The role of lighting in the portrait is difficult to overestimate. The expressiveness and truthfulness of the photoportist depends not only on its composition, but also largely on the drawing created by light and shadow on the face and figure of the person.

Pay attention to portraits in photo albums and magazines. On how people are lit on them. I think that many of you will be celebrated as long as these pictures look like. It is in this that the main task of portrait lighting is to show the volume of space and the shooting object on a two-dimensional image, create for our 3D effect. In addition, the lighting helps to give the photo mood. For example, removing the portrait in the so-called "low key", that is, with a predominance of dark shades, we give it dramaticness, partly mysteriousness and mystery:

But the functional purpose of lighting is still primary - show roundness of the feature by delineating the face and figure of a person. In addition, good lighting makes it possible to show skin texture. In the end, good lighting idealizes our portrait, allowing him to attract the attention of the viewer.

Light and shadow. The concept of drawing light

The drawing light is the basis of the portrait lighting. This is a light that creates the chief black and white pattern on the face and figure of a person. It is the drawing light that determines the volume of portrait. The sources of drawing light can be both natural (sun) and artificial (permanent light lamps, flashes). The position of the drawing light source is extremely important when shooting a portrait. It should be exactly as much as necessary, and it is where necessary.

The second most important feature of light in the portrait is the volume and nature of the shadows. The photographer must understand that the more shadows in the portrait, the more small details are hidden, the more dramatic it looks. We can, when shooting, evaluating the quality of falling shadows and dispen them to obtain the desired result. For example, in the next portrait, the shadow highly emphasizes the figure of a young man, allowing emphasizing attention not only on his face, but also muscles:

Hard and soft light

Before moving to the main issue of the lesson - "How to make a good portrait indoors?" Let's consider two more concepts. These concepts are hard and soft (or scattered) light.

Hard light is generated by the source of light, whose power significantly exceeds the power of all other light sources, and whose rays fall to the object of shooting almost parallel to each other. As an example of such a source, the sun can be brought, an open light bulb, light from car headlights, spotlights. Since the power of the source of hard light dominates over the others, we get sharp, contrasting shadows.

The hard light is very textured and allows you to identify the details. Behind the black-free pattern in the case of hard light, it is necessary to closely closely - incorrectly fallen shadows or reversals can easily "kill" a good frame.

Soft light is the exact opposite of hard. He, on the contrary, is inclined to hide the details and soften the black and white pattern. If you want to smooth out skin irregularities, then soft light is the best way for this. As an example of scattered lighting, you can bring a cloudy sky, light bulb light through a ceiling, light from the window passing through the curtain.

Sources of permanent light when shooting indoors

Let's look at home and see what light sources we can point out first. Surely, many will immediately name the window. Indeed, this is the largest source of light in our apartment (in a bright time of day, of course). Also, each of us in the apartment you can find a lot of different lighting devices - chandeliers, sconces, point lights, lamps, lamps for highlighting paintings. At the corporate event, the light of references or special lamps can be used in the club or restaurant indoors.

Obviously, we have so far, to pay attention to, and without resorting to the outbreak. So let's analyze the features of the sources listed in more detail.

Light from the window

Natural light from the window is the light source that has long gained fame from many photographers. As you know, the Great Rembrandt loved to use the window light when creating his work. It's time to feel like Rembrandt!

The use of straight light from the window is not always justified. First of all, due to the fact that if you put the model with such a light near the window, you will get a very strong difference of brightness and as a result of unnecessary reversals and dips in the shadows. To avoid this, you need to achieve softer lighting.

If outside the window is cloudy weather, the sky is tightened with clouds, then you have nothing to think about - there is already a scattered light, it remains only to shoot.

But if in the sky is a bright sun, then it is worth softening it so that the portrait is not spoiled. You can do it, wrapping the Tyul window or, for example, a white sheet. Thus, you will turn the window in the semblance of studio softbox.

Another embodiment of harsh shadows is the use of a special reflector (silver or gold).

We will conduct a small experiment. Put the model perpendicular to the window. You see that one side is lit, and the second goes into a deep shadow. Try to the shaded side of the face of the model to bring a sheet of thick white paper, and you will see as a shadow will be lighter. The reflector, having launched the shadow, works in the same way. Moreover, you can choose the color of the reflector - for example, silver will save the more natural skin colors, and the golden will give them warmth. When working with reflectors, it will be difficult for you to cope alone, so you often need an assistant who can hold it at the desired distance.

What point of shooting should we choose when shooting? It all depends on what result must be achieved. If the side light is needed - place the model sideways to the window. If you need a front-room - place the model in front of the window.

Many love to remove the spectacular silhouette in the connecting light from the window - for this it is necessary to build an exposition by light illumination. If you want to remove the portrait opposite the window, then you may have to take advantage of a games flash to fire a person's figure or, as an option, enter the exposure correction in a positive side.

Very spectacular location of a person at an angle of 45 degrees to the window - so you will get very volumetric lighting. The camera is located, as close as possible to the window and addressed the lens inside the room.

Good to know!

• If the interior element falls into the frame, follow its presentability. If there is unreassed claims to the interior, then try to work with close-ups more;
• The more person shifts from the center to the edge of the window, the lighting light on it becomes softer;
• Keep track of the brightness histogram in your camera, especially if it seems to you that the face is crossped. Remember that it is better to underwent the skin, as it is much more difficult to remove the overgrown, and sometimes it is simply impossible;
• The glare in the eyes is an important part of the portrait that gives him life. Empty, black eyes will not stop for a long time in the portrait, so constantly pay attention to the light in the eyes.

Room lighting

We in the apartment there can be many different lamps - chandeliers, sconces, lamps. And it would be unwise not to try to use their capabilities. The first thing to pay attention is to the color temperature of such sources. Many of them, such as ordinary incandescent bulbs, have warm light, so before starting shooting, it is worth setting the white balance on your camera in accordance with the coverage. However, if you are shooting in RAW format, the balance can also be corrected when converting in a special editor.

As a rule, indoor lamps are not very bright, so for obtaining sharp pictures there may be more excerpts, and, accordingly, a tripod to reduce the vibration of the camera. A very big plus there will be a light optics with you (although the presence of such optics is a priori plus when shooting a portrait). Otherwise, you will have to shoot on large ISO numbers, and in these cases there is a great risk of digital noise in the picture.

Below I led a couple of examples of pictures that can be done using room lighting. In the first case, the role of drawing lights play light bulbs on the wall, they are matte, so the light turns out not very hard. In the second example, I used the same light bulbs to create a backup lighting, and also added light from the lamps in the room.

How to make the light fall right?

It is extremely important to understand, in what position one or another source gives the most interesting light on the face. Surely many of you as a child scared grandmothers, parents, friends and girlfriends, highlighting a face with a flashlight from below. Indeed, such a light (as many of it is called - "Hichkokovsky" - by analogy with the films of the famous Master of the Thriller) looks scary, so in this way we are in the case of the need to convey a similar effect.

We already mentioned about the light "in the forehead" - with such a light at the output you get a fairly flat picture. We need to achieve volume!

The most correct location of the light source is slightly above the head of the model. Try to take an ordinary flashlight and use someone from friends as a "experimental". As soon as you start shining a flashlight just above faces and send the light at an angle of approximately 45 degrees to him, you will see how the face will be "drawn": the shadows will appear under the nose, eyes, the bottom lip, chin. If man has pronounced cheekbones, they will also be emphasized by shadows.

Immediately there may be another question -

How to watch out of shadows?

If you put a person under the light, falling vertically from above, then your gaze will instantly pay attention to the strong shadows under the nose, eyes and chin.

Shadow from the nose - the first thing we pay attention to. Ideally, it should take the maximum of 2/3 areas between the nose and the upper lip, without touching the latter. It is especially important for it to observe when you take a person with a massive or very long nose. If there is no possibility to put a source of lower (for example, in the case of a chandelier or a lamp), you can ask a person to lift the chin. Then the length of the shade under the nose will be less.

If the light is to hold over the model, but turn also at an angle to face, the shadow from the nose will start sliding the cheek. This also needs to be followed so that we do not get the long "nose of Pinocchio." If the light falls on the model side, the shadow from the nose must be either not very pronounced, or fall in such a way as to merge with the shadow on the cheek. As a result, under the eye, a classic triangle will be.

Falling on top of the light creates a shadow from the surveillance arcs in his eyes. We remember how important the eyes are in the portrait, so you should not overdo the shadows. As a rule, the shadow of the surveillance arc should maximize the eyelids and a bit of the upper eye area. If your eyes fall into the shadow entirely, then we will get a portrait of a man, but Mishk-Panda.

Using a skipping flash

If you want to avoid digital noise in the photo and do without the use of a tripod, then in this case the spacer flash becomes a real rescue with insufficient lighting. The turning mechanism of the outbreak head allows you to achieve various black and white drawings. This may indicate a visual experiment conducted by me.

In the first photo, I sent a games outbreak "in the forehead", resulting in a low-contrast, bleeding picture with a rigid shadow on the wall and without any drawing on the face of the model.

The second photo looks more interesting - I turned the outbreak head towards the wall on the left and took a picture. As we see, it turned out the volume due to the black and white pattern formed by the ferrousness drop. It became more interesting to look like the features of the face, the shadow beautifully outlined the muscles on the hands of the young man.

The last shot was made with a flash in the ceiling. This result also turned out better than the original, but I liked less than the second. First of all, this happened due to the fact that the ceiling in the room was quite dark and could not fully reflect the light from the outbreak. Moreover, the color of the ceiling was browned, and the light, reflected from it, touched the photo with appropriate shades.

However, you can easily use the light from the ceiling when shooting a portrait. If the light falls vertically, the portrait of the model will turn out "Panda's eyes", such an effect can be paid off using a white visor on the flash (for example, in the Flash of Canon Speedlite 580 EX, it is built in, in another case, it is not difficult to make it from white cardboard or special diffuser. A part of the light from the flash will go into the ceiling, and the part is to reflect on the person of a person, which will reduce the unnecessary shadows.

With the help of light outbreaks, you can achieve very good results, such as, for example, on the following photos, which I did at a meeting of veterans dedicated to the Victory Day:

Reflected from the ceiling light created a very beautiful drawing on the faces. After giving the necessary texture in a graphic editor, I received two very dramatic portraits. When shooting, I used a long-focus lens, which allowed "snatch" these portraits, not attracting the attention of the heroes, and also opened the diaphragm as much as possible - to 2.8, which made it possible to blur the excess background and emphasize all attention on the faces.

As a rule, working with a spam flash in the premises, I do not use it manual mode (except when I work with a flash remotely). Modern automation of game flashes competently calculates the exposure and gives as much light in the frame as needed. If you need to give more or less the frame of the frame, then in this case you can set the power of the pulse manually.

Creative way to use the spacelock in the room

The pulse when triggered stops movement in the frame. If you take off at the same time on long exposure, the areas that are not illuminated by the flash light will be blurred. That is, there is a mixing of impulse and permanent light. I often use this creative technique to show movement in the frame, give it the necessary dynamics.

As an example, I will give pictures of people dancing at the wedding banquet. After the flash was triggered, I started to twist the camera in different directions, download it, in general, with any means to put in motion (throw, of course, I do not recommend).

As a result, the movement of the heroes is frozen, and the unlit sections are blurred. At the same time, if there are sources of permanent light in the frame, they will give bizarre lines that make a frame at least unusual. By the way, this method is called "shooting with wiring."

There is another option. Below you see the snapshot that I did in the limousine. A long exposure is exhibited at the camera. During the trigger, I touched the zoom ring on the lens. The outbreak frozen the expression of the face of the main character, and the constant light from the window turned out unusually radiant.

Be careful when shooting with a flash with very low lighting, avoid shooting "in the forehead". Otherwise, you risk getting the illuminated eye bed and, as a result, notorious red eyes from your heroes. Currently, there are many means to eliminate this problem, but you will agree, it is much easier to redirect the light from the outbreak, which then spend your time.

A little about the capabilities of the photo studio

Photo studio is a real paradise for a photographer. Personally, I consider the studio of the real blacksmith of experiments. Here you can simulate absolutely any lighting - rigid, scattered; control the power of sources and dimensions and direction of light streams; Experiment with mixing of pulsed and permanent light, color filters, special nozzles, and even build scenery. If you wish, you can invite professional makeup artists and stylists to shoot, which will create fantastic images for your models.

Personally, I am a big studio fan, and most of my images I embody here. I think that the photographer who wants to learn to shoot beautiful portraits, sooner or later, it will still be in the studio and will feel how big the possibilities it possesses.

Club lighting as an example of using natural light

My passion for photography began with the shooting of concerts. Even now, I sometimes take concert reports, because it is in such a living atmosphere that emotional, bright portraits that can easily boast and surprise friends.

As a rule, in the shooting of events in good, large clubs at concerts, lighting equipment are working, configuring light to each group, a dance team, etc., many famous artists have their own lighting products - they know exactly where to use the filter of the desired color, in which - Include a strobe, and in which - specially seduced. And since the light on the artists is sent in most cases from above, then we get a wonderful drawing.

It is the natural stage light that is the main "chip" of the concert photography. Personally, I absolutely do not accept the use of outbreaks when shooting concerts, because I believe that they spoil the entire atmosphere (and, moreover, they strongly interfere with the artists). In order for beautiful, sharp photos with such lighting, it is necessary to resort to the use of light lenses. For example, I rarely remove the concerts on the diaphragm already than 2.8. In addition, with similar surveys, I use high ISO values \u200b\u200b- from 400 to 800, and the shutter speed varies in the values \u200b\u200bfrom 1/80 to 1/200 (depending on the lighting intensity and the focal length of the lens).

Learn to effectively use the light - an important stage for each photographer, nothing will replace an understanding of how light works and how to use it in the interests of your work. When shooting portraits, I always prefer natural light, even if I remove in a closed room. Working with natural light is not so simple, there are many aspects that need to be understood to prevent errors.

1. What are you shooting for?

Before taking a chamber, you must decide which frame you need. Is there any purpose?

Maybe this is an acting or business shot, maybe Fashion, family portrait, shooting for online promotion or just for a friend. Think carefully about setting up and shooting style depending on its purpose. Do you need extra clothes, makeup and time to styling? What should be an entourage - for a portrait of a person depicting a person in a familiar setting, maybe at work or at home?

2. Place, place, and once again.

Once you have decided on the purpose of shooting, it will be much easier for you to choose a suitable place for it. Think that it could fit the overall style of shooting, for example, some picturesque area with wide spaces, the banks of the river, lakes, hills or park?

Maybe you want to submit an object of shooting in line with a noisy city among modern architecture, continuous movement and crowd? You can also use room room. More spacious rooms are usually brighter (due to the fact that they are usually several windows) and give you a feeling of relative freedom for work. Rooms are smaller and read more for shooting, which requires deep shadows and a gloomy atmosphere. Do not forget to use what around you, especially indoors, it concerns the doorways, windows, stairs, columns, everything can create the necessary support for the overall composition in the frame.

3. Determine the quality of light.

One of the most important things you need to take into account when shooting outdoors, this is the time of day in which you take off. I advise you to work in the middle of the day, because the direct sunlight, his bright rays, will only make your work difficult and it will be difficult to avoid the rear in the frame.

It is best to shoot a little earlier or later, right up to noon or afternoon, so you will have enough light to work, and this light will not be too strong. In addition, you can try to shoot in cloudy or cloud weather. It may sound like a bad idea, but in fact the clouds act as a diffuser, and you can work throughout the day with a constant light source.

Remember about the foundations of lighting. Sharp or hard light creates dramatic shadows. If this is not your goal, you can do so that the straight light falls on the whole object immediately. Soft light can make items more flat on the view, but it allows you to less worry about loss of parts in brightly lit or, on the contrary, dark spaces.

If you are working in the room, you can let as much light into the room as you need. Knowing your location, you can easily determine what time of day it offers better lighting, it depends on which side the windows (north, south, east or west) are published.

4. Right position.

One of the main advantages of artificial light in the studio is the freedom of movement and control of the height and tilt of the light source in accordance with your requirements and desires. It is obviously impossible when it comes to natural lighting, so you and cards in your hands, so that you, as a photographer, could use the light that is at your disposal as best as possible. When you are at the site of shooting, you need to decide exactly where your model will be, and what is the position of the sun in the sky at the moment. It is important that the model does not look straight on the sun, otherwise her glance will be spoken, and the eyes on the wet place! Start with the sun on the side, and work from that point. Good advice: turn the model for all 360 degrees, and watch out how at a certain point the sunlight falls on it. Thus, you will be able to observe how lighting changes, which means you can choose the best position.

5. Use the light in their own interests.

There are several methods with which you can get a bolted amount of light. Whenever I use natural light, I wear a reflector with me. It can be extremely useful for shooting portraits, as you can reflect the light, highlighting the key features of the persons, without blinding them and disappointing to look at the sun.

In the dwelling, blond days should try to receive with the sun behind the subject. Again, the reflector is useful when you try to achieve a warm glow around the figures of your model, with the help of the reflector, the face will not be darkened.

Remember that you have the opportunity to use various shadows. For example, a shady seat under a tree may be wondering when the direct sunlight is too bright, but in this case, do not forget to check whether the shadow is evenly distributed to avoid too deep shadows.

Shadows are a great way to emphasize the features of the object, this can be easily achieved in the presence of a light source directed directly towards the object. Just make sure the shadows do not hide key features.

6. Windows.

Using the sunshine, penetrating through the window, you can remove a great frame with a dramatic effect, this is my favorite method. Soft light through the window is the perfect moment for strong shooting, it works especially well if the light allocates only one side of the face, leaving another in the shade.

The main rule is that the closer you will have to work with a lot of light, and therefore the contrast between the light and the shadow will be stronger. In addition, if the light penetrating through the window is too bright, you always have the opportunity to use curtains or blinds to dispel it.

7. Camera settings.

As in any portrait work, there are several techniques that will help you get the desired result. First, focusing in the eyes. When we look at the photo, the first thing we notice, for what we cling to look, it's your eyes. Make sure that your eyes are the center of the frame and use the manual focus to not be afraid that the autofocus will bring you up!

Another good idea is the big values \u200b\u200bof the diaphragm (small F-number), it will wash the background so that nothing distract from the shooting object.

8. Contact plays a key role.

It is extremely important - how you interact with the model. Make sure that there is contact between you, before starting shooting. Conversations, discussion of shooting ideas - this should ensure mutual understanding, without which the goal cannot be achieved.

When you take off, do not think that your model has supernatural abilities and reads your thoughts. She will not know what you want, how to imagine yourself and what we are waiting for it, if you do not tell about it. If you want to capture some special form, do not hesitate to demonstrate the model example of the posture.

Some practical recommendations really help, although there are also such objects that do not endure when they indicate how to make their work! Also, remember, the model works on the set more than you, and tired too. Take breaks.

9. Type of light.

Do not hope that all situations in which you use natural light will be the same. The quality and color of light will change depending on the time of day, season and weather. A few days later you will have a yellow and warm light, although now, let's say, cold blue shades are dominated in the photo.

Here joins the balance of white. You can change the camera settings to adapt to new light conditions, still achieving the result you need. I prefer to shoot in the RAW and edit the white balance during subsequent processing, but also the options for settings directly at the time of shooting are also very well coped with this task.

10. Try yourself.

So, on this in general, everything! We hope that these few simple tips on the world enlightened you (pun), and you are now ready for shooting in natural light. The most difficult lesson will provide you with personal experience.

Do not be afraid to ask for family or friends about help. This will give you an excellent opportunity to practice in the shooting methods and at the same time will teach to shoot some topics (it depends, of course, from who you choose the "target" of your training). Always tell them about everything they have to do, even if it comes down to simple - "stand there and smile"!

And used at the same time.

When photographing a portrait indoors, in particular in the studio, photographers use various location schemes. : The main light, filling light, the context light and the backlight of the background we have already considered.

Lighting schemes, like a visual tool when photography portrait.

It is clear that in practice the location of the lighting devices involved in the creation of certain lighting effects may be different. But what is the effect of lighting to create a photographer decides on the basis of its artistic problem, while it takes into account the nature of the model being removed, the location of it relative to the camera (turn, direction, etc.).

Consider the most popular, "fashionable" used when photographing portrait.

1. Rembrandtovskoye portrait lighting (REMBRANDT LIGHT).

It is advantageous when the portrait of men is photography. It creates a spectacular black and white pattern. It turned its name from lighting techniques that used artists. In the Studio Rembrandt on top, a special window was built into the ceiling, Chenres which fell on the model, with which the artist wrote a portrait.

From here the main feature of this type of lighting is that the main drawing light is sent to portrayable from above, on the side. At the same time, portrayed sits turning turns into a half-turn from the photo camera, and the main light illuminates the face with the opposite party from the camera. Thus, the closest to the camera Strone faces turns out to be partially shaded. Under the eye closer to the photographer, a shaded triangular area is formed. It is necessary to carefully choose the height of the main illuminator and the direction of the lighting direction so that this shaded area is not too large.

Fill lighting can not be used if it is desirable to get a contrast black and white pattern. If the shadows are excessively deep, then you can soften them with filling light. In this case, the source of the filling light is located rows with a camera.

The source of the content lighting is located with the opposite side of the main side and direct on the hair in such a way that this light does not fall on the face, since the rebels may occur in separate places.

You can highlight the background also with the opposite side opposite to the main illuminator. Then the shadow part of the face will be more relocated relative to the background.

All questions about how to use, what a photographer does not decide how he likes. There are no dogmas in this matter. But with any scheme portrait lighting It should be so that there are no double shadows. If you, of course, are interested in realistic photographing portrait.For this, the power of light from the sources used should be balanced, that is, the main light in brightness should significantly exceed the light from other sources that play auxiliary role. At the same time, the main source of lighting is closer to the shooting object, remembering that the illumination from the same sources drops depending on the square of the distance.

2.Narrow or short portrait lighting SPLIT LIGHT). Also, as in Rembrandt lighting, the main source of light illuminates part of the person with the opposite party from the camera, from the side where the head is portrayed. But in contrast to Rembrandt lighting, the light is not fused on top, and on the side (the source of the main light is close to the background and illuminates the side shape) at the level of the eye is portrayed.

The source of filling light is also located near the camera.

3. Wide portrait lighting (Broad Light) is opposite to short. The main source of light illuminates the side of the face of the face rotated from the camera. The side of the face is close to the camera, and the long-sized shaded.

4. Portrait lighting Butterfly Light - very fashionable lighting used to obtain glamor photos.

The main source of lighting is installed near the camera opposite the face and illuminates the model somewhat from above. At the same time, a triangular shadow is created under his nose. It is necessary to follow the height of the main source of light, so that the shade under the nose does not get too big, right up to the mouth.

This type of lighting creates a soft pattern of the image, smoothes small flaws on the face, and therefore so popular. It is only necessary to consider that at the same time emphasizes the drawing of the ears, so this type of lighting can be unacceptable in cases where the ears allocate undesirable. In particular, it is not suitable when photographing the model, if her hair is pulled into a bunch of rear and open ears.

There are several things in the classic portrait that need to be controlled and think about how to make the most winning portrait of the model, showing it from the best side. This is the ratio of illumination, black and white drawing, face type and angle view. I suggest you to get acquainted with these basic concepts, as to violate the rules, you need to know them. However, if you study well and will apply this knowledge in practice, it will help you to shoot portraits of people significantly better. This article is devoted to light schemes: what it is and why it is important to know and use. Perhaps in the future, in other articles, if you enjoy it, I will tell you about the other terms of a good photoportist.

A black and white pattern I define like a game of light and shadow on a face that creates various forms. Simply put, it is a form of shadows on the face. There are four main light charts for the portrait:

• Side lighting
• Loop lighting or scheme "Loop"
• Rembrandt light scheme
• Scheme "Butterfly"

There are also concepts of wide and short light, it is rather lighting style and it can be combined with most schemes above. Let's look at each scheme separately

1. Side light

Side light breaks the face into two equal parts, one of which is lit, and the other is in the shade. It is often used to create dramatic portraits, such as a portrait of a musician or artist. Such a light is more suitable for men's portraits and, as a rule, for women applied rarely. However, keep in mind that there are no tough rules in the photo, so I suggest you use the information received as a starting point or reference point. Until you are sure of your knowledge, it is better to act as the classic manuals offer.

To achieve the lateral light effect, it is necessary to simply put the light source at an angle of 90 degrees to the left or right of the model, sometimes even just behind the head. The placement and position of the light source will depend on the person's face. See how the light falls on the face, and move the source. With the correct statement of lateral light in the eye on the shadow side of the person should be a glare. If it does not manage to get rid of light on the cheek, it is possible that this type of person is not suitable for lateral light.

Note: Any light scheme can be used at any turn of the head (Afas, when both ears are visible, face in ¾, or even profile). Just keep in mind that the position of the light source must be changed according to the turn of the head, to maintain the desired black and white pattern.

What is "blike"?

Please note that photography is higher in the eyes of the child there are reflections of the light source. They have the kind of small white specks, but if you look closer, we can see the form of the source that I used when shooting this portrait.

Look, because is it really a bright spot is a hexagon with a dark center? This is a small hexagonal softbox on my canon flash, which I used to shoot.

This is the "glare". No glare eyes seem dark and lifeless. You must make sure that there is a glare at least in one eye of the model so that the picture is revived. Please note that the glare also brightens the iris and in general makes the eyes brighter. It enhances the feeling of life and gives it shine.

2. Loop lighting

Loop lighting creates a small shadow from the nose on the cheek. To get such lighting, you need to put a source slightly above the level of the eye and at an angle of 30-45 degrees from the camera (depends on the person's face, for the correct formation of any scheme you need to learn to read people's faces).

Look at this photo to see how the shadow falls, and on the left side you can also see a small shadow from the nose. In the loop scheme, the shadow from the nose should not be too entering the cheek, the more should not be closed with the shadow of the cheek. Try so that the shade be small and looked a little down, but keep in mind that if the source is raised too high, the shadows may look strange, and can also gap glare in the eyes. The loop scheme, apparently, the most popular, as it is easy to create and fits most people.

On this diagram black background presents the back plan with trees. Sunlight goes out of the back of the trees, but they are completely in the shade. White reflector, located on the left of the camera, reflects the light back to the faces being photographed. Selecting the location of the reflector, you can change the lighting of people people. Loop lighting is achieved by its location by about 30-45 degrees from the camera. The reflector should also be located just above the level of their eyes so that the shadow from the nose lay down slightly down to the corner of the mouth. One of the common mistakes at beginners is the low location of the reflector and its tilt. As a result, the face and nose are highlighted from the bottom, which looks ugly.

3. Rembrandt light

The scheme is called Rembrandt, because this type of lighting is often found in Rembrandt's paintings, which can be seen on its self-portrait above. Rembrandt lighting is determined by the presence of a light triangle on the cheek. Unlike looter light, where the shadow from the nose and the cheek is not closed, here they merge together, which creates a light triangle on the cheek under the eye on the shadow side. To create the correct scheme, make sure that the eye on the shadow side is a glare from the light source, otherwise the eyes will be "dead", without a pleasant shine. Rembrandt lighting is more dramatic, as a similar black and white pattern creates a more restless portrait mood. Use it accordingly.

To create remrabrandt lighting, it is necessary that the model is slightly away from the light. The source must be above the top of the head so that the shade of the nose falls on the cheek. Not every face is suitable for this scheme. If it has high or outstanding cheeks, perhaps the scheme will work. If the model has a small nose or flat bridge, such lighting can be difficult to achieve. Again, remember that you should not do this particular scheme with this model. Choose what will emphasize the advantages of the model and present it the most favorable way. Then the lighting will work as it should. If you use the window as a light source, and the light from the window drops to the floor, you may have to close the lower part of the window using the Gobo or the panel to achieve this type of lighting.

4. Scheme "Butterfly"

This scheme is not called a "butterfly" on the shape of the shade of the nose, which is created. If the light source is placed on top and right behind the camera. Basically, with this scheme, the photographer is under the light source. The "Butterfly" scheme is often used to shoot glamor, accomplishment of the model's cheekbones. It also sounds like shooting older people, since, as opposed to other schemes, the wrinkles emphasize less.

The "Butterfly" scheme is created by the light source directly behind the camera and slightly above the eye or head, depending on the type of face. Sometimes the scheme is complemented by the reflector right under the chin, the model can even keep it herself. This scheme is suitable for models with beautiful cheekbones and a narrow face. A round or wide face will be better looking at a loop or even lateral light. This scheme is more difficult to create with light from the window or reflector. Often, to make shadows more pronounced, a more powerful and directed light source is needed, such as the sun or flash.

5. Wide lighting

Wide lighting is not so much a template or a diagram as a style or a type. Any of the following schemes can be made with a wide or short light: loop, Rembrandt, lateral light.

Widely called lighting when a person's face is slightly turned and illuminated by the face side, which is closer to the camera. By area, the illuminated side is obtained more than the shadow. Wide lighting is sometimes used for high-key portraits. This type of lighting makes a person's face wider (hence the name) and can be used for models with a narrow face to visually make it wider. Most people however, want to look slimmer, not wider, so this lighting is better not to use for wide and round.

To create wide lighting, the face must be rotated from the light source. Please note that the face side is illuminated to the camera, and the shadow falls on the far side. Simply put, wide light illuminates most of the person we see.

6. Short lighting

Short lighting is opposite to wide. As can be seen in the picture above, with a short light in the shade there is a face face facing the camera (wide), and the far from the camera (narrow) is illuminated. This type of lighting is often used for a low key or dark portraits. It makes the face more voluminous, sculptural, visually narrows a wide face that most people like most people.

For this scheme, the face must be addressed to the light source. Please note that the face of the face facing the camera is illuminated, and the shade falls on the side facing to the chamber. Simply put, with short lighting, most of the person we see is in the shade.

We collect all together

As soon as you learn to recognize and create each of the lighting schemes, learn to apply them in various situations. Studying people, you will learn what lighting scheme is better suitable for this particular person to create a mood in the portrait and show a person well. If a person has a round face and wants to fit harder, it should be covered differently than a person who wants to make a dramatic picture. When you know all the schemes, you know how to manage the quality of light, its direction and the ratio, you can cope with any task of shooting.

Of course, it is much easier to change the lighting, moving the source. However, if the source is the sun or window, they do not really enjoy them. Here, instead of moving the source, you need to change the position of the model or object, rotate them with respect to the light. Or change the location of the camera. Thus, if you cannot move the light source, you need to move and move the shooting object itself.

Practical exercises

Choose an object for shooting (best of the whole person, not your dog) and practice creating each of the lighting schemes. which we disassembled:

1. Butterfly
2. A loop
3. Rembrandt.
4. Side light

Remember that there are also wide and short lighting and apply it for various types of patterns of models where it is necessary. Do not worry about the rest of the aspects (the ratio of light and shadow, filling light, etc.), currently concentrate on receiving a good picture. Use the light from the window, flooring without a lamp or sun, that is, such a source with which you can see how the light and shadow on the face lies. I suggest you at first not to use the flash, as you still have no experience to imagine the result before the photo is taken. This may make it difficult to teach.

It is also better to start working with a face facing directly to the camera, without turns (except for the practice of creating wide and short lighting).

Show us your results and write about the problems that you encountered. I will try to help you decide to decide that you and others did not allow such mistakes next time.

Arbolit has been not new for a long time, among the entire range of building materials and is widely used in various fields:

• for the production of elements of thermal insulation: walls, panel blocks, overlaps;
• for the manufacture of monolithic and other structures of the most detailed destination with a special humidity that makes up no more than 60 percent;
• used in construction, both for residential buildings and for office space;

A large number of excellent preserved premises built with this building material - a living testimony of his practicality, reliability and, of course, durability.

Arbolic blocks of wood chips of coniferous and hardwood trees are consisting. They are processed according to special technologies using rubble machines.

Characteristics

Before building a house from Arbolit, it is useful to familiarize yourself with its properties and characteristics.

Construction technology:

• monolithic arbolit;
• block masonry.

If you build a house from Arbolita with your own hands, a fitness of 1.5-2 floors, a block is used, density over 600 kg / m³

The density of the arbolite block

Depending on the volumetric mass, the material is classified on:

• construction - 500.0-850.0 kg / m³;
• heat insulation - up to 500.0 kg / m³.

Strength

The strength of light concrete for compression is characterized by stamps and classes:

• construction - B1.5 / B2.0 / B2.5 / B3.5, M5 / M10 / M15;
• heat insulation - B0.35 / B0.75 / B1.0, M25 / M35 / M50.

The ratio of varying strength and class is revealed as follows:

• M50 - B3.5, 45 kgf / cm²;
• M35 - B2.5, 34 kgf / m²;
• M25 - B1.5, 2.0, 21-27 kgf / cm².

To build a strong single-storey house with an attic or an object in two floors, you should work with the structural material, the brand is not lower than M25 / B1.5. The minimum allowable compressive strength of 21 kgf / cm². And for the bath, for example, such strength is not necessary, you can take blocks easier.

Actual thermal conductivity

Lightweight concrete with wood aggregate, dried to constant weight, has specified characteristics:

• density 400-450 kg / m³ - 0.08 W / m ° C;
• density 500 kg / m³ - 0.09 W / m ° C;
• density 550 kg / m³ - 0.11 W / m ° C;
• density of 600 kg / m³ - 0.12 W / m ° C;
• density 650 kg / m³ - 0.13 W / m ° C;
• density of 700 kg / m³ - 0.14 W / m ° C.

Frost resistance

The main reason provoking the destruction of the material under the action of low temperatures is to expand the water. The liquid fills the pores and increases in the amount when freezing. The higher the relative content of the pore, where water can penetrate, the lower the frost resistance.

Frost resistance of a trees of 25-50 cycles

If we take into account its sorption moisture, it is efficient to use an external finish, including a plastering layer.

Most often, the weathered modules are used in low-rise housing construction, while erecting cottages, cottages, country houses, household and household buildings

Moisture absorption

The material is distinguished by the porous structure and has high moisture absorption. The finished module, placed in the water can absorb about 40-80% of water from its own volume.. Against the background of this property, the arbolit has insignificant hygroscopicity or, in other words, sorption humidity. This parameter characterizes the ability of the block to absorb steam from the environment.

The module, which is involved in construction, does not actually accumulate moisture. If the bath from Arbolit is erected, the reviews indicate that the construction that does not have any external protection is perfectly exploited without any destruction.

However, in the period up to three years after the construction is completed, It is recommended to finish, which will reduce moisture absorptionTherefore, increase the durability of the design and the parameters of frost resistance.

Shrinkage

Most material producers produce modules with a minimum amount of excess moisture. If you turn to the practical experience, it becomes clear that in Arbolite, which is on the construction site or on a fold, shrinkage is completely stopped 2 months after its manufacture.

When erecting houses, the height of more than one floor with w / w overlaps, under the load, the development of shrinkage phenomena takes place, but this is "work" of a solution and a whole wall design.

Production and application

The production of arbolit is a fairly simple technological line, but the process itself is due to the duration of the deadline, it turns out to be stretched in time and quite significantly. In addition, the frozen of the trees in forms is possible only at a temperature not lower than +12 C, which limits either the manufacturing time, or increases the cost of the material.

consists of the following steps.

• Get chips - Used for making waste of the forest processing industry, however, with some limitations. For example, such wood rocks such as larch or poplar is not allowed to use. In this case, the sizes of chips must match GOST, otherwise the quality of the final product will be dubious. Crushers are suitable for this: disk, rotary-knife, shredders, but the best is the hammer crusher, where the chips are obtained by the desired size.
• Dosage and mixing - In production for this, special dispensers are used. With independent manufacture, the main thing is not to confuse: the composition of the weight ratio or volume is determined.
• Mixing It is produced in the cyclic mixing mechanism - concrete mixer. Due to the fact that wood fibers and cement are cluttered badly, mixing takes at least 10 minutes.
• Laying in forms - the finished mixture of the hopper is fed in forms, metal or wooden.
• Rambling - Even in industrial environments, it does not exclude manual labor. The trees are important not only to be sealed, but also to settle, for which they first pierce the mixture with a sharp metal tool, at least for a pitchfork. Then we are sealing a regular tamper or vibrotole.

On the vibrationtol, the product may be no more than 30 s: when vibration, cement slides from the surface of the chips, which can lead to the separation of arbolit.

• Cucoring - Products move to the warehouse where the design strength is gaining. The platform is carried out in a day, as a rule, although there are exceptions. Transportation is possible after 15-20 days.

About the production of Arbolita will tell you this video:

Advantages and disadvantages

Like any building material, tree is distinguished by its positive and negative qualities. Due to the low strength of the strength, it is not used in the construction of high-rise buildings, but it is quite suitable as insulating material.

Consider the positive characteristics of the material:

• the thermal insulation indicator is the most remarkable feature of Arbolit. Its thermal conductivity is 0.08 W, which is significantly better than different concrete and brick;

• arbolit is considered to be accumulating material, it is able to maintain heat in a naked room. Sharp temperature differences are not observed;
• the degree of flammability of the material is low, it is considered to be a reflare, forms a minimum amount of smoke. It is boldly refer to fireproof;
• parry permeability is high. Naturally, the wood this indicator is higher, but many consumers in the construction of the bath prefer the arbolit, and not other types of stone materials. In addition, the fire resistance of arbolit is also taken into account for such an object;
• the strength of the structural arbolite is equal to B3.5, so that objects are built from the tree, the height of which does not exceed three floors. But the arbity is perfectly opposed to loading effects on stretching. This means that during the skills and shrinkage of the foundation base, the material will not cover cracks, independently compensating all the displacements;
• frost resistance depends on the class class and varies within the F25 - 50. But if frosts are combined with crude weather, then the service life of arbolite is significantly reduced;
• the material is perfectly sawing, it is cut, it holds the fasteners well. It is really considered an excellent solution for business objects. If you do not know than to cut the arbolit, boldly take the usual hacksaw;

• the weight of the Arbium Block is small, which allows to reduce the timing of construction work;
• the surface is perfectly placed, there is no need to apply the grid;
• the strength of the material is high - M10 - 25. Even begins to seem that the press was used in the manufacturing process;
• arbolit products are characterized by good sound insulation. Such an effect is possible due to the fact that inside the block there is a huge amount of voids formed by wood chip. By the way, such a structure affects the injection of material.

As you can see, many advantages, but there are negative points:

• the properties of moisture absorption - do not use the material in the construction of premises with a sensority of moisture in the air. The tree absorbs a lot of water, but it is not capable of holding it. If the unit is immersed in water, then get it, then the liquid stalks, and the unit will dry. Such a feature allows the use of arbolit for the construction of a bath, because the room refers to the group constantly heated;
• weak material strength, due to which it is used in low-rise construction and as a heater;
• the durability of the material is an open question. There is no sufficient number of data on the user, and much here depends on the qualitative indicators of arbicy raw materials. In a word, the maximum service life of arbolit is not set;
• the material arbolit made according to GOST can be compared with foam concrete. Therefore, its cost is not the cheapest. This factor is also determined by the automated production technology.

Arbolite block VS. Other materials

The choice of material for the construction of the house / bath / production room usually ranges between brick, wood and several types of concrete. In order for the difference between the characteristics to be visual, order all the indicators, writing them in a sign.

	Density, kg / m3	Thermal conductivity, W / m * to	Frost resistance, cycles	Water absorption,% of the mass	Compressive strength, MP
Ceramic brick	1550–1770	0,6–0,95	25	12	2,5–25
Silicate brick	1700–1950	0,85–1,15	25	16	5–30
Ceramzitobeton	900–1200	0,5–0,7	25	18	3,5–7,5
Gasobutton	600–800	0,18–0,28	35	20	2,5–15
Foam concrete	200–1200	0,14–0,38	35	14	2,5–7,5
Wood	450–600	0,15	-	-	1,5–4
Arbolit	400–850	0,08–0,17	25–100	40–85	0,5–8,5

Now consider in detail every quality and explain whether the arbolitis wins here and why.

Density. A high material density indicator is usually associated with its strength. These indicators are not always equal (for example, dense cast iron or brick are rather fragile materials), and the structure of the substance is rather affected by the strength. Arbolita in this respect is "everything is in order": the correct needle chips reinforces the block does not crack during the strike / load, including the shrinkage of the foundation and the sedimentation of the walls. But on thermal conductivity, a small density affects favorable - than in the structure of the material more air, the lower it is; So, indoors will be warmer

This is important: made can have a greater density due to exceeding the permissible amount (5%) sawdust. In high-quality Arbolit, this indicator is not higher, precisely with the purpose of the block to become more dense and, as a result, is colder

Thermal conductivity. It is definitely the lowest among the above, so it does not need an explanation.

Frost resistance. The highest compared to stone masonry materials is due to a large (80-90% volume) of wood content.

Water absorption. In the table in Arbolit, a critical indicator. Why is this happening? The fact is that water absorption is measured by immersing the block into the water and then weighing it. Due to the large number of emptiness inside the block, there really is a lot of water in it - as much as in practice it will not fall there even with a slash. Therefore, it is impossible to objectively measure this indicator, and the tables honestly indicate the value that is calculated after weighing. Believe him, strictly speaking, it is impossible. In addition, during the construction of houses, arbolite blocks are separated by plaster; This means that rain or snow moisture will not be contacted at all with the block.

Compressive strength. The table indicates the values \u200b\u200bof all arbolite samples that managed to test. Including low-quality blocks with an indicator of 0.5 Mp. A block made from the cement of the M500 brand, with the mandatory addition of aluminum sulfate, will have strength not lower than the average among other materials.

To buy an arbolit call the hotline number or email us in social networks: our managers will answer questions as quickly as possible.

Arbolita manufacturing technology

The production scheme contains the following stages:

1. Pre-processing of organic aggregate chemical compositions.
2. Dosing components of components for arbolite mass.
3. Preparation of arbolite mixture.
4. The formation of arbolite blocks.

Crushing and giving the required shape to the aggregate.

Before crushing, pieces and wood waste are folded into the heaps and are withstanding under a canopy of about a month at a positive temperature. Then these waste must be turned into a chip on special machines.

Waste from wood processing, sawmills are fed to the receiving platform, they are stored, then they are sent to the receiving funnel of the ruby \u200b\u200bmechanism (DU-2). For grinding wood, it is recommended to use a drum chipping machine having a wide range of applications. It can handle almost every type of wood waste - rails, rounds, porridge, trimming, transshipment, cryptionwebwall wood. The chip treated in this way is sent to the bunker, and then goes to a hammer-powered crushing machine (DM-1), after which the wood shot is sent to the vibration roar, in order to eliminate waste and too large particles.

At the outlet, the fluster is a fraction of a needy or lamellar wood fraction with a length from 2 to 20 mm, a width of 2 to 5 mm wide, no more than 5 mm thick.

Types of material

There are two types of arbolita distinguish:

1. Construction - contains a lot of cement, is distinguished by an increased density indicator reaching 500 to 800 kilograms per meter cubic. From this Arbolita build walls.
2. Heat insulation - a lot of chips add to it, from which the density does not exceed five hundred kilograms per cubic meter. From such a material, partitions are erected, it is used in the bearing wall as insulating material.

The release of the material is set in two forms:

• block - products are distinguished by certain sizes. GOST installed not only parameters, but also permitted deviations. As a result, the dimensional error is somewhat higher, and this should be taken into account during the work of work, otherwise there are seams that differ from each other in thickness. The unit allows you to reduce the construction time as possible, because the working pane is defined only by the time necessary for solidification of the solution;
• monolithic - manufactured directly at the construction site and immediately applies, as it is impossible to store such a material. Most of the whole monolithic option is used when insulation. But there are cases when small objects were built in a monolithic way.

Preparation of monolithic material reduces the cost of construction, only the speed of work is reduced. Unlike the rest of the concrete varieties, this material needs a lot of time to become durable.

Benefits of building material

In Russia, the characteristics of arbolite blocks are registered in GOST 19222-84 "Arbolit and products from it". This document provides for the production of two types of blocks - thermal insulation (density up to 500 kg / m3) and structural (density of 500-850 kg / m3). For the manufacture they are used with seppe of coniferous and hardwood, flask, straw. The general properties of arbolite blocks, more often called the arbolit, are as follows:

• low thermal conductivity - 0.07-0.18 W / m;
• compression stamp - for heat-insulating arbolite in 0-in 1.0, for construction in 1.5-at 3.5;
• frost resistance - 25-50 cycles;
• the combustible group G1 is a weakly farming, does not support combustion;
• plasticity - due to the high chip content, the block does not break down when bending, capable of restoring the initial shape;
• vapor permeability;
• low weight - lighter bricks of a similar volume 3 times;
• ecology - does not emit harmful substances;
• resistant to rotting and mold;
• low cost - up to 90% of the mass of the block is chips.

The technology of wood production is quite simple, therefore, for the construction of individual residential buildings, the blocks of their own production often use.

For the manufacture of blocks wood chipped up to 40 mm long, 5-10 mm wide and thickness up to 3-5 mm are treated with additives to improve adhesion (liquid glass, chloride or calcium nitrate, aluminum sulfate), dried over a month - two, stirring regularly. Dry chips are mixed with grade cement not lower than M 400Then poured with water and mix thoroughly. To obtain chips of the desired size, a special device is required, a concrete mixer is used to obtain a high-quality mixture, for molding - vibrationtole and detachable forms.

The finished mixture is poured into the form. Harmony form can be achieved more correct and uniform geometry of products. After 3 days, the block is removed and sent to the ripening in a dry heated room. Blocks are easy to cut, drank and drilled, perfectly hold nails.

Attention! It is allowed to build houses from Arbolita to 7 m high, as a rule, this is a 2-storey or one-storey house with an attic.

To ensure the normalized resistance of the heat transfer of the enclosing structures, a thickness of 380 mm is sufficiently thick, but a thickness of 300 mm is more often performed, with the protection of the outer and inner surface of the wall with warm plaster on porous fillers.

Blocks produce several sizes, the most commonly used envelope - 500x250x300The masonry leads with the dressing of the seams of each row. In addition to full, produced hollow products, products with facial finishing layer, profile blocks for jumpers.

Technical characteristics of Arbolita

1. The density of the material arbolit varies in the range of 300-850 kg / m³. Therefore, it is divided into two categories: structural (550 kg / m³ and above), heat-insulating (up to 550 kg / m³). But here there is one subtle moment - the denser of the arbolit, the higher its carrying ability, but below thermal insulation qualities, because in such solutions the percentage of chips decreases. For comparison, it is possible to show the density of some building materials: a tree - 600, a ceramic brick - 1700, aerated concrete - 800 kg / m³.
2. Strength. This indicator marked with the letter designation "in" and numeric definition. The higher the last, the more strength. In this case, the strength directly depends on the density. For example, at a density of 400-500, the strength of the arbolit corresponds to 0.35. From 600-750 - at 2.5. From 700-850 - at 3.5.
3. Thermal conductivity. Here is the same dependence on density. The higher one, the higher the more. At 400 kg / m³, the thermal conductivity of the blocks will be 0.06 W / m K, and at 850, respectively, 0.17.
4. Water absorption. For structural, this parameter is 75%, for heat-insulating 85%.

These are the main technical characteristics, on the basis of which it is possible to specifically say about the benefits of arbolit and its disadvantages.

Advantages of Arbolita

This building material contains a different amount of wood chips in finished products. It can reach a level of 90 percent. Material that contains more chips, in its structure resembles a natural natural tree.

The main advantages of arbolit include such properties:

1. High strength. As mentioned above, the material is very similar to the tree, especially the properties of resistance and flexibility are almost identical. Due to its strength and universality, this material was often used in the construction of houses in the era of the USSR.
2. Excellent absorption of sounds. At the tree, this indicator is 0.15 units. And in Arbalite, it can vary depending on the type from 0.16 to 0.5 units.
3. Excellent resistance to external aggressive environment. This construction material is not terrible, such "trifles", as insect pests, rodents, rot. He reacts perfectly on the change of temperature regime. But not so long, as if I wanted. Its use should be used in too wet and freezers.
4. Increased refractory. Arbolit refers to fireproof, and may well adequate high temperatures for several hours.
5. Excellent heat transfer. Arbolit Blocks usually constitute 30 centimeters wide, and according to this standard are comparable to the one-meter wall of the brick standard home.
6. Very comfortable and comfortable use. Arbolic slabs are easy by weight, not too voluminous. For the construction of buildings using such raw materials, there will be no special technique and a large amount of time.
7. Easy processing. Arbolit can easily cut, drill with, both manual equipment and, of course, more powerful devices. Fasteners, bolts and nails will be blocked in arbolite.

Pluses of Arbolita

1. Increased bending strength. Thanks to this property,
   which reports the unit versatile oriented wood chip, arbobrel
   It does not crack. This ability is indispensable both during transportation and in the process.
   Operating house from Arbolita.
2. Sound absorption capacity (at a sound wave frequency in
   125-2000 Hz, the absorption coefficient of the arbolite sound is 0.17-0.6 units, in
   dependence on the density, for example, this parameter for the tree is 0.1, and for
   Brick - 0.04).
3. Low thermal conductivity (0.07-0.18 W / m).
4. Non-calamity (Arbolite block does not support combustion).
   Despite the fact that wood chips can occupy up to 90% in the specific weight of the block
   - Arbolit is considered weakly thorough material. According to GOST categorization
   12.1.044-89 Arbolit refers to a group of 1 (weakly farming). According to GOST 30402 - to
   Group in 1 (hardly flammable). According to GOST 12.1.044.89 - to the group D 1 (low-forming).
5. Ease of processing. Arbolit successfully connected
   Advantages of wood and concrete strength. Thanks to this block is easy
   It is cut, but the fastening elements twisted into it well.
6. Plastic. Again, thanks to significant content
   chips in arboblock, it does not break, but reversibly deformed and capable
   Restore your form after eliminating the load affecting it.
7. Arbolit does not give in to the processes of rotting.
8. It has excellent air permeability.
9. Small weight - makes the construction process is comfortable, and
   Reduces the requirements for the foundation. For comparison, the weight of arbolit and brick (one
   Volume) correlates as 1: 3.
10. Low cost of building houses from Arbolit in
    comparison with other materials. The parameters and the price of Arbolit per cube is given in
    Table.

Parameters and cost of Arbolit for one cube

Plus, there is another important property that contributed to the revival of interest in arbolitoy construction - environmental friendliness. The block of only 10-20% occupies cement and chemical components, most of which are food additives

The composition of Arbolita

For the manufacture of arbolit, the composition is used with the following components: organic aggregate, cement binder, water and chemical additives.

Aggregate

The arbolite basis is the aggregate: its amount in the material volume is 75-95%. As a placeholder mainly acts (differently - chopped wood crusher). To ensure the best technical characteristics of the material, the optimal choice of selection is the chip of the trees of coniferous rocks, except for larch. You can also use chip birch, aspen, topoly, i.e. Fortithic trees.

Ships for Arbolita

Wood chips must be a certain size. Its production of freshly edged trees is prohibited. There are a large number of not decomposed or non-oxidized sugars that adversely affect the characteristics. Some, to give a smooth surface, chip are mixed with sawdust with chips.

Instead of wood chips, the use of other organic is also known, but this is already a variety of trees: the treated flax fire (Kostrofeton) or hemp campfire, crushed rice straw or crushed cotton leaves.

Cement astringent

Portland cement, grade 400 and 500 are usually used as a cement binder. The consumption of a cement binder depends on the desired characteristics of the produced arbolit, from its brand, on the type of selected aggregate, from the portland cement brand, etc.

Water

The main complexity in the production of products from Arbolit is the need to achieve an increase in the strength of cement by repaying the harmful effects of organic aggregate. The organoizer highlights sugars, which negatively affect the strength of the cement binder. Water dissolves many of them. The chip is maintained in water from three months outdoors. Instead of water, a lime solution is often used, in which 3-4 days are soaked with chip.

Chemical additives

To neutralize the harmful substances of the wood aggregate, along with soaking in water or lime solution, various chemical additives are used. This process is called mineralization.

The chip is treated with solutions of aluminum sulfate, calcium chloride, hawked lime, alumina sulfate and other mineralizers.

The above additives can be used in two versions: the first option is mineralization, i.e. processing only chips; The second option is an accelerator of hardening cement stone, i.e. At the stage of the cement, chips and water.

The amount of chemical additives for arbolit is usually 2-5% of the weight of cement. They can be used individually or mixed with each other. The arbolite brand directly depends on the amount of chemical component used.

Cons Arbolita

1. Incomliances of use in premises with high levels
   humidity. Arbolite block is able to absorb from 40 to 80% moisture from the external
   Environments, which reduces its properties. Partially eliminate the lack of
   additional finishes by any material that will ensure reliable clutch with
   The surface of the block (for example, plaster).
   Note. There are arbolite blocks with facing, i.e. One surface has a decorative coating.
2. Arbrite unstable to the influence of aggressive gases.
3. The need for additional decorations of the house and removal
   Carnisise. Ensuring dryness - the key to the long functioning of the material on
   90% consisting of wood. For the same reason, it is necessary to divert water and
   Remove snow from the base.
4. Not perfect block geometry(The overall dimensions of the arbolite block may have a difference from 0.5 to 1.5 cm). The process and the velocity of the wall does not affect. However, the use of special mixtures is inappropriate, the masters are advised to perform the masonry of the arbolit on the cement-sandy solution. In this case, the masonry thickness allows you to level irregularities.

As you can see, the advantages of Arbolita outweigh its flaws.
For greater persuasiveness, the table containing comparative
Characteristics of common building materials.

How to make arbolit yourself

Building blocks at home can be done by himself, if you carefully read the instructions and strictly follow its recommendations. You must first prepare a chips for blocks - you can add a little sawdust to them (approximately 2: 1 ratio).

From sawdust, it is necessary to remove sugar - it will help in the future the construction to avoid rotting and swelling of finished blocks. Chip must be withstanding at least 3-4 months on the street, it is additionally shuffled, in the absence of such possibilities and means, it is simply watered with calcium oxide and withstand 4 days, stirring periodically.

For high-quality kneading material for blocks, it is necessary to use a concrete mixer. The use of cement 400 brands and liquid glass, calcium chloride and other additives are 3-4% of the weight of cement.

Optimal combinations for filler are considered to be 50% aluminum sulfate and 50% calcium sulfate or a mixture of liquid glass and calcium oxide in the same proportions.

The process of production of blocks is submitted in the following sequence:

• At the initial stage, it is necessary to skip wooden blanks through a rubyl machine - this is primary processing.
• Next, continue to crush the material on the hammer crusher.
• Now it is necessary to sort the material on the vibration screen, which separates dust, bark, soil.
• In the resulting chip, you need to add 20% of sawdust, previously sifted.
• Treat the resulting mixture with chemicals, after surfaceing it in water, putting liquid glass into it.
• To accelerate solidification and mineralization of the material, it is better to put calcium chloride into the wood mixture.
• For disinfection of the resulting mixture, it is necessary to load into the chlorine lime.
• The mixture is discharged into the concrete mixture, cement is added and mixed carefully. At the end, it is fed and a mass is fed up with thrombus.

Seal the mixture can be hand-made wooden thrombover, clothing metal. After stinging, it is necessary to give it a day, then take out and put under a canopy on the finish.

Strengthen the strength of the unit, by posting it immediately under the film when it is still wet, so that hydration passed. It lasts 10 days at a temperature of +15 degrees. If it is cold outside, the process will last longer.

It is important that the temperature does not fall below 0. In hot time, blocks should be sprayed with water so that they do not dry

The production process of uncomplicated blocks, but requires compliance with all technological operations, then they will be high quality.

Arbolit is unpopular and irrevocable building material for the construction of rich cottages and villas. But it gives the opportunity to massive private buildings in the population of the population.

High-quality, economic and environmentally friendly material, which has minor flaws, has found an application in house-building, where it is widely used.

About how to make arbolic blocks with your own hands - on video:

Use area

The material is mainly used in private construction to build low-rise objects. From it, blocks and panels of various sizes are manufactured.

Abroad, such blocks are sometimes used in the construction of multi-storey houses and industrial facilities. Some are made from Arbolit the foundation base on which walls for a garage or building construction are installed.

In addition, the arbolite mixture is used as thermal insulating material in frame buildings. In addition, it fill it with walls in the construction of well-wired masonry.

Technical characteristics of material

The second name of the material is a tree or tree, he received due to the presence of a large amount of tree in it. Arbolite blocks in their composition include 90% of chips - desirable conifer. But it is impossible to perceive them as a complete analogue of the tree - the arbolit is standardized as concrete or a building stone.

The technical characteristics of Arbolit combine the properties of wood and cement, which highlights it even among the analogs - foam concrete and aerated concrete.

At a minimum, according to the testimony of thermal conductivity, ease of processing and laying, the arbolitis significantly exceeds the brick.

Characteristics of material in the table:

Property	Values
Density (how much weighs the cubic meter of material), kg / m3	500-850
Compression Strength (Block Compression Supply), MPa	0,5-3,5
Bending Strength (Block Bending Stress), MPa	0,7-1
(the less, the better), W / (m * c)	0,08-0,17
Module of elasticity (ability to compress without deformation), MPa	250-2300
Frost resistance (how many times the wet block can be freezed)	25-50
Water absorption (absorbed water relative to weight),%	40-85
Shrinkage (resizing after laying),%	0,4-0,5
Bioscistance (the more, the better), group	V.
Fire resistance (time to destruction of material on fire), min	45-90
Sound insulation (percentage of sounds of sounds up to 2000 Hz),%	0,17-0,6

Many characteristics of the material depend on its density, which varies due to the use of various grades of cement and fillers. First of all, it affects density and thermal conductivity.

The water absorption parameters cannot be changed, but to reduce them, as with the other materials, the walls or decorative front panels are applied.

Types of light organic concrete

In the classification for the purpose, two types of arbolit are distinguished. One is intended for internal work, the other can be used both for the construction of bearing walls and for the insulation of the building structure.

Heat insulating type

Produced in the form of blocks and plates, density of not more than 400 kg / m3. Designed to build internal partitions or insulation of walls, floors and roofs. Plates are made with the addition of a foaming agent and water-fused resin, which increases the bending strength, while maintaining the source density of the material.

Thermal insulation plates are represented by the following options:

• wall panels (28 × 118 × 229);
• narrow panels (28 × 58 × 229);
• window panels (30/40 × 60 × 230).

Such materials covered with a rough finishing layerwhose thickness is 150 mm. The manufacturing process consists of a rubbing of liquid concrete and vibratoryropressing, which lasts up to 20 seconds.

Construction and heat insulating type

It is used to build bearing walls and enclosing structures. Its density ranges from 500 to 800 kg / m3, depending on the brand. The design solution is represented by blocks or liquid mortar, for the construction of monolithic elements of the building.

Manufacturers offer three types of structural thermal insulation blocks:

• construction, with a rough sand-cement outer layer and fastening reinforcement loops;
• with the addition of dropout (slags, microsill);
• with facing, with a draft layer and decorative trim under the tile, made of sandy cement mixture or trimmed with facade tiles.

A rough or decorative layer protect material from atmospheric precipitation, and also act as vapor barrier.

Important! The technical characteristics of the trees do not imply its use in the construction of the foundation.

Dignity and disadvantages of material

Due to the high compressive strength and bending, thermal insulation characteristics and the ability to good sound absorption, the trees are one of the building materials that are well suited for the construction of a private house. Its low weight does not require the arrangement of a complex foundation, so you can build a house almost on any soil. Plus is also its low flammability and lack of toxicity, when burning the material.

A big advantage is low cost of arbolite blocks and external decorative decoration. This allows you to significantly save on insulation and decorative design of the facade. The arrangement of a simple foundation also reduces construction costs and significantly reduces the construction time of the building.

Light organic concrete has a number of flaws. The main minus of Arbolita - it is blown away. The porous concrete structure allows air to penetrate the room, so the arbolite house must be well insulated. The minuses also include:

• high levels of water absorption makes irrational use of material in rooms with high humidity or construction in regions with an increased amount of precipitation;
• adding chemical additives in the manufacture of concrete reduces its environmental friendliness;
• the uneven surface of the blocks requires a larger volume of finishing materials.

Compliance with the right technology when erecting a house from an organic text concrete allows you to get a comfortable, durable and warm home. The low value of the material is ideal for those who decided to build a house economy house. Read more.

HISTORY OF THE INVENTION

It is believed that the arbolit was originally conceived as a Soviet analogue of foreign material with a similar composition and operational characteristics.

It is curious that the Dutch "source" was widespread in Europe and the United States already in the 40s. It was explained by this successful combination of properties - environmental friendliness, high insulation indicators and ease played the role.

House from Arbolita - 50 years later

In the 60s, the arbolit was officially documented, the requirements for raw materials and technology of its production are successfully standardized. Despite the impressive production volumes, buildings from such blocks were built mainly in the northern regions, moreantly, it was preferably the construction of industrial or specialized destination.

During the period of construction boom, the first half of the 90s, the arbolit bypass (whether it is true?), Giving preference to the panel technology. And soon the factories that produced the material or stop their existence, or change the profile

Of course, Arbolit has its own minuses. However, it is not necessary to ignore the fact that the building built from it in Soviet times has retained their appearance and operational qualities to this day.

Advantages and disadvantages of Arbolit

Arbolit collected all the advantages of building materials in the thermophysical characteristics. It is at the same time:

• construction material;
• insulation.

Like any other building material, it is not deprived of some shortcomings that do not allow it to use it in all branches of low-rise construction.

The main disadvantage of arbite blocks is their fear of high humidity, which is successfully overcome during the construction of the house. It is not enough to tighten with the finish and after the construction of the walls immediately shuffle them from both sides.

Dignity

The unambiguous advantages of Arbolit include:

• lack of dew point;
• durability;
• ease of installation and related work;
• environmentally friendly construction in general;
• reduction in construction;
• no need for a powerful foundation.

disadvantages

There are few flaws from Arbolit, but they need to take into account.

These include:

• increased moisture absorption in improper production (the problem is solved on the spot);
• arbolit is recommended for construction in areas with predominant minus temperatures;
• does not tolerate without protection high humidity.

The main technical characteristics of this material

Arbolit must comply with the following quality indicators:

1. Average density (kg / m3). For thermal insulation material, the D300-D500 brand is installed. The brands of the structural arbolite - from D500 to D900.
2. Compressive strength. Concrete corresponds to different strength classes (B0.35, 0.75 - for single-storey buildings and B1.5, 2.5, 3.5 - for two-storey). Arbolit has brands M2.5, M3,5, M5, M10. Depending on this indicator, the type and functional purpose of the material is determined.
3. Thermal conductivity. This indicator allows you to determine the necessary wall thickness. Since the arbular material has a low thermal conductivity coefficient, it allows you to use it during construction in cold climates. In GOST R 54854-2011, thermal conductivity coefficients are installed (W / (M · K)), depending on the brand of concrete (D300 - 0.07, D500 - 0.95, D800 - 0.17).
4. Moisture absorption and vapor permeability. These indicators are governed by the provisions of GOST 4.212-80. The water absorption coefficient for arbolit is 75 - 85%, vapor permeability is up to 35%.
5. Frost resistance. This coefficient shows the stability of the material to the effects of variable frost cycles and thawing. The structural resistance of F15, F25, F35, F50 is installed for the structural-thermal insulation surface.
6. Shrinkage. Tests show that light organic concrete is subject to minimum shrinkage, which is within 0.8%.
7. Fire resistance. This indicator imposes several fire safety requirements. The brands from D400 must correspond to the combustibility group of G1, the toxicity of combustion products T1, flammability B1 (GOST 30244, 12.1.044, 30402). In accordance with these indicators, the arbolit is a difficult-scale material, with a small amount of smoke allocated.
8. Soundproofing. Thermal insulation arbium materials have high sound insulation properties, with a noise absorption coefficient to 0.6 dB.

Properties of different types of trees depend on the cement brand used, chemical additives, production technology and material protecting outdoor parts of arbolite blocks.

Tests for quality control

Before releaseing an arbolit on sale, the manufacturer conducts a test series. Quality control includes the following tests:

• determination of the granulometric composition of the aggregate;
• evaluation of all quality indicators of material according to GOST 10181 (thermal conductivity, strength, vapor permeability, fire safety, etc.);
• check the radiation indicators and compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements.

According to the results of the verification, the material receives certificates of conformity and is sent to the implementation. Certificates confirm the safety of arbolit for human health.

Positive sides of the material

One of the most important advantages of Arbolit is its environmental friendliness. This is a safe building material for human health. The composition and production is also absolutely safe, including for the environment. And chemical additives have long been used for the benefit of humanity. For example, such an additive, as a sulfate aluminum, is used to effectively clean water in water purification stations.

The main advantages of Arbolit are:

1. Increased heat and sound insulation, which are achieved due to the material porosity, which makes it possible to abandon additional insulation.
2. Absolute fire resistance - due to the fact that wood chips are surrounded by a thick layer of concrete.
3. Strength. Production technology gives arbolit high bending strength factors. That is, where the other material is crawling, the arbolit will remain unharmed. Only under large loads, this material may be deformed, but also slowly, since the wood chip has binding functions.
4. The plasticity is achieved again due to the wood filler, so the arbolite is not terrible damage during transportation, installation, as well as the impact of natural factors (soil fluctuations, temperature jumps, etc.)
5. Ease compared to conventional materials (brick, concrete), which facilitates work on laying blocks.
6. Durability. Arbolit does not rot, mild fungus, mold and chemicals.
7. It is easy to change the shape of the block with a saw, ax, and drivening the nails, screwing the screws even without a dowel will not be any difficulties.

Composition

In the manufacture of arbite blocks, natural and chemical components are used. With their competent connection, it is possible to obtain a product of the necessary vintage strength, which can be used to erect one-story or two-storey buildings.

Wood

The tree refers to organic materials, so that its cells contain water. In addition to water, the tree contains sugar from which it is necessary to get rid of. The manufacturing process begins with the fact that it is necessary to squeeze.

For this use raw wood. Then she must be near chemical reagents so that all sugar leaves it. As you know, a tree is a material having low adhesive properties. If you do not comply with technology, it will be the cause of the bloc destruction directly in the hands.

On photo-sins in arbolite blocks:

The size of the chips affects the amount of cement used to obtain 1 m3 of arbolit. If you use chips from dry wood, the fraction will be fine. It will have a needle structure, and this will require the use of more cement. The needle-shaped pinch must be present only in a certain amount.
1 m3 of Arbolita will need

Just 1m3 Arbolita need:

• 8-10 kg of chemical components;
• 250 kg of cement;
• 250 g of chips.

When pinching, it is necessary to moisten it well so that all free moisture is not highlighted, and the chips itself was covered with a layer of cement. It is he who when tamping the block will be able to connect sinters among themselves.

Aluminum sulphate

This component is used in the manufacture of arbolit, and it refers to the chemical component. His task is to split sugar.

In the photo - Arbolite blocks with aluminum

When adding aluminum sulfate to the mixture, it is possible to reduce the time required for a durability. At the same time, it does not affect the setability.

Calcium chloride

When using it in combination with sulfate aluminum, it is possible to overcome all microorganisms into the tree. This component has anti-naisual properties and does not give the foci of the external defeat of the finished blocks.

On photo-arbite blocks with potassium chloride

If calcium chloride is absent, aluminum chloride can replace it.

Liquid glass

With this component, it is possible to close the pores in the wood and avoid moisture penetration inside the chips. Apply liquid glass is recommended after all sugars were omitted and there is a need to protect against moisture penetration.

Liquid glass can be used as a modifier to set the building mass, but only to do it extremely carefully.

But what winter glue for gas-silicate blocks is the most popular and most often used, it is described in this article.

What blocks for internal partitions are the most suitable, it is described in this article.

What are the pros and cons of the house from the gasoblock and it is worth using such a building material, it is described in this article: http://resforbuild.ru/beton/bloki/gazobloki-plyusy-minusy.html

Perhaps you will also be interested to learn about what exist.

Lime harated

This option will be an excellent replacement for the first two chemical components if there are difficulty in acquiring them. Haired lime has unique abilities to remove sugar and fight with various microorganisms in the wood.

Disadvantages of Arbolita

As already mentioned, the arbolite flaws has a fit with other finishing materials. Below you can familiarize yourself with them.

1. The wood materials contained in Arbolite are inclined to accumulate moisture, with the result that the material can very quickly collapse if its operation is carried out under conditions of high humidity. To protect the opridge from moisture, it makes sense to shock its outer surface. If you are placed arbolit, it will last much longer even in conditions of high humidity. Plus all the arbolit must be installed on a foundation with very good waterproofing.
2. The opium block is valued by rodents. They break into it holes and strongly spoil its operational characteristics. Perhaps it makes sense to look at it on the other side: if the material is estimated by mice, it means that it is precisely safe. In this case, the measure of protection will be in the removal of mice. At the installation phase, you can protect the surface of the blocks with a chain chain of a small diameter. Thus, the arbolite disadvantages have such that and the disadvantages are difficult.
3. Another significant disadvantage of the oproblock is that it is made with a disruption of a geometric shape. This is due to the fact that the material freezes the badly rambled. Because of this, the masonry process will be more time consuming and long than working with aerated concrete, which has perfect-smooth surfaces.
4. When exposed to high loads, arbistic blocks are degraded. However, this does not affect their operational qualities.
5. Violation of manufacturing technology. Arbolit is very sensitive to a change in composition and its quality. It is enough to add cement a little more than provided by the standard, as a reliability formula will be untenable. If some unscrupulous manufacturer decides to save on composite materials, a product with reduced high-quality characteristics will be obtained at the output. Affect the quality of the material and the conditions of drying. If during drying blocks will fall under the rain or under the snow, the blocks will stop being suitable for the construction of bearing walls. In this case, it is recommended to carefully treat the manufacturer's name and not to make a decision under the influence of the promotional price of the goods. Thus, the arbolite deficiencies may not be associated with the material as such, but with the fact that errors were made in the manufacture.

The composition of Arbolita

Arbolit is made of wood aggregate, mineralizer, chemical additives and water.

Organic components

As a wood filler, wood waste (pine, spruce, fir, birch, ozina, poplar) reed, cannabis fire, flax. The most used woodwork is a wooden chip or fluster and wood chips in a ratio of 1: 1 or 1: 2. Instead, sawdust can be used cannabis stems or flax fire. The fire of the flax, due to the content of sugars, destroying cement, must be preloaded into lime milk (consumption of 50 kg of lime for 200 kg of fires) and withstand 1-2 days in a pile. Another way is - powering hemp, flax in the open air for 3-4 months, then the arbolite blocks will correspond to the strength indicators

The shape of the fire is important - it must be a needle-length from 15 to 25 mm, a width of 2-5 mm.

Mineral binding components

The mineralizer in the composition of Arbolit is portland cement 400, 500 or higher grades. Its flow depends on its marks of arbolite aggregate.

Typically, the cement consumption is calculated as follows: for the preparation of 1m3 of the arbolit of the brand 15, it is necessary to multiply its value to the coefficient 17, for example, 15 x 17 \u003d 255 kg.

Advantages of Arbolita

Arbolit combines all the advantages of wood and stone - it is an environmentally friendly, lightweight material, distinguished by high strength, durable, resistant to external influences, lightweight in processing and having high consumer properties.

1

Due to the fact that the arbolit consists almost 90% of the wood filler, its thermal conductivity is close to the thermal conductivity of the tree. In the houses built from it, it is always warm in winter, and a comfortable coolness reigns in the summer.

• 2This building material is unpretentious in storage and transportation, it is easy to handle it, and the dimensions of the arbite blocks are larger than the size of the brick or stone. All this allows construction work quickly and reduces construction time.
• 3Walling all the advantages of the tree, the arbolit is characterized by high fire resistance - and therefore houses built from it have high fire safety performance.
• 4 Thanks to natural composition This natural material "breathes" and does not prevent the movement of fresh air between the room and the street.
• 5 True from Arbolita is beneficial, as it costs cheaper bricks and natural stones. A small proportion of the structure saves on the foundation device.
• 6Arbolitis is not resistant to the formation of fungus, not subject to rotting, it cannot spoil rodents and pests.
• 7 High degree of sound insulation of arbite blocks will provide silence and peace in the house.
• 8This material with a minimum shrinkage (the degree of shrinkage does not exceed 0.4-0.8%).
• 9 Thanks for high bending strength in the walls from this material, cracks are extremely rare. The material is resistant to mechanical impacts, shocks and drops, has high compressive strength.

Price and selection of material

The range of modules presented on sale is available in the specified dimensions and at average cost:

• partition blocks from arbolit, price7 TR / 1M³ (500x250x200). There are 40 modules in Cuba, the weight of one thing is 15 kg;
• wall Arbolite Blocks, the price is 9 tr / 1m³ (500x250x300). In Cuba 27 blocks, weighing 23 kg each;
• energy-efficient arbolit, price per piece 4 tr / 1m³ (500x250x400), in Cuba 20 blocks, weighing 30 kg each.

The price of the arbolite varies depending on the manufacturer, but it should be understood that high-quality material simply cannot cost too cheap. Kustar Arbolit to buy easily, - to build reliable accommodation from it - difficult.

Select a high-quality arbular unit by taking it in hand. A good module has clear edges and weighs at least 15 kg. The fake is much easier, the ideal geometry is never traced.

The composition according to GOST

The composition of arbolite blocks is installed GOST 19222-84 "Arbolit and products from it". The Arbo concrete is present:

• cement - cement, concrete or cement composition on light aggregates (clay, perlite, vermiculitis);
• filler - wood chips, cotton stems, flax or cannabis campfire, rice straw, up to 5% tree bark and needles;
• chemical additives.

We will tell about the components in more detail.

Organic components

Fillers of organic origin provide the ease and thermal insulation quality of the arboblock, they occupy 80-90% of the volume of the mixture for the formation of arbolit.

Any fillers should not be amazed mold or rot, in winter should not contain ice and snow.

Chip

Wood chips of deciduous or coniferous (except larch) trees breed, strictly calibrated in size. GOST permits the limit size of the chips 40x10x5 mm, but the experimental way it was found that the best blocks are obtained by using a needle-type chipped with a size of 25x10x5 mm.

Attention! With a larger size of this component, the strength characteristics of the material deteriorate, the thermal insulation qualities are reduced with less.

At industrial plants for the production of arbolita establish special crushers for obtaining chips of the desired size, on handicraft production, the chips are often replaced with larger chips, but the result is unpredictable, such blocks often cannot pass certification.

Bark and needles

It is allowed to add to 5% needle or foliage to the arbitration, up to 10% of the crust, but it is better if these components are not.

Rice straw, cotton, flax and hemp

Arbolit on rice straw, flax or hemp stalks, cotton stems are characterized by a lower stroke, but the best thermal conductivity mark, out of such stones, it is not recommended to build houses above one floor, but the plates with this filler are used for insulation of various designs.

The length of the filler is allowed to 40 mm, the width is 5 mm, while the goods and the packle are allowed in the amount of not more than 5%.

Inorganic components

To reduce water absorption and exclude the possibility of rotting Inside the block under conditions of high humidity and temperature, fillers are treated with chemicals in an amount of 2-4% of the volume.

Aluminum sulphate

The aluminum sulfate aluminum (SO4) 3 is added to increase the strength characteristics, as it neutralizes the natural sugars contained in the wood, thereby preventing the process of rotting.

Calcium chloride

CaCl2 calcium chloride is similar to neutralizing sugar, the amount of additive is 2% of the binding mass.

Liquid glass

The aqueous solutions of sodium silicates or potassium is added in a volume of 8-10 kg per m3 of light concrete.

Lime harated

CA (OH) 2 is used in the form of milk, in it the filler is soaked for 1-2 days, then it is dried 90 days in air, stirring regularly.

Water

Water is used purified from impurities, with temperature + 15cBut in fact, in the production of an arbolite mixture, they take water from wells, open sources or water supply.

Production technology

Arbolit occupies a strictly defined place in the classification of concrete, being a light large-scale variety of the latter. As a binder, cement is used in its manufacture.

The composition of raw materials for the production of arbium blocks is the following:

• wood chips, calibrated according to GOST. Standard recommends using waste woodworking enterprises with dimensions of no more than 40 * 10 * 5 mm (even 25 * 5 * 3). This arbolit differs from opilk concrete or firefoot;
• cement M400 or M500 brand. The second option is preferable, because even at the exit from the manufacturer of the manufacturer, the cement already slightly loses its strength properties;
• water without impurities (not technical);
• chemical additives. Calcium chloride, aluminum sulfate, liquid glass (silicate-lump), calcium nitrate. The main purpose of the introduction is to promote the hardening process, additionally affect the biostostity and the water permeability of the finished blocks.

Strictly speaking, apply arbolit in construction, bypassing the block molding process. The resulting mixture is simply poured inside the fencing in place. If slaves or arboblocks are required, the technology is as follows:

1. The chips fall asleep into a concrete mixer of forced action (gravitational concrete mixers are not able to provide the required homogeneity).
2. Mineralizing additives dissolve in water, separately from chips.
3. The solution is evenly distributed over the surface of the wooden filler and stirred for 20 seconds.
4. Cement is added, after which the concrete mixer should work three minutes so that the composition is completely homogenized (leveled).
5. Now it's time to form blocks. This must be done within 15 minutes after the final mixing.

Forming can occur both by manually (with or without vibration) and in the vibrationan, it is possible an additional seal.

The primary pressing task is not the deformation of the chips, but ensuring the uniform structure of the block.

Only accurate adherence to guests during the selection of raw materials and production can provide the required technical characteristics of the material. Accordingly, it is possible to estimate the quality of arbolit, only on the basis of the experience of the operation of certified products purchased from a reliable manufacturer.

Arbolit and oprob concrete What's the difference

If we talk about what is better - an arbolit or oprobetone, then you should pay attention to the composition of these two materials:

• The arbolite aggregate is allowed to use wood chips and crushed stems: flax, cotton, rice straw. At the same time, wood components can not be wider than 10 mm, longer than 40 mm and a thicker of 5 mm.
• The composition of the opilk concrete is not a chip of a certain size, but wood sawdust. Unlike chips, they do not have reinforcing properties, which is why finished products are quickly deformed and destroyed.

It is also worth noting that unfair suppliers are often added to the opilk concrete more sand. As a result of the walls of houses built from this light concrete, begin to crumble.

Proportions for arbium blocks

To make arbolic blocks with their own hands, it is important to know not only the composition, but also proportions. The ratio of all components among themselves: 4: 3: 3 (water, wood chips, cement)

Chemical additives are 2-4% of the total mass.

For the manufacture of 1 m3 of Arbolit, with their own hands, from which blocks for masonry will be made, you will need:

• 300 kg of wood waste;
• 300 kg of Portland cement;
• 400 l of water.

Calcium chloride or other chemical is added to the solution. This is a classic composition that can be easily made with your own hands. All that will be needed: a concrete mixer or a large container for stirring, buckets, shovels, forks (for mixing manually) and all components of arbolite. The process of performing work is as follows:

1. The filler (chip) falls asleep in the container and wetted with water. Then the grip with cement will be better.
2. Then, gradually add cement with additives. The contents are thoroughly mixed in the concrete mixer or with their own hands, with a hood.
3. It is time to add water in which chemical additives are already dissolved. Everything is mixed again.
4. Both cement and water is required not immediately, but gradually, in small portions. So the mixture will be easier to mix and the components will be better connected with each other.
5. After the solution is made, it must be placed in the prepared molds so that they find the type of blocks for masonry.

This is the composition and proportion of a mixture of arbolite blocks that can be made with their own hands. All that is required is to be attentive and clearly follow the instructions for cooking. Below is a table that will help you to deal with what is the brands of arbolit and what are the proportions of the components for its preparation.

How to choose an arbular block

Due to the simplicity of the manufacture of the block and the availability of it
Components, a lot of arbolite blocks of private production appeared on the market.
Like foam concrete, the arbolite made with violations is often found.
Production technology, respectively, poor quality and unsuitable for the construction of an arbolite house.

How to determine the quality arbolit and not buy a fake?

Masters advise paying attention to such indicators as:

• low price - The main criterion. It is unlikely that the manufacturer will be
  Sell \u200b\u200bhigh-quality material at a price below market. Price reduction can be
  due to the use of unacceptable components. For example, wood chips
  It can be replaced by sawdust, and environmentally friendly supplements for harmful chemistry;

• related rate (heterogeneity). The block should not be divided into components. According to GOST, this indicator should not exceed 10%;

• no certificate. Arbolite blocks are subject to
  Certification. By the way, pay attention to the authenticity of the certificate. Although,
  availability of documents dubious advantage, because everything is sold and bought,
  Quality and conformity certificates including;

• essential Block Geometry Disorders. May be caused
  two factors: either the presence of chips of different sizes, which is unacceptable or
  poor-quality equipment or violation of production technology;

• color and extraneous impurities. Various shades of green, brown say that the unit is not sufficiently dried at the stage of manufacture. Natural color - gray. As impurities can be soil, bark, swirls, straw, leaves, etc. Allow their presence in the composition at the level of 5%. However, the masters consider such a block of poor and do not give a guarantee
  to work;

• chips in size exceeding permissible limits. Such chip
  It is not impregnated with fully chemical compositions, which ultimately affects
  on the strength of the block (the adhesion of chips and cement is disturbed);

• using sawdust or shallow chips. It is also unacceptable
  Since the proper reinforcing bunch is not ensured. Made of small
  Chipping block is initially fragile. Increase its strength characteristics
  The manufacturer is trying due to an increase in the amount of cement in the composition. but
  Such an arbular unit has a higher thermal conductivity coefficient;

• the volume of emptiness between chips should not exceed 3% visually
  The unit should look "tightly shot down";

• try to buy arbolic blocks from the manufacturer or
  his official representative in the region with the possibility of checking in place (test
  Tests of selective samples from the party).

Having familiarized with the pros and cons of Arbolita as well
Relative selection recommendations - you can be confident in correctness
Decision made, building a house from arbolite blocks.

About material

Production features and composition affect the operational characteristics and scope of application. What is the arbolit? The basis of blocks is:

• wood chips, purified from the bark, as well as foreign inclusions. The maximum fraction size does not exceed 4.0x1.0x0.5 cm;
• chemical ingredients used for sepies mineralization, decrease water absorption, increase biological stability. Calcium chlorides, lime, silicates and alumina are introduced;
• water containing mineralizers. It saturates the surface of the filler;
• cement, the concentration of which does not exceed 10-15%. It is used as a binder required to maintain form, ensuring the integrity of the array.

This building material includes portland cement, which has high strength and resistance to a variety of climatic influences after frozen.

It is difficult to talk about the guaranteed quality of arbolit, the production of which is carried out at the enterprises producing woodworking, and small sawmills. By carrying out, in parallel with the main production, non-core production of blocks, unfair manufacturers are introduced into products to foliage, tyrus, chips and even straw. Naturally, with this composition it is difficult to clearly regulate the strength of the products.

Also, not the best way to affect the environmental properties of material mineralizers. Consider all the shortcomings of the blocks from Arbolit.

How to choose the right arbolit

Arbolit can cut, chop and score nails into it

The simplicity of the manufacture of blocks and the availability of raw materials spawned a variety of private companies in their production.

Therefore, it is often found building materials with violations of production technology and low quality.

Such an arbolit is not suitable for construction and it is important to determine this to the buyer before purchasing it. .

• Low price. High-quality blocks at a low price will not be sold. It can be reduced by manufacturers if invalid components are used. Wood chip can be replaced with sawdust, and environmentally friendly fillers for harmful chemistry.
• Inhomogeneity of the block. The material bundle and separation into parts is not allowed, no more than 10% of such a defect is allowed.
• No certificate. Blocks must have quality certificate. It is necessary to make sure the authenticity of the presented document before purchase.
• Violation of geometry. Visible shape disorders and block parameters are not allowed. This may be the use of chips inappropriate size, which is prohibited in principle, or violation of manufacturing technology.
• Unnecessary inclusion and color. The color of arbolit should be gray. If brown or green sections are noticeable, the block was not dried back at the production stage. Invalid inclusion in the form of straw, soil, leaves, bark and the like. There may be no more than 5% such inclusions, otherwise the wizard does not recommend using such a material.
• Large scenes. If the chips are more permissible size, it is not soaked in a chemical means, which affects its strength.
• Sawdust or small chips. Such components are also not allowed, since as a result, the manufactured material will not be a reliable reinforcing bundle. Initially, this unit is not durable, but the manufacturer can correct the deficiency, adding more cement, which makes the thermal conductivity of the material under consideration.
• Large void. The gaps between the chips in the block is allowed only 3%, in appearance it should look like "tightly shot down" material.

Acquire the blocks safer from the manufacturer from your region so that they can be checked in place, make test tests of selected samples. Knowing all the shortcomings and advantages of this material, and using recommendations when choosing it, you can make the right choice. Awareness and caution give confidence in the right way to build an arbolite house.

Advantages and disadvantages

Let's start with positive moments that made an arbolit of a popular material in private house-building.

The main plus of Arbolit is that it combines two very important indicators: good strength, and accordingly carrying ability, and a fairly low thermal conductivity (if compared with traditional wall materials). As for strength, according to expert reviews (their recommendations), to build houses in two or three floors, it is better to use the grade arbolite in 2.0 - no less. Smaller buildings such as a garage, boiler room, shed and so on can be used in 1.0. And this is already the reduction in construction associated with the low price of building materials of this brand.

But here you need to add high bending strength equal to 0.7-1.0 MPa. This suggests that with sufficiently serious bending loads, the arbolitis is practically not susceptible to cracking. And even after a few years intensive operation of the building, the cracked walls will not appear. Of course, the brick arbolit does not compare, he has a bending strength within 2-3 MPa, but it is better compared to cellular concrete.

The positive characteristics include the porous surface of the material. This is convenient in terms of applying plastering or spacing solutions. The surfaces of the walls are erected from the arbolit, it is not necessary to additionally process, increasing the adhesion of the planes. There is no need to fix reinforcing grids, fill the crate. Of course, there is also your minus. For example, on plastering of walls from Arbolita is more solution, because they have to fill the pores.

And other positive aspects of Arbolita:

1. Material refers to category G1 - weaklyor. This is a serious indicator, because the fire-resistance of building materials today is presented serious requirements.
2. Small specific weight, due to light filler. For example, it is three times weighing less than brick. And this is convenience in its use.
3. When building a house, it is not necessary to use blocks. You can fill with concrete into a formwork with a displacement of it upwards, which guarantees monolithic construction.
4. Arbolit does not rot, not exposed to mold and fungi.
5. It is easy to cut the usual saw or align one of the sides by the Rubank.
6. This is a vapor-permeable material, so the building structures are built from it "breathe", which increases comfortable in indoors.

What is it

Building Material - Arbolit

The arbolit consists of cement, adding a small amount of water, organic filler and additional chemical components in small quantities.

The additives that are currently available are used as a filler: wood chips, sawdust, reed sech, dry waste from rice straw and other similar components.

If the arbite blocks are required to build the walls, then the production of high grades is used in production.

As additives there may be chemical ingredients: nitrate or calcium chloride, liquid glass.

The organic component more often serves wood chips (then the unit is called a trees).

If the filler is the wood sawdust, call the opilk concrete, but this type of blocks are bad operational qualities, therefore they are used infrequently.

Wrinking blocks are heavier than chips. But they have their own specific positive characteristics: the price is lower than that of other blocks.

We produce two types of arbolit: thermal insulation with a density within a density of 400-500 kg / m3, and structural with the presence of a density of 500-850 kg / m3. The arbite blocks using wood chips are allocated the following characteristics:

• The strength of the material on bending and compression is 1MPA.
• The average strength of the block is 600-650 kg / m3.
• The degree of absorption of moisture is 40-85%.
• Frost resistance - 50 years.
• The conductivity of heat is 0.07- 0.17 W / (M-K).
• Shrinkage - 0.4-0.5%.
• Sound absorbing properties - 126-2000 Hz.

The manufacture of uncomplicated blocks, they can be made independently.

Arbolit is used in the construction of low-rise buildings: houses, country houses, household buildings. To increase the service life of the construction from the presented material, you should additionally make a finish outside within three years after the construction - this will help you tool the walls from the absorption of moisture, and increase the frost resistance.

Especially good for the construction of country and household structures, durable and economical.

Pros and Cons Arbolit

Arbolit consists mainly of wood, so its properties when used in construction have a number of advantages, in comparison with other materials.

Advantages of Arbolita

• how thermal insulation material has good thermal conductivity
• material has a high record permeability, a little inferior wood
• high heat capacity. Its accumulating properties, allow you to keep warm in the house for a long time, i.e. There are no sharp jumps of temperature. The heat capacity of the arbolite is more than 3 times higher than the heat capacity of the gas silicate, foam concrete, minvati, polystyrene, etc.
• does not burn, does not smoldly and when contacting with fire almost does not form smoke
• with different deformations or shrinkage of the foundation of the building, building material with ease takes a stretching load, not crackdown
• high rates of frost resistance of the material, in the absence of constant dampness
• arbolit products have a small weight
• ease of use in construction, as the material is well cutting, you can screw the screws in it, pick up nails, it is perfectly holding fasteners

Advantages of Arbolita

Disadvantages of Arbolita

Properties that can be attributed to the disadvantages directly depend on the material production technology, the selection of the composition, compliance with the instructions for manufacturing arbolit and storage conditions. For example, the characteristics of the material depend on the use of a chemical component, the proportions of the mixture of arbolit, the size of the chips, the conditions of the mumbling, the conditions of hardening and other factors.

Therefore, arbolit disadvantages This concept is relative:

• it is afraid of constant high humidity and lack of ventilation

In the conditions of constant humidity and the lack of ventilation on the wall from any material will be formed by mold.

• strength low

The main disadvantage can be attributed to low strength, and according to regulatory documents, arbolit can only be used with low-rise construction or as a heat insulating material.

But the whole question: what do we compare the strength? If with heavy concrete, then naturally the strength of the arbolite is lower. And if you compare with the same foam concrete or gas, then the values \u200b\u200bof the strength are almost the same.

Especially the studies have been conducted and recipes and modern technologies for the manufacture of material, allowing to increase the strength of arbolit.

If you never learned from this review article what arbolite is, you can leave comments below and ask us more detailed questions. We will answer them.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages and disadvantages of Arbolita need to be found out before the construction of the premises with its use.

Dignity

The connection of the concrete base and filler from the wood made it possible to make a popular building material that has many positive qualities:

• Convenience in construction. Blocks are not heavy, but have bulk dimensions, when the walls are erected, special techniques will not need.
• Easy processing. Arbolit is easily cut into simple and accessible tools. Fasteners are fixed firmly and reliably than they make a stable all design.
• The thermal conductivity is low. The house retains heat well, it is dry in any weather. The cost of heating the house from Arbolita is reduced, they are lower than on the heating of a house of brick or wood.
• No shrinkage. This material has insignificant shrinkage, the blocks are ripening almost immediately after their production. The walls of such a house can be separated immediately, without waiting for several months, while they finally "calm down" under the power of their own weight.
• Does not require a solid foundation. You can save on the installation of expensive foundation, since the house will be light and compact.
• Environmental Safety. The house is not afraid of rotting, damage to fungi and mold, it does not accurate insects. All this increases its resistance to wear and environmental safety. The use of environmentally friendly components in the production of blocks, has a beneficial effect on the health of the inhabitants of the house.

In addition, this material is not combustible, there is no danger of rapid burning of the room, because the arbolit can withstand a high temperature for several hours. There is good sound insulation in the house, the noise from the street is practically silent. The material is very durable, the houses are standing from it since the USSR.

disadvantages

Like any material, Arbolit has its drawbacks. They are caused by its structure and actions of those components from which it is performed.

If you use this building material in those conditions for which it is intended, the disadvantages will be in large manifestations to affect the quality of the construction.

The disadvantages of arbolit include:

• Small moisture resistance. Since the block contains more than 80% of wood materials, it absorbs moisture well. During the construction of the house, it is required to ensure reliable waterproofing of arbolite from the foundation and reliable wall decoration to protect against snow and rain. Danger arises if the walls are subjected to a constant impact of moisture, disposable wetting for them is acceptable.
• Geometric errors. Blocks have more inconsistencies in parameters and form than foam concrete. It depends on the ingredients used and their production technologies. Therefore, when laying the walls, you need to check vertical and horizontal lines using a level.
• The disadvantages include the increased cost of blocks in comparison with foam concrete blocks. This is due to the insufficient automation of the process of their manufacturing and a small volume of production. Underground manufacturers emit low-quality material to the market, because it is impossible to comply with production technology in the "handicraft" manufacturing.
• Walls made of woodcutton must be separated only by materials that can pass air.

The arbolit is not considered a prestigious material for cottages and villas in some categories of people, but for a simple person is a chance to get inexpensive and reliable accommodation for a short period of time.

Manufacturing technology

A very important factor as an arbolita production technology. If not to observe it, the quality of the final material will suffer very much. Therefore, it is not recommended to produce arbolit at home, although in the World Wide Web you can find a lot of "recipes".

Arbolite production is impossible without wood chips, which is obtained after crushing the wood in a special car - Shporubka. In order for the seams to approach the production of arbolit, the effect of air is necessary. The open space up to 6 months is shone to neutralized sugar contained in it. To reduce the neutralization time of sugars, the chip can be soaked in a special chemical composition for a period of at least a day.

The quality of chemical additives should also be high to ultimately get high-quality material. And the sequence of adding components plays an important role. The mixture should be mixed in a compulsory mixer. Vibratingressing, as an important process in the production of arbite blocks, should be no more than 20 seconds, otherwise layered puff pie from cement and chips, and not arbolit.

So, from Arbolita can be built, a house, a garage, an attraction, it is possible to use the foundation in the foundation under certain conditions, a monolithic arbolite can be used. At the same time, the material of good quality will keep warm and remove an extra moisture from the construction, ready for any kind of finishing (plaster, siding), if we talk about the outside of the construction, quite lightweight and most importantly cheap. If there is a desire to save on the construction of the house, then the arbolit is what is needed. The price of arbolit and arbolite blocks are available. The cost of the house will be reduced by 2 times compared to the brick house. The only restriction on the use will be a long contact with moisture. In this case, the blocks will need to be additionally protected, as described above. Analogues of arbolitis among other building materials on a combination of properties and technical specifications are not!

What proportions can be, look at the video. This is one of the options, how to make blocks with your own hands:

Let's summarize