions of adults.

The ability to restore the lost parts of the body is highly developed in many multi-all-timing representatives of Anneld.

Environmental importance

Rainworm is very important to maintain soil soil

Charles Darwin in the book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through The Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of the effects of rainworms on soil fertility. Some of the worms are digging holes in the soil, while others live exclusively on the surface, as a rule, in wet fallen leaves. In the first case, the animal can break the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate into it. Both superficial and digging worms help improve the soil with several ways:

• by mixing organic and mineral substances;
• due to the acceleration of the decomposition of organic substances, which in turn makes them more accessible to other organisms;
• by concentrating minerals and transform them into more easily digestible for plants form.

The rain worms are also an important prey for birds of raspberry to storks, and for mammals, ranging from earthquakes to badgers, and in some cases.

Ground annelides in some cases may be invasive (listed in a certain area). In the glacial regions of North America, for example, as scientists believe, almost all local rainworms were killed by glaciers and worms, which are currently located in these areas (for example, Amynthas Agrestis) were imported from other areas, primarily from Europe , and recently, from Asia. Northern deciduous forests have been subjected to a particularly negative impact of invasive worms through the loss of sheet bedding, reducing soil fertility, changes in the chemical composition of the soil and the loss of environmental diversity.

Marine Annelides can make more than one third of the bottom species of animals around coral reefs and in tidal zones. Ringing types of ringed worms increase the penetration of water and oxygen into the seeds sediment, which contributes to the growth of populations of aerobic bacteria and small animals.

Interaction with man

Fishermen believe that worms are more efficient babes for fish than baits from artificial flies. At the same time, worms can be stored within a few days in a tin can with wet moss.

Scientists study water ring worms in order to monitor oxygen levels, salinity and environmental pollution in fresh and sea water.

The jaw polish is very strong. These advantages attracted the attention of engineers. Studies have shown that the jaws of this kind of worms consist of unusual proteins that are firmly associated with zinc.

On the island of Samoa fishing and eating one of the representatives of the ringed worms - the worm Palolo is a national holiday, and the worm itself is considered local residents of the delicacy. In Korea and Japan, we use the worms of Urechis Unicinctus from the Echiuride class.

Representatives of ringed worms that are eaten

For a person, about 17 types of leeches are dangerous.

Medical leeches are used for hirudotherapy, and from pharmacy mined a valuable means - girudine

The leeches can be attached to the skin cover of the person outside, or penetrate internal organs (for example, respiratory or gastrointestinal organs). In this regard, there are two types of this disease - an internal and outdoor valve. With an outdoor hyrudine, leeches are most often attached to human skin in the field of armpits, neck, shoulders, caviar.

Mizostomid on sea lily

Skin melting invasion - the disease is extremely unpleasant, especially when the face of the worms becomes the face of the man. How they appear under the skin, which serves as a prerequisite, which varieties are able to get into this part of the human body, how to determine their presence, is there a chance to get rid of this attack?

Main peepers of microscopic nematodes are a family of pd, but cases of the disease in cats are also fixed. In India there is a focus of worms infection, but they are found in other areas with a warm climate. Recently, the disease is registered and where there was not previously found.

Adult dirofilariary worms are round threads thick from the hundredth of a share of up to one and a half. The body with pointed tips, the length of the female worms - 15 cm, the male is somewhat shorter. In the people, they were called an "angry thread" for the harm inflicted.

After the bite with bloodsowing insects of patients with animals, the larvae fall into their body, where they ripen to the invasive state. Then, the grown organisms are introduced into human blood flow with an insect bite and are located under the skin. The place of invasion they often choose the face, fall into the eyes. There are developing within 90 days, long time does not show themselves.

Symptoms of skin diseases

Treatment

Usually, the worm is present one, removed from the skin its surgical way.

• To deprive his ability to move under the skin, for the 2nd day before the procedure is assigned dataines.
• After the operation, antispasmodics, soothing and anti-inflammatory agents are used.
• Diethylcarbamazine or Ivermectin doctor can prescribe if necessary, the treatment is carried out under its observation, since these drugs are able to cause a strong allergic reaction

Filiariatus

These invasions of worms are caused by a group of nematod of round worms. They live in hot countries, feed on lymph, are located in different parts of the body, some kinds of worms prefer to settle under the skin, in the eyes. They are often stuck in the skin of the head, falling into the face.

The development of larvae occurs in the body of blood-sucking insects, they are intermediate owners. The filial of the dog and the cat is transferred, the mechanism of entering the human body is not much different from contamination by dirofilariasis.

The larvae fall into the blood and spread through the body. It will take place not one year when a person will understand that in his face, under the skin of the pilaria settled:

• under the skin, the worms are collected in the ball, it appears painless tumors with a pea or even with a quail egg;
• the skin in this area blues a little;
• soon the bumps begin to hide;
• they develop bacteria, then purulent inflammation not to power;
• there is a strong pain;
• sometimes the temperature rises;
• the larvae assembled on the skin also change its color, in this place it brightens or becomes darker.

To suspect the pillar in the eye by manifestations:

Treatment

Filyria from leather and eyes are removed by the operation, antibiotics are prescribed so that the re-inflammation is not developed in the places where helmintes were removed.

Cysticercosis

The causative agent is a cystisserka (pork chain larva), its habitat raw meat and fat, sometimes water. She looks like a tiny oblong bubble, there is a pork chain head, she is very small already has suckers and hooks.

The larva penetrates inside with food or entered with dirty hands, throws out of the intestines into the stomach together with vomiting. The human body is able to settle in the liver and kidneys, the brain, eyes, can accommodate under the skin, including on the face.

Once in the stomach, the larva loses his shell and begins to be embedded in the intestinal mucosa, it penetrates into the blood circuit, wandering throughout the body, it gets under the skin there it gradually develops, changing the form, becomes round or acquires the type of spindle, will increase to 15 cm .

Symptoms

Signs of cysticicracosis under the skin are peculiar, worms affect not only locally, irritating tissue, affect the entire body, highlighting toxins:

Doctors cannot make a favorable forecast if the patient did not appeal on time. Fixing, Cystizerka is monitoring, which also does not pass unnoticed for a person, this is expressed by allergies, rashes on the skin, fever.

Treatment

Large subcutaneous formations are removed by the surgeon, and small treatments do not require. Therapeutic drugs do not apply in this case, since the gelminist, dying, distinguishes the decay products, it causes heavy allergies.

When the patient is near the reservoir, the worms feel water and begin to move, which gives man a strong pain. Once in the water, the female begins to intensively postpone the huge amount of eggs, they absorb cyclop lats, infecting them and carrying infection.

The wraps in the stomach die, the larvae are released, passing through the walls of the stomach, migrate with blood into soft fabrics. After 90 days, the female is placed in the skin and matures there for about a year.

Symptoms

Gradually, the head of the Risht is approaching the skin surface, and the first signs of allergies make themselves known:

If the bubble falls from infection, the development of sepsis or gangrene is quite likely.

Treatment

• The manipulation is carried out extremely slowly, a long worm can break, then the toxic fluid will fall into the wound:
• during this period, the patient adopts the metronidazole, the drug weakens helminth, it resists less;
• in parallel, the rules of antiseptics are carefully complied;
• the patient makes a dam from a tetanus;
• antihistamines are prescribed;
• antibiotics.

There is another disease that has repeatedly told the media. It received the name by the name of the American family, in which was first discovered in 2001. Now several thousand people argue that they suffer from this ailment.

Patients are confident that in the face, the worms are crawling under the skin, they constantly change the location of the dislocation, delivering unpleasant sensations. Those who have encountered this phenomenon constantly pursues fear.

Some argue that non-shaped worms come out of the resulting wound in the skin, others assure, after that, the worms are converted into beetles or butterflies. The patients even tried to get rid of them, applying a split iron to the parts of the skin, but the relief occurred for a while, and soon a weekly showed itself in another place.

Symptoms

Symptoms resemble dirofilariasis manifestations:

• first on the skin of the face or other parts of the body there is an unbearable itching;
• in these places, the skin is raised;
• then, there is a feeling that there is something moving, the seals are even moved under the skin;
• inflammation is formed, the bleeding purulent ulce appear later;
• there are subtle threads similar to worms, but the etiology is still unclear.

What science says

Since the origin of pathology is still not known about the origin, the opinions of doctors were divided, there are several versions of the origin of the disease:

And the latter is not worth excluding, since the media is often a provocative of outbreaks of various phenomena in people with an unstable psyche. It is believed that the reaction causes gennometric organisms, or is caused by experiments in the field of nanotechnology, but this is already at the level of speculations and fantasies.

Treatment

The disease is not recognized as official medicine, the methods of its cure is not developed. When applying with characteristic complaints of worms under the skin of the face, doctors, after careful check, use antibacterial or antifungal drugs.

Indeed, Marghellon's disease reacts to the use of drugs that destroy fungal infection, a decrease in activity, the number of amazed areas on the skin becomes less, recurrences are not manifested yet. But the main treatment is the detoxification of the body and improving immunity.

Number of species: about 75 thousand.

Habitat: In saline and fresh waters, are found in the soil. Water crawl along the bottom, buried in il. Some of them lead a sedentary lifestyle - build a protective tube and never leave it. There are plankton species.

Structure: Bilateral symmetric worms having a secondary body cavity and divided into segments (rings) body. In the body, they allocate the head (head blade), torso and tail (anal blade) departments. The secondary cavity (whole), in contrast to the primary cavity, is lined with its own inner epithelium, which separates the nominal fluid from the muscles and internal organs. The liquid acts on the role of the hydraulic. The ring worms have a skin-muscular bag consisting of one layer of skin epithelium and two layers of muscles: ring and longitudinal. On the body there may be muscular grown - parapody, which are vehicle organs, as well as bristles.

Circulatory system For the first time appeared during the evolution in the ringed worms. It is closed type: blood is moving only by vessels, not falling into the body cavity. There are two main vessels: the dorsal (carries blood from behind in the back) and the abdominal (carries blood to front of back). In each segment they are connected by annular vessels. Blood moves due to the ripple of the spinal vessel or "hearts" - ring vessels 7-19 body segments.

The respiratory system is absent. Ring Worms - aerobes. Gas exchange occurs through the entire surface of the body. Some multi-point skin gills appeared - parapodius grows.

For the first time during the evolution, multicellular separational organs - metanefridia. They consist of a funnel with cilia and excretory channel located in the next segment. The funnel is facing the body cavity, the tubules open on the surface of the body separatingly sometime, through which decomposition products are removed from the body.

Nervous system It is formed by the incapacity of the nerve ring, which is particularly developed by the paired durable (brain) gangliya, and the abdominal nervous chain, consisting of pairwise epipped abdominal nerve nodes in each segment. From the "brain" ganglia and the nervous chain moves the nerves to organs and the skin.

Feeling organs: Eyes - organs of vision, pepatoes, tentacles (antennas) and Ugings - the bodies of touch and chemical feelings are located on the head blades in multi-art. In unauthorized in connection with the underground lifestyle, the senses are poorly developed, but in the skin there are photosensitive cells, tanging and equilibrium organs.

Reproduction and development

We multiply in gender and nonsense by fragmentation (separation) of the body, due to the high degree of regeneration. Multi-playing worms also occur to boring.
Multi-point - separation, and non-timing and leeches - hermaphrodites. Outdoor fertilization, Hermaphrodites - Cross, i.e. worms exchange seed liquid. Freshwater and soil worms Development direct, i.e. Young individuals come out of the egg. In marine forms, the development is indirect: from the egg it turns out the larva - Trichofor.

Representatives

The type of ring worms are divided into three classes: multi-art, unobtrey, leeches.

Unavythinkic worms (oligochettes), mostly dwell in the soil, but there are freshwater forms. A typical representative living in the soil is a rainworm. It has an elongated, cylindrical body. Small forms - about 0.5 mm, the most large representative reaches almost 3 m (gigantic rainworm from Australia). On each segment of 8 bristles, four pairs of the sides of the segments are located. Censing them for the unevenness of the soil, the worm with the help of the muscles of the skin-muscular bag moves forward. As a result of the nutrition of rotting plants and humus, the digestive system has a number of features. Its front department is divided into a muscular pharynx, esophagus, goiter and muscular stomach.

The rainworm breathes through the entire surface of his body due to the presence of a thick subcutaneous network of capillary blood vessels.

Rain worms - hermaphrodites. Fertilization cross. Cryships are applied to each other with abdominal sides and exchange seed fluid, which falls into seed. After that, the worms are diverged. In the front third of the body there is a subtle, which forms a mucous membrane, eggs are deposited into it. When promoting the coupling through segments containing seed recipients, eggs are fertilized with sperms belonging to another individual. The coupling is reset through the front end of the body, compacted and turns into an egg cocoon, where young worms develop. For raindling worms, high ability to regenerate is characteristic.

Longitudinal cut of the body of the rainworm: 1 - mouth; 2 - throat; 3 - esophagus; 4 - goiter; 5 - stomach; 6 - intestine; 7 - Occollectric ring; 8 - abdominal nervous chain; 9 - "Hearts"; 10 - spinal blood vessel; 11 - abdominal blood vessel.

The value of the oligochet in the soil formation. Even Ch. Darwin noted their useful influence on soil fertility. Slipping the remains of plants into minks, they enrich it by humus. Putting in the soil moves, they contribute to the penetration of air and water to the roots of plants, loosen the soil.

Multi-point. Representatives of this class are also called polychate. They live mainly in the seas. The clad body polychet consists of three departments: a head blade, segmented torso and the rear anal blade. Head blades are armed with appendages - tentacles and carries small eyes. The next segment is a mouth with a throat, which can be turned out and often has chitinous jaws. On segments of the body there are two-way parapodies armed with bristles and often having gill growing.

Among them are active predators who can float rather quickly, wavely flexing the body (Neret), many of them lead a way of life, spending long minks in the sand or in Ile.

Fertilization is commonly external, the embryo turns into a characteristic larvae - a threefore, which is actively floating with cilia.

Class Leeches Combines about 400 species. Vehives have an elongated body and fightered in the spinal abdominal direction. In the front end there is one mouth suction cup in the back - another suction cup. They do not have parapody and bristles, they float, waving a wavely flexing body, or "walk" on the ground or leaves. The body of leeches is covered with cuticle. Leeches - hermaphrodites, the development is direct. They are used in medicine, because Due to the isolation of the protein of the girutin, the development of blood clots, blocking blood vessels, is preventing blood vessels.

Origin: The ringed occurred from primitive, similar to flat cilia worms. Multi-stitched unawares occurred, and from them - leeches.

New concepts and terms:, Polycetes, oligochettes, whole, segments, parapody, metanefridia, nephrost, closed circulatory system, skin gills, trichofora, weight.

Questions for consolidation:

· Why did the collee worms got such a name?

· Why are ringworms call as secondary-free?

· What features of the structure of ringed worms indicate their higher organization compared to flat and round? What bodies and system systems for the first time appear in ringed worms?

· What is characteristic of the structure of each body segment?

· What is the meaning of the ringed worms in the nature and life of a person?

· What are the features of the structure of ringed worms due to their lifestyle and habitat?

Ring Worms are the most highly organized type of worms. Includes from 12 thousand (according to old sources) to 18 thousand (on new) species. According to the traditional classification, ringed worms include three classes: multi-art worms, unauthorized worms, leeches. However, according to another classification of multi-minded, considered in the rank of class, and unobtinka and leeches are included in the rank of subclasses to the class of the rigging; In addition to these groups, other classes and subclasses are also distinguished.

The length of the body of ringed worms, depending on the species varies from several millimeters to more than 5-6 meters.

In the process of embryonic development, Etoderma, Mesoderma and Entoderma are laid. Therefore, they are believed to three-layer animals.

In the ringed worms in the process of evolution, a secondary cavity of the body appeared, i.e. they are secondary-fibrous. The secondary cavity is called whole. It is formed inside the primary cavity, which remains in the form of cleavers of blood vessels.

Overall develops from mesoderm. Unlike the primary cavity, the secondary cavity is lined with its own epithelium. In the ring worms, the whole is filled with a liquid, which among others performs the function of the hydraulic oil (support for the shape and support when moving). Also, the numerical fluid carries nutrients, exchange and sex cells are displayed through it.

The body of ringed worms consists of their duplicate segments (rings, segments). In other words, their body is segmented. Segments can be a few or hundreds. The body cavity is not one, but is divided into segments by transverse partitions (septs) of the epithelial liner of the agencies. In addition, each ring forms two nominal bags (right and left). Their walls come into contact over and under the intestine and maintain the intestines. Between the walls also underlie the blood vessels and the nervous chain. In each segment there are nodes of the nervous system (on the paired abdominal nervous trunk), the selection organs, sex glands, outdoor grows.

The head blade is called a surgery. The rear of the body is an anal blade, or pygidy. Segmented body is called torso.

The segmented body allows the ring worms to grow easily at the expense of the formation of new rings (this is from behind before the anal blade).

The appearance of a segmented body is evolutionary progress. However, for ringed worms, a chomonal segmentation is characteristic when all segments are about the same. In more highly organized animals, segmentation is heteromon, when segments and their functions are different. At the same time, the collected worms are observed the formation of the head unit of the body by fusion of the front segments with a simultaneous increase in brain ganglium. This is called cephalization.

The walls of the body, as well as the lower worms, forms a skin-muscular bag. It includes a skin epithelium, a cooler layer and a layer of longitudinal muscles. Muscles achieve more powerful development.

There were paired movement organs - parapody. They are only in multi-minded ringed worms. They are growing a leather-muscular bag with bristle bundles. A more evolutionary advanced group of unauthorized parapody disappear, only bristles remain from them.

The digestive system consists of anterior, middle and rectory. The intestinal walls are formed by several layers of cells, they have muscular cells, thanks to which food moves. The front intestine is usually divided into a sip, esophagus, goiter and muscular stomach. Roth is on the abdominal side of the first segment of the body. Anal hole is located on the tail blade. The process of suction of nutrients into blood takes place in the middle intestine having a fold to increase the suction surface.

Characterized by a closed circulatory system. In the previous types of worms (flat, round) circulatory systems at all. As already mentioned, the clearance of blood vessels is the former primary body cavity, whose strip fluid began to perform blood functions. The circular black circular system consists of a spinal vessel (in which the blood moves from the tail blade to the head), from the abdominal vessel (blood moves from the head blade to the tail), a semi-colt, connecting the dorsal and abdominal vessel, small vessels that depart to various organs and tissues . In each segment there are two semiring (left and right). The closure of the circulatory system means that blood flows only by vessels.

Blood moves due to the pulsation of the walls of the spine vessel. Some non-timing worms, in addition to the dorsal, some ring vessels are reduced.

Blood tolerates the nutrients of their intestines and oxygen, which entered through the covers of the body. The respiratory pigment, reversible binding oxygen, is in the blood plasma, and is not contained in special cells, such as the vertebrate pigment hemoglobin is in red blood cells. Pigments in ringed worms can be different (hemoglobin, chlorocruarine, etc.), so blood color is not always red.

There are representatives of ringed worms that do not have a circulatory system (leech), but they have been reduced, and a breathing pigment is present in the tissue fluid.

Although the ringed worms do not have a respiratory system and usually breathe with the entire surface of the body, the transport of gases is carried out by a circulatory system, and not by diffusion through the tissue fluid. For some marine species on parapody, primitive gills are formed, in which there are many small blood vessels located close to the surface.

Allocation bodies are represented by metanephridia. These are tubes having a funnel with cilia at the end, located inside the body (in total). On the other hand, the tube opens out through the body surface. In each segment of the ring worm are two metanephridium (right and left).

The nervous system is more developed in comparison with round worms. In the head blade, a couple of spilled knots (ganglia) forms the semblance of a brain. Ganglia is located on the opening ring, from which the pair abdominal chain goes. It contains paired nerve nodes in each body segment.

The organs of the senses of ringed worms: tactile cells or structures, a number of species have eyes, chemical feelings (olfactory pits), there is an equilibrium organ.

Most of the collide worms separators, however, there is a hermaphrodite. The development is straightforward (small worm comes out of the egg) or with metamorphosis (the floating larva of the Throhofora comes out; characteristic of multi-singing).

It is believed that the ringed worms occurred from worms with an undusted body, similar to ciliated worms (type of flat worms). That is, in the process of evolution, two other worms groups occurred from the flat - round and ringed.