Man's respiration organs. Damage to the lung injury of the respiratory system and their consequences

Objectives lesson:

• Examine the functions of the respiratory system, deal with its possible diseases and injuries.

Tasks lesson:

• - training: repetition of material about pulmonary and tissue breathing, consider the functionality of the respiratory system, to understand what healthy breathing, find out what diseases and injuries of the respiratory system are;

• - Developing: deepen the developed in students of intellectual skills, speech and creative thinking;

• - Educational: acquisitions of experiments distinguish between diseases and injuries functionality of the respiratory system, ways to prevent and first aid.

Major terms

Respiratory system - This is a combination of organs that ensure the function of the external respiratory process.

During the classes

Check your homework.

Give a short answer to questions:

1. What is inhale and exhale?

2. How does the respiratory process occurs help?

3. What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

4. What important functions take part in the respiratory system?

5. What is the essence of thermoregulation?

6. What is hyperthermia?

7. Where is the symbolic transition of the respiratory tract (upper) in the lower?

8. What kind of organs is the system of the upper respiratory tract?

9. What organs is the system of lower respiratory tract?

Functionality of the respiratory system.

Life capacitance (jerking) - This is the maximum amount of air that exhales after a very deep breath. Together with the remaining volume, that is, the air volume, which remains in the lungs after the inhabitual exhalation, the root produces it (total lung tank). The norm of the desalination is approximately 3/4 of the lung tank and characterizes the total volume, in the redesters of which a person has the ability to change the depth of breathing. Using spirographs determine the jam. In Figure 1, you can see how spirography occurs.

Fig.1 Spirography

It is important for people not only the capacitance of the lungs, but also the endurance of the respiratory muscles. The respiratory muscles are considered good if with five samples that go one after another, the result does not fall. Pluses of people who have the vital capacity of the lungs are that, for example, when running the ventilation of the lungs is possible to achieve a good breathing depth. There are muscles responsible for inhale and exhale, you can observe them in Figure 2.

Fig. 2 muscles inhale and exhalation

There is such a concept as respiratory failure (DN). Respiratory failure is a pathological condition that is associated with the impossibility of lungs to guarantee full gas exchange not only during exercise, as well as in a state of complete physical peace.

Acute respiratory failure is a strongly developing pathological condition, with it develops an explicit oxygen deficiency. Such a state is threatening for life, and without bringing modern medicine to the methods can lead to a fatal outcome.

Respiratory failure may occur even because of incorrect posture. In Figure 3, you will notice her threat.

Fig. 3 Wrong posture - cause of respiratory failure

Subject\u003e Biology\u003e Biology Grade 8

To date, there are a lot of respiratory diseases, so much that months would take months to study them. Such a variety is due to a large number of elements from which the human respiratory system consists. Each of them may be subject to diseases of various nature: inflammatory, infectious, etc.

About respiratory diseases in detail

With the defeat of the respiratory organs, their functions are disturbed, the most important of which is the provision of an organism with oxygen, heat exchange and protection against adverse factors of the external environment. Let's consider the 20 most common diseases of the respiratory system.

Adenoids

The disease, which is inflammation of the pharyngeal almond, in which it increases in size. Most often, adenoids develop in children on the soil of colds and infectious diseases.

Symptoms:

• difficulty breathing, even in the absence of a runny nose;
• feeling of nasal congestion;
• runny nose of mucous or purulent nature;
• chronic cough;
• swelling;

With a long-term course of the disease, complications may occur in the form of a hearing impairment, constant colds, a decrease in cerebral activity.

It is inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by the impact of various allergens (pollen, dust, domestic wool).

When allergen hit, almost immediately occurs:

• light and liquid runny nose;
• permanent sneezing;
• swelling;
• tear;
• itching in the eyes, nose or ears.

Symptoms manifested in time:

• nasal congestion and breathing difficulty;
• increased light sensitivity;
• infringement of sense of smell;
• reduced hearing.

Atopic asthma

Another name is bronchial asthma. The disease is inflammation of the respiratory tract of an allergic nature. The main symptom of bronchial asthma is choking. It arises due to the activation of the immune system when allergen gets into the body, which leads to a sharp reduction in muscles located near the respiratory tract.

Other symptoms:

• wheezing and whistle in the chest;
• attacks of choking arising after exercise;
• dyspnea;
• dry cough.

Bronchitis

The cause of acute pharyngitis is usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, allergies or injury. It is characterized

• a tribe and dry throat;
• unpleasant sensations when swallowing;
• pain in the ears (in some cases);
• increasing body temperature;
• gotally weakness.

Chronic pharyngitis is most often a consequence of gastrointestinal diseases (for example, gastritis). May be 3 types:

1. Catarial. It is characterized by the presence of mucous-purulent discharge on the surface of the throat.
2. Atrophic for which the dryness of the mucosa is typical. At the same time, the throat becomes pale pink.
3. Hypertrophic. At the same time, the type of chronic pharyngitis is observed redness and sealing the mucous membrane of the throat.

In general, for chronic pharyngitis, an increase in body temperature or weakness is not typical. The disease is accompanied by the same symptoms as acute pharyngitis, with the difference that they are not so brightly manifested.

Abbreviated COPD, a disease, due to inflammation of the lung tissue, it makes it difficult or limited to the circulation of air in them. Usually arises due to the prolonged impact of negative factors on the respiratory tract, for example, due to smoking.

Symptoms:

• permanent chronic cough with sputum;
• dyspnea after exercise (lifting steps, for example).

Emphysema lungs

It is a disease at which a stretch of alveoli (tissue is included in the composition of the lung) with further loss of its elasticity occurs. The loss of elasticity entails a violation of blood saturation with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from it.

Symptoms:

1. shortness of breath arising after exercise;
2. heart failure;
3. expansion of the gaps between the ribs.

In some cases, surgical intervention can be necessary.

Many common diseases often occur in an atypical form, which makes it difficult to diagnose. Heavy complications are developing without timely treatment. Pneumonia without temperature is a dangerous condition for ...

For the treatment of colds, people began to use folk remedies more often. Especially useful are herbs. Well helps nine of cough, how to take it look more in detail ....

Folk remedies are very often used to treat certain diseases. Especially popular is a hoodie from cough - grass is a coating agent. This is an evergreen shrub with a sharp ...

Respiratory diseases - A group of respiratory tract diseases and lungs, which are caused by the non-optimal functionality of the immune system, manifested in an immunodeficiency or autoimmune state of a person.

Respiratory diseases are a very common group of pathologies, which is suffering from absolutely all age categories of people, practically year-round. In the autumn-winter period, respiratory diseases are caused by various infections, and in a spring-summer, as a rule, of different types of allergens.

Respiratory diseases: reasons

The reasons for this group of disease are very diverse. Consider the main of them:

1. The cause No. 1 of respiratory diseases are pathogenic microorganisms - pathogens of infectious processes, and the leading role in this reason belongs to such bacteria as: mycoplasm, pneumococci, legionella, hemophilic chopstick, chlamydia, respiratory viral infections, influenza viruses.
Diseases of respiratory organs are usually caused by one type of alien agent (monoinfection), but sometimes causative agents can be several types (mixtures).

2. The second most reason for the cause of respiratory diseases is external allergens.
Most often, such allergens is pollen of plants (wormwood, nettle, dandelion, buttercup, lilac, poplar, birch ...), disputes of mushrooms ... Allergens cause, so-called autoimmune diseases of the respiratory organs (the actions of the immune system are directed to the tissue of their own organism).

Also to allergens causing respiratory diseases include:
- animal allergens (contained in wool, dandruff, saliva, animal urine ...);
- household allergens (home dust, human skin particles, homemade ticks ...);
- Allergens of yeast and mold fungi.
- Food allergens;
- Various medicines ...

The provoking factors of the occurrence of diseases of the respiratory organs may include:
- harmful habits of a person (smoking and alcohol abuse);
- adverse environmental situation;
- other pathologies, such, for example, like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases ...;
- Any reasons leading to immune system failures.

Respiratory diseases: symptoms

The symptoms of this group of disease are pronounced rather pronounced and confused them with some other simply impossible.

1. The most common symptom of respiratory diseases is shortness of breath. It is different: physiological (with physical exertion) and pathological (against the background of some diseases), inspiratory (damage), expiratory (damage), mixed.
The heavy shape of the shortness of breath is suffocity.

2. The second to spread the symptom is cough. He might be:
- dry (without sputum release);
- wet (with sputum release);
- constant (with inflammation of the bronchi and larynx ...);
- Periodic (with pneumonia, ORZ, influenza ...).

3. The hemopling is rare, but inherent only diseases of the respiratory organs (sometimes heart diseases), symptom. Most often, hemlooking occurs with tuberculosis, cancer or light abscess).

4. Another important symptom of respiratory diseases are pain. The pain can be localized in different parts of the body (chest, throat, the location of the trachea ...), it can be of different intensity and different character, but it always reflects the sick breathing.

Diagnosis of respiratory diseases

Methods for the diagnosis of this group of diseases are very diverse, we consider the simplest and most common.

The first step of diagnosing the pathologies of the respiratory authorities is to inspect patients. With it, it is detected by the possible pathology of the breast shape, determine the type of breathing, its rhythm, depth and frequency.

Respiratory assessment is carried out with the help of auscultation (hard breathing is observed during bronchitis, dry wheels are tested at bronchial asthma, with pneumonia or lung abscessive wet wets).

With the help of percussion, a decrease in the amount of air in the lungs is detected, as well as determine their borders.

Among other things, there are:

1) Tool and laboratory methods for diagnosing respiratory diseases:
a) The most common and important method of instrumental diagnostics is x-ray studies:
- X-ray;
- fluorography;
- tomography;
- radiography;
- bronchography
b) Endoscopic studies:
- bronchoscopy;
- thoracoscopy.

2) methods of functional diagnosis of respiratory diseases:
a) Samples for the identification of respiratory failure.
b) Ergospirography.
c) microscopic sputum examination.

Prevention of diseases of the respiratory organs

Preventive measures to prevent diseases of the respiratory organs are known for a long time and in the Soviet period they wore name: "Healthy Lifestyle". Since then, they have not lost their relevance, and we will remind them here about them.

1. First of all, the diseases of the respiratory organs depend on the normal functionality of the immune system, the state of which, in turn, depends on the normal nutrition. Therefore, the rule number 1 is to be correctly: do not overeat, eat less animal fats, turn on more fresh fruits and vegetables into the diet, you eat healthy food as much as possible, eat more often, but in smaller quantities ...

2. Respiratory diseases It can be prevented by systematic use of immune drugs: immunomodulators and immunostimulants (this is the second rule of importance).

3. Strengthen the immunity to the systematic use of such vegetable products like onions, honey, honey, lemon juice (not in pure form), raspberry, sea buckthorn, ginger ...

4. Enter an active lifestyle: Check in the morning, attend the gym or pool, run in the evenings ...

5. Respiratory diseases are not afraid of the hardened organism, so engage in hardening (bath and contrasting souls - the best tool for these purposes).

6. Refuse bad habits: throw smoking and abuse alcohol.

7. Avoid stressful situations and do not succumb to depressive states, nothing suppresses the work of the immune system, like our nervous breakdowns, so become an optimist and understand that there is nothing more important in this life than your health.

8. Learn to rest right. Standing viewing of television programs and "rest" on the sofa is not a vacation. Real rest must be active and must provide for the alternation of physical and mental loads.

9. Show rational precautions: Do not transfer, not "wock", in warm weather you should not be too "bought", observe the elementary personal hygiene rules, try to communicate less with infectious patients ...

These are simple rules that should be the lifestyle of every person, and then we guarantee you: respiratory diseases for you will not be absolutely no danger.

Question 1. What is the lung life capacity? What does this indicator mean?
The life capacity of the lungs is the greatest amount of air that a person can exhale after the deep breath. It is approximately equal to 3500 cm 3. The life capacity of the lungs is more at the athletes than in the untrained people, and depends on the degree of development of the chest, on the floor and age. Under the influence of smoking, the life capacity of the lungs is reduced. Even after the most maximum exhalation in the lungs there is always some air, which is called a residual volume (about 1000 cm 3).

Question 2. What lung diseases can be revealed using fluorography?
With the help of fluorography, it is possible to identify tuberculosis and lung cancer.

Question 3. How does the pulmonary tuberculosis manifest? How does Koch's wand apply to the Tuberculosis causative agent?
Tuberculosis causative agent is a koch tuberculosis. The disease most often amazes the lungs. This is not only drip, but also dust infection. The tuberculosis wand is well preserved in raw and dark rooms, and in dry places lit by sunlight. In the past, tuberculosis was a massive disease, the causes of which were malnutrition and unsanitary conditions. In case of the pathogen of tuberculosis in the lungs, the primary focus of inflammation is developing, which is expressed in the appearance of symptoms of ordinary inflammation. But unlike a banal infection, the inflammatory process with tuberculosis develops very slowly (this is a chronic infection, lasting year) and is inclined to necrosis of the primary focus of inflammation. Complaints of patients are very diverse. Conditionally, they can be divided into nonspecific: malaise, weakness, temperature, poor appetite, weight loss, the pallor of the skin and others; and specific (characteristic mainly tuberculosis): sweating in the night and morning clock (as the manifestations of intoxication, exhausting the patient), the temperature swings between the morning and evening no more than 0.5 degrees, obsessive long cough, etc. The mycobacterium tuberculosis (koch wand) is transmitted mainly by air-droplet, falling into the respiratory organs from a sick person to healthy.

Question 4. What factors contribute to the lung cancer? What is this disease express?
The most important factor contributing to the emergence of lung cancer is smoking. The tobacco smoke contains a large number of carcinogenic substances. Smoking is the cause of lung cancer in about 90% of cases. The prolonged exposure to carcinogens with long-term smoking leads to a violation of the structure and function of the epithelium of the bronchi, the conversion of a cylindrical epithelium into a multilayer flat and contributes to the occurrence of a malignant tumor. The tumor is growing, which leads not only to the obvious negative local effect, but also to the oppressive influence on the body's life in general, leads to its extreme exhaustion and can lead to a fatal outcome.

Question 5. What are the first aid receptions during the rescue of the drowning?
After removing the drowning water, its respiratory tract should be released from the water. For this, the victim put the belly on his knee and sharp movements squeeze his belly and chest. Next, if necessary, apply artificial respiration.

Question 6. What are the consequences of the injured land during the duties? What first help he need to be provided?
In the victims, the land may be stamped during squeezing the throat, in the nose and mouth of the Earth. After extracting a person from a break, it is necessary to restore its breathing: clean the mouth and nose from dirt, make artificial respiration, indirect heart massage. It is important to warm the patient by rubbing the skin, clutching in warm clothes, drinking hot drinks.

Question 7. Why is the defeat with lightning and technical electric power unite into one concept - "Electricalrama"?
The damage to lightning and technical electric power is united into one concept - "Electricalrama", as they have the same electric nature and cause similar violations.
Question 8. What is the difference between biological and clinical death?
Biological death is associated with the death of the brain and is irreversible, while clinical death is reversible, since it still functions the human brain, even if the breath stops and the patient's heart stops.

Question 9. How do artificial respiration by methods of mouth in the mouth and mouth to the nose?
Artificial respiration by the method of mouth in the mouth. The victim is put up face up on a solid surface, the roller is put under the neck. It is necessary to kneel near the head of the victim, with one hand holding it as much as possible back the position, with a thumb to pull the lower jaw. The one who provides assistance makes a deep breath, then directly or through the gauze tightly covers the mouth of the victim with his lips and makes a sharp exhale. The nose of the victim at the same time closes with his fingers, which is on the forehead. Exhaust is made due to the passive decrease in the amount of the chest of the victim. The duration of the inhalation should be 2 times less than the time required for exhalation. The frequency of blowing oxygen into the lungs of the victim 12-14 times per minute.
Artificial breathing by the method of mouth into the nose. This method is used when the jaws of the victim are tightly compressed or the desired expansion of the chest when using the method from the mouth does not occur. The head of the victim is also thrown back and is held in one hand, which lies on the death of the victim, the second hand should close the mouth. Assist makes a deep breath and its lips covers the nose of the victim and produces blowing. If the chest falls out when exhaling is not enough, then the mouth must be opened. victim.
Indicators of the effectiveness of artificial respiration are the expansion of the chest and the acquisition of the skin of a pink shade.

Question 10. How do the indirect massage of the heart?
The victim is placed on a solid surface - Paul, Earth, Table. Assist is located on the side of the victim. Puts his palms (superimposed one on the other) to the lower part of the injured injury (two fingers above the sword-shaped grudge process). Hands must be straightened in the elbows. Due to the severity of his body presses on the chest of the victim, trying to get it towards the spine on 4-5 cm. Then it is folded back and repeats the push-up pressure again. Pressing frequency - 50-70 times per minute.