Lung cancer symptoms in adults without temperature. Treatment of lung cancer All lung cancer symptoms

Lung cancer is a serious illness that develops for the most part of the bronchial tissues, as well as bronchial glands and affecting light people.

They are mostly smoking men (according to various statistical studies - 80-90%), while the lion's share of sick-faces from 45 to 80 years old, but there is a lung cancer and young people.

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Note: cancer cells affecting lungs are divided very quickly, spreading the tumor throughout the body and destroying other organs. Therefore, an important point is the timely diagnosis of the disease. The earlier the lung cancer is revealed and its treatment has begun - the higher the chance to extend the life of the patient.

In sixty percent cases, pathology develops in the upper lung department. Most likely, this is due to the fact that it is in this department that a tobacco smoke and air containing carcinogenic substances are long delayed.

Cancer outgoing from bronchi is called central, from a lung fabric - peripheral. In 80% of cases, the disease is formed in the central zone and the gate of the lung.

Central (Torn) cancer is divided into:

• endobronchial;
• peribronchial.

At an early stage, the tumor looks like a polyp or a plaque. Next, it can grow differently. Also isolated a media station, which is characterized by a small tumor and rapid growth.

Depending on histological changes, in our country a classification is adopted, standing out:

• non-less cell lung cancer;
• small flower forms.

Non-flockelective lung cancer

This is one of the most common forms of malignant lightweight tumor, the following subspecies are characterized for it:

• PlateLock carcalete cancer - reborn cells of epithelial tissue lining bronchi. It spreads slowly, simple in diagnosis, has good treatment predictions.
• Adenokarcinoma - View of cancer, whose cells are formed from the glandular fabric of small bronchi. The tumor methesizes into the fabric of the contralateral light, forms new foci in the immediate vicinity of the primary node. It is more often characteristic of women, almost does not depend on smoking, it grows to huge sizes. It has a nodule of a grayish white color, in the center - sclerosic fabric, the tumors are visible slices. Sometimes the neoplasm is covered with mucus, foci of wet necrosis are noticeable, bleeding from vessels. Adenocarcinoma is manifested by bronchial symptoms - atelectasis and bronchopneumonia.
• Largely fluttered cancer - Abnormally huge anaplastic cells, the growth of which is usually noticeable in the central part of the bronchial tree. The tumor is aggressive, has no typical clinical picture. In the late stage, there is a cough with a sputum having a stream of blood. Patients are exhausted. In histological cuts - necrosis and hemorrhage.
• Mixed forms - Tumors in which there are cells of several types of cancer. Symptoms of the disease and the forecast depend on the combination of types of neoplasms and the degree of predominance of certain cells

This is one of the most aggressive cancer varieties. Externally resembles a soft light yellow infiltrate with the intersection of necrosis foci, cells are similar to oats grains. It is characterized by rapid growth and formation of regional and remote metastases. 99% of patients with this form are smoking people.

As you know, the histological picture of one site of the tumor may differ from the other. Accurate diagnosis of the tumor allows you to make a forecast for the development of the disease and choose the most effective treatment regimen.

Stages of lung cancer

Modern medicine distinguishes several stages of illness

Light cancer stage	Tumor dimensions	Pathological process in lymph nodes	Metasteing
Stage 0.	Novoy formation is localized, does not apply to the surrounding fabrics	absent	absent
Stage І A.	Tumor-like neoplasm up to 3 cm, does not affect the main armor	absent	absent
Stage І B.	Novoy formation from 3 to 5 cm, localized, does not go to other areas, is below the trachea by 2 cm and more	absent	absent
Stage ІІ A.	The size of the tumor is up to 3 cm, it does not affect the main armor	Affects single peribroscial regional lymph nodes.	absent
Stage ІІ B.	The neoplasm size from 3 to 5 cm is not common to other parts of the lungs, is localized below the trachea by 2 cm and more	It is noticeable to defeat single regional peribrous nodes of the lymphatic system.	absent
		absent	absent
Stage ІІІ A.	Novo-formation size - up to 5 cm, the defeat of other parts of the lungs does not occur	Bephonds of bifurcation or other types of lymph nodes located in the mediastinum on the side of the lesion	absent
	The tumor of any size grown into other chest organs. Does not affect the heart, large vessels and trachea.	There is a defeat of bifurcation / peribroscient / regional and other mediastinal lymph nodes on the side of the defeat	absent
Stage ІІІ B.	Tumor-like neoplasm of any size, moving on mediastinum, large vessels, trachea, heart and other organs	Affected any nodes of the lymphatic system	absent
	Lung cancer can have any dimensions and applies to different organs	The inflammatory process involves lymphatic nodes of the mediastinum not only on the side of the lesion, but also from the opposite sides and lymph nodes, localized in the upper shoulder belt	absent
Stage IV.	Tumor size does not matter	Any lymph nodes are affected	There are single or multiple metastheses in any organs and systems.

Causes and factors for lung cancer

The main reason for the occurrence of oncology of any organ - damage to DNA cells, which is due to the impact on them of various factors.

If we talk about lung cancer, then the reasons for its occurrence can be:

• work in harmful production;
• inhalation of harmful substances.

Most often, this disease is observed in the working following professions:

• steelkers;
• miners;
• woodworking machines;
• metallurgists;
• at the production of ceramics, phosphates and asbestos cement.

The main reasons for the formation of lung cancer:

• Inhalation of carcinogens, which are in smoke from cigarettes. The probability of the appearance of the disease increases significantly when smoking more than 40 cigarettes per day.
• Bad ecological situation. This is especially true of the terrain where processing and mining enterprises are located.
• Radiation irradiation.
• Contact with substances provoking the occurrence of the disease.
• Frequent.

Signs and symptoms of pulmonary oncology

Most often at the initial stage, the disease is practically not manifested in externally, and the person appeals to those skilled in the art, when it is no longer possible to help him.

The main symptoms of lung cancer:

• pain in the chest;
• sword;
• cough not passing for a long time;
• loss of body weight;
• blood in sputum.

However, the data of manifestations are not always talking about the presence of oncology. They can designate a lot of other diseases. Therefore, the diagnosis of cancer in most cases is proven.

In addition to the above symptoms, the lung cancer is pronounced:

• lack of interest in life;
• lethargy;
• very low activity;
• increased temperature for a long period of time.

It is important to understand that this disease is easy to disguise under bronchitis, pneumonia, so it is important to differentiate it from other diseases.

Early diagnosis gives hope for a cure. The most reliable way in this case is the pulmonary x-ray. Specify the diagnosis with endoscopic bronchography. With it, you can determine the size and location of the tumor. In addition, a cytological study is carried out - biopsy.

If the diagnosis is confirmed, you should immediately begin treatment, strictly observing the prescription of the doctor. Do not count on alternative medicine and folk remedies.

Given the factor that the beginning of the disease proceeds without manifestation of symptoms, it makes sense to make fluorography annually. This is especially recommended for people belonging to the risk group. If there are suspicion, the diagnosis is considered confirmed until the opposite is proved.

The diagnosis is clarified by:

• transducer puncture;
• biopsy;
• blood analysis to the level of monacarkers.

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Trofimova Yaroslav, Medical Observer

Lung cancer is a disease accompanied by developing in light malignant tumor education. Lung cancer, the symptoms of which may be absent for a long time, for the most part arises due to smoking, and its identification, precisely due to the absent symptoms, without preventive methods of studying the area under consideration, occurs often already at the serious stages of the process flow.

general description

Light cancer as a whole presents a group of varieties of tumors developing in light. These tumors are formed by lungs or bronchi cells, they are characterized by intensive growth and early metastasis, which implies the formation of tumor nodes already in remoteness from the lungs (in this case).

The lung cancer in men is found almost 10 times more often in comparison with the susceptibility to this disease of women, while increasing the incidence is determined in proportional age. So, for the age of 60-70 years, the figures in incidence of 60 times higher than the incidence numbers defined for the 30-40-year-old age.

What is noteworthy, lung cancer (lung cancer) is one of the most common onco-scabers. As for the current transformation relevant for the process, due to which there is a conversion of conventional cells into cancer cells, its mechanism is not clear at the moment. Meanwhile, a number of studies conducted on this score revealed a specific group of substances, the action of which has an appropriate effect, against which, in turn, occurs, and the transformation of normal cells in malignant. These substances are defined as carcinogens.

The main cause of cancer development, respectively, in this case is inhalation of carcinogens. As already noted, smoking is the main of the reasons that promote the development of lung cancer - about 90% of the total number of cases of morbidity indicates that such a tendency, which, in turn, is based on inhalation of carcinogens contained directly in tobacco smoke. As for the probability of cancer development, it increases in proportion to the overall side of the smokers and the number of cigarettes, they smoked. The greatest danger in this regard is determined for smokers using cigarettes without filter for which a cheap tobacco is used.

What is noteworthy, the tobacco smoke is dangerous not only for the smoker himself, but also for people who surrounding him. It is known that the lung cancer among family members of the smokers develops up to two times more often than this happens in non-smoking families.

Pollution of the atmosphere also plays a last role. For example, industrial areas in which the mining and processing infrastructure is developed is characterized by the increase in the incidence of lung cancer to several times (when compared with the results of remote villages, for example).

The following options are distinguished as other risk factors for lung cancer:

• contact with specific types of substances: arsenic, asbestos, chrome, radon, cadmium, chloromethyl ether, nickel, etc.;
• the impact of radioactive irradiation;
• long course of lung diseases (launched cases): bronchitis, tuberculosis, bronchiectatic disease, pneumonia.

Lung cancer: peculiarities of the process

The division of cancer cells occurs, as we have already noted above, rather quickly, due to which, in turn, there is an increase in tumor education in size. The absence of appropriate therapy leads to the fact that it begins to gradually germinate into neighboring organs, and these are large vessels, heart, esophagus and spine. This course of the process inevitably causes damage to the affected areas.

With lymph and blood, the propagation of cancer cells in the body occurs, which already determines the metastasis, in which new nodes of tumor formations are formed. Metastasis is mainly focused in another light, in the field of lymph nodes, in the liver, in adrenal glands, kidneys, brain and bones.

In accordance with the histological structure of the lung cancer, it may flow through four types of options: flat-cell cancer, iron-free cancer (or adenocarcinoma), small-cell cancer and large-cell cancer.

The most important in the practical plan and the most common position relating to the histological structure of the lung cancer is the following: how the differentiation of tumor education is lower, the tumor, respectively, more malignant in development. Given this feature, each of the histological species of lung cancer corresponds to their own features. In short, they can be allocated as follows:

• flatllic lung cancer develops into a relative extent slowly, in addition to this, it is at least inclined to early metastasis;
• the development of adenocarcinoma also occurs relatively slowly, but here it is already distinguished by its tendency to the early onset of hematogenous propagation with concomitant symptoms;
• the undifferentiated type of lung cancer (especially fine-cell) is predisposed to a particularly rapid development, in addition to this, the characteristic feature of such cancer is that it is predisposed to early and extensive metastasis (hematogenic and lymphogenic).

Growing tumors for lung cancer, main features

The development of lung cancer occurs on the basis of the epithelium of the mucous. Practically the same degree of frequency of occurrence is also determined for the right, and for the left lung. Under the damage to cancer, segmental or central bronchi, the lung cancer is determined. The occurrence of a tumor in bronchi whose caliber in comparison is less than segmental, determines the peripheral cancer.

With a peripheral tumor, formed on the basis of a bronchial epithelium of subsegimentary bronchi and bronchi smaller, in most cases the uniformity of its development is determined within the parenchyma of the lung in the formation of a rounded formation of a characteristic spherical form in it.

Further growth of this type of tumors often leads to propagation to nearby extractive structures, namely to parietal pleura, aperture, thoracic wall, etc. As an embodiment of the peripheral tumor of lungs, a cancer is isolated, defined as "Penposta type cancer". It, in turn, is characterized by the formation of tumor formation of a spherical shape, focused in the region of the upper lobe in the mild, with the subsequent transition to the nerves of the shoulder plexus, to the connector vessels and to the Sympathetic nerve barrel (which proceeds in the complex with the symptoms of the Gorner in the form of enofthalma, Miosis and PTOs from the defeat).

As for the features of the development of the central cancer, they conclude, first of all, in the fact that the process in bronchops with a larger caliber, respectively, in bronchops of equity and segmental are occurring. Mostly the course of the process is accompanied by a relevant violation in their passivity and with simultaneous hypoventilation, which can hardly achieve a hardly atelectase (stretching, lung tissue sacking, in which its airlessness is marked).

With this development of the process, its features are determined by the type of growth inherent in a particular tumor, mainly endobronchial, peribroscial or perivzal. The endobronchial tumor is characterized by the predominance of violations due to the blockage of air-capable bronchial pathidity paths. The peribroscial tumor, in turn, is characterized by compression of the airways, which is accompanied by a decrease in the lumen almost up to the formation in this case of an absolute barrier for the receipt and passage of air. In frequent cases, the centralization may be observed for peripheral cancer in which the tumor generated in the periphery, respectively, respectively, is characterized by its own propagation to equity or to segmental bronchms, as a result of which germination occurs during the subsequent violation of the passability.

In the transition of the blastomatous type of changes from the lung to the anatomical structures of the mediastinal region (that is, to the pericardium, pleura, vessels and trachea), it is advisable to determine the mediastinal shape of the lung cancer.

Lung cancer: Stages

• Stage I Stage - It is characterized by small sizes of tumor education, as well as the absence of its propagation to lymph nodes. This stage, in turn, is divided into substandy, 1a and 1B:
• 1A. - This podstadia determines the dimensions of the tumor formation within up to 3 cm of its largest diameter. For this substraction, survival rate during the next 5 years is defined in 58-73% in case it is a cancer of non-less cell and in 38% - if it comes, respectively, about fine-cell cancer.
• 1V. - The subband determines the dimensions of the tumor education within 3-5 cm to the greatest diameter. Distribution to lymph nodes, as well as other parts of the body, in this case does not occur. Regarding 5 years of survival in this period, the numbers are determined in 43-58% if the cancer is non-cellular cell and 21% - if the fine-cell.
• Stage II. She, in turn, is also divided into the substrade 2a and 2B.
• 2A. The substandy determines the dimensions of the tumor formation within 5-7 cm to the largest diameter, the distribution to lymph nodes does not occur. A variant is also possible in diameter sizes up to 5 cm, but in the presence of cancer cells focused in an impaired light lymph nodes. Regarding 5-year survival, the figures are determined in 36-46% in the case of non-cellular cell cancer, as well as about 38% - in the case of small-cell cancer.
• 2V. The podstadia determines the dimensions of the tumor formation within the limits not exceeding 7 cm to the largest diameter, without concomitant propagation to lymph nodes. Also possible is an option for the development of tumor formation within the framework of the substandy under consideration during its size in the range of up to 5 cm for the largest diameter, but in the presence of cancer cells in those located in an impaired light lymph nodes. This substandy can also determine the lack of propagation to the lymph nodes of tumor education, but with its germination to the lung shell (pleura) or with affecting neighboring regions. Regarding 5-year survival, figures are determined in 25-36% for non-small-cell cancer and about 18% - for small-cell cancer.
• III Stage. In this case, the division on the substandy, 3a and 3B is also provided.
• 3A. The substanding indicates the dimensions of the tumor formation of more than 7 cm for the largest diameter when distributed to the nearest lymph nodes or adjacent regions (diaphragm, pleura, etc.). A variant of the propagation of tumor education to lymph nodes concentrated in the field of heart or its obstacle to the process of passing air through large-sized respiratory tract (main bronchio and trachea) is also possible. For this stage, 5-year survival rate is determined in 19-24% for non-cellochkali cancer and in 13% - for small-cell cancer.
• 3V. The podstadia determines the process in which the propagation of the tumor occurred to lymph nodes, focused on the opposite side of the chest. It is also possible to consider the option in which the propagation of the tumor occurs to the diaphragm, to the middle of the chest (to the mediastone lymph nodes), to the heaving of the heart (pericardy). With respect to 5-year survival at this stage, figures indicate in the framework of 7-9% for non-cellular cell and about 9% - for small-cell cancer.
• IV Stage. This stage indicates the spread of tumor education to other organs (in other words, metastases arise), or it leads to a fluid accumulation, which includes cancer cells when it is concentrated surrounded by the affected lung or adjacent lung. This same option is possible during localization in close proximity to the heart. Regarding survival in this case, figures can be indicated within 2-13% for non-small-cell cancer and within 1% for small-cell cancer.

Lung cancer: symptoms

Recognizing the disease under consideration The state of health, as well as the severity of symptoms, is quite variable and is determined by the main part of which specifically the stage of the disease corresponds to the development of tumor education in it.

The most typical option for lung cancer is such at which there is no symptoms for a long time, which in general can cause anxiety and alertness from the patient in early periods. It is the similar course that meets the prevailing ideas about the long-term development of the tumor, which may continue over the years.

The development of lung cancer is determined in three main periods: a period of biological (that time, which is determined from the beginning of the occurrence of a tumor until the first signs of its presence with a radiograph); a period of a preclinical (or asymptomatic, characterized by exclusively radiographic changes during cancer); The clinical period (in addition to x-ray manifestations, obvious symptoms are also noted).

According to the stages discussed above, it can be noted that for the I and II of them, the correspondence of the biological period and the period of the asymptomatic in the development of tumor education is characteristic. Due to the lack of symptoms as such, the independent treatment of patients for the provision of relevant medical help does not occur. Most often, if there is a similar appeal to medical institutions, then on the basis of clinical manifestations, which, in turn, indicate the more serious stages of lung cancer. What is noteworthy, even at this time, the manifestation of the disease is of ambiguous character, which is determined by the complex of various factors of the internal order of its flow.

The very beginning of the disease, on the basis of certain observations, is characterized by several disguised symptoms, which, in particular, manifest themselves as a certain reduction in working capacity and rapid fatigue, as well as the weakening of interest in everything, which is happening around and apatine.

Further flow, again, manifests itself in the form of a mask manifested in the form of a number of respiratory diseases, such as repeated episodes of "influenza", pneumonia, etc. often, such manifestations correspond to the third period in the development of lung cancer (clinical). The accompanying symptoms marked a periodic increase in temperature, appearance, disappearance and reappearance of an easy degree of indispression.

What is noteworthy, the reception of anti-inflammatory drugs along with antipyretic drugs in a complex with those or other "home-made" methods of treatment is all this allows you to eliminate current manifestations for a certain time. Meanwhile, the emergence of such alert within a period of 1-2 months re-allows in some cases the patients still pay attention to it with a somewhat more serious side.

Consider other symptoms accompanying lung cancer.

• Cough. Initially, the cough in the nature of his own manifestation of dry, a little later becomes an inspidant and constantly disturbing. And although it is a cough often indicated as a symptom of the disease you are interested in, such as he acts as often. In the case of consideration of the central cancer of light cough, it indicates that the bronchial walls are involved, which have a large caliber, respectively, this is either the main armor or equity.
• Hemochka. This symptom is in the appearance of blood streams in the wet, and this, in turn, indicates that the bright walls underwent, as well as the fact that destructive processes focused on the mucous membrane in the complex were accompanied by destructive processes with damage to Its areas of blood vessels. It is noteworthy that this feature, which in most cases is classified as early symptoms of cancer, is a sign of cancer at much more serious stages of the process corresponding in particular the III-IV stage of its flow. With a more serious manifestation of this symptom (in the form of pulmonary bleeding, accompanied by not just streaks of blood, but to the allocation of a significant amount of fresh blood), it is necessary to immediately cause ambulance, because it is already a dangerous complication of a general condition, and as in lung cancer, So in general, with any other states that may be accompanied by this symptom.
• Chest pain. This symptom is predominantly focused on the side that was subjected to a tumor process light. In most cases, this symptom is regarded as neuralgia, but neuralgia, as it becomes clear is only a "mask" of the disease. As for the nature of the manifestations of pain in this case, it does not have clear standards, respectively, pain in various ways of their sensation and intensity are manifested. Preferably, the pains are associated with the fact that parietal pleurra is involved in the process, and somewhat later - intercostal nerves, ribs (and to bring it all can even be degraded). If we are talking about the last version, it is combined with painful and constant pain, moreover, it is almost impossible to eliminate them by applying analgesics in their address in a particular embodiment. Strengthening pain in any case is noted at the moment of deep inhalation / exhalation, as well as when coughing.
• Dyspnea. It consists in the feeling of the lack of air appearing at rest or under loads. Dyspnea appears in this case due to the overlap of the tumor process of air stroke through large bronchus. This, in turn, leads to violations of the work of a certain piece of lung.

In some cases, disorders occur, manifested in the process of passing along the esophageal of food, which, in turn, is evidence of a fairly far-sighted stage of the disease - in this case, a tumor of the esophagus acts as a "mask" of lung cancer. The manifestations of which are in question, arise against the background of squeezing the esophagus with metastases of the surveillance or bifurcation groups of lymph nodes.

The appearance of metastasis from the lung cancer to the brain, the bones of the skeleton, kidneys, liver and other organs in accordance with their gradual growth leads, respectively, to strengthening the manifestations of symptoms, which, in turn, is manifested directly in violation of the activity of that body, which in this The case was affected. This type of disorders appear already about the IV stage, which is also defined as the terminal stage. What is noteworthy, it is often that the symptoms of such a stage becomes the reason for the provision of assistance, and it can lead to the most different specialists, namely to a neurologist, orthopedist, an ophthalmologist, etc.

Lack of treatment with lung cancer leads with its natural course to death. According to available data, it is possible to allocate that without the treatment required with the lung cancer from the moment of formulation of the correct diagnosis, about 48% of patients dying during the first year, under three years old survives about 3.4%, up to 5 years - less than 1%.

Diagnostation

Considering the asymptomatic course of the disease, the diagnosis regarding its presence is recommended to be held periodically to all groups of patients, and especially those who are an active smokers (generally applies to the smokers passive). Each year adult patients are prescribed fluorography, implying a prophylactic x-ray study of the lung area.

In case of identifying certain changes in fluorography, the doctor is additionally appointed by research, based on the results of which a reliable diagnosis may later be established. These include research includes:

• radiography The chest, through which the structure of the lungs is studied, and the relevance of suspicious darkens, the possible displacement of the organs, the condition of modified lymph nodes and other possible pathologies, accompanying lung cancer;
• Kt. , Computed tomography, as the most profound and informative method for the diagnosis of the disease under consideration, through which it is possible to consider suspicious areas in the lungs. CT also provides the possibility of consideration of other tumor formations, which can not be revealed by a radiograph;
• bronchoscopy. - the diagnostic method, through which part of the tumor education is made for the subsequent study (biopsy), it implies the introduction of a flexible tube equipped with a video camera, in the respiratory tract, due to which an objective inspection and the withdrawal of the tissue section is produced;
• biopsy , produced through the skin (needle biopsy) - this method is applicable at the location of tumor education in the depths of small bronchi, which eliminates the possibility of the study by applying the previous diagnostic method.

11.02.2017

Light cancer is considered common disease, among all cancer. The basis for identifying the diagnosis of "lung cancer" is the appearance of cancer cells in this organ and the formation of a malignant tumor.

This disease complicates air exchange in the patient, as well as greatly affects the tissues of the lungs. A feature of this disease is high mortality.

Most of the group of risks to get sick with lung cancer make up men aged 50 to 80 years, abusing smoking. Specialists carry out statistics, and argue that over time, more and more women are drawn to this problem, and the disease becomes younger.

How long can you live with lung cancer?

The disease refers to the dangerous form of cancer, and mortality from lung cancer is high. The thing is that the respiratory function of the body is important to continue the normal life support of the human body.

The formation of a cancerium tumor or the appearance of cancer cells makes it difficult to breathe a person.

The life support of the human body can continue even after the destruction, kidneys, liver or other any organs, except the heart and lungs. Even doctors prescribe the time of death only after stopping the breath or heartbeat. Therefore, when cancer is lungs so much lethal cases.

Cancer (malignant education) is developing quickly, so at a certain stage of the development of the disease, breathing problems begin. The main problem is that it is impossible to repeat or compensate for the process in the human body, air exchange is a unique process.

Over the years, scientists have accounted for approximate survival among patients with lung cancer. Of course, a large percentage of survival accurates to identify the disease in the early stages, as well as depends on timely and proper treatment. In addition, the doctor should predict the development of cancer, since this is an exceptionally individual disease that may at any time take an unexpected turn.

Doctors note that the location of the disease is plays an important role. In particular, if the disease is formed in the central part of the lung (there are main respiratory tracts, nervous compounds and vessels), the disease may be rather heavy and deadly.

Thus, a rather high chance of survival with lung cancer have patients with peripheral lesions of the lung. Specialists declare that there are cases when the lung cancer patients lived for ten years after the disease was diagnosed. The thing is that the peculiarity of peripheral disease lungs is to slow down and develop cancer.

For a long time, the body may not give any reaction, and patients do not feel pain and show quite good physical indicators. As soon as the disease reaches the critical point of development, the patient may begin to test standard symptoms in cancer: high fatigue, weight loss, pale and severe pain. It all happens after metastasis spread through the body.

The formation of a tumor in the central part of the lung speaks of low chances of survival of the patient. Often, patients with diagnosis of lung cancer do not live more than 4-5 years. With this form, tumor education, is quite aggressive. Pain syndrome is very high, especially at the last stages of development. In the last stages of lung cancer, which develops in the central part of the respiratory tract, any treatment known to date is not effective enough.

The above cannot be attributed to all forms and methods for the spread of cancer, since each person has a disease in different ways. Doctors-oncologists argue that the degree of aggressiveness of the behavior of lung cancer depends exclusively from the microscopic component of cells.

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

Light cancer is studied by oncologists for many years. In the course of research and permanent studies, it was found that lung cancer is difficult to determine in the initial stages of development, in particular this concerns its peripheral form.

What could be errors in diagnosing lung cancer? When rake lungs, the density of normal cells and mutating into cancer is very similar. They are well mastered from the detection of doctors and the immune system, which allows them to remain unnoticed for a long time and continue to develop. Another reason may be the location of tumor education. It is difficult to determine cancer when it is located under the bone tissue of the chest.

Due to the fact that in the chest area there are no lymph nodes near the skin, the disease may not immediately express themselves, since they are the first to react. In addition, a person can have a weak painful activity of extreme (peripheral) areas of the lung.

For the complete and correct definition of the diagnosis, it is necessary to collect a sufficient number of information and analyzes about the patient, the disease may have different ways of development, depending on individual human factors.

All people can manifest symptoms for lung cancer:

• It is possible to expectorage in blood, a strong cough and fast fatigue, weight loss, a nasty smell with breathing and many other facts related to the primary manifestations of lung cancer diseases. Once you have found one of such signs, you must immediately turn to a doctor for advice and surrendering analyzes.
• The manifestation of common symptoms is the command of analyzes and studies of the body. Determined by the doctor.

For the detection of lung cancer, the method of screening survey is used. He can identify the disease in the early stages. By itself, this procedure is a large-scale closerization.

What cough with lung cancer?

What is cough and why is it manifested during lung cancer? To answer these questions, it is necessary to understand that cough is a kind of protective reflex of the human body, strong irritation of respiratory tract and receptors. Cough is capable of arising from both the effects of internal and exposure to external factors for receptors.

With any kind of cough, it is best to consult a doctor, because by itself, cough indicates problems in the lungs or respiratory system as a whole. At the reception try to accurately describe your kind of cough. Even though the cough with lung cancer is a primary symptom, it is possible to determine the presence of pathology. For one shaking, the doctor will not diagnose, for this it is necessary to go to x-ray and pass the blood tests. All these studies can play a serious role in the process of diagnosing the disease.

Pathological trees include such types of cough: frequent or rare; loud and hoarse; both strengths and weak; painful like dry and wet; Long and short. There are types of cough, which characterize the defeat of the area of \u200b\u200bthe larynx or esophagus.

Doctors note that a dangerous sign can, is a sharp ceasepill. Since, in this case, the reflex was depressed and began rapid intoxication of the body.

After detecting cough, it is not necessary to think that you can diagnose the disease and the more diagnosed with lung cancer. Remember that this can do this, with additional analyzes.

What could be the forecast of the disease?

Earlier, the article has already written that if you detect cancer on time, then a positive outcome of treatment is possible. But the problem is that the lung cancer is difficult to reveal in the first stage.

Without difficulties, you can reveal cancer on 3 or 4 stages using standard diagnostic algorithms. But at these stages, treatment with a surgical method is no longer effectively, and metastases can spread beyond the limits of respiratory organs throughout the body. Using modern technologies, you can improve the forecast of diseases.

We draw attention to the costs of diagnosing and the quality of the treatment obtained. Costs to identify lung cancer with high-tech methods are justified at the first stages of the development of the disease, if the doctor offers a large selection of treatment methods.

But costs may not be justified or in doubt if the origin process and the development of the tumor is at the detected stage of the disease. In this case, a usual diagnostic study can be carried out.

There are two effective methods for the detection of a tumor in lung - this is a multilayer spiral computed tomography (MSCT) and positron-emission tomography (PET-CT).

With the help of the first method, you can explore the breast for about 8-10 seconds, as well as to study the entire human body in order to identify the presence of tumors in other parts of the body.

This technique allows you to reveal a tumor with a diameter of up to 3 millimeters, as well as construct a 2nd and 3-dimensional image with the definition of the exact location. The second method is significantly better than computed tomography and magnetic resonance tomography. Using this method, you can reveal a tumor of up to 7 millimeters.

Methods for the treatment of lung cancer

There are several standard methods for the treatment of lung cancer, they include:

• Removal of the tumor by the surgical method.
• Chemotherapy is the reception of chemical preparations that slow down the tumor growth.
• Radiation therapy provides influence on affected cells with more rigid radiation types.

These methods can be applied once or in the complex. There are cancer forms that cannot be operated and they may be too sensitive to chemotherapy.

You can use mass chemotherapy after determining the form of the disease and the stage on which the tumor is located. There are a number of drugs that are able to stop the growth of cancer cells, for example: carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, hemcitabine and others. These drugs must be applied before the operation in order to reduce the size of the tumor.

Not so long ago, hormonal and immunological methods for the treatment of lung cancer began to use. Such methods are used very rarely due to the complex hormonal correction of certain forms of cancer. If, during the disease, immunity very weakened, then use immunotherapy and tergle therapy is prohibited.

Modern methods for the treatment of lung cancer

The radiation impact on the infected cell, under the control of specialists or the technology of Image-Guided RadiaDe therapy. The purpose of the methodology is the irradiation of the infected cell, the instantaneous correction and the movement of the load on the nearest damaged area of \u200b\u200bthe tissue.

Brachytherapy technology, it is also called a contact radiation impact. The method is to place special substances as close as possible to the tumor for better influence on the infected cell.

There is a treatment method using a smart knife technology. The essence of this method is that with the help of a cyber knife to influence the accumulation of infected cells. A more modern method of treating lung cancer is the labeling of cancer cells or PDT-technology.

The marking occurs with the help of substances that increase the sensitivity to the laser exposure, which in turn eliminates the damaged areas of healthy tissue. The main disadvantage of modern technologies is that they are aimed at the destruction of the developed tumor, but prevent development.

- Malignant tumor, originating from bronchial tissues or pulmonary parenchyma. Symptoms of lung cancer can serve as subfebrile, cough with sputum or streaks of blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, weight loss. It is possible to develop pleurite, pericarditis, upper vein syndrome, pulmonary bleeding. Accurate diagnosis requires radiography and CT lungs, bronchoscopy, sputum and pleural exudate research, tumor biopsy or lymph nodes. The radical methods for the treatment of lung cancer include resection interventions in the volume dictated by the prevalence of the tumor, in combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

General

Lung cancer is a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin, developing from the mucous membranes of the bronchial tree, bronchial glands (bronchogenic cancer) or alveolar tissue (pulmonary or pneumatic cancer). Lung cancer leads in the mortality structure of the population from malignant tumors. Mortality for lung cancer is 85% of the total number of illness, despite the successes of modern medicine.

The development of lung cancer is different in tumors of different histological structure. For a differentiated flat-flossing cancer, a slow flow is characterized, undifferentiated cancer develops quickly and gives extensive metastases. The most malignant flow is the small-cell lung cancer: it develops hidden and quickly, it metastashes early, has a bad forecast. More often, the tumor occurs in the right lung - 52%, in the left lung - in 48% of cases.

Causes

The factors of the emergence and mechanisms for the development of lung cancer do not differ from etiology and pathogenesis of other malignant lung tumors. In the development of lung cancer, the main role is assigned to exogenous factors:

• smoking
• air pool pollution with carcinogens
• the effects of radiation (especially radon).

Pathogenesis

The cancer tumor is preferably localized in the upper share of the lung (60%), less often in the lower or medium (30% and 10%, respectively). This is explained by a more powerful air exchange in the upper pieces, as well as the features of the anatomical structure of the bronchial tree, in which the main bronchus of the right lung directly continues the trachea, and the left corner forms the left corner in the bifurcation zone. Therefore, carcinogenic substances, foreign bodies, smoke particles, rushing into well-aerated zones and lingering in them for a long time, cause growth of tumors.

Metastation of lung cancer is possible in three ways: lymphogenic, hematogenic and implantation. The most frequent is the lymphogenic metastasation of lung cancer in bronchopulmonal, pulmonial, pararaheal, tracheobronchial, bifurcation, accumulative lymph nodes. The first with lymphogenic metastasis is affected by pulmonary lymph nodes in the zone of separation of equity bronchus into segmental branches. Then bronchopulmonal lymph nodes along the pie bronchum are involved in the metastatic process.

The germination or compression of the wandering nerve tumor causes paralysis of voice muscles and is manifested by voting. The damage to the diaphragmal nerve leads to paralysis of the diaphragm. The germination of the cancer tumor in Pericardius causes the appearance of pain in the heart, pericarditis. The interest of the upper hollow vein leads to a violation of the venous and lymphatic outflow from the upper half of the body. The so-called, the upper hollow vein syndrome is manifested by the endlessness and swelling of the face, hyperemia with a cyanotic tint, veins swelling on their hands, neck, chest, shortness of breath, in severe cases - headache, visual disorders and violation of consciousness.

Peripheral cancer Lekhkova

Peripheral lung cancer in the early stages of its development is asymptomens, since pain receptors in the pulmonary fabric are absent. As the tumor node increases increasing the process of bronchi, pleura, neighboring organs. Local symptoms of peripheral lung cancer include cough with sputum and blood streaks, the grave syndrome of the upper hollow vein, witness voice. The germination of the tumor in the plevru is accompanied by a cancer pleriter and squeezing of lung pleural effusion.

The development of lung cancer is accompanied by increasing overall symptoms: intoxication, shortness of breath, weakness, weight loss, increase body temperature. In the launched lung cancer forms, complications of the organs affected by metastases, the decay of the primary tumor, the phenomena of the tracheostomas, gastrostomy, enterosomas, nephrostomy, etc.) are joined. With cancer pneumonia, anti-inflammatory treatment is carried out, with cancer plerites - the pleurrothezetsis, with pulmonary bleeding - hemostatic therapy.

Forecast

The worst forecast is statistically noted with an unthable lung cancer: almost 90% of patients dying 1-2 years after diagnosis. With the non-comberized surgical treatment of lung cancer, five-year survival is about 30%. The treatment of lung cancer at the I privacy gives a five-year survival rate of 80%, on II - 45%, on III - 20%.

Independent radiation or chemotherapy gives a 10% five-year survival rate of patients with lung cancer; In combined treatment (surgical + chemotherapy + radiation therapy), the percentage of survival for the same period is 40%. Prognostically unfavorable metastasation of lung cancer in lymph nodes and remote authorities.

Prevention

The prevention of lung cancer are relevant due to high mortality rates of the population from this disease. The most important elements of the prevention of lung cancer are active suprovevelopment, preventing the development of inflammatory and destructive diseases of the lungs, detection and treatment of benign tumors of the lungs, the disclaimer of smoking, the elimination of the professional hazards and the daily effects of carcinogenic factors. The passage of fluorography at least once every 2 years allows you to detect lung cancer in the early stages and prevent the development of complications associated with the launched forms of the tumor process.

Diagnosis "Cancer" for many sounds like a terrible sentence, but is it? The term "cancer" is known since the time of the hypocratic, which called the diseases of the breast and other organs as "Cancer" (translated from Greek as "crab", "cancer"). Such a name is due to the fact that the neoplasms like claws gone deep into the fabric, which externally resembled the crab.

Cancer, grouping diseases that affect all systems, organs and human tissues, is characterized by a rapid increase in nonypical cells, long-forming from one normal cell under the action of various factors, penetration and distribution to the surrounding authorities.

Some statistics! In the world in 2012 it was registered about 14 million Cancers and about 8 million deaths from this ailment. The lung cancer in the incidence structure was 13%, becoming the most common cause of death from cancer and reaching about 20% of all cases of deaths from the neoplasms. WHO assumes that after 30 years the prevalence of lung cancer will increase twice. Russia and Ukraine are in the second position in Europe for mortality from lung cancer.

Such high mortality from lung cancer is related to the fact that the diagnosis is most often raised in the later stages of the disease due to poor imaging of respiratory organs, so it is very important to identify the disease in time, which will increase the chances of recovery.

Interesting fact! Men are sick of lung cancer 10 times more often than women, with age incidence increases. Therefore, in the aging of the population (and today in many European countries the number of elderly people is higher than young), and the incidence of oncological diseases increases.

The problem of lung cancer is closely intertwined with the spread of tobacocco among all population groups, the state of the environment, the spread of viral and other infectious diseases. Therefore, the prevention of oncological diseases is a lot of not only every person individually, but also the public as a whole.

Anatomy of the lungs

Topographic anatomy of the lungs

Lightweight is a pair of breathing, which provides blood oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Lightweight occupy 80% of the chest cavity.

Light building

Lung skeleton represents a bronchial tree consisting of:trachea; left and right main bronchi; shared bronchi; segmental bronchi.

The pulmonary tissue itself is sliceswhich are formed out acinusesdriving directly process.

The lungs are covered with pleural, which is a separate organ that protects the lung of friction during breathing. The pleura consists of two sheets (parietal and visceral), between which a pleural bag is formed (it is not visible normally). Through the pores of the pleura in the norm, a small amount of the secret is distinguished, which is a kind of "lubricant", which reduces the friction between the parietal and visceral pleura.

With lesions of the pleura can be determined exudate (liquid):

• serous, serous-purulent, purulent fluid - pleurisy,
• blood (hemorrhagic exudate) - hemitoix,
• air (pneumothorax).

Lung root - anatomical structures that connect light to mediastinum.

Lung root form:

• chief bronchi;
• pulmonary arteries and veins;
• bronchial arteries and veins;
• lymphatic vessels and nodes.

The root is surrounded by a connecting cloth and covered with pleural.

Mediance - a group of anatomical structures, located between the pleural cavities. In order to describe the process, its localization, prevalence, determining the volume of surgical operations, it is necessary to divide the mediastum on the upper and lower floors.

The top mediastum includes:

• milk iron (thymus);
• vessels: part of the upper hollow vein, aortic arc, shoulder veins;
• trachea;
• esophagus;
• thoracic lymphatic vessel;
• nervous trunks: wandering, diaphragmal, nervous plexus of organs and vessels.

The lower mediastum includes:

• heart, aorta and other vessels;
• the lymph nodes;
• pericardium;
• trachea;
• esophagus;
• nervous trunks.

Lung X-rayanatomy

Radiography is the layering of all the projections of the organs on the X-ray film in a two-dimensional image. On X-ray diffuses, dense tissues are depicted, black - airspace. The more denser the fabric, organs or liquid, the more white they look on radiographs.

On the overview x-ray of the chest organs is determined:

• bone frame in the form of three breast vertebrae, sterns, clavicle, ribs and blades;
• muscular frame (breast-curable and brown and breast muscles);
• right and left pulmonary fields;
• dome of the diaphragm and pleuro-diaphrancial sines;
• heart and other mediastinal organs;
• right and left lung root;
• milk glands and nipples;
• skin folds, moles, papillomas, keloid scars (scars).

Pulmonary fields On radiographs in the norm of black due to air filling. The pulmonary fields are structural due to the pulmonary pattern (vessels, interstitial or connective tissue).

Pulmonary pattern It has a branching form, "impoverished" (becomes less branched) from the center to the periphery. The right pulmonary field is wider and shorter than the left at the expense of the heart shadow, the middle (more left).

Any dimensions in the pulmonary fields (on X-rays - white education, by increasing the density of lung tissue) are pathological and require further differential diagnosis. Also, when diagnosing diseases of the lungs and other breastfeeding organs, it is important to pay attention to changes in the roots of the lungs, the expansion of the mediastinum, the location of the chest organs, the presence of liquid or air in the pleural cavity, the deformation of the bone structures of the chest and the other.

Depending on the size, forms, structures pathological shadowsFounded in the pulmonary fields are divided into:

1. Hypopneumatozia (Lowering lightweight fabric):
   • Linear - heavy and branched (fibrosis, connecting fabric), band-shaped (spheres of pleura);
   • Spotted - focal (up to 1 cm), focuses (more than 1 cm)
2. Hyperpneumatozia (Improving the transparency of the lung):
   • Cavities surrounded by anatomical structures - Bully, emphysema;
   • Cavities surrounded by a ring-shadow - cavity;
   • Cavities not limited from surrounding tissues.
3. Mixed.

Depending on the density of shadows distinguish:

• low-intensity shadows (brighter, "fresh"),
• shadows of average intensity;
• intense shadows (fibrous fabric);
• calcinates (like bone tissue look).

Rady Anatomy of Lung Cancer

The radiation diagnosis of lung cancer is of great importance in the primary diagnosis. On radiographs of the lungs, the shadows of various sizes, forms and intensity can be determined. The main sign of the cancer tumor is the surface of the surface and the radiation of the contour.

Depending on the radiological picture, the following distinguishes types of lung cancer:

• central Cancer (photo a);
• peripheral cancer (noded, pneumonia-like, pleural, stripped form) (photo b);
• mediastinal cancer (Photo B);
• upper Cancer (photo d).

AND
B.
IN
G.

Pathological anatomy during lung cancer

Oncological formations of lungs develop from bronchial tissues or Alveol. More often cancer appears in segmental bronchops, after which large bronchi is affected. In the early stages, a cancer formation is small, possibly not defined on radiographs, then gradually growing and can occupy everything easy and involve in the process lymph nodes and other organs (more often organs of mediastinum, pleura), as well as metastasis in other organs and organism systems.

Metastase distribution pathways:

• Lymphogenic - In the course of the lymph system - regional lymph nodes, mediastinal lymph nodes and other organs and tissues.
• Hematogenic - Through blood along the vessels - brain, bones, liver, thyroid gland and other organs.

Types of lung cancer depending on the type of cancer cells

1. Small flower lung cancer - It is found in 20% of cases, has an aggressive course. It is characterized by rapid progression and metastasis, early dissemination (distribution) of metastases in mediastinal lymph nodes.
2. Non-cell flower lung cancer:
   • Adenokarcinoma - It is observed in 50% of cases, it spreads from the glandular fabric of the bronchi, more often in the initial stages proceeds without symptoms. It is characterized by plenty of sputum.
   • PlateLock carcinoma It is found in 20-30% of cases, it is formed from flat cells in the epithelium of small and large bronchi, in the root of the lungs, grows and metastasis slowly.
   • Untifferentiated cancer It is characterized by the high atypical of cancer cells.
3. Other types of cancer:
   • bronchial carcinoids Formed from hormone-producing cells (asymptomatic, severely diagnosed, slowly growing).
   • tumors of surrounding tissues (vessels, smooth muscles, immune cells, etc.).
   • metastase from tumors localized in other organs.

What does a lung crash look like?

In the photo of the peripheral cancer of the left lung under the pleutra, a large cancer tumor without clear boundaries. Tumor tumor tumor, gray-white, hemorrhage and necrosis around. The process is also involved in the pleura.

Easy smokers

Photo of lung, affected by central bronchi cancer. Education is dense, associated with the main bronchus, gray-white color, the boundaries of the neoplasm fuzzy.

Causes of lung cancer

• Smoking, including passive.
• Air pollution.
• Harmful working conditions.
• Radioactive background.
• Genetic predisposition.
• Related chronic infectious diseases.
• Other reasons for the development of cancer, among which are improper nutrition, a sedentary lifestyle, alcohol abuse, viral infections, etc.

Smoking

T 800-900 C.

Damage smoking

• Chemical impact on cell genotype. The main reason for the occurrence of lung cancer is to enter the light of harmful substances with air. Cigarette smoke contains about 4,000 chemicals, including carcinogens. With an increase in the number of rounded cigarettes per day, the risk of lung cancer is growing in geometric progression.
  When inhalation of cigarette smoke, carcinogens can affect cell genes, cause their damage, thereby contributing to the reincarnation of a healthy cell into the cancer.
• Physical effect on the mucous bronchi of high temperatures and smoke.
  The risk of cancer during smoking increases and due to the temperature of the cigarette: so, when it is determined, the temperature reaches 800-900 ° C, which is a powerful catalyst of carcinogens.
• The narrowing of bronchi and vessels
  Under the physical and chemical impact of nicotine, bronchi is narrowed and the vascular network of the lungs. Over time, bronchi lose their ability to stretch during respiration, which leads to a decrease in the volume of inhaled oxygen, in turn, to a decrease in the oxygenation of the organism as a whole and the area affected by cancer cells of the lung in particular.
• Increase the amount of sputum released, its concentration
  Nicotine is able to increase the allocation of the pulmonary secrecy - sputum, its concentration, and bringing out of the bronchi, this leads to a decrease in the volume of the lungs.
• Atrophy of the Village Epithelium Bronchi
  Cigarette smoke also adversely affects the pork of the bronchi and the upper respiratory tract, which in the norm contribute to the active saving sputum With dust particles, microbial bodies, resins from cigarette smoke and other harmful substances that hit the respiratory tract. In case of insufficiency, the brightness of the brightness is the only way to remove the sputum becomes cough, which is why smokers are constantly coughing.
• Reducing the level of oxygenation
  Insufficient oxygenation of cells and tissues of the body, as well as the toxic effect of tobacco harmful substances, affects the overall resistance of the body and immunitythat increases the risk of developing cancer in general.
• Second hand smoke it has the same danger as active. At exhalation, the nicotine smoke becomes more concentrated.

Causes of lung cancer in non-smoking, development mechanisms

• Genetic factor
  In modern times, with the study of the genetics of many diseases, it was proved that the predisposition to oncological diseases is inherited. Moreover, the inheritance is also transferred to the development of certain forms and cancer localizations.
• Environmental pollution transport exhaust gas, industrial enterprises and other types of human vital activity affect the human body in the same way as passive smoking. Also relevant is the problem of pollution by carcinogens of soil and water.
• Asbestos dust and other industrial substances (arsenic, nickel, cadmium, chrome, etc.) contained in industrial dust are carcinogens. Asbestos dust contains heavy particles that settle in bronchi are severely derived by respiratory authorities. These particles contribute to the development of fibrosis of the lungs and the long-term exposure to the carcinogens contained in them on the genetic background of normal cells, which leads to the development of cancer.
• Radon - Natural gas, which is a product of uranium decay.
  Radon can be revealed to produce, in water, soil and dust. During the collapse of Radon, alpha particles are formed, which with dust and aerosols fall into light people, where they also affect the DNA of the cell, causing its rebirth into anomalous one.
• Infectious diseases Broncho-pulmonary system, as well as inadequate therapy for them, can lead to chronic inflammation of the bronchi and lungs, this, in turn, contributes to the formation and distribution of fibrosis. The development of fibrous tissue can cause the development of cancer cells. The same mechanism for transformation of cancer cells is possible in the formation of scars during tuberculosis.

Symptoms and signs of lung cancer

Early manifestation of lung cancer

Most importantly, to identify the disease in the early stages of the development of the tumor, while most often the course at the beginning of the disease is asymptomatic or small-axipput.

Symptoms for lung cancer are nonspecific, can manifest themselves with many other diseases, but the symptom complex may be a reason to appeal to the doctor for further examination for the presence of an oncological disease.

Depending on the spread of the defeat, form, localization and stage of symptoms may be different. There are a number of symptoms, in the presence of which you can suspect the lung cancer.

Symptom	As manifests symptom	Causes of symptom
Cough	Dry, frequent, adsatory, parotid, later - Wet with abundant isolation of thick sputum (mucosa or purulent).	Bronchine tumor, bronchi squeezing tumor from outside, abundant isolation of sputum, increasing intragenic lymph nodes, toxic-allergic effect on bronchi.
Dyspnea	It is manifested with a slight physical activity: the greater the defeat is a tumor, the more shortness of breath is manifested. A shortness of breath is possible by the type of broncho-construction, accompanied by noisy whistling breathing.	The narrowing of the lumen of the bronchus, the segment of the segment or the lobe of the lung (atelectasis), secondary pneumonia, the presence of a fluid in the pleural cavity (pleurisy), the propagation of the tumor of the lymphatic system, the defeat of intragenuous lymph nodes, the supervision of the upper hollow vein and others.
Hemochok	It is rare and manifests itself to the appearance in the wet stream or blood clots, it is possible to abundant allocations of foamless or embarrassing sputum, in rare cases of profuse bleeding, which can lead to a rapid fatal outcome of the patient.	It is associated with the damage to the tumor of the blood vessel in the form of melting its wall and blood entering the bronchus.
Chest pain	Pain may be different: from periodic to acute parietal and constant. The pain can give to the shoulder, in the neck, in the stomach. Also pains can enhance with deep breathing, cough. The pain is not borne by the reception of non-nucleic painting drugs. The intensity of pain can be judged about the degree of damage to the lungs and other chest organs.	The lesion of the tumor of nervous structures, liquid in the pleural cavity, compression of the organs of the mediastinum, the damage to the main vessels and so on.
Increase body temperature	Common symptom of cancer. It may be a temporary symptom (as for ORVI) or repeating (sometimes patients do not pay attention to this symptom).	Disintegration of pulmonary fabric, inflammatory changes in the affected organ.
General inxication symptoms	Reducing appetite, weight loss, fatigue, nervous system disorders and others.	Incication due to the decay of lung tissue, metastasis.

Stages and types of lung cancer

Depending on the anatomical location:

1. Central Cancer It is characterized by a tumor in the epithelium of the main bronchi.
2. Peripheral cancer Amazing smaller bronchi and alveoli.
3. Mediastinal cancer It is characterized by metastasis for intragenuous lymph nodes, while the primary tumor is not detected.
4. Disseminated cancer The lungs are manifested by the presence of multiple small cancers.

Light cancer stages

Depending on the prevalence of the tumor process

Stage	Dimensions	Defeat of lymphatic nodes	Metastase
Stage 0.	The tumor is not common in the surrounding fabrics.	not	not
Stage І A.		not	not
Stage І B.		not	not
Stage ІІ A.	Tumor up to 3 cm, does not affect the main armor		not
Stage ІІ B.	A tumor measuring from 3 to 5 cm is not common to other parts of the lungs, it is below the trachea by 2 cm and more	The defeat of single regional peribrous lymph nodes.	not
		not	not
Stage ІІІ A.	Tumor up to 5 cm, with / without damage to other parts of the lungs	The defeat of bifurcation or other mediastinal lymph nodes on the side of the lesion	not
	A tumor of any size that goes to other chest organs except trachea, hearts, large vessels	The defeat of peribroscient, regional or bifurcation and other mediastinal lymph nodes on the side of the defeat	not
Stage ІІІ B.	Tumor of any size, striking mediastinum, heart, large vessels, trachea and other organs	Defeat of any lymph nodes	not
	Tumor of any size and prevalence	Defeating the lymph nodes of the mediastinum on the opposite side, the lymph nodes of the upper shoulder belt	not
Stage IV.	Tumor of any size	Defeat of any lymph nodes	The presence of any metastasis

Light cancer diagnosis

Radiological diagnostic methods

1. Fluorography (FG) - Mass screening x-ray method of study of the chest organs.

   Indications:

   • the patient has complaints of pulmonary or intoxication;
   • detection of pathology on fluorography;
   • identifying a neoplasm in other bodies in order to eliminate metastasis in light and mediastinum;
   • other individual readings.
   Benefits:
   • the possibility of using certain projections is individually;
   • the ability to use X-ray studies with the introduction of contrasting substances into bronchi, vessels and esophagus in order to conduct differential diagnosis of detected pathology;
   • identification of neoplasms, determination of approximate sizes, localization, prevalence;
   • low x-ray load during one projection of radiography, since X-rays penetrate into the body only on one surface of the body (with an increase in the number of shots, the radiation load increases sharply);
   • a fairly cheap research method.
   Disadvantages:
   • insufficient informativeness - due to the layering of three-dimensional measurement of the chest on a two-dimensional measurement of the X-ray film.
2. Radioscopy.

   It is a radiological method of research in real time.
   Disadvantages: High radiation load, but with the introduction of digital x-rays, this deficiency is practically leveled due to a significant reduction in the dose of irradiation.

   Benefits:

   • the ability to evaluate not only the organ itself, but also its mobility, as well as the movement of the input contrast agents;
   • the ability to control the conduct of invasive manipulations (angiography, etc.).
   Indications:
   • detection of fluid in the pleural cavity;
   • conducting contrasting research methods and instrumental manipulations;
   • screening of the state of the chest organs in the postoperative period.


3. Computed tomography (CT)

   Benefits:

   • Efficiency and safety.
   • The display of the structure of the body using radio waves emitted by hydrogen atoms, which are contained in all cells and tissues of the body.
   • Lack of radiation load - is a tomographic, but non-X-ray study method,
   • High accuracy of revealing the neoplasm, their position, species, shape and stage of the cancer tumor.
   Indications for MRI:
   • unwanted use of X-rays;
   • suspicion for the presence of neoplasms and metastases;
   • the presence of fluid in the pleural cavity (pleurisy);
   • an increase in intragenic lymph nodes;
   • control operation in the chest cavity.
   Disadvantages of MRI:
   • The presence of contraindications (the use of a pacemaker, electronic and metal implants, the presence of metal fragments, artificial joints).
   • It is not recommended to conduct an MRI when using insulin pumps, with claustrophobia, mental excitation of the patient, the presence of tattoos using dyes from metal compounds.
   • Expensive research method.
   Ultrasound studies in the diagnosis of lung cancer (ultrasound) is an ineffective, but safe research method for lung cancer.

   Indications:

   • determination of the presence of fluid or gases in a pleural cavity, increased lymph nodes of the mediastinum;
   • detection of metastases in abdominal organs and small pelvis, kidneys and adrenal glands.
4. Bronchoscopy.

   This is an invasive method of studying the respiratory tract using bronchoscope.

   Benefits:

   • detection of tumor, inflammatory processes and foreign bodies in bronchi;
   • the possibility of taking a biopsy tumor.
   Disadvantages:
   • invasiveness and discomfort during the procedure.
   Indications:
   • suspicion of neoplasm in bronchi;
   • taking a biopic material of the fabric.

Histological and cytological methods for studying lung cancer

Determination of the cell composition of formation, detection of cancer cells by microscopy of tissue sections. The method has high specificity and informativeness.

Biopsy methods:

• thoraccentsis - puncture of the pleural cavity;
• thin game aspiration biopsy - taking material through the chest;
• mediastinoCopy - Taking a material from mediastinal lymph nodes through a pitch of the chest;
• thoracotomy - surgical diagnostic operations with an opening of the chest;
• cytological examination of sputum.

Oncomarkers

Detected in the study of blood analysis on specific proteins, isolated by cancer cells.

Indications:

• additional method when revealed by the new formation by other methods;
• monitoring the effectiveness of treatment;
• detection of recurrence of the disease.

Disadvantages:

• low specificity;
• insufficient sensitivity.

The main oncomarkers of lung cancer:

• Cancer-Embryonic Antigen (REA)
  up to 5 μg / l - norm;
  5-10 μg / l - may indicate nonspecific diseases;
  10-20 μg / l - indicates the presence of risk of cancer;
  More than 20 μg / l indicates a greater probability of the presence of a cancer.
• Neurospecific ENOLASE (NSE)
  up to 16.9 μg / l - norm;
  More than 17.0 μg / l is the high probability of small lung cancer.
• Cyfra 21-1.
  up to 3.3 μg / l - norm;
  More than 3.3 μg / l is the high probability of non-slip lung cancer.

Treatment of lung cancer

The treatment of any cancer should be long, complex and consistent. The earlier begin treatment, the more effective it becomes.

Efficiencytreatment determines:

• the lack of relapses and metastases within 2-3 years (the risk of recurrence in the recurrence is declined sharply);
• five-year survival after the end of treatment.

Basic treatment methods Lung cancer are:

1. chemotherapy;
2. radiation therapy;
3. surgery;
4. ethnoscience.

The choice of tactics of examination, diagnosis and treatment, as well as therapy itself is carried out under the supervision of an oncologist's doctor. The effectiveness of cancer treatment is also largely depends on the psycho-emotional mood of man, faith in recovery, support for loved ones.

Chemotherapy

• Chemotherapy (HT) is a common method for the treatment of lung cancer (especially in complex treatment), which is to receive chemotherapy products affecting the growth and livelihood of cancer cells.
• In modern times, scientists of the whole world conducts the study and opening of the newest chemotherapies, which leaves the possibility of this method to come out in the first place in the treatment of oncological diseases.
• HT is conducted by courses. The number of courses depends on the effectiveness of the therapy (on average it is necessary to 4 - 6 CT blocks).
• Tactics and CT schemes differ in smallllular and non-cellular lung cancer.

When assigned:

• More efficiently chemotherapy is used at rapidly growing forms of cancer (fine-cell cancer).
• Ht can be used for cancer at any stage, even in the most running cases.
• HT is used comprehensively with radiation therapy or with operational treatment.

Chemotherapy efficiency:
In the complex with radiation therapy or surgical intervention - five-year survival at the stage of up to 65%, at ІІ - up to 40%, at ІІІ - up to 25%, at iv - up to 2%.

Radiotherapy (radiation therapy)

Radiation therapy is a method for the treatment of cancer-forming, which use ionizing radiation to affect cancer cells. Dose, duration, the number of procedures is determined individually.

When applies:

• Cancer tumors of small sizes.
• Before or after the operation in order to influence cancer cells.
• The presence of metastases.
• As one of the methods of palliative treatment.

Types of radiation therapy:

Video use cyber knife with lung cancer:


Basic possible side effects from radiation therapy:

• Damage to the skin at the place of exposure to the radioactive beam.
• Fatigue.
• Baldness.
• Bleeding of cancer affected by cancer.
• Pneumonia, pleurisy.
• Hyperthermic syndrome (increase body temperature).

Surgical treatment of lung cancer

Operation in the form of tumor removal is the most effective method of treatment of cancer. But, unfortunately, operational intervention is possible only with the timely revealed processes (I - II and Partly III). The effectiveness of operational treatment is higher with a non-small-cell lung cancer than with small-cell. Thus, only 10-30% of patients with lung cancer are operable.

TO inoperable cases Believe:

1. Launched lung cancer forms.
2. Cases with relative contraindications to surgical treatment:
   • heart failure ІІ-ІІІ degree;
   • heavy heart pathology;
   • severe hepatic or renal failure;
   • severe general condition;
   • the age of the patient.

Removing only the visible tumor, the risk of conservation of cancer cells in the surrounding tissues is developing, which can lead to the distribution and progression of the oncological process. Therefore, surgeons during surgery remove part of the organs of the organ, lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes (lymphadenectomy), due to which the radicalism of this method is achieved.

Types of operations:

• Partial light resection.
• Lobectomy - removal of a whole lobe of the lung.
• Pulmonectomy - removal of all lungs.
• Combined operations – removal of the affected part of the lung and affected parts of the surrounding organs.

The choice of the type of surgery surgeons is most often carried out directly during the operation.

Efficiency of operational treatmentdepends on the stage and type of cancer, on the overall condition of the patient, from the selected type of operation, the professionalism of the operating brigade, equipment and complexity of treatment.

• Three-year lack of relapses - up to 50%.
• Five-year survival - up to 30%.

Efficiency of complex therapy(operation + / or chemotherapy + / or radiotherapy). Fully cured from lung cancer on average 40% of patients. Five-year survival rate at stage up to 80%, at ІІ - up to 40%, at ІІІ - up to 20%, at iv - up to 2%.
Without treatment for two years, about 80% of patients die from lung cancer.

Palliative care - Events aimed at facilitating the lives of patients with launched lung cancer forms or missing effect on the therapy.

Palliative care includes:

• Symptomatic treatment, relieving the manifestation of symptoms, but non-curable disease (narcotic and nonarcotic analgesics, antitussive, tranquilizers and others). In addition to medicines, palliative operations are used (radiation and chemotherapy).
• Improving the psycho-emotional state of the patient.
• Prevention of infectious diseases.
• An individual approach to such patients.

Folk Methods

• The effectiveness of treatment with folk methods is not sufficiently studied.
• It is desirable to use these methods in a complex with traditional medicine methods (after consulting the attending physician).
• It is possible to use folk methods as palliative care for the patient.
• As in traditional medicine, treatment schemes by folk methods depend on the form, localization, species, stage and prevalence of the cancer process.

In the treatment of lung cancer use:

• Vegetable beams and tinctures (used mainly to poisonous plants).
• Applications of vegetable tinctures, therapeutic stones.
• Energy medicine.
• Special diets and exercises.

Answer from amansor. Amanitors (250 mg) with roots to crumble into the container, add 250 ml of vodka, insist 5 days. After - strain. The residue of mushrooms pour in three liters of boiling water and leave in a warm place for 9 days. Take a daily 30 minutes to breakfast 100 ml.

Decoction of aconite roots. 20 g of the roots of the plant are poured with water (1 l), then boil 2 hours. Drink before bedtime 30 ml daily.

Musky tincture. 5 g of musk pour 200 ml of vodka, insist 1 month in the dark. Begin to take 5 drops after each meal, the dose gradually increases to 25 drops. After each month of treatment - a break of 7 days.

Cataratus pink tincture.In the half-liter container, fall asleep the leaves and flowers of a quarantus, pour them with a 70 percent alcohol to a volume of 1 liter, insist in a dark place for 2 weeks. Drink 5 drops 3 times before meals. Dose for a month increase to 20 drops. A month later - a break for 7 days, then start re-on. Such treatment lasts 8 months.

Decoration of zetraria. 2 teaspoons of crowded zetraria pour 250 ml of chilled water for 12 hours. After put on a water bath, evaporate to 2/3 volumes. Take 1-2 tablespoons 3 times a day. Every 3 weeks - a break of 7 days.

Tincture of laurel leaves.250 g of fresh leaves pour 1 l vodka, insist in the dark for 2-3 weeks. Take 10 drops 2 times a day after 1 hour after meals, the dose gradually increase to 20-25 drops to the reception, then up to 7 and 10 ml. Drink a month, then 2 weeks break, repeat this scheme.

Also, in the treatment of lung cancer, various brazers and tincture of saffron, lubricants, sage, wormwood, violet roots, grasses and many other plants are used.

Light cancer prevention

The basis for the prevention of lung cancer and any other oncological disease are:

1. Healthy lifestyle
   • Refusal smoking cigarettes.
   • Protection against passive smoking.
   • Failure or moderate alcohol consumption.
   • Drug abuse.
   • Moving lifestyle.
   • Healthy nutrition.
   • Combat with excess body weight.
   • Refusal to receive any drugs without the need and appointment of doctors.
   • Prevention of infectious diseases, especially transmitted through blood and sexual.
   • Adequate antibiotic therapy in infectious diseases of the lungs and bronchi.
   • Dosing the effects of sunlight.
   • Pregnancy planning is a healthy lifestyle during the period of conception and having a child will significantly reduce the risk of oncological diseases.
2. Fighting society with environmental pollution.
3. Individual protection of respiratory organs in harmful production.
4. Reduced contact with radiation: Improving ventilation in the house, checking the level of radon building materials used in the house, avoiding non-X-ray diagnostic methods.
5. Timely and regular medical examination.

Be healthy!