Early diagnosis of chronic renal failure in dogs. Urolithiasis (urolithiasis) dogs video about dogs urine analysis

The urine analysis is important for a person who can tell the doctor about where and how hurts, and even more so for a dog that, unfortunately, can not tell us about their pains.

However, if you pass the analysis of urine to a medical laboratory, this is normal, then the campaign with the dog's excrement in the veterinary laboratory is still quite rare.

Factors affecting the composition of urine in the dog

Urine that stands out (diuresis) is a product of the body's life. It affects it:

• pathological factors (infection, invasion,);
• physiological (pregnancy, heat, weight, feeding type);
• climatic (Temperature, humidity).

The urine may affect stress.

Conducting experiments and research, with clinically healthy animals, biologists calculated the parameters that are present in the urine and characterize the physiological equilibrium of the operations of systems and organs.

The composition and parameters of the norm

The basis of urine is water, it is normal 97-98%. Next, its composition includes components:

• organic;
• inorganic.

In physical parameters, the dogs should be yellow or light yellow (depending on the food consumed), transparent, without a sharp smell.

Normally, the color of the urine should be yellow.

Table of Organic Components (Dog Norm)

Density

The proportion of urine, this is an indicator that characterizes how many kidneys can concentrate urine, conducting reverse water absorption.

The density of urine allows you to evaluate the activity of the kidneys.

pH acid equilibrium

Urine, normally, can be both sour and alkaline. For this indicator, we can judge the diet of the dog feeding. The more protein feed is contained in the fourth world, the ate urine.

Protein feed increases urine acidity.

The index is covered in starvation, long-term exercise, but this will not point to pathology.

Protein

A substance consisting of amino acids is normal to leave the body.

The appearance of protein in the urine can sometimes be not related to pathology. Such a phenomenon is observed with excessive physical exertion, as well as the cornstorm of the dog feed animal origin, or when the diet is not balanced by protein.

The appearance of the protein occurs at large physical exertion.

Glucose

An indicator that makes it possible to understand whether the carbohydrate exchange is properly due to the dog.

Normally, all carbohydrates should be assisted, but if in the diet of their oversupply, then some part will stand out with urine.

The oversuet of glucose will stand out with urine.

Often, this ace is deceptive. Since the diagnostic strips react to the level of ascorbic acid, and it can be synthesized in sufficiently high concentrations.

Bilirubin

In the chemical component. The appearance of bilirubin traces may indicate.

Revealed Bilirubin talks about liver pathologies.

Ketone bodies

If the ketone bodies are detected along with the increased sugar content, then this indicates.

Ketone bodies alone normally can be with long starvation, or with an excess of fats in the diet of the dog.

Ketone bodies are detected during starvation.

Microscopic research

Stayed, urine distinguishes the sediment. After examining it under the microscope, the components are divided into organic origin, and mineral.

Under the microscope, the sediment of urine is divided into parts.

Organic precipitation

• Erythrocytes can be found as organic. Such a "find" may indicate the pathology of urinary tract.
• Leukocytes Can be found normally, but not more than 1-2. With more, it indicates the pathology of the kidneys.
• Epithelium cells Always present in the sediment of urine, since the epithelial cover changes constantly, but this indicator is more pronounced in females.
• If identified increased cylinder This may indicate the pathology of the kidneys and the urinary system.

The presence of erythrocytes indicates a disease of the urinary tract.

Inorganic precipitation

If the pH of the urine is acidic, urinary acid, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate can prevail. If the reaction is closer to alkaline, then amorphous phosphates, magnesium phosphate, calcium carbonate, triphelphosphate may be present.

When urinary acid appears (in the norm, it should not be) we can talk about strong physical exertion on the dog or a stubble with meat feeds. In pathological processes, such as urencular diathesis, feverish states, urinary acid tumor processes will be present in significant quantities.

Urinary acid appears when the meat is crossed.

If the dog's waterproof is closer to the brick, then amorphous urates will fall into the sediment. With a physiological norm, such processes are impossible. The presence may indicate a fever.

Oxalates

Oxalates (sorvelic acid producers) can be in units. If, in the field of view, they are many, then sugar diabetes, pyelonephritis, calcium pathology.

The detection of calcium carbonate will not be pathology if the feeding of the dog is carried out exclusively with the feeds of plant origin, otherwise it will indicate.

If your dog is a Dalmatian dog or a puppy, the ammonium bridge will be present in the urine. In other cases, this may indicate the inflammation of the bladder.

Dalmatian agreements have the presence of ammonium urinemium is the norm.

Crystals and neoplasms

• If detected tyrosine or Leucine crystals The pathology can be caused by leukemia or phosphorus poisoning.
• On new formation in the kidneys Or dystrophic processes in them will indicate the presence of cholesterol crystals in the sediment.

Tyrosine crystals can be caused by leukemia.

Fatty acid

Sometimes fatty acids can be revealed in the urine. Their presence indicates dystrophic changes in the renal tissue, namely, the decay of the epithelium of the renal tubules.

The presence of fatty acids indicates a change in the renal tissue.

Bacteriological urinary analysis

The identification of the bacterium in the field of view of the microscope cannot talk about pathology or norm, but the fact itself is a prerequisite for carrying out bacterial analysis.

When sowing urine on nutrient media and level detection within one 1000 to 10,000 microbial bodies in one millilitress urineFor females it will be the norm, and for males, may indicate the start of inflammatory processes in the urinary bodies.

Such an analysis of urine is carried out, as a rule, not so much to detect microflora, as for the release of pure culture and approaching the sensitivity of antibiotics, which are then used to treat an animal.

Bacteriological urine analysis is carried out to determine the sensitivity to antibiotics.

Urine analysis on fungi

When sowing the nutrient media, microscopic mushrooms germinate at certain temperatures. Normally, they are missing, but long-term treatment with antibiotics, as well as sugar diabetes can activate the growth of pathogenic microflora.

Urine analysis can be carried out qualitatively, using test systems (strips that are not always adapted to veterinary diagnostics) and quantitatively, laboratory.

If the primary analysis of the test system showed deviations in one direction or another, it is not yet a reason to panic. Quantitative measurements of urine indicators are needed. Studies should be conducted in the veterinary laboratory, and only the one that has the right to carry out certain studies.

Urine analysis should be carried out in laboratory conditions.

findings

It is necessary to clearly understand that it is better not to have the results of the study than to have incorrect. Study urine is designed not only to identify pathology, but also differentiate the disease. Any inaccuracy is fraught with the appointment of improper treatment, which in turn can lead to irreversible consequences.

Urine examination will help to identify pathology in time.

Video about dog urine analysis

The urea is one of the products formed in the body during the decay of proteins. The normal concentration of urea in the blood in dogs is 3.5-9.2 mmol / l (data can differ slightly from different laboratories). It is formed in the liver, and stands out through the kidneys with urine. The increase or decrease in the urea level, therefore, denotes the violation of the function of these organs, violation of metabolic processes.

Improving urea levels

Most often, the increase in urea level is associated with the difficulty of deriving it from the body, this is due to the deterioration of the kidney function. Together with the urea, the level of creatinine serum is also rising. Increased urea levels and other nitrogen exchange products is called azotemia. When the body begins to suffer from the accumulation of these products in the body, they speak Uremia.

Also, urea can be increased with a protein crumple of an animal (a lot of meat), with acute hemolytic anemia, stress, shock, vomiting, diarrhea, acute myocardial infarction.

Reduced urea levels

The reduction of urea can be associated with the small admission of proteins with food, severe liver diseases, for example, with portoysystem shunts. Increased urine release arising from hyperadrenoxorticism, diabetes mellitus, and other metabolic disorders also leads to a decrease in its level.

As can be seen from the above, urea is not a specific indicator of any disease and is always evaluated along with other studies conducted by a veterinary doctor.

The article is prepared by the doctors of the therapeutic department "Medvet"
© 2016 Svet "Medvet"

Total urine analysis includes an assessment physico-chemical characteristics of urine and microscopy of sediment. This study allows you to evaluate the function of the kidneys and other internal organs, as well as reveal the inflammatory process in the urinary tract. Together with the general clinical analysis of blood, the results of this study are capable of quite a lot about the processes occurring in the body and, most importantly, to specify the direction of further diagnostic search.

Indications for assay analysis:

Secondary ketonurias:
- thyrotoxicosis;
- Incenko-Cushing disease; hyperproduction of corticosteroids (the front of the front lobe of the pituitary gland or adrenal glands);

Hemoglobin.

Norm: Dogs, cats - absent.

Hemoglobinuria is characterized by the separation of urine red or dark brown (black) color, dysuria. Hemoglobinuria must be distinguished from hematuria, alkaptonuria, melaninuria, porphyry. With hemoglobinuria, erythrocytes in urine sediment are absent, rescue anemia with reticulocytosis and an increase in the level of indirect bilirubin in serum.

When does hemoglobin or myoglobin (hemoglobinuria) appear in the urine?

Hemolytic anemia.
- severe poisoning (sulfonamides, phenol, aniline dyes,
- After an epileptic seal.
- Transfusion of an incompatible blood type.
- Piroplasmosis.
- Sepsis.
- Heavy injuries.

Urinary sediment microscopy.

In the blade there is an organized precipitate (cellular elements, cylinders, mucus, bacteria, yeast fungi) and unorganized (crystalline elements).
Erythrocytes.

Norm: Dogs, cats - 1 - 3 red blood cells in sight.
All that is higher is hematuria.

Allocate:
- macrohematuria (when urine color is changed);
- Microhematuria (when urine color is not changed, and red blood cells are detected only under the microscope).

In the urinary sediment, red blood cells may be unchanged and changed. The appearance in the urine of altered erythrocytes has a large diagnostic value, because They most often have renal origin. Unpumbered erythrocytes are more characters for the damage to urinary tract (urolithiasis, cystitis, urethritis).

When does the number of erythrocytes increase (hematuria)?

Urolithiasis disease.
- Tumors of the genitourinary system.
- Glomerulonephritis.
- Pyelonephritis.
- infectious diseases of the urinary tract (cystitis, tuberculosis).
- Kidney injury.
- poisoning of benzene derivatives, aniline, snake poison, anticoagulants, poisonous mushrooms.

Leukocytes.

Norm: Dogs, cats - 0-6 leukocytes in sight.

When does the number of leukocytes increase (leukocyturia)?

Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis.
- cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis.
- Stones in a ureter.
- tubulinistial jade.

Epithelial cells.

Norm: Dogs and cats are single or absent.

Epithelial cells have different origins:
- cells of a flat epithelium (washed off by the night urine with outdoor genital organs);
- transitional epithelium cells (linen the mucous membrane of the bladder, ureters, loosening, large prostate faders);
- Cells of renal (tubular) epithelium (linked renal tubules).

When increases the number of epithelial cells?

Raising cells flat epithelium There is no significant diagnostic value. It can be assumed to be improperly prepare a patient to collect analysis.

Raising cells transitional epithelium:
- intoxication;
- intolerance to the anesthesia, drugs, after operations;
- jaundice of different etiology;
- urolithiasis (at the time of the passage of the stone);
- chronic cystitis;

Cell appearance renal epithelium:
- pyelonephritis;
- intoxication (reception of salicylate, cortisone, phenacetine, bismuth preparations, poisoning of heavy metals salts, ethylene glycol);
- tubular necrosis;

Cylinders.

Norm: Dogs and cats are missing.

The appearance of cylinders (cylindruria) is a symptom of kidney damage.

When and what cylinders appear in general urine analysis (cylinder)?

Hyalin cylinders are found with all organic kidney diseases, their quantity depends on the severity of the state and the level of proteinuria.

Grass cylinders:
- Glomerulonephritis;
- pyelonephritis;
- kidney cancer;
- diabetic nephropathy;
- infectious hepatitis;
- osteomyelitis.

Wax cylinders Specify the serious defeat of the kidneys.

Leukocyte cylinders:
- acute pyelonephritis;
- exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis;
- Abscess kidneys.

Erythrocyte cylinders:
- kidney infarction;
- embolism;
- acute diffuse glomerulonephritis.

Pigment cylinders:
- Preenal hematuria;
- hemoglobinuria;
- Mioglobinuria.

Epithelial cylinders:
- acute renal failure;
- tubular necrosis;
- acute and chronic glomerulonephritis.

Fat cylinders:
- chronic glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis complicated by nephrotic syndrome;
- lipoid and lipoid-amyloid nephrisosis;
- Diabetic nephropathy.

Bacteria.

Fine Watering in the bladder sterile. The identification of bacteria in urine analysis more than 50,000 in 1 ml indicates the infectious damage to the organs of the urinary system (pyelonephritis, urethritis, cystitis, etc.). It is possible to determine the form of bacteria only with the help of bacteriological research.

Yeast fungi.

The detection of yeast of the genus Candida testifies to candid by the fact that it occurs most often as a result of irrational antibiotic therapy, the reception of immunosuppressors, cytostatics.

Determination of the form of fungus is possible only with bacteriological examination.

Slime.

The mucus is distinguished by the epithelium of mucous membranes. None or present in the urine in minor quantities. With inflammatory processes in the lower urinary tract departments, the mucus content in the urine increases.

Crystals (unorganized precipitate).

Watering is a solution of various salts that can fall into the precipitate when standing at urine standing (form crystals). The presence of certain salt crystals in the urinary sediment indicates a change in the reaction to the acidic or alkaline side. Excessive salts in the urine contributes to the formation of stones and the development of urolithiasis.

When and what urine analysis do crystals appear?
- urinary acid and its salts (urates): Norma may occur among Dalmatians and English bulldogs, in dogs other breeds and cats are connected with hepatic insufficiency and porcetic anastamoses.
- Triphelphosphates, amorphous phosphates: often found in weakly acidic or alkaline urine in healthy dogs and cats; May be associated with cystitis.

Calcium oxalate:

Severe infectious diseases;
- pyelonephritis;
- diabetes;
- Ethylene glycol poisoning;

Cystin:

Cirrhosis of the liver;
- viral hepatitis;
- The state of the hepatic coma
- Bilirubin: can be in healthy dogs with concentrated urine or due to bilirubinuria.

Urolithiasis (urolithiasis) of dogs - the phenomenon of the formation and presence of uroliths in the urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra). Urolites ( uro-urine, Lith-stone) - organized concrections consisting of minerals (primary) and not a significant amount of organic matrix.

There are three main theory of formation of urinary stones: 1. The theory of precipitation-crystallization; 2. The theory of matrix nucleation; 3. The theory of crystallization-inhibition. According to the first theory, as the main cause of the formation of stones and therefore, urolithiasis, the oversaturation of urine in one or another type of crystals was put forward. With the theory of matrix-nucleation, as the reason for the formation of urbites, the presence in the urine of various substances, which initiate the beginning of the growth of urbites are considered. In the theory of crystallization-inhibition, a suggestion is put forward to the presence or absence of factors in the urine of the factors of depressing or provoking the formation of stones. The oversaturation of urine salts in dogs is considered as the main cause of urolithiasis, other factors play a less significant role, but can also contribute to the pathogenesis of the formation of stones.

Most dog urolites are identified in the bladder or urethra. The prevailing type of urinary stones are plyps and oxalates, they are followed by urates, silicates, cystines and mixed types. The last twenty years have noted an increased percentage of oxalates, presumably, this phenomenon developed due to the start of widespread use of industrial feed. An important reason for the formation of pupils in dogs is the infection of urinary tract. Below are the main factors that can increase the risk of morbidity of dogs by one or another type of urolithiasis.

Risk factors for the development of database urolithiasis with the formation of oxalates

Oxalate urinary stones are the most common type of dogs of dogs, the incidence of urolithiasis with this type of stones has significantly increased the last twenty years together with a decrease in the incidence with the predominance of trimps. The composition of oxalate urinary stones includes calcium oxalate monohydrate or dihydrate, the outer surface usually have sharp, serrated edges. Can be formed from one to many urbites, the formation of oxalates is typical for acid urine dogs.

The possible reasons for the increased occurrence of oxalate urolites in dogs include demographic and diet changes in the content of dogs that occurred in this period. For these factors, the feeding of an acidifying diet (widespread use of industrial feed), an increase in the incidence of obesity and an increase in the percentage ratio of representatives of rocks inclined to the formation of a certain type of stones.

The breed predisposition to the urolithiasis with the formation of oxalates is marked with representatives of such breeds as a Yorkshire terrier, Shi Tzu, miniature poodle, Bishon Fris, Miniature Schnauzer, Pomeranian Spitz, Kern Terrier, Maltese and Cesshund. Sexual predisposition is marked in neutered males of small breeds, as well. Urolithiasis against the background of the formation of oxalate stones is more often noted in animals of the middle and elderly (average age 8-9 years).

In general, the formation of urbites is more associated with the acid-base balance of the animal organism, rather than with the specific pH and the composition of urine. In dogs with an oxalate form of urolithiasis, passing hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria after feeding are often detected. So, urolithi can be formed against the background of hypercalcemia and the use of calciuretics (furosemide pr. Prednisolone). In contrast to the pupils, the infection of urinary tracts in oxalate uritians is developing as a complication of urolithiasis, and not as the root cause. Also, under the oxalate form of the urolithiasis of dogs, there is a high percentage of recurrence after the extraction of stones (about 25% -48%).

Risk factors for the development of database urolithiasis with shaping

According to some data, the percentage of stripping urinary stones to the total number is 40% -50%, but in recent years there has been a significant decrease in the incidence of trolling urolithiasis in favor of oxalate (see above). Stipps consist of ammonium ions, magnesium and phosphate, the shape of the rounded (spherical, ellipsoid and tetrahedral), the surface is more often smooth. With trolling urolithiasis, both single urbites and multiple with different diameters can be formed. Students in the urinary tracts of dogs are more often localized in the bladder, but they can also be marked in the kidneys and a ureter.

The overwhelming majority of plification urinary stones of dogs were induced by urinary tract infection (more often Staphylococcus intermedius.but can also play a role Proteus Mirabilis.). Bacteria have the ability to hydrolyze urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide, it is accompanied by an increase in urine pH and contributes to the formation of plification urinary stones. In rare cases, the urine of dogs can be oversaturated with minerals of the pupils, and then, urolithiasis develops without the participation of infection. Based on the possible causes of the flowing urolithiasis of dogs, even with the urinary negative culture study obtained, the search for infection continues and preferably a culture study of the wall bladder and / or stone.

With the urolithiasis of dogs with the formation of trivial urolitis, a breed predisposition is noted at such representatives as a miniature Schnauzer, Bishon Friz, Cocker Spaniel, Shitza, Miniature Poodle and Lhasa Apsco. The age predisposition is noted in middle-aged animals, sexual predisposition in females (presumably due to increased morbidity of urinary tract infection). The American Cocker Spaniel can have a predisposition to the formation of sterile pupils.

Risk factors for the development of database urolithiasis with urate formation

Uraban urinary stones are about quarters (25%) from all stones of veterinary laboratories delivered to specialized veterinary laboratories. Uraban stones consist of a monosular ammonium salt of uric acid, small in size, the form of their spherical, the surface is smooth, characterized by the multiplicity of urolithiasis, color from light yellow to brown (may be green). Uraban stones usually easily crumble, concentric layering is determined on the fault. Uralitiase, a certain predisposition to the urolithiasis in dogs was noted, presumably due to the smaller surveillance of the urethra. Also, in the urolithic disease, dogs with the formation of urates are characterized by a high percentage of relapses after the extraction of stones, it can be 30% -50%.

Unlike representatives of other breeds, Dalmatian has a violation of Purin metabolism, which leads to the release of an increased amount of uric acid and predisposition to the formation of urates. It should be remembered that not all Dalmatians have the formation of urates, despite the congenital elevated level of uric acid in the urine of the animal, the clinically significant disease is determined in animals in 26% -34% of cases. In some other breeds (English Bulldog and Black Russian Terrier), hereditary predisposition can also be noted to the disturbed membolism of purines (similar to Dalmatians) and the tendency to the urinal form of urolithiasis.

Another cause of the formation of urates is the microvascular liver dysplasia, while the transformation of ammonia in urea and uric acid into allantoin occurs. With the above disorders of the liver, there is more often a mixed form of urolithiasis, in addition to urates, plys are also formed. The breed predisposition to the formation of this type of urolithiasis was noted in the breeds of predisposed to the formation (Ave. Yorkshire terrier, miniature Schnauzer, Pekingese).

Risk factors for the development of database urolithiasis with the formation of silicate stones

Silicate uroliths are also rarely found and caused the database urolithiasis (about 6.6% of the total urinary stones), they consist mostly from silicon dioxide (quartz), may contain a small number of other minerals. The color of silicate urinary stones of dogs is gray-white or brownish, multiple uroliths are more often formed. The predisposition to the formation of silicate stones is marked in dogs when feeding a high-gluten grain (gluten) or soybean. The percentage of relapses after removing the stones is quite low. As with oxalate urolithiasis, the urinary tract infection is considered as complicating, and not a causal factor of the disease.

Risk factors for the development of database urolithiasis with the formation of cystine

Cystic uroliths are rarely found in dogs (about 1.3% of the total amount of urinary stones), completely consist of cystine, they are small, spherical. The color of cystine stones light yellow, brown or green. The presence of cystine in the urine (cystinuria) is considered as hereditary pathology with a violation of cystine transport in the kidneys (± amino acids), the presence of cystine crystals in the urine is regarded as pathology, but not all dogs with cystinuria form appropriate urinary stones.

A number of dog breeds have a breed predisposition to the disease, such as English Mastiff, Newfoundland, English Bulldog, Dachshund, Tibetan Spaniel and Basset Hound. In the cystic urolithiasis of dogs, exclusive sexual predisposition of dogs is noted, with the exception of Newfoundland. The average death of the disease is 4-6 years. When extracting stones, a very high percentage of recurrence of their formation is noted, it is about 47% -75%. As with oxalate urolithiasis, the urinary tract infection is considered as complicating, and not a causal factor of the disease.

Risk factors for the development of database urolithiasis with the formation of hydroxyapatitis (phosphate calcium)

This type of urbites is extremely rarely noted in dogs, and Appatites (calcium phosphate or hydroxyl phosphate calcium) often acts as a component of other urinary stones (more often). The precipitation of hypoxiaappatitis in the urine predisposes alkaline urine and hyperparathyroidism. The following rocks have a predisposition of the formation of urinary stones of this species-miniature Schnauzer, Bishon Friz, Shi-Tzu and Yorkshire Terrier.

Clinical signs

Plugging urinary stones are more often found in females, due to the increased predisposition, they have to infections urinary tract, however; Clinically significant urethra obstruction is more characteristic of males because of a narrower and long urethra. Urolithiasis of dogs can be observed at any age, but more often occurs in animals of the middle and old age. Urinary stones in dogs under the age of 1, most often are plyps and develop due to the infection of urinary tract. With the development of oxalate shape of the databases of dogs - the development of stones is more often celebrated by dogs, especially in such breeds, as a miniature Schnauzer, Shitz, Pomeranian Spitz, Yorkshire Terrier and Malteta. Also, oxalate urolithiasis of dogs is observed in an older age compared to the trolling type of urolithiasis. Urates are more often formed in Dalmatians and English Bulldogs as well as dogs predisposed to development. Cystic urolithics also have a certain breed predisposition, the general information on the incidence of database urolithium diseases is collected below in the table.

Table.The breed, sexual and age predisposition for the formation of the blade stones of dogs.

Stone type	Morbidity
Stuns	The breed predisposition is a miniature Shanseur, Bishon Friz, Cocker Spaniel, Shitza, Miniature Poodle, Lhasa Apsco. Sex predisposition in females Age predisposition - average age The main predisposing factor towards the development of the stream is the infection of the urinary tract Ureaz-producing bacteria (etc. Proteus, staphylococcus).
Oxalates	POWER POSSPOSIST - Miniature Schnauzer, Shitza, Pomeranian Spitz, Yorkshire Terrier, Maltese, Lhasa Apsco, Bishon Friz, Kern Terrier, Miniature Poodle Sexual predisposition - in the castrated males more often than in non-neutered. Age predisposition is the middle and old age. One of the predisposing factors - obesity
	The breed predisposition - Dalmatian and English Bulldog The main factor predisposing urates - portoysystem shunt, and, accordingly, it is more often noted in predisposed rocks (Yorkshire Terrier Ave., Miniature Schnauzer, Pekingese)
Silicates	Breeding predisposition - German Shepherd, old English Shepherd Sexual and age predisposition - Middle-aged males
	Porcelain Predisposition - Dachshund, Basset Hound, English Bulldog, Newfoundland, Chihuahua, Miniature Pincher, Welsh Corgi, Mastiffs, Australian Cow Dog Sexual and age predisposition - Middle-aged males
Calcium phosphate	POWER POSSPOSPOSIST - Yokrshire Terrier

The history of the disease of the urolithiasis of dogs depends on the specific localization of the stone, the duration of its location, various complications and the disease predisposing to the development of the disease (pr.).

When the urinary stone in the kidneys, animals typically have a long asymptomatic flow of urolithiasis, the blood in the urine (hematuria) and signs of soreness in the field of kidneys may occur. In the development of pyelonephritis in an animal, fever, polydipsy / polyuria and general oppression can be marked. Stones ureters in dogs are diagnosed quite rarely, in dogs there may be different signs of pain in the area of \u200b\u200bthe lower back, most animals develop a one-sided lesion without systemic involvement, and the stone can be detected in the form of a random find on the background of the kidney hydronephrosis.

The stones of the bladder of dogs represent the overwhelming majority of cases of databases of dogs, complaints of the owner when contacting in may be signs of difficult and frequent urination, sometimes hematuria occurs. Stone displacement in the urethra of males can lead to partial or complete obstruction of urine outflows, in which case the primary complaints can serve as signs of stagnation, abdominal pain and signs of renal renal failure (anorexia, vomiting, oppression). In rare cases, the complete obstruction of urine outflows can develop a complete break of the bladder with signs of Urooabdomin. It should be remembered that the stones of the urinary tract of dogs can behave asymptomatic and detected as a random find with a review radiographic study.

The data of the physical examination at urolithiasis sin is sinning by the weak specificity of the signs. With one-sided hydronephrosis of dogs, an increase in kidney (regenerational) can be discovered during palpator surveys. When obstruction of ureters or urethra can be determined by the painful cavity disease, when the urinary tract breaks, the signs of Urooabdomin and the general oppression are developing. The stones of the bladder in physical examination can be found only with significant quantities or volume, and the sounds of attitudes can be determined during palpation, or a considerable urolon is tightly. When obstruction of the urethra, the belly palpation can reveal an enlarged bladder, the rectal palpation can reveal the stone with localization in the pelvic part of the urethra, during the localization of the stone in the urethre of the penis - it can be palpable in some cases. When attempting catheterization of the bladder of an animal with a urethra obstruction - a veterinary clinic doctor can reveal the mechanical resistance of the catheter.

The most X-ray-repeat blades are uroliths with calcium content (oxalates and calcium phosphates), the pliples are also well defined in a review radiographic study. The size and amount of X-ray-contrast stones is best determined by X-ray examination. To identify the record-transparent stones, double contrast cystography and / or retrograde urethrography can be applied. Ultrasound Diagnostic Methods are able to determine X-ray-transparent stones of the urethral of the bladder and urethra, in addition - ultrasound can help in assessing the kidney and ureter of the animal. When examining a dog with urolithiasis, joint radiographic and ultrasound research methods are usually used, but, according to many authors, a double contrast cystography is the most sensitive method for determining the bladder stones.

Laboratory studies of dogs with urolithiasis include a general blood test, a biochemical animal profile, a total urine analysis and a culture study of urine. With urolithiasis of dogs, even in the absence of explicit Piuia, hematuria and proteinuria - still remains a high probability of urinary tract infection, and it is preferable to apply additional research methods (Cytological examination of urine, culture studies of urine). Biochemical testing of blood is able to determine signs of hepatic insufficiency (a high level of nitrogen of blood urea, hypoalbuminemia) in dogs with.

Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

Urinary stones should be suspected of all dogs with signs of urinary tract infection (Gematuria Ave., Straguria, Pollakiuria, obstruction of urine outflow). The list of differential diagnoses includes any forms of inflammation of the bladder, reducing urinary tract and granulomatous inflammation. The detection of urolites is carried out by the visual methods of the survey (radio airfia, ultrasound), in rare cases - uritif identification is possible only intraoperatively. The definition of a specific type of urbites requires its research in a specialized veterinary laboratory.

It should be remembered that the identification of most crystals in the urine does not always indicate the pathology (with the exception of cystine crystals), in many dogs with urolithiasis, the type of crystals detectable in the urine may differ in the composition of the blade, crystals may not be determined at all, or multiple crystals are determined at all. Without the risk of forming urinary stones.

Treatment

Finding urinary stones in the urinary tracts of dogs is not always associated with the development of clinical signs, in many cases, the presence of urbites is not accompanied by any symptomatics from the animal. In the presence of uritians, several options for developing events can be noted: their asymptomatic presence; Evacuation of small uroliths in a weighted medium through the urethra; Spontaneous dissolution of urinary stones; Stop growth or its continuation; Attaching the secondary urinary tract infection (); partial or complete obstruction of the ureter or urethra (when blocking a ureter can develop unilateral hydronephrosis); The formation of polypoid inflammation of the bladder. The approach to the dog with a urolithiasis in many ways depends on the manifestation of certain clinical signs.

The urethra obstruction belongs to urgent states, during its development, a number of conservative measures can be taken to displace stone or outward or back to the bladder. In females, rectal palpation with a massage of urethra and urolith in the direction of the vagina can contribute to its exit from urinary tract. Like females and males, the urethrohydropulsation method can return the bladder stone back to the bladder, and restore the normal urine current. In some cases, when the diameter of urolitis is less than the diameter of the urethra, the reductional urhydropopopulation can be used, when the animal under anesthesia in the bladder introduces sterile saline, with subsequent manual emptying in an attempt to reduce stones (the procedure can be carried out several times).

After offseting the stone in the bladder, it can be extracted by cytostomy, endoscopic laser lithotripsy, endoscopic extraction by means of a basket, laparoscopic cystotomy, dissolved by means of drug therapy or destroyed by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. The choice of method depends on the size of the animal, equipping the necessary equipment and qualifications of a veterinary doctor. If it is impossible to move the stone from the urethra, the males can be used urethromy with the subsequent extraction of the stone.

Indications for surgical treatment of urolithiasis of dogs are such indicators as obstruction of urethra and ureter; multiple recurrent episodes of urolithiasis; Lack of effect from attempts to conservative dissolution of stones for 4-6 weeks as well as personal preferences of the doctor. When localizing urolites in the kidneys of dogs can be used pyelotomy or nephrotomy, it should be remembered that the dogs of the kidneys and bladder bubble can also be crushed through an extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. When climbing urinary stones in ureters and localization in proximal sites - ureteretomy can be used, during localization in distal departments, resection of the ureter can be used with the subsequent creation of a new compound with the bladder (ureteroneocystostomy).

Indications to the conservative treatment of database urolithiasis is the presence of soluble uritons (pliples, urates, cystines and can be xanthines) as well as animals with concomitant diseases increases operational risk. Regardless of the composition of Urolite, general activities are being taken in the form of increased water consumption (therefore increase the diurea), the treatment of any subject diseases (pr. Cushing's disease) as well as therapy of bacterial (primary or secondary). It should be remembered that bacterial infection (cystitis or pyelonephritis) makes a significant contribution to the development of database urolithiasis, or as a launcher, or as a supporting mechanism. The effectiveness of the conservative dissolution of the dogs of dogs is usually tracked by visual examination methods (usually radiologically).

With trivial urolithiasis, the main cause of their formation in dogs is an infection of urinary tract, and they dissolve against the background of adequate antibacterial therapy, possibly with the joint use of dietary feeding. At the same time, the average dissolution period of infected urolite in dogs against the background of treatment is about 12 weeks. In the sterile form of a plification urolithiasis of dogs, the deadlines for dissolving urinary stones constitute a much smaller period and occupy about 4-6 weeks. In dogs with a trivial urolithiasis, a change in the diet into dissolving stones may not be required, the reverse development of stones is noted only against the background of the corresponding antibacterial therapy and increase water consumption.

In dogs, at the urinal shape of the urolithiasis in an attempt of conservative dissolution of stones, allopurinol can be used in a dose of 10-15 mg / kg per x 2 times a day, as well as urine alkalizing by changing the diet. The effectiveness of the conservative dissolution of urates is less than 50% and occupies an average of 4 weeks. It should be remembered that a significant reason for the formation of urates in dogs is, and the dissolution of stones can be observed only after the surgical resolution of this problem.

In cystine urolithic dogs, in an attempt to conservative treatment of urolithiasis, 2-Mercatopropionol glyzine (2-mpg) 15-20 mg / kg per x 2 times a day as well as feeding with a low protein-diet diet is used. The deadlines for the dissolution of cystine stones in dogs occupy about 4-12 weeks.

Xanthine urittes are treated with a decrease in the dachas of allopurinol and a low purine diet, there is a possibility of their reverse development. With oxalate urittes there are no proven methods for dissolving and it is assumed that they are not subject to reverse development despite all the measures taken.

Valery Shubin, veterinarian, Balakovo