In industry, potent poisonous substances (SDYAV) are widely used, which can cause massive damage to people in accidents accompanied by their emissions (leakage).
Poisonous substances and SDYAV are divided into groups:
1) Substances acting on the generation and transmission of nerve impulses - neural poisons (carbon disulfide, organophosphorus compounds). This group includes military nerve agents (NAP). These are the most toxic known agents.
2) Skin blistering action (trichlorotriethylamine, mustard gas, as well as concentrated strong acids - hydrofluoric, phosphoric, sulfuric, etc.).
3) Substances of predominantly poisonous (general toxic) action: hydrocyanic acid, carbon monoxide, dinitrophenol, aniline, hydrazine, ethylene oxide, methyl alcohol, cyanogen chloride, organometallic compounds based on heavy metals, some metals and their salts - mercury, cadmium, nickel, arsenic , beryllium, etc. Most of these substances are used in the chemical industry.
4) Substances with an asphyxiant and general toxic effect (acrylonitrile, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ethyl mercaptan, nitrogen oxides).
5) Substances of asphyxiation (chlorine, phosgene, chloropicrin, sulfur chloride, etc.). Ammonia vapors in high concentrations have a neural and asphyxiant effect.
6) Irritants - chloropicrin, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, concentrated organic acids and aldehydes.
7) Substances that disrupt metabolism (dioxin, methyl chloride, methyl bromide, etc.). A feature of this group is the lack of an immediate reaction to the poison. The defeat develops gradually, but in severe cases it can lead to death. During the high-temperature decomposition of oil, coal and plastics without air access, mutagens can also form - substances that disrupt the process of cell division in the body and oncogenes that lead to cancer (anthracene and benzpyrene, adsorbed by soot particles). In agriculture, insecticides and pesticides are also used, which have a general toxic and mutagenic effect when they come into contact with open skin or when inhaling an aerosol. Ethylene oxide, produced on an industrial scale, has a strong mutagenic activity.
8) Substances of psychochemical action that affect the central nervous system (especially dangerous vapors of carbon disulfide, which is used as a solvent for plastics and rubbers).
OS can be persistent (nerve-paralytic and skin-irritating), which retain their damaging properties for a long time, and unstable (cyanide compounds, phosgene), the damaging effect of which lasts for several minutes or ten minutes.
LESTS OF NERVOUS - PARALYTIC ACTIONS
Nerve agents are esters of phosphoric acid, therefore they are called organophosphate toxic substances (FOV). These include sarin, soman, and V-gases.
These are the most toxic known agents. They can be used in droplet-liquid, aerosol and vapor state and retain their toxic properties on the ground from several hours to several days, weeks and even months. Substances of the V-gas type are especially persistent.
Sarin is a colorless, odorless, volatile liquid with a density of 1.005, readily soluble in water.
V-gases are representatives of phosphorylcholines and forsforyltnocholines. Colorless liquids, slightly soluble in water, but well soluble in organic solvents. They are superior in toxicity to sarin and soman.
FOB poisoning can occur with any of their applications (skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, wounds, burns). Penetrating into the body, OPA are absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed to all organs and systems.
There are three degrees of damage: mild, moderate and severe.
A mild degree of damage develops under the influence of small doses (concentrations) of OM. There is a state of tension, a feeling of fear, general excitement, emotional instability, sleep disturbance, pain in the frontal sinuses, temples and the back of the head; poor visibility at a distance, impaired vision at dusk. Miosis (pupil constriction) develops, saliva secretion increases.
The moderate severity of the lesion is manifested by the phenomena of bronchospasm, increased excitability. For chest pains accompanied by suffocation, due to lack of air and emotional instability, fear grows, mucous cyanosis, muscle weakness, twitching of certain muscle groups of the face, eyes, tongue.
Severe damage is characterized by loss of consciousness and the development of seizures of the whole body (coma, paralysis of the respiratory muscles).
The mechanism of the toxic action of OPA. OPA primarily cause inactivation of cholinesterase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes acetylcholine, which breaks down into choline and acetic acid. Acetylcholine is one of the mediators (mediators) involved in the transmission of nerve impulses at the synapses of the central and peripheral nervous system. As a result of OPP poisoning, excess acetylcholine accumulates in the places of its formation, which leads to overexcitation of cholinergic systems.
In addition, OPA can directly interact with cholinergic receptors, enhancing the cholinomimetic effect caused by accumulated acetylcholine.
The main symptoms when the organism is affected by OPF: miosis, pain in the eyes radiating to the frontal lobes, impaired vision; rhinorrhea, hyperemia of the nasal mucosa; feeling of tightness in the chest, bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, difficulty breathing, wheezing; as a result of a sharp respiratory failure - cyanosis.
Characterized by bradycardia, a drop in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, a feeling of heaviness in the epigastric region, heartburn, belching, tenesmus, diarrhea, involuntary defecation, frequent and involuntary urination. Excessive sweating, salivation, lacrimation, fear, general excitement, emotional lability, hallucinations are noted.
Subsequently, depression, general weakness, drowsiness or insomnia, memory loss, ataxia develops. In severe cases - convulsions, collaptoid condition, depression of the respiratory and vaso-motor centers.
Organophosphate contaminated wounds, are characterized by an unchanged appearance, the absence of degenerative-necrotic and inflammatory processes in and around the wound; fibrillar twitching of muscle fibers in the wound and increased sweating around it. With the rapid absorption of OPF from the wound, muscle fibrillation can turn into general clonicotonic convulsions. Bronchospasm, laryngospasm and miosis develop. In severe cases, there is a coma and death or asphyxiation. Resorption of FOB through the wound occurs in a very short time: after 30-40 minutes, only traces of FOB are detected in the wound discharge.
First aid
First aid should be provided as soon as possible. In this case, you should always remember the need to use personal protective equipment for the respiratory system and skin. Filtering or isolating gas masks - GP-4, GP-5, GP-7, combined-arms, industrial, can be used as personal protective equipment for the respiratory system.
First aid is provided in the order of self and mutual assistance by a medical instructor and includes the following set of measures:
putting on; the use of specific antidotes;
partial sanitization (degassing) of areas of skin and clothing with traces of organic matter with the contents of PPI or anti-chemical agents of the bag (PCS);
the use of artificial respiration;
depending on the nature of the injury - a temporary stop of bleeding, the imposition of a protective dressing on the wound, immobilization of the injured limb, the introduction of anesthetics from a syringe-tube;
quick removal (removal) from the lesion focus.
Pre-medical care (BCH) includes the following activities:
re-introduction of antidotes according to indications; artificial respiration;
removal of a gas mask in seriously wounded patients with a sharp violation of the respiratory function; rinsing the eyes with water or 2% sodium bicarbonate solution in case of mustard gas and lewisite;
probeless gastric lavage and giving an adsorbent after removing the gas mask in case of mustard gas and lewisite;
the introduction of cardiac and respiratory agents in violation of respiratory and cardiac functions;
bandaging heavily soaked bandages or applying bandages if they have not been applied;
control of the imposition of a tourniquet;
immobilization of the damaged area (if it has not been performed);
the introduction of painkillers;
giving tableted antibiotics (with the gas mask removed).
First aid
First aid is provided by general practitioners at the MPP. where appropriate equipment and facilities are available. All OPW received from the lesion focus undergo partial sanitization in order to eliminate the OM desorption: "walking" - independently (under the supervision of a sanitary instructor); "Stretchers" - with the help of the MPP personnel. For affected stretchers, partial sanitization is completed by changing uniforms and removing the gas mask.
First aid is divided into two groups of measures: urgent and delayed. In difficult conditions of a combat situation with a large number of affected people, the volume of first medical aid can be reduced to urgent measures. Emergency care is needed by those affected with severe manifestations of intoxication (asphyxia, collapse, acute respiratory failure, toxic pulmonary edema, convulsive syndrome, etc.).
Urgent first aid measures include:
- partial sanitization of the affected FOV with the obligatory change of linen and uniforms:
- antidote therapy with 0.1% atropine sulfate solution with 15% dipiroxime solution, depending on the degree of damage;
- with symptoms of acute cardiovascular failure - the introduction of vasopressor drugs, analeptics:
- in case of acute respiratory failure - the release of the oral cavity and nasopharynx from mucus and vomit, the introduction of respiratory analeptics;
- with severe hypoxia - inhalation of oxygen or oxygen-air mixture;
- with relapses of seizures or psychomotor agitation - injection of anticonvulsants;
- in case of poisoning through the mouth, probe gastric lavage and giving an adsorbent (25 - 30 g of activated carbon per glass of water).
A group of activities that can be postponed include;
- prophylactic antibiotics;
- with a miotic form of lesion - instillation into the eyes of 0.1% solution of atropine sulfate or 0.5% amizil solution;
- with a neurotic form, the appointment of tranquilizers (phenazepam - 0.5 mg).
After providing assistance, the affected are evacuated to the next stage. Before that, an evacuation and transport sorting is carried out. In this case, it is indicated in which position it is necessary to evacuate the affected (sitting, lying), as well as the type of transport (special or general use). Among all the affected, three groups are distinguished: severe (if there is a possibility and the situation allows), they are evacuated to the next stage, first of all, in the supine position. In view of the possible recurrence of intoxication during the evacuation of the injured, it is necessary to have a bed for the provision of emergency medical care. The third group includes non-transportable ones. If further evacuation is not possible, assistance is provided to all those affected to the extent that the combat and medical situation allows.
Qualified medical care turns out to be doctors of MOS'N, OMedB and other medical units. At the stage where qualified medical care is provided, all affected FOV must undergo complete sanitization. During triage at this stage, there are:
- those in need of urgent qualified medical care (in the presence of severe, life-threatening manifestations of intoxication), after the provision of which in the receiving and sorting department, the affected are distributed: temporarily nontransportable (coma collapse, convulsive syndrome) - to the hospital ward; requiring respiratory resuscitation (acute respiratory failure due to respiratory paralysis) - to the intensive care unit; G
- requiring restriction in contact (psychomotor agitation) - in a psycho-isolator;
- those in need of further treatment - for evacuation to hospitals (the first stage of evacuation, in a lying position by ambulance);
- the affected, whose medical assistance may be delayed (in the presence of a moderate manifestation of intoxication, after the relief of severe disorders in the previous stages of evacuation) and provided secondarily or at the next stage (in the hospital):
- lightly affected (myotic and dyspnoetic forms), which are left in the recovery team until recovery for a period of 2-3 days;
- agonizing.
Qualified medical care activities are divided into urgent and delayed. Urgent actions include:
- complete sanitization of the affected;
- continuation of antidote therapy, repeated administration of large doses of anticholinergics and cholinesterase reactivators for 48 hours;
- relief of convulsive syndrome and motor excitement I ml of a 3% solution of phenazepam or 5 ml of a 5% solution of barbamil i / m, up to 20 ml of a 1% solution of sodium thiopental i / v;
- treatment of intoxication psychosis;
- in acute respiratory failure, aspiration of mucus and vomit from the oral cavity and nasopharynx, the introduction of an air duct, inhalation of oxygen or oxygen-air mixture, the introduction of respiratory analeptics. in the case of toxic bronchospasm - bronchodilators: 1 ml of a 5% solution of ephedrine hydrochloride s / c, 10 ml of a 2.4% solution of aminophylline in a 40% solution of glucose i / v; ^
- in case of respiratory paralysis, tracheal intubation and artificial ventilation of the lungs using automatic breathing apparatus;
- in acute cardiovascular failure, infusion therapy, pressor amines, cardiac glycosides. sodium bicarbonate, 400 - 500 ml of polyglucin, 1 ml of a 0.2% solution of norepinephrine hydrotartrate intravenously, steroid hormones, beta-blockers (1 ml of a 2% solution of anaprilin);
- with the threat of an increase in cerebral edema - osmotic diuretics (300 ml of a 15% solution of mannitol in / in);
- with the threat of pneumonia in seriously affected people - antibiotics and sulfonamides in usual doses.
Activities that may be delayed:
- with miosis - repeated installations in the eyes of 0.1% solution of atropine sulfate or 0.5% solution of amizil. or 1% solution of mezaton in combination with 0.5 amizil solution until normalization of vision function;
- with neurotic forms of light lesions of OP (emotional lability) inside tranquilizers and sedatives;
- the appointment of antibiotics for prophylactic purposes;
After the provision of qualified medical care, the affected are subject to further evacuation:
- in therapeutic hospitals - affected by moderate and severe degrees;
- to the hospital for lightly wounded (WMHLR) - lightly affected with a neurotic form of lesion;
- to neuropsychiatric hospitals (departments) - those affected with severe disorders of the mental and nervous systems;
- in surgical hospitals - affected by OPA, with a severe injury.
Task number 2... Test tasks.
Option 2
1. Resuscitation must be carried out:
b) all specialists with medical education
2. The maximum duration of clinical death in normal conditions is:
3. If a patient who has received an electrical injury is unconscious, but there are no visible respiratory and circulatory disorders, the nurse should:
c) unbutton clothes
d) lay the patient on his side
e) call a doctor
f) start oxygen inhalation
4. In the pre-reactive period, frostbite is characterized by:
a) pallor of the skin
b) lack of skin sensitivity
d) feeling of numbness
5. Cooling of the fired surface with cold water is shown:
a) in the first minutes after injury
6. First aid to a patient with acute myocardial infarction includes the following measures:
b) give nitroglycerin
c) provide complete physical rest
e) administer pain relievers if possible
7. For a diabetic coma, the following symptoms are characteristic:
a) dry skin
c) frequent noisy breathing
d) the smell of acetone in the exhaled air
8. The erectile phase of shock is characterized by:
b) cold moist skin
c) excitement, anxiety
d) pale skin
9. The absolute signs of bone fractures include:
a) pathological mobility
c) shortening or deformation of the limb
d) bone crepitus
10. The area exposed to the vapors of the poisonous substance is called:
b) a zone of chemical contamination
Task number 3
Using the educational and reference literature, do some practical work: solve the problem and fill in the table:
Option 2
Task.
The man walking in front of you fell screaming. The convulsive twitching of the limbs has ceased by the time you approach. On examination, one can see a bare electrical wire clutched in his hand, hanging from an electric pole.
What is the first aid sequence?
When providing first aid to an electric shock victim, every second counts. The more time a person is under the influence of the current, the less chances of his salvation. A person who has fallen under voltage must be immediately released from the current. It is necessary to pull the victim away from the wire or throw the broken end of the wire away from the victim with a dry stick. When freeing a victim from an electric shock, the caregiver must take precautions: wear rubber gloves or wrap his hands in dry cloth, put on rubber boots, or put dry boards, a rubber mat or, in extreme cases, rolled dry clothes under his feet. It is recommended to pull the victim away from the wire by the ends of the clothing with one hand. Do not touch open parts of the body.
After the victim is freed from the action of the current, he must immediately provide him with the necessary medical assistance. If the victim regained consciousness after being freed from the effects of electric current and providing medical assistance, he should not be sent home alone or allowed to work. Such a victim should be taken to a medical institution, where he will be monitored, since the consequences of exposure to electric current can manifest themselves after a few hours and lead to more serious consequences, up to death.
Algorithm of emergency first aid for electrical injuries:
- Assess the state of consciousness, breathing, cardiac activity;
- prevent tongue sinking by placing a roller under the neck / shoulders (the victim's head should be thrown back) or give it a stable lateral position;
- give a smell or bring ammonia to the respiratory tract;
- in the presence of consciousness, give heart drugs (validol, nitroglycerin, etc.), sedatives (valerian tincture), pain relievers, drinks (water, tea);
If the victim is not breathing, give artificial respiration:
- put the victim on their back,
- unbutton or remove clothing that is restricting your body,
- free the oral cavity from vomit, mucus and tilt the victim's head back as much as possible,
- bring forward the lower jaw of the victim,
- take a deep breath and exhale into the victim's mouth through a tissue or gauze. In this case, be sure to pinch the victim's nose,
- when breathing air into the victim's nose, close his mouth tightly,
- for adults, blow air 12-15 times a minute,
- blow air for children 20-30 times a minute,
- perform the indicated actions until spontaneous rhythmic breathing is restored.
If there is no heartbeat, do chest compressions:
- lay the victim on a hard surface with his back;
- unbutton or remove clothing that is restricting the body;
- put your hand on the lower third of the sternum, palm down;
- put your other hand on top;
- press vigorously on the sternum with jerks at a frequency of 60-80 times per minute, using your weight;
- for young children, press on the sternum with two fingers;
- for adolescents, massage with one hand (massage frequency 70-100 strokes per minute);
- when combining chest compressions with artificial respiration, blow in air after 5 pressures on the sternum;
- follow these steps until your heart rate is restored.
Rub the affected person with cologne and warm.
Apply a sterile dressing to the electrical injury site.
Call an ambulance.
Conduct emergency procedures prior to the arrival of the resuscitation team.
Fill the table.
WOUNDING - a mechanical effect on tissues and organs with a violation of their integrity and with the formation of a wound (except for operating wounds).
Task ((1)) TOR 1 Topic 1-0-0
1. Resuscitation is:
The branch of clinical medicine that studies terminal conditions
Department of the General Hospital
Practical activities aimed at restoration of vital functions
Task ((2)) TOR 2 Topic 1-0-0
2. Resuscitation must be carried out:
Only doctors and nurses in intensive care units
All specialists with medical education
All adults
Task ((3)) TOR 3 Topic 1-0-0
3. Resuscitation is shown:
In every case of death of the patient
Only with the sudden death of young patients and children
With sudden onset terminal conditions
Task ((4)) TOR 4 Topic 1-0-0
4. The three main signs of clinical death are:
Pulseless radial artery
No pulse in the carotid artery
Lack of consciousness
Lack of breath
Dilated pupils
Task ((5)) TOR 5 Topic 1-0-0
5. The maximum duration of clinical death in normal conditions is:
Task ((6)) TOR 6 Topic 1-0-0
6. Artificial cooling of the head (craniohypothermia):
Accelerates the onset of biological death
Slows down the onset of biological death
Task ((7)) TOR 7 Topic 1-0-0
7. The extreme symptoms of biological death include:
Corneal opacity
Rigor mortis
Cadaveric spots
Dilated pupils
Pupil deformation
Task ((8)) TOR 8 Topic 1-0-0
8. Injection of air and compression of the chest during resuscitation carried out by one resuscitator are carried out in the ratio:
Task ((9)) TOR 9 Topic 1-0-0
9. Injection of air and compression of the chest during resuscitation performed by two resuscitators are performed in the ratio:
Task ((10)) TOR 10 Topic 1-0-0
10. Indirect heart massage is performed:
On the border of the upper and middle third of the sternum
On the border of the middle and lower third of the sternum
1 cm above the xiphoid process
Task ((11)) TOR 11 Topic 1-0-0
11. Compression of the chest during chest compressions in adults is performed with a frequency
40-: 60 rpm
60-: 80 rpm
80-100 rpm
100-: 120 rpm
Task ((12)) TOR 12 Topic 1-0-0
12. The appearance of a pulse on the carotid artery during chest compressions indicates:
On the effectiveness of resuscitation
About the correctness of the heart massage
On the revitalization of the patient
Task ((13)) TOR 13 Topic 1-0-0
13. The necessary conditions for carrying out artificial lung ventilation are:
Elimination of tongue sinking
Duct application
Sufficient blown air volume
Roller under the patient's shoulder blades
Task ((14)) TOR 14 Topic 1-0-0
14. The movements of the patient's chest during artificial ventilation of the lungs indicate:
On the effectiveness of resuscitation
About the correctness of the artificial ventilation of the lungs
On the revitalization of the patient
Task ((15)) TOR 15 Topic 1-0-0
15. Signs of the effectiveness of the ongoing resuscitation are:
Ripple in the carotid artery during cardiac massage
Chest movements during mechanical ventilation
Reduction of cyanosis
Constriction of the pupils
Dilated pupils
Task ((16)) TOR 16 Topic 1-0-0
16. Effective resuscitation continues:
Until the restoration of vital functions
Task ((17)) TOR 17 Topic 1-0-0
17. Ineffective resuscitation continues:
Until the restoration of vital functions
Task ((18)) TOR 18 Topic 1-0-0
18. Extension of the lower jaw:
Eliminates tongue sinking
Prevents aspiration of oropharyngeal contents
Restores airway patency at the level of the larynx and trachea
Task ((19)) TOR 19 Topic 1-0-0
19. Duct introduction:
Eliminates tongue sinking
Prevents aspiration of oropharyngeal contents
Restores airway patency
Task ((20)) TOR 20 Topic 1-0-0
20. In case of electrical injuries, assistance should begin:
With chest compressions
With artificial lung ventilation
With precordial beat
With the cessation of exposure to electric current
Task ((21)) TOR 21 Topic 1-0-0
21. If a patient who has received an electrical injury is unconscious, but there are no visible respiratory and circulatory disorders, the nurse should:
Give intramuscularly cordiamine and caffeine
Smell ammonia
Unbutton your clothes
Lay the patient on his side
Call a doctor
Start oxygen inhalation
Task ((22)) TOR 22 Topic 1-0-0
22. Electric injuries of the 1st severity are characterized by:
Loss of consciousness
Respiratory and circulatory disorders
Convulsive muscle contraction
Clinical death
Task ((23)) TOR 23 Topic 1-0-0
23. Patients with electrical injuries after assistance:
Sending an appointment with the local doctor
Do not need further examination and treatment
Hospitalized by ambulance
Task ((24)) TOR 24 Topic 1-0-0
24. In case of drowning in cold water, the duration of clinical death:
Shortened
Lengthens
Does not change
Task ((25)) TOR 25 Topic 1-0-0
25. In the pre-reactive period, frostbite is characteristic
Pallor of the skin
Lack of skin sensitivity
Feeling numb
Hyperemia of the skin
Task ((26)) TOR 26 Topic 1-0-0
26. Applying a heat-insulating bandage to patients with frostbite is required:
In the pre-reactive period
In the reactive period
Task ((27)) TOR 27 Topic 1-0-0
27. Apply to the burnt surface:
Furacillin dressing
Synthomycin emulsion dressing
Dry sterile dressing
Dressing with tea soda solution
Task ((28)) TOR 28 Topic 1-0-0
28. Cooling of a burnt surface with cold water is shown:
In the first minutes after injury
Only with a burn of the 1st degree
Not shown
Task ((29)) TOR 29 Topic 1-0-0
29. A typical attack of angina pectoris is characterized by:
Retrosternal localization of pain
Duration of pain for 15-: 20 minutes
Duration of pain for 30-: 40 minutes
Duration of pain for 3-: 5 minutes
The effect of nitroglycerin
Irradiation of pain
Task ((30)) TOR 30 Topic 1-0-0
30. Conditions under which nitroglycerin should be stored:
Temperature 4-: 6 ° C
Darkness
Hermetically sealed packaging
Task ((31)) TOR 31 Topic 1-0-0
31. Contraindications for the use of nitroglycerin are:
Myocardial infarction
Acute cerebrovascular accident
Cranial: brain injury
Hypertensive crisis
Task ((32)) TOR 32 Topic 1-0-0
32. The main symptom of a typical myocardial infarction is:
Cold sweat and severe weakness
Bradycardia or tachycardia
Low blood pressure
Chest pain lasting more than 20 minutes
Task ((33)) TOR 33 Topic 1-0-0
33. First aid for a patient with acute myocardial infarction includes the following measures:
Lay down
Give nitroglycerin
Task ((34)) TOR 34 Topic 1-0-0
34. A patient with myocardial infarction in the acute period may develop the following complications:
False Sharp Abdomen
Stopping blood circulation
Reactive pericarditis
Task ((35)) TOR 35 Topic 1-0-0
35. Atypical forms of myocardial infarction include:
Abdominal
Asthmatic
Cerebral
Asymptomatic
Fainting
Task ((36)) TOR 36 Topic 1-0-0
36. With abdominal myocardial infarction, pain can be felt:
In the epigastric region
In the right hypochondrium
In the left hypochondrium
All over the belly
Below the navel
Task ((37)) TOR 37 Topic 1-0-0
37. Cardiogenic shock is characterized by:
Mental agitation
Lethargy, lethargy
Pallor, cyanosis
Cold sweat
Task ((38)) TOR 38 Topic 1-0-0
38. In case of a sudden drop in blood pressure in a patient with myocardial infarction, the nurse should:
Inject adrenaline intravenously
Intramuscularly inject mezaton
Raise the foot end
Introduce s / c cordiamine
Task ((39)) TOR 39 Topic 1-0-0
39. The clinic of cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema develops when:
Acute left ventricular failure
Acute vascular insufficiency
Bronchial asthma
Acute right ventricular failure
Task ((40)) TOR 40 Topic 1-0-0
40. Acute circulatory failure can develop in patients:
With acute myocardial infarction
With hypertensive crisis
With chronic circulatory failure
After coming out of shock
Task ((41)) TOR 41 Topic 1-0-0
41. The optimal position for a patient with acute left ventricular failure is the position:
Lying in the raised foot end
Lying on its side
Sitting or half-sitting
Task ((42)) TOR 42 Topic 1-0-0
42. The primary measure for acute left ventricular failure is:
Intravenous administration of strophanthin
Intramuscular injection of lasix
Dacha nitroglycerin
The imposition of venous tourniquets on the limbs
Blood pressure measurement
Task ((43)) TOR 43 Topic 1-0-0
43. In a cardiac asthma clinic in a patient with high blood pressure, the nurse should:
Give nitroglycerin
Start oxygen inhalation
Task ((44)) TOR 44 Topic 1-0-0
44. The imposition of venous tourniquets in cardiac asthma is shown:
With low blood pressure
With high blood pressure
With normal blood pressure
Task ((45)) TOR 45 Topic 1-0-0
45. In a cardiac asthma clinic in a patient with low blood pressure, the nurse should:
Give nitroglycerin
Apply venous tourniquets to the limbs
Start oxygen inhalation
Inject intravenous strophanthin
Inject lasix intramuscularly
Intramuscularly inject prednisone
Task ((46)) TOR 46 Topic 1-0-0
46. For an attack of bronchial asthma, the characteristic symptoms are:
Very rapid breathing
Inhalation is much longer than exhalation
The exhalation is much longer than the inhalation
Pointed facial features, collapsed neck veins
Puffy face, tense neck veins
Task ((47)) TOR 47 Topic 1-0-0
47. A coma is characterized by:
Short-term loss of consciousness
Lack of response to external stimuli
Maximum dilated pupils
Prolonged loss of consciousness
Decreased reflexes
Task ((48)) TOR 48 Topic 1-0-0
48. Acute breathing disorders in patients in a coma can be caused by:
Depression of the respiratory center
Loss of language
Reflex spasm of the laryngeal muscles
Aspiration with vomit
Task ((49)) TOR 49 Topic 1-0-0
49. The optimal position for a patient in a coma is the position:
On the back with a lowered head end
On the back with a lowered leg end
On the belly
Task ((50)) TOR 50 Topic 1-0-0
50. A patient in a coma is given a stable lateral position in order to:
Language sink warnings
Vomit aspiration warnings
Shock warnings
Task ((51)) TOR 51 Topic 1-0-0
51. Patients in a coma in the presence of spinal injuries are transported in the position:
On the side on a regular stretcher
On the stomach on a regular stretcher
On the side on the shield
On the back on the shield
Task ((52)) TOR 52 Topic 1-0-0
52. For a patient with an unidentified coma, the nurse should:
Ensure airway patency
Start oxygen inhalation
Inject 20 ml of 40% glucose intravenously
Inject intravenous strophanthin
Administer intramuscularly cordiamine and caffeine
Task ((53)) TOR 53 Topic 1-0-0
53. A diabetic coma is characterized by the following symptoms:
Dry skin
Rare breath
Frequent noisy breathing
The smell of acetone in exhaled air
Hard eyeballs
Task ((54)) TOR 54 Topic 1-0-0
54. The hypoglycemic state is characterized by:
Lethargy and apathy
Excitation
Dry skin
Sweating
Increased muscle tone
Decreased muscle tone
Task ((55)) TOR 55 Topic 1-0-0
55. Hypoglycemic coma is characterized by:
Convulsions
Dry skin
Sweating
Softening the eyeballs
Frequent noisy breathing
Task ((56)) TOR 56 Topic 1-0-0
56. In case of a hypoglycemic condition in a patient, a nurse should:
Inject subcutaneously cordiamine
Inject 20 units of insulin
Give inside a sweet drink
Give inside saline solution
Task ((57)) TOR 57 Topic 1-0-0
57. Shock is:
Acute heart failure
Acute cardiovascular: vascular insufficiency
Acute violation of peripheral circulation
Acute pulmonary: heart failure
Task ((58)) TOR 58 Topic 1-0-0
58. The shock may be based on:
Peripheral vascular spasm
Expansion of peripheral vessels
Task ((59)) TOR 59 Topic 1-0-0
59. Pain (reflex) shock is based on:
Decreased circulating blood volume
Oppression of the vessel about the motor center
Peripheral vascular spasm
Task ((60)) TOR 60 Topic 1-0-0
60. With painful shock, the first to develop:
Torpid shock phase
Erectile shock phase
Task ((61)) TOR 61 Topic 1-0-0
61. The erectile phase of shock is characterized by:
Excitement, anxiety
Pale skin
Increased heart rate and breathing
Task ((62)) TOR 62 Topic 1-0-0
62. The torpid phase of shock is characterized by:
Low blood pressure
Pallor of the skin
Cyanosis of the skin
Cold moist skin
Task ((63)) TOR 63 Topic 1-0-0
63. The optimal position for a patient with shock is:
Lateral position
Half-sitting position
Raised limbs position
Task ((64)) TOR 64 Topic 1-0-0
64. Three main preventive anti-shock measures in patients with injuries
Administration of vasoconstrictor drugs
Oxygen inhalation
Anesthesia
Stopping external bleeding
Fracture immobilization
Task ((65)) TOR 65 Topic 1-0-0
65. Hemostatic tourniquet is applied:
With arterial bleeding
With capillary bleeding
With venous bleeding
With parenchymal bleeding
Task ((66)) TOR 66 Topic 1-0-0
66. In the cold season, a hemostatic tourniquet is applied:
For 15 minutes
For 30 minutes
For 2 hours
Task ((67)) TOR 67 Topic 1-0-0
67. Hemorrhagic shock is based on:
Inhibition of the vasomotor center
Vasodilation
Decreased circulating blood volume
Task ((68)) TOR 68 Topic 1-0-0
68. The absolute signs of bone fractures include:
Pathological mobility
Hemorrhage in the area of injury
Shortening or deformity of the limb
Bone crepitation
Painful swelling in the area of injury
Task ((69)) TOR 69 Topic 1-0-0
69. Relative signs of fractures include
Pain in the area of injury
Painful swelling
Hemorrhage in the area of injury
Crepitus
Task ((70)) TOR 70 Topic 1-0-0
70. In case of fracture of the forearm bones, the splint is applied:
From the wrist joint to the upper third of the shoulder
From the fingertips to the upper third of the shoulder
From the base of the toes to the upper third of the shoulder
Task ((71)) TOR 71 Topic 1-0-0
71. In case of a fracture of the humerus, the splint is applied:
From the toes to the scapula on the sore side
From the toes to the scapula on the healthy side
From the wrist joint to the scapula on the healthy side
Task ((72)) TOR 72 Topic 1-0-0
72. In case of open fractures, transport immobilization is carried out:
First of all
Secondarily after stopping bleeding
Third, after stopping bleeding and applying a bandage
Task ((73)) TOR 73 Topic 1-0-0
73. In case of fracture of the shin bones, the splint is applied:
From fingertips to knee
From the fingertips to the upper third of the thigh
From the ankle to the upper third of the thigh
Task ((74)) TOR 74 Topic 1-0-0
74. In case of a hip fracture, the splint is applied:
From fingertips to hip
From fingertips to armpits
From the lower third of the lower leg to the armpit
Task ((75)) TOR 75 Topic 1-0-0
75. In case of rib fracture, the optimal position for the patient is the position:
Lying on a healthy side
Lying on a sore side
Lying on your back
Task ((76)) TOR 76 Topic 1-0-0
76. The absolute signs of a penetrating chest injury are:
Pallor and cyanosis
Gaping wound
Air noise in the wound during inhalation and exhalation
Subcutaneous emphysema
Task ((77)) TOR 77 Topic 1-0-0
77. The imposition of an airtight bandage for a penetrating wound of the chest is carried out:
Directly to the wound
Top cotton: gauze napkin
Task ((78)) TOR 78 Topic 1-0-0
78. In case of a penetrating abdominal injury with organ prolapse, the nurse should:
Correct fallen out organs
Bandage the wound
Give hot drink inside
Inject pain reliever
Task ((79)) TOR 79 Topic 1-0-0
79. The characteristic symptoms of craniocerebral trauma are:
Excited state after restoration of consciousness
Headache, dizziness after recovering consciousness
Retrograde amnesia
Convulsions
Loss of consciousness at the time of injury
Task ((80)) TOR 80 Topic 1-0-0
80. In case of traumatic brain injury, the victim must:
Administration of pain relievers
Immobilization of the head during transport
Monitoring respiratory and circulatory functions
Emergency hospitalization
Task ((81)) TOR 81 Topic 1-0-0
81. The optimal position of a patient with traumatic brain injury in the absence of shock symptoms
Raised foot position
Lower leg position
Head-down position
Task ((82)) TOR 82 Topic 1-0-0
82. In case of penetrating wounds of the eyeball, the bandage is applied:
On a sore eye
In both eyes
Bandage applied not shown
Task ((83)) TOR 83 Topic 1-0-0
83. The territory where the release of a toxic substance into the environment has occurred and its evaporation into the atmosphere continues, is called:
A hotbed of chemical contamination
Chemical contamination zone
Task ((84)) TOR 84 Topic 1-0-0
84. The territory exposed to the vapors of the poisonous substance is called:
A hotbed of chemical contamination
Chemical contamination zone
Task ((85)) TOR 85 Topic 1-0-0
85. Gastric lavage in case of poisoning with acids and alkalis is performed:
After reflex anesthesia
Contraindicated
After anesthesia with a probe method
Task ((86)) TOR 86 Topic 1-0-0
86. Gastric lavage in case of poisoning with acids and alkalis is performed:
Neutralizing solutions
Water at room temperature
Warm water
Task ((87)) TOR 87 Topic 1-0-0
87. The most effective removal of poison from the stomach:
When washing with a reflex method
When washing with a probe method
Task ((88)) TOR 88 Topic 1-0-0
88. For high-quality gastric lavage by probe method it is necessary:
10 l of water
15 l of water
Task ((89)) TOR 89 Topic 1-0-0
89. In case of contact of strong poisonous substances on the skin, it is necessary:
Wipe off the skin with a damp cloth
Submerge in a container of water
Rinse with running water
Task ((90)) TOR 90 Topic 1-0-0
90. Patients with acute poisoning are hospitalized:
In a serious condition of the patient
In cases where it was not possible to flush the stomach
When the patient is unconscious
In all cases of acute poisoning
Task ((91)) TOR 91 Topic 1-0-0
91. In the presence of ammonia vapors in the atmosphere, the respiratory tract must be protected:
Cotton-wool: gauze bandage moistened with baking soda solution
Cotton: with a gauze bandage moistened with a solution of acetic or citric acid
Cotton-wool: gauze bandage moistened with a solution of ethyl alcohol
Task ((92)) TOR 92 Topic 1-0-0
92. In the presence of ammonia vapors in the atmosphere, it is necessary to move:
To the upper floors of buildings
Outside
Downstairs and basements
Task ((93)) TOR 93 Topic 1-0-0
93. In the presence of chlorine vapors in the atmosphere, it is necessary to move:
To the upper floors of buildings
Outside
Downstairs and basements
Task ((94)) TK 94 Topic 1-0-0
94. In the presence of chlorine vapors in the atmosphere, the respiratory tract must be protected:
Cotton-gauze bandage dipped in baking soda solution
Cotton: with a gauze bandage dipped in a solution of acetic acid
Cotton-wool: gauze bandage moistened with boiled water
Task ((95)) TOR 95 Topic 1-0-0
95. Vapors of chlorine and ammonia cause:
Excitement and euphoria
Upper respiratory tract irritation
Lachrymation
Laryngospasm
Toxic pulmonary edema
Task ((96)) TK 96 Topic 1-0-0
96. The antidote for poisoning with organophosphorus compounds is:
Magnesia sulfate
Atropine
Roserine
Sodium thiosulfate
Task ((97)) TOR 97 Topic 1-0-0
97. Mandatory conditions for chest compressions are:
Having a solid base under the ribcage
The position of the hands in the middle of the sternum
The presence of a soft base of the chest
Task ((98)) TOR 98 Topic 1-0-0
98. Requirements for medical assistance in emergency situations:
1. Continuity, consistency of medical and preventive measures, timeliness of their implementation
2. Availability, the possibility of providing medical care at the stages of evacuation
3. Determining the need and establishing the procedure for the provision of medical care, monitoring the mass admission, triage and provision of medical care
Task ((99)) TOR 99 Topic 1-0-0
99. Sequence of work on making a decision by the head of the emergency medicine service:
1. Understand the task on the basis of intelligence data, calculate sanitary losses, determine the need for forces and means of service, as well as for vehicles for evacuation
2. Create a grouping of forces, make a decision and communicate to the performers, organize control over the course of execution
3. Make a decision and communicate it to the performers
Task ((100)) TOR 100 Topic 1-0-0
100. Medical and preventive institutions participating in the elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of disasters:
1. Center for EMF to the population, mobile formations
2. Medical teams, autonomous mobile medical hospital
3. CRH, the nearest central district, city, regional and other territorial medical institutions and centers
Task ((101)) TOR 101 Topic 1-0-0
101. Basic principles of emergency medical service management in emergencies:
1. Ensuring the constant readiness of service and work in emergency situations (ES), sustainable, continuous, operational management of forces and means, rational distribution of functions, centralization and decentralization of management, ensuring interaction at the horizontal and vertical levels, adherence to one-man command and personal responsibility of the leader
2. Permanent readiness to maneuver forces and assets, functional purpose of forces and assets, two-stage control system, medical reconnaissance
3. The staged principle of providing emergency medical care, the creation of material and technical reserves and their replenishment, maintaining in constant readiness of the forces and means of emergency medical care in an emergency
Task ((102)) TK 102 Topic 1-0-0
102. Standard means of individual medical protection of the population in emergency situations:
1. First-aid kit, individual (AI-: 21), individual, dressing and anti-chemical packages (IPP-: 8, IPP-: 10)
2. Gas mask (GP-: 5, GP-: 7), anti-chemical package (IPP-: 8), filter clothes
3. Anti-radiation shelter, shelter, gas mask (GP-: 5)
Task ((103)) TOR 103 Topic 1-0-0
103. The base for the creation of teams of emergency sanitary and preventive care:
State Rospotrebnadzor Centers
Ambulance stations
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Task ((104)) TK 104 Topic 1-0-0
104. The staff of the medical and: nursing teams includes:
One doctor, two-: three nurses
Two doctors, three paramedics
One doctor, four nurses, one chauffeur
Task ((105)) TOR 105 Topic 1-0-0
105. Modes of functioning of the emergency medical service in emergency situations (ES):
1. Regime of daily activities, emergency mode, including the period of mobilization of forces and means of the EMF service and the period of liquidation of medical consequences of emergency situations (ES)
2. High alert mode, emergency threat mode, emergency medical consequences elimination mode
3. Mode of protection of the population from emergency factors, emergency response mode, high alert mode
Task ((106)) TOR 106 Topic 1-0-0
106. Classification of emergencies according to the scale of consequences distribution:
Task ((107)) TOR 107 Topic 1-0-0
107. The optimal terms for rendering first medical aid are:
Task ((108)) TK 108 Topic 1-0-0
108. Types of medical care provided at the prehospital stage in case of a large-scale disaster:
First medical, pre-medical, first medical
First medical and qualified
First medical and first aid
Qualified and specialized medical
Task ((109)) TOR 109 Topic 1-0-0
109. The main measures of first aid (pre-medical), which are carried out by the affected person during the elimination of the consequences of accidents with mechanical and thermal injuries:
1. Temporary stopping of external bleeding, the imposition of aseptic dressings, immobilization of the extremities, the introduction of cardiovascular, anticonvulsant, analgesic and other drugs, the use of funds from AP-: 2, carrying out the simplest resuscitation measures
2. Direct heart massage, giving cardiovascular and psychotropic drugs, performing abdominal surgeries, rescuing seriously injured
3. Medical triage of the affected, transporting them to the nearest health facility
Task ((110)) TOR 110 Topic 1-0-0
110. Organizational and methodological measures allowing timely provision of medical care to the largest number of those affected in massive injuries are:
Well-organized medical evacuation
Predicting the outcome of lesions
Medical triage
Medical evacuation
Task ((111)) TOR 111 Topic 1-0-0
111. The main tasks of emergency medical care in emergency situations:
1. Preserving the health of the population, timely and effective provision of all types of medical care in order to save the lives of those affected, reduce disability, mortality, reduce the neuropsychiatric and emotional impact of disasters on the population, and ensure sanitary well-being in the emergency area; conducting forensic: medical examination, etc.
2. Training of medical personnel, the creation of governing bodies, medical units, institutions, maintaining their constant readiness, material and technical support
3. Preserving the health of personnel of medical formations, planning the development of forces and means of health care and maintaining them in constant readiness to work in disaster zones to eliminate the consequences of emergencies
Task ((112)) TK 112 Topic 1-0-0
112. The main formations of the emergency medical service:
1. EMF brigades, medical teams, BESMP, SMBPG, operational specialized anti-epidemic brigades, autonomous mobile hospitals
2. Medical and nursing teams, ambulance teams, rescue teams, central regional hospitals, an emergency medical center, territorial medical institutions
3. Medical team, first aid teams, head hospital, ambulance team, sanitary and epidemiological teams
Task ((113)) TOR 113 Topic 1-0-0
113. In medical and preventive institutions of the EMF service, the proportion of beds for children is:
Task ((114)) TK 114 Topic 1-0-0
114. At the clinic of cardiac asthma in a patient with high blood pressure, the nurse should:
Give the patient a sitting position
Give nitroglycerin
Start oxygen inhalation
Inject strophanthin or korglikon intravenously
Intramuscularly inject prednisone
Inject lasix intramuscularly or give orally
Task ((115)) TOR 115 Topic 1-0-0
115. The main purpose of triage is:
Providing victims in a timely manner. medical assistance and rational evacuation
The maximum amount of medical care
Determining the order of medical care
No answer
Task ((116)) TOR 116 Topic 1-0-0
116. The stage of medical evacuation is defined as:
Forces and means of health -: deployed on the evacuation routes.
Prehospital, hospital
Place of care for the affected, their treatment and rehabilitation
No answer
Task ((117)) TK 117 Topic 1-0-0
117. Triage is called:
1. The method of distributing the affected into groups based on the need for homogeneous treatment: preventive and evacuation measures
2. Distribution of the affected by the order of their evacuation
3. Distribution of the affected into different groups according to the nature of the lesion
Task ((118)) TOR 118 Topic 1-0-0
118. First aid to a patient with acute myocardial infarction includes the following measures:
Lay down
Give nitroglycerin
Provide complete physical rest
Hospitalize immediately by passing transport
Introduce pain relievers if possible
Task ((119)) TK 119 Topic 1-0-0
119. A patient with myocardial infarction in the acute period may develop the following complications:
Acute heart failure
False Sharp Abdomen
Stopping blood circulation
Reactive pericarditis
Task ((120)) TOR 120 Topic 1-0-0
120. Atypical forms of myocardial infarction include:
Abdominal
Asthmatic
Cerebral
Asymptomatic
Fainting
Task ((121)) TOR 121 Topic 1-0-0
121. With abdominal myocardial infarction, pain can be felt:
In the epigastric region
In the right hypochondrium
In the left hypochondrium
Wear a shingles
All over the belly
Below the navel
Task ((122)) TK 122 Topic 1-0-0
122. Cardiogenic shock is characterized by:
Restless patient behavior
Mental agitation
Lethargy, lethargy
Lowering blood pressure
Pallor, cyanosis
Cold sweat
Task ((123)) TOR 123 Topic 1-0-0
123. The most probable pathology in an accident at a nuclear reactor:
1. Mechanical, thermal injuries, radiation injuries, reactive states
2. Blindness, radiation sickness, injury
3. Injuries by secondary projectiles, prolonged compression syndrome, burns, infection with radioactive substances
Task ((124)) TK 124 Topic 1-0-0
124. The main place of storage of medical property of the formations of the disaster medicine service:
Institutions of shapers
GO warehouse
Warehouses "Medtekhnika" and "Rosfarmatsiya"
Pharmacy warehouses
Task ((125)) TK 125 Topic 1-0-0
125. Definition of specialized medical care:
1. The highest type of medical care provided by doctors -: specialists
2. Assistance provided by doctors-: specialists in specialized medical institutions using specialized: specialized equipment and equipment
3. The full volume of medical care provided to the affected in specialized hospitals
No answer
Task ((126)) TK 126 Topic 1-0-0
126. The forces of the Russian emergency medical aid service to the population in emergency situations are represented by:
1. Governing bodies, commissions for emergency situations
2. Ambulance teams, medical: nursing teams, teams of specialized medical care, mobile hospitals (of various profiles), medical teams
3. Scientific: practical territorial centers of EMF, medical: preventive institutions
No answer
Task ((127)) TOR 127 Topic 1-0-0
127. The basic principles of creating the forces of emergency medical care in emergencies:
1. Organization of formations, institutions and management bodies of EMF on the basis of existing institutions and management bodies; creation of formations and institutions capable of working in any focus of disasters, each formation, institution is designed to carry out a certain list of measures in an emergency situation (ES)
2. The possibility of maneuvering forces and means, the use of local resources and wide involvement in the elimination of the consequences, the implementation of a two-stage treatment of victims
3. Conducting medical reconnaissance, interaction of medical institutions, constant readiness to maneuver forces and means
No answer
Task ((128)) TK 128 Topic 1-0-0
128. The main activities carried out by the emergency medical service in emergency situations:
1. Medical intelligence, medical assistance, evacuation of the injured, preparation and entry into the disaster area, analysis of operational information, replenishment of medical equipment and protective equipment
2. Taking measures to protect the national economy, building protective structures, dispersing the population, organizing intelligence, drawing up plans
3. Creation of communication and control systems, organization of monitoring the external environment, the use of protective structures and preparation of the suburban area, development of plans with EMF, bringing the entire EMF service to full readiness
9. Medical: the nursing team can provide first medical aid in 6 hours of work to the number of affected:
Task ((129)) TK 129 Topic 1-0-0
130. Where is the first medical aid provided?
At the battalion's medical center
In the medical station regiment
In motorized rifle companies
On the battlefield
No answer
Task ((130)) TOR 130 Topic 1-0-0
131. Sanitary losses are:
No answer
The wounded and the sick
Missing
Captured
Task ((131)) TK 131 Topic 1-0-0
132. Which domestic scientist first introduced the principle of triage of the wounded and sick?
No answer
V. A. Oppel
B.K. Leonardov
E.I.Smirnov
N.I. Pirogov
Task ((132)) TK 132 Topic 1-0-0
132. Indicate the basic principle of emergency medical care in emergencies:
Territorially: production;
Functional;
Universal
Stage.
Task ((133)) TOR 133 Topic 1-0-0
133. Indicate the basic principle of the organization of the emergency medical service:
Territorially: production
Functional
Universal
Staged
Task ((134)) TOR 134 Topic 1-0-0
134. List the formations intended for the provision of emergency medical care at the pre-hospital stage:
Ambulance teams, medical: nursing teams, medical teams
Brigades of specialized medical care of constant readiness, brigades of specialized medical care.
Task ((135)) TOR 135 Topic 1-0-0
135. List the formations intended for the provision of emergency medical care at the hospital stage:
Ambulance teams, specialized medical care teams
Medical teams, ambulance teams, specialized medical care teams
Ambulance teams, medical: nursing teams, medical teams
Brigades of specialized medical care of constant readiness, brigades of specialized medical care.
Task ((136)) TK 136 Topic 1-0-0
136. List the types of emergency medical care at the prehospital stage in emergencies:
First medical, pre-medical aid
Self-: and mutual aid, first aid, first aid
First aid, qualified and specialized medical aid
Task ((137)) TK 137 Topic 1-0-0
137. List the types of emergency medical care at the hospital stage in emergencies:
First medical, qualified and specialized medical care;
Pre-medical, first medical and qualified medical aid
Qualified and specialized medical care
First medical and qualified medical aid.
Task ((138)) TOR 138 Topic 1-0-0
138. List the types of emergency medical care in the isolation phase in an emergency:
First aid, including self-: and mutual aid
First aid, first aid and first aid
Task ((139)) TOR 139 Topic 1-0-0
139. List the types of emergency medical care in the rescue phase in an emergency:
First aid, first aid and first aid
First aid and first aid
Qualified and specialized assistance
Task ((140)) TK 140 Topic 1-0-0
140. List the types of emergency medical care in the recovery phase in emergencies:
First aid, including self-: and mutual aid
First aid, first aid and first aid
First aid and first aid
Qualified and specialized assistance
Task ((141)) TOR 141 Topic 1-0-0
141. What is the purpose of providing first aid in an emergency:
Saving the lives of the victims
Saving lives of victims and prevention of life-threatening complications
Task ((142)) TK 142 Topic 1-0-0
142. What is the purpose of providing qualified medical care in emergencies:
Saving the lives of the victims
Prevention and control of life-threatening complications
Maximum restoration of the lost functions of organs and systems
Task ((143)) TOR 143 Topic 1-0-0
143. What is the purpose of providing specialized medical care in emergencies:
Saving the lives of the victims
Saving lives of victims and prevention of life-threatening complications
Prevention and control of life-threatening complications
Maximum restoration of the lost functions of organs and systems
Task ((144)) TK 144 Topic 1-0-0
Pregnant and lactating women
Children and the elderly
Pregnant women and children under 3 years of age
Pregnant women and children.
Task ((145)) TK 145 Topic 1-0-0
145. Define the essence of triage:
Dividing victims into specific groups
Dividing victims into groups for the provision of the same type of medical care
Division of victims into homogeneous groups for their further evacuation
Division of victims into homogeneous groups requiring the same type of treatment and evacuation measures.
Task ((146)) TK 146 Topic 1-0-0
146. Determine the purpose of the triage:
Providing the victims with EMF;
Provision of EMF to all victims and further evacuation;
Timely provision of EMF to all victims and their rational further evacuation;
Timely implementation of rational evacuation.
Task ((147)) TOR 147 Topic 1-0-0
147. How many groups of victims are identified during medical
triage in emergency medicine?
Task ((148)) TK 148 Topic 1-0-0
148. Indicate which groups the victims of copper are divided into
Qing sort:
With a threat to life, without a threat to life, lightweight -:
dead and agonizing;
With a threat to life, without a threat to life, lightweight -:
data, agonizing;
Dead, agonizing, life threatening, no threat
for life;
Lightly affected, without a threat to life, with a threat to
Task ((149)) TOR 149 Topic 1-0-0
149. Specify the color indication of groups of victims during
triage in disaster medicine:
White, black, red, blue;
Black, red, blue, yellow;
Black, blue, green, yellow;
Red, yellow, green, black.
Task ((150)) TOR 150 Topic 1-0-0
150. Indicate which contingent of victims belongs to the per
in the sorting group:
With a threat to life;
No threat to life;
Lightly affected;
Dead and agonizing.
Task ((151)) TOR 151 Topic 1-0-0
151. Indicate what contingent of victims belongs to
second sorting group:
With a threat to life;
No threat to life;
Lightly affected;
Dead and agonizing.
Task ((152)) TOR 152 Topic 1-0-0
152. Indicate which contingent of victims belongs to the third
thi sorting group:
With a threat to life;
No threat to life;
Lightly affected;
Dead and agonizing.
Task ((153)) TK 153 Topic 1-0-0
153. Indicate what contingent of victims belongs to
fourth sorting group:
With a threat to life;
No threat to life;
Lightly affected;
Dead and agonizing.
Task ((154)) TOR 154 Topic 1-0-0
154. Name the types of triage:
By direction, by appointment;
Intra-stage, evacuation;
Primary, secondary;
Intra-point, non-point.
Task ((155)) TOR 155 Topic 1-0-0
155. Name the sorting characteristics:
Danger to others, medical, evacuation;
Sorting, medical, evacuation;
Primary, secondary, evacuation;
Isolation, medical, evacuation.
Task ((156)) TK 156 Topic 1-0-0
156. Name the sorting methods:
Primary, secondary;
Medical, evacuation;
Selective, conveyor;
Solid, selective.
Task ((157)) TOR 157 Topic 1-0-0
157. Indicate into which groups the victims are divided according to the danger to others during medical triage:
Triageable, isolation in infectious and psychiatric isolation wards;
To be sanitized, not to be sanitized, to be isolated;
To be sanitized, to be isolated, not to be isolated;
Sanitized, insulated, not sanitized and insulated.
Task ((158)) TK 158 Topic 1-0-0
158. Indicate into which groups the victims are divided according to the therapeutic principle during medical triage:
Those in need of EMF in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, in symptomatic therapy;
Those in need of EMF, not in need of EMF, in need of symptomatic therapy;
Those in need and not in need of EMF;
Those in need of EMF in the first and second place.
Task ((159)) TK 159 Topic 1-0-0
159. What are the principles of medical evacuation:
Intra-stage, evacuation;
Primary, secondary;
Selective, solid;
On myself, on my own.
Task ((160)) TOR 160 Topic 1-0-0
160. Specify the terms of first aid in case of chemical injury:
Task ((161)) TOR 161 Topic 1-0-0
161. Specify the timing of the provision of first medical aid in
chemical damage:
Task ((162)) TOR 162 Topic 1-0-0
162. Indicate the terms for the provision of qualified (specialized) medical care in case of chemical injury.
Task ((163)) TK 163 Topic 1-0-0
164. Modes of functioning of the emergency medical service in emergencies:
Daily activities, high alert and emergency;
Increased preparedness, threat of emergencies, elimination of the consequences of emergencies;
Protection of the population from the factors of emergencies, liquidation of the consequences of emergencies, high preparedness.
Task ((164)) TOR 164 Topic 1-0-0
on the territory of the trail of the radioactive cloud:
All food raw materials and products contaminated with radionuclides;
Meat and milk of animals grazed on contaminated pastures;
Task ((165)) TOR 165 Topic 1-0-0
171. The most effective method of protection against external gamma radiation: radioactive fallout:
Shelter in protective structures;
Timely evacuation;
Task ((166)) TK 166 Topic 1-0-0
172. Classification of emergencies according to the scale of consequences spread:
Accidents, accidents, natural disasters;
Private, Site, Local, Regional, Global
Workshop, territory, district, republic
Municipal, district, city
Transport, production.
Task ((167)) TOR 167 Topic 1-0-0
173. The leading type of radioactive impact on the trail of a radioactive cloud in a nuclear explosion:
External gamma: radiation
Incorporation of radioactive substances into food
Incorporation of radioactive substances into the inhaled air
Immunity impairment
Biological influences
Task ((168)) TK 168 Topic 1-0-0
174. The leading hazard factor of local radiation fallout:
External gamma: radiation
Skin contact with radioactive substances
Incorporation of iodine isotope-: 131
Increased incidence
Violation of the tightness of the installation
Task ((169)) TOR 169 Topic 1-0-0
175. Standards of radiation safety for the population living in the area of a nuclear power plant
50 rem per year; 60 rem over 70 years
5 rem per year, 60 rem over 60 years
0.5 rem per year, 35 rem for 70 years
12 roentgen
Not standardized
Task ((170)) TK 170 Topic 1-0-0
176. Indications for special treatment in order to remove radioactive substances from unprotected skin areas:
From which zone of contamination with radioactive substances the victim came
Dose rate on the skin and contact time of radioactive substances
Time of contact of radioactive substances with skin
Fallout of radioactive aerosols
Radiation hazard
Task ((171)) TOR 171 Topic 1-0-0
177. Foodstuffs posing a danger on the territory of the trail of the radioactive cloud:
Meat and milk of animals grazed on contaminated pastures
Meat and milk of animals grazed on contaminated pastures, growing crops
Vegetables and fruits
Butter, cream, cottage cheese
Task ((172)) TOR 172 Topic 1-0-0
178. The maximum permissible dose of a single exposure to external gamma: radiation on the population, not leading to disability
Task ((173)) TOR 173 Topic 1-0-0
179. Standards of radiation safety for persons of category A
0.5 rem per year, 35 rem for 70 years
5 rem per year, 60 rem for 70 years
50 rem per year, 100 rem for 70 years
Task ((174)) TK 174 Topic 1-0-0
180. The density of soil contamination with cesium-: 137 (Ci / km2) in the area of residence with the right to resettlement should be:
Task ((175)) TK 175 Topic 1-0-0
181. The zone of contamination of emergency chemically hazardous substances is called:
Spill location
The area where the mass destruction of people took place
Territory of contamination with hazardous chemical substances within dangerous limits for human life
Territory contaminated with accidentally hazardous chemicals in deadly concentrations
Terrain posing a danger of contamination of people with emergency chemically hazardous substances
Task ((176)) TK 176 Topic 1-0-0
183. The focus of damage by accidentally hazardous substances is called:
The territory within which, as a result of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility, mass casualties of people occurred
Territory where there can be mass destruction of people
Terrain hazardous to human health and life due to the action of chemically hazardous substances
Terrain contaminated with accidentally hazardous substances within the limits of hazardous to human health and life
Territory contaminated with chemically hazardous substances as a result of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility
Task ((177)) TK 177 Topic 1-0-0
185. The objects of civil defense do not include:
Anti-radiation shelters
Refuge
Specialized storage facilities for the storage of civil defense property
Sanitary: washing points
Disinfection stations for clothes and vehicles
Other facilities designed to ensure the conduct of civil defense measures
Non-state pharmacies
Task ((178)) TK 178 Topic 1-0-0
188. How many groups can be divided into shelters depending on the ability to withstand the load in the front of the shock wave:
Task ((179)) TK 179 Topic 1-0-0
189. How many groups can be divided into anti-radiation shelters, depending on the ability to withstand the load in the front of the shock wave:
Task ((180)) TOR 180 Topic 1-0-0
190. The main premises of the anti-radiation shelter include:
Bathroom
Ventilation chamber
Room for storing contaminated outerwear
Task ((181)) TOR 181 Topic 1-0-0
191. The auxiliary rooms of the anti-radiation shelter include:
Bathroom
Ventilation chamber
Room for storing contaminated outerwear
Task ((182)) TK 182 Topic 1-0-0
192. The main premises of the shelter are:
Premises for sheltered people
Control point
Medical post room
Room for filtering unit
The room of the sanitary unit
Diesel power plant room
Task ((183)) TK 183 Topic 1-0-0
193. The auxiliary premises of the asylum include:
Premises for sheltered people
Control point
Medical post room
Room for filtering unit
The room of the sanitary unit
Diesel power plant room
Food warehouse room
Pumping station
Balloon
Task ((184)) TOR 184 Topic 1-0-0
195. The most effective method of protection against external gamma radiation: radioactive fallout:
Shelter in defensive structures
Timely evacuation;
Drug prevention of radiation injuries.
Task ((185)) TK 185 Topic 1-0-0
196. In accordance with the concept of three-level human protection by A.V. Sedov (1998), the use of personal protective equipment refers to:
To the first level of protection;
To the second level of protection;
To the third level of protection;
Task ((186)) TK 186 Topic 1-0-0
197. In accordance with the concept of three-level human protection by A.V. Sedov (1998), the use of means of pharmacological correction of the adverse effects of chemical and physical factors includes:
To the first level of protection;
To the second level of protection;
To the third level of protection;
Task ((187)) TOR 187 Topic 1-0-0
198. Children's protective camera (KZD-: 6) refers to:
To diffusion respiratory protection;
For filtering gas masks;
For filtering self-rescuers;
Self-contained self-contained breathing apparatus;
a) a section of clinical medicine that studies terminal conditions
b) department of a general hospital
c) practical actions aimed at restoring life
2. Resuscitation must be carried out:
a) only doctors and nurses of intensive care units
b) all specialists with medical education
c) the entire adult population
3. Resuscitation is shown:
a) in each case of death of the patient
b) only with the sudden death of young patients and children
c) with suddenly developed terminal conditions
4. The three main signs of clinical death are:
a) no pulse on the radial artery
b) lack of pulse in the carotid artery
c) lack of consciousness
d) lack of breathing
e) dilated pupils
f) cyanosis
5. The maximum duration of clinical death in normal conditions is:
a) 10-15 minutes
b) 5-6 minutes
c) 2-3 minutes
d) 1-2 minutes
6. Artificial cooling of the head (craniohypothermia):
a) accelerates the onset of biological death
b) slows down the onset of biological death
7. The extreme symptoms of biological death include:
a) corneal opacity
b) rigor mortis
c) cadaveric spots
d) dilated pupils
e) deformation of the pupils
8. Injection of air and compression of the chest during resuscitation carried out by one resuscitator are carried out in the ratio:
a) 2: 12-15
b) 1: 4-5
c) 1: 15
d) 2: 10-12
9. Injection of air and compression of the chest during resuscitation performed by two resuscitators are performed in the ratio:
a) 2: 12-15
b) 1: 4-5
c) 1: 15
d) 2: 10-12
10. Indirect heart massage is performed:
a) on the border of the upper and middle third of the sternum
b) on the border of the middle and lower third of the sternum
c) 1 cm above the xiphoid process
11. Compression of the chest during chest compressions in adults is performed with a frequency
a) 40-60 rpm
b) 60-80 per minute
c) 80-100 rpm
d) 100-120 rpm
12. The appearance of a pulse on the carotid artery during chest compressions indicates:
b) about the correctness of the heart massage
c) about the revitalization of the patient
13. The necessary conditions for carrying out artificial lung ventilation are:
a) elimination of language sinking
b) the use of an air duct
c) sufficient volume of blown air
d) roller under the patient's shoulder blades
14. The movements of the patient's chest during artificial ventilation of the lungs indicate:
a) on the effectiveness of resuscitation
b) on the correctness of the artificial ventilation of the lungs
c) about the revitalization of the patient
15. Signs of the effectiveness of the ongoing resuscitation are:
a) pulsation on the carotid artery during heart massage
b) chest movements during mechanical ventilation
c) reduction of cyanosis
d) constriction of the pupils
e) dilated pupils
16. Effective resuscitation continues:
a) 5 min
b) 15 minutes
c) 30 min
d) up to 1 h
17. Ineffective resuscitation continues:
a) 5 min
b) 15 minutes
c) 30 min
d) up to 1 h
e) before the restoration of vital activity
18. Extension of the lower jaw:
a) eliminates tongue sinking
c) restores airway patency at the level of the larynx and trachea
19. Duct introduction:
a) eliminates language sinking
b) prevents aspiration of the contents of the oropharynx
c) restores airway patency
20. In case of electrical injuries, assistance should begin:
a) with chest compressions
b) with artificial ventilation
c) with precordial beat
d) with the cessation of exposure to electric current
21. If a patient who has received an electrical injury is unconscious, but there are no visible respiratory and circulatory disorders, the nurse should:
a) make intramuscularly cordiamine and caffeine
b) give a sniff of ammonia
c) unbutton clothes
d) lay the patient on his side
e) call a doctor
f) start oxygen inhalation
22. Electric injuries of the 1st severity are characterized by:
a) loss of consciousness
b) respiratory and circulatory disorders
c) convulsive muscle contraction
d) clinical death
23. Patients with electrical injuries after assistance:
a) are sent to an appointment with a local doctor
b) do not need further examination and treatment
c) are hospitalized by ambulance
24. In case of drowning in cold water, the duration of clinical death:
a) is shortened
b) lengthens
c) does not change
25. In the pre-reactive period, frostbite is characteristic
a) pallor of the skin
b) lack of skin sensitivity
c) pain
d) feeling of numbness
e) skin hyperemia
f) edema
26. Applying a heat-insulating bandage to patients with frostbite is required:
a) in the pre-reactive period
b) in the reactive period
27. Apply to the burnt surface:
a) a bandage with furacillin
b) dressing with synthomycin emulsion
c) dry sterile dressing
d) a dressing with a solution of tea soda
28. Cooling of a burnt surface with cold water is shown:
a) in the first minutes after injury
b) only with a burn of the 1st degree
c) not shown
29. A typical attack of angina pectoris is characterized by:
a) retrosternal localization of pain
b) the duration of the pain for 15-20 minutes
c) the duration of the pain for 30-40 minutes
d) duration of pain for 3-5 minutes
e) the effect of nitroglycerin
f) irradiation of pain
30. Conditions under which nitroglycerin should be stored:
a) temperature 4-6 ° C
b) darkness
c) sealed packaging
31. Contraindications for the use of nitroglycerin are:
b) myocardial infarction
c) acute cerebrovascular accident
d) traumatic brain injury
e) hypertensive crisis
32. The main symptom of a typical myocardial infarction is:
a) cold sweat and severe weakness
b) bradycardia or tachycardia
c) low blood pressure
d) chest pain lasting more than 20 minutes
33. First aid for a patient with acute myocardial infarction includes the following measures:
a) lay down
b) give nitroglycerin
c) provide complete physical rest
d) immediately hospitalize by passing transport
e) administer pain relievers if possible
34. A patient with myocardial infarction in the acute period may develop the following complications:
a) shock
b) acute heart failure
c) false sharp abdomen
d) circulatory arrest
e) reactive pericarditis
35. Atypical forms of myocardial infarction include:
a) abdominal
b) asthmatic
c) cerebral
d) asymptomatic
e) fainting
36. With abdominal myocardial infarction, pain can be felt:
a) in the epigastric region
b) in the right hypochondrium
c) in the left hypochondrium
d) be shingles
e) all over the stomach
f) below the navel
37. Cardiogenic shock is characterized by:
a) restless behavior of the patient
b) mental agitation
c) lethargy, lethargy
d) lowering blood pressure
e) pallor, cyanosis
f) cold sweat
38. In case of a sudden drop in blood pressure in a patient with myocardial infarction, the nurse should:
a) inject adrenaline intravenously
b) administer strophanthin intravenously
c) inject mezaton intramuscularly
d) raise the leg end
e) enter Cordiamine s / c
39. The clinic of cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema develops when:
a) acute left ventricular failure
b) acute vascular insufficiency
c) bronchial asthma
d) acute right ventricular failure
40. Acute circulatory failure can develop in patients:
a) with acute myocardial infarction
b) with hypertensive crisis
c) with chronic circulatory failure
d) with shock
e) after exiting the shock state
41. The optimal position for a patient with acute left ventricular failure is the position:
a) lying in the raised leg end
b) lying on its side
c) sitting or half-sitting
42. The primary measure for acute left ventricular failure is:
a) intravenous administration of strophanthin
b) the introduction of lasix intramuscularly
c) giving nitroglycerin
d) the imposition of venous tourniquets on the limbs
e) measuring blood pressure
43. In a cardiac asthma clinic in a patient with high blood pressure, the nurse should:
a) give the patient a sitting position
b) give nitroglycerin
d) administer strophanthin or korglikon intravenously
e) introduce prednisone intramuscularly
f) inject lasix intramuscularly or give orally
44. The imposition of venous tourniquets in cardiac asthma is shown:
a) with low blood pressure
b) with high blood pressure
c) with normal blood pressure
45. In a cardiac asthma clinic in a patient with low blood pressure, the nurse should:
a) give nitroglycerin
b) apply venous tourniquets on the limbs
c) start oxygen inhalation
e) inject lasix intramuscularly
f) introduce prednisolone intramuscularly
46. For an attack of bronchial asthma, the characteristic symptoms are:
a) very rapid breathing
b) inhalation is much longer than exhalation
c) exhalation is much longer than inhalation
d) pointed facial features, collapsed neck veins
e) puffy face, tense neck veins
47. A coma is characterized by:
a) short-term loss of consciousness
b) lack of response to external stimuli
c) maximally dilated pupils
d) prolonged loss of consciousness
e) decreased reflexes
48. Acute breathing disorders in patients in a coma can be caused by:
a) depression of the respiratory center
b) tongue sinking
c) reflex spasm of the laryngeal muscles
d) aspiration with vomit
49. The optimal position for a patient in a coma is the position:
a) on the back with the head end lowered
b) on the back with a lowered leg end
c) on the side
d) on the stomach
50. A patient in a coma is given a stable lateral position in order to:
a) prevention of language sinking
b) prevention of aspiration of vomit
c) shock prevention
51. Patients in a coma in the presence of spinal injuries are transported in the position:
a) on the side on a regular stretcher
b) on the stomach on a regular stretcher
c) on the side on the shield
d) on the back on the shield
52. For a patient with an unidentified coma, the nurse should:
a) ensure airway patency
b) start oxygen inhalation
c) inject intravenously 20 ml of 40% glucose
d) administer strophanthin intravenously
e) administer intramuscularly cordiamine and caffeine
53. A diabetic coma is characterized by the following symptoms:
a) dry skin
b) rare breath
c) frequent noisy breathing
d) the smell of acetone in the exhaled air
e) hard eyeballs
54. The hypoglycemic state is characterized by:
a) lethargy and apathy
b) excitement
c) dry skin
d) sweating
e) increasing muscle tone
f) decreased muscle tone
55. Hypoglycemic coma is characterized by:
a) seizures
b) dry skin
c) sweating
d) softening of the eyeballs
e) frequent noisy breathing
56. In case of a hypoglycemic condition in a patient, a nurse should:
a) inject subcutaneously cordiamine
b) enter 20 units of insulin
c) give inside a sweet drink
d) give inside a saline-alkaline solution
57. Shock is:
a) acute heart failure
b) acute cardiovascular failure
c) acute violation of peripheral circulation
d) acute pulmonary heart failure
58. The shock may be based on:
a) peripheral vascular spasm
b) expansion of peripheral vessels
c) oppression of the vasomotor center
d) a decrease in the volume of circulating blood
59. Pain (reflex) shock is based on:
a) a decrease in the volume of circulating blood
b) oppression of the vessel about the motor center
c) peripheral vascular spasm
60. With painful shock, the first to develop:
a) torpid shock phase
b) erectile shock phase
61. The erectile phase of shock is characterized by:
a) apathy
b) cold moist skin
c) excitement, anxiety
d) pale skin
e) increased heart rate and respiration
62. The torpid phase of shock is characterized by:
a) low blood pressure
b) pallor of the skin
c) cyanosis of the skin
d) cold moist skin
e) apathy
63. The optimal position for a patient with shock is:
a) position on the side
b) half-sitting position
c) position with raised limbs
64. Three main preventive anti-shock measures in patients with injuries
a) the introduction of vasoconstrictor drugs
b) oxygen inhalation
c) pain relief
d) stopping external bleeding
e) immobilization of fractures
65. Hemostatic tourniquet is applied:
a) with arterial bleeding
b) with capillary bleeding
c) with venous bleeding
d) with parenchymal bleeding
66. In the cold season, a hemostatic tourniquet is applied:
a) for 15 minutes
b) for 30 minutes
c) for 1 hour
d) for 2 hours
67. Hemorrhagic shock is based on:
a) oppression of the vasomotor center
b) vasodilation
c) a decrease in the volume of circulating blood
68. The absolute signs of bone fractures include:
a) pathological mobility
b) hemorrhage in the area of injury
c) shortening or deformation of the limb
d) bone crepitus
e) painful swelling in the area of injury
69. Relative signs of fractures include
a) pain in the area of injury
b) painful swelling
c) hemorrhage in the area of injury
d) crepitus
70. In case of fracture of the forearm bones, the splint is applied:
a) from the wrist joint to the upper third of the shoulder
b) from the fingertips to the upper third of the shoulder
c) from the base of the fingers to the upper third of the shoulder
71. In case of a fracture of the humerus, the splint is applied:
a) from the fingers to the scapula from the sore side
b) from the fingers to the scapula from the healthy side
c) from the wrist joint to the scapula from the healthy side
72. In case of open fractures, transport immobilization is carried out:
a) first of all
b) secondarily after stopping bleeding
c) in the third place after stopping bleeding and applying a bandage
73. In case of fracture of the shin bones, the splint is applied:
a) from fingertips to knee
b) from the tips of the fingers to the upper third of the thigh
c) from the ankle to the upper third of the thigh
74. In case of a hip fracture, the splint is applied:
a) from the fingertips to the hip joint
b) from the fingertips to the armpit
c) from the lower third of the lower leg to the armpit
75. In case of rib fracture, the optimal position for the patient is the position:
a) lying on a healthy side
b) lying on the sore side
c) sitting
d) lying on your back
76. The absolute signs of a penetrating chest injury are:
a) shortness of breath
b) pallor and cyanosis
c) gaping wound
d) air noise in the wound during inhalation and exhalation
e) subcutaneous emphysema
77. The imposition of an airtight bandage for a penetrating wound of the chest is carried out:
a) directly on the wound
b) over a cotton-gauze napkin
78. In case of a penetrating abdominal injury with organ prolapse, the nurse should:
a) straighten the organs that have fallen out
b) bandage the wound
c) give a hot drink inside
d) administer an anesthetic
79. The characteristic symptoms of traumatic brain injury are:
a) an excited state after the restoration of consciousness
b) headache, dizziness after recovery of consciousness
c) retrograde amnesia
d) seizures
e) loss of consciousness at the time of injury
80. In case of traumatic brain injury, the victim must:
a) the introduction of painkillers
b) immobilization of the head during transportation
c) monitoring the functions of respiration and blood circulation
d) emergency hospitalization
81. The optimal position of a patient with traumatic brain injury in the absence of shock symptoms
a) position with a raised leg end
b) position with a lowered leg end
c) position with the head end lowered
82. In case of penetrating wounds of the eyeball, the bandage is applied:
a) on the sore eye
b) on both eyes
c) dressing is not shown
83. The territory where the release of a toxic substance into the environment has occurred and its evaporation into the atmosphere continues, is called:
84. The territory exposed to the vapors of the poisonous substance is called:
a) a focus of chemical contamination
b) a zone of chemical contamination
85. Gastric lavage in case of poisoning with acids and alkalis is performed:
a) after anesthesia by the reflex method
b) contraindicated
c) after anesthesia with a probe method
86. Gastric lavage in case of poisoning with acids and alkalis is performed:
a) neutralizing solutions
b) water at room temperature
c) warm water
87. The most effective removal of poison from the stomach:
a) when washing with a reflex method
b) when washing with a probe method
88. For high-quality gastric lavage by probe method it is necessary:
a) 1 liter of water
b) 2 liters of water
c) 5 l of water
d) 10 liters of water
e) 15 liters of water
89. In case of contact of strong poisonous substances on the skin, it is necessary:
a) wipe the skin with a damp cloth
b) immerse in a container with water
c) wash with running water
90. Patients with acute poisoning are hospitalized:
a) in the serious condition of the patient
b) in cases where it was not possible to flush the stomach
c) when the patient is unconscious
d) in all cases of acute poisoning
91. In the presence of ammonia vapors in the atmosphere, the respiratory tract must be protected:
a) a cotton-gauze bandage moistened with a solution of baking soda
b) a cotton-gauze bandage moistened with a solution of acetic or citric acid
c) a cotton-gauze bandage moistened with a solution of ethyl alcohol
92. In the presence of ammonia vapors in the atmosphere, it is necessary to move:
a) to the upper floors of buildings
b) outside
c) to the lower floors and basements
93. In the presence of chlorine vapors in the atmosphere, it is necessary to move:
a) to the upper floors of buildings
b) outside
c) to the lower floors and basements
94. In the presence of chlorine vapors in the atmosphere, the respiratory tract must be protected:
a) a cotton-gauze bandage dipped in a solution of baking soda
b) a cotton-gauze bandage dipped in a solution of acetic acid
c) a cotton-gauze bandage moistened with boiled water
95. Vapors of chlorine and ammonia cause:
a) excitement and euphoria
b) irritation of the upper respiratory tract
c) lacrimation
d) laryngospasm
e) toxic pulmonary edema
96. The antidote for poisoning with organophosphorus compounds is:
a) sulphate magnesia
b) atropine
c) roserine
d) sodium thiosulfate
97. Mandatory conditions for chest compressions are:
a) the presence of a solid base under the chest
b) the frequency of pressing on the chest no more than 60 per minute
Burns can be caused by thermal, chemical, electrical, radiation factors. Depending on the degree and localization, they can be located on the skin of the limbs, face, perineum and genitals, oral mucosa, esophagus and respiratory tract.
The depth of the lesion can reach both superficial layers and deep-lying tissues, on which their classification depends. Depending on the area, their severity is determined.
Thermal burns
Thermal burns are the most common and can be caused by the direct action of hot objects, open flames, boiling liquids. They are especially dangerous in children and the elderly, since they cause a significant loss of fluid from the burned surface and intoxication with pronounced local manifestations and negative reactions of a general type. The scope of treatment measures aimed at eliminating the problem at the pre-hospital stage does not depend on the degree of the burn and consists of a clear order.
Cessation of the action of high temperatures on damaged tissues. The sooner the patient's contact with the damaging thermal agent is limited, the less damage will be done.
Removing damaged areas from clothing, foreign objects and hot items. The exception is cases of burns with various substances, which form a dense scab and a connection with damaged skin.
Cooling of burnt tissue. A very important point that must be fulfilled. This is due to the fact that hyperthermia is maintained for a long time in tissues exposed to high temperatures. This contributes to an increase in the degree and area of the burn compared to the initial indicators. To prevent this from happening, cooling is carried out using cold water or ice.
Closing the burn surface. This is necessary in order to limit its contact with the surrounding aggressive world, which will prevent the multiplication of harmful microorganisms in damaged tissues. For this, bandages and gauze dressings of various types can be used, both dry and based on water-soluble ointments (levomekol, oflokain, levosin, methyluracil, syntomycin, panthenol, betadine). The main requirement for them is that they should not irritate wounds and increase pain. To reduce pain, you can periodically water them with a cool solution of novocaine or furacilin.
Adequate pain relief. For these purposes, tableted and injectable forms of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory anesthetic drugs (ketalgin, dexalgin, diclofenac, nimesil, paracetamol), as well as standard drugs analgin, diphenhydramine, tempalgin, and others can be used.
Transportation of the victim to the nearest surgical or trauma hospital. Here, measures should be taken to prevent or reduce the manifestations of burn disease and infection of injured surfaces. For this purpose, antibacterial drugs of a wide spectrum of action, infusion solutions are introduced taking into account the severity of the burn and loss of fluid, blood transfusion of blood components and colloidal solutions, drugs that normalize the processes of microcirculation, local treatment of burned areas is carried out using plastic methods of replacing wound defects with donor skin.
Burns of the upper respiratory tract and eyes
Burns to the upper respiratory tract and eyes are a special type of thermal burn that is primarily caused by hot flames and smoke. They are also very dangerous, since in a matter of hours they can lead to the death of a patient due to progressive respiratory failure due to obstruction of the trachea and bronchi. It is very difficult to help such patients at the pre-hospital stage. It is necessary to evacuate victims from the danger zone as soon as possible and provide free access to fresh air, administer pain relievers and urgently deliver the patient to the nearest hospital.
In these conditions, antibacterial and infusion therapy should be carried out, as well as sanitation bronchoscopy (examination of the trachea and bronchi), with the help of which thick mucus and foreign particles are evacuated, which will restore the patency of the respiratory tract. Repeat bronchoscopy is performed if necessary. In case of progressive respiratory failure, patients are transferred to mechanical ventilation.
In case of eye burns of thermal or chemical origin, it is necessary to rinse them with plenty of water. This will cool the fabrics and free them from aggressive chemical compounds. Eyes are instilled with drops containing local anesthetics (novocaine, dicaine, lidocaine) and antibacterial drugs (levomecitin, tobrex). All victims should seek medical attention from an ophthalmologist.
Chemical burns
Chemical burns can be represented by damage to the skin and mucous membranes of the oropharynx and esophagus as a result of exposure to aggressive acids, alkalis and various chemical compounds used as poisons and household chemicals. In this case, there are special types of tissue necrosis of coagulation or colliquation types. The first, typical for burns with acids, when a dense scab forms, the second - for alkalis with the formation of long-term non-healing weeping surfaces.
The scope of measures for such burns includes the following complex:
Stop contact of the surface of the skin or mucous membranes with the chemical as soon as possible;
Remove any objects in contact with the burnt surface;
Rinse the burn wound with plenty of running water. This will wash away the residues and neutralize them. If it is possible to use neutralizing solutions in cases of the known nature of the chemical compound. To neutralize alkalis, the wound is washed with weak acids, for acids - with alkalis;
Adequate pain relief;
Closing the wound surface with a dry bandage. It is not recommended to use various ointments and panthenol foam due to the fact that the formation of aggressive compounds with residues of the substance is possible;
Hospitalization in a medical institution is mandatory, where specialized medical care will be provided.
A special type of this type of burns is damage to the esophagus. Medical attention should never be delayed, as they are fraught with the development of extensive ulcerative surfaces of the mucous membrane, which can be complicated by bleeding and post-burn stenosis with obstruction even for liquid food.
In order to avoid dangerous complications at the slightest suspicion of deliberate or accidental use of unknown chemical compounds, the stomach and esophagus must be flushed with a large amount of water, followed by its evacuation from the stomach using a probe. This will wash away the aggressive components and dilute the chemical compounds that have already arrived. In the future, in a hospital, early bougienage (expansion) of the narrowed areas of the esophagus is carried out, enveloping agents such as Almagel, Phosphalugel, Venter, Maalox are prescribed, antibiotic prophylaxis and infusion-transfusion therapy are performed.
do not happen so often, but differ in their severity and scale of defeat. The burn surface itself may be insignificant and limited only by the fingers of the hand or the heel area, which complete the electric arc. But at the same time, their complete charring occurs with concomitant bone fractures, ruptures of muscles, tendons, nerves and blood vessels. You can only help the victim by taking the victim away from the source of electric current and hospitalizing him in a hospital. Do not touch a person under the influence of electricity with unprotected hands. For these purposes, materials that do not have electrical conductivity must be used. Local treatment of the affected extremities consists in their immobilization with splints or splints from available materials, covering the burn surface with a dry bandage. In case of cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation, resuscitation measures are indicated in the form of electrical defibrillation or chest compressions.
Radiation burns
Radiation burns are caused by radiation from atomic explosions and are therefore rare. If we attribute sunburns to this group, then this group of injuries is more frequent. Possible radiation burns in cancer patients after radiation therapy. They can be located on the skin or lining of the stomach and intestines. This type of burns is also much more severe than thermal burns, bringing severe suffering to patients.
First aid is mainly provided in the lesion focus and should be organized as soon as possible. The damaged areas of the skin are washed with soap and water, all clothes, which are always contaminated with radioactive particles, are completely removed. Dry dressings or soaked in solutions of aqueous antiseptics (furacilin, chlorhexidine, decasan) are applied to the burnt surfaces.
Home help for burns
Naturally, many people who have received thermal burns refuse specialized help, trusting only traditional medicine. This is not always correct. Only minor first-degree burns, which are manifested by reddening of the skin, or limited second-degree injuries in the form of blisters, can be treated independently at home. More complex injuries must be hospitalized.
The most important thing to remember is the need to cool the burnt surface... The duration of the procedure is 30-40 minutes with 10-15 minute intervals. This is necessary so that microcirculation in the affected tissues is not disturbed. The total cooling time should be several hours. It is possible to assess the true degree of the burn only on the next day.
Parallel to cooling can be applied to the fired surface compress of thin strips of potatoes or a jelly-like mass of starch and oats, or an infusion of flax seeds. After 2-3 days, you can treat first-degree burns with sea buckthorn oil. In no case should any oil solutions be applied to the burn in the early period. They form a thermal shield that limits heat transfer from the affected surface, thereby increasing the temperature and severity of the injury.
The cause of the burn is the effect on the body of high temperature, certain types of radiant energy (rays of the sun, X-rays, radium), as well as a number of chemicals. The most common are thermal and chemical burns. Their severity depends on the area of the burnt surface and the degree of the burn. A burn of one third of the body surface is life-threatening. Depending on the nature of the changes in the burnt tissue, three degrees of burn are distinguished.
Signs of a 1st degree burn is redness of burnt tissues, their swelling and soreness.
Second degree burn characterized by the formation of bubbles filled with liquid.
For a third degree burn characterized by necrotic changes (necrosis) of burnt tissues. In the most severe cases, their charring is observed.
Burns of the 1st degree are dangerous only with a large area of the lesion. It should be borne in mind that the changes characteristic of grade I burns precede the formation of blisters and for grade II burns. Therefore, often after 10 - 15 minutes after the burn, only redness is noted, later bubbles appear. The latter, with P degree burns, usually break through, while the deep layers of the skin are exposed, which can very easily be infected. An even greater risk of infection of burned areas of the body arises with burns of the III degree.
Burn victims often become seriously ill. It is associated with overexcitation of the nervous system by painful irritations, as well as the action of toxic substances formed in the burned tissues. Changes in the nervous and cardiovascular systems can lead to the development of severe shock. In this case, a state of general excitement is often observed.
Providing first aid to the victim, the burned surface of the body should be freed from the clothes (clothes are cut at the seam).
In cases when the victim's clothes are on fire, the burned person must not be allowed to run, rush about, as this only intensifies the flame. In these cases, you need to immediately rip off the burning clothes or put out the fire by throwing a blanket, coat, overcoat over the victim.
When providing assistance to a victim with signs of a 1st degree burn, a bandage moistened with wine alcohol should be applied, or the burned surface should be treated with a saturated solution of potassium permanganate. The therapeutic effect of these agents is associated with their tanning effect, which largely prevents the development of further pathological changes and the formation of blisters.
When providing first aid in case of a second degree burn, you should carefully clean the skin around the blisters with wine alcohol and treat it with a solution of potassium permanganate. After that, an aseptic dressing must be applied to the burned surface. It is impossible to open bubbles when providing first aid.
In case of third-degree burns, an aseptic dressing is applied to the burned surface. If the victim is to be evacuated, then the burned limbs must be immobilized.
In connection with the danger of infection of open wounds, when providing assistance to the burned, strict adherence to asepsis is necessary. All victims with extensive burns, with burns of the lower extremities, as well as contamination of the burned surface of the body with earth, must be injected with anti-tetanus serum.
In connection with the possibility of shock development, it is necessary to carefully monitor the general condition of the burnt, do not allow them to cool, be very careful during transportation. It is advisable to give the burnt one a drink of sweet hot tea.
In case of chemical burns, first of all, abundant and prolonged rinsing of the burnt surface with water should be performed.
In case of burns with acids to neutralize the acid, the burned surface is moistened with 5% soda solution, and in case of burns with alkalis - boric or 2% acetic acid.
In case of burns with phosphorus, its particles continue to burn in the skin (they are very clearly visible if you introduce the victim into a darkened room), in these cases, you should thoroughly rinse the burned surface with water, remove the phosphorus particles with tweezers and apply a bandage moistened with a 5% solution of copper sulfate.
In case of burns with phosphorus of the face, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of introducing phosphorus particles into the mucous membrane of the eyelids and the conjunctiva of the eyes. In these cases, after rinsing the victim's eyes with water, he must be immediately taken to a medical aid station. In everyday life, burns of I and II degrees often occur after prolonged exposure of the skin to direct rays of the sun. Sunburns, covering a significant surface of the body, are often accompanied by an increase in temperature. With these burns, it is necessary to protect the skin from further action of the rays; it is recommended to grease the burnt surface with sterile grease. If the body is damaged by other types of radiant energy, medical assistance is needed.
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