Shells that surround the spinal cord. How the shells of the spinal cord are arranged, what diseases are subject to

The shells of the head and spinal cord are only a few species. Modern medicine isolated a solid, a web and a soft structure. Their main task to protect the brain from loads, concussions, damage, microtrams and other factors that can negatively affect the work of the nervous system, to feed the brain with useful elements. Without them, only one spinal fluid with a shock absorption function would not fully cope.

Features of the structure

The spinal and brain is a single integer, an integral part of the nervous system. All mental functions, control of vital processes (activity, touch, sensitivity of the limbs) are carried out with their help. They are covered with protective structures that work gloriously, providing nutrition and elimination of metabolic products.

The shell of the spinal cord and the head is largely similar to the structure. They continue the spine and envelop the spinal cord, excluding its damage. These are peculiar "clothes" of the most important organ of a person, distinguishing increased sensitivity. All layers are related to each other and function as one whole, although their tasks are slightly different. Total shells are three, and each has its own characteristics.

Solid shell

It is a fibrous formation with an increased density consisting of connective tissue. In the spine, it envelops the brain together with nerves and roots, spinal nodes, as well as other shells and liquid. The outer part is separated from bone tissue with epidural space, which consists of venous beams and a fat layer.

The solid shell of the spinal cord is inextricably linked with the same head structure. In the head, the latter is scrambled with the periosteum, so it fits tightly to the inner surface of the skull, without forming epidural space, which is its characteristic feature. The gap between the solid and a spider sheath is called subdural, it is very narrow and filled with a liquid similar to fabric.

The main functions of the solid shell is the creation of natural depreciation, which reduces the pressure and eliminates the mechanical effect on the brain structure when driving or injury. In addition, a number of other tasks are distinguished:

• synthesis of thrombin and fibrin - important hormones in the body;
• ensuring normal exchange processes in the tissues and movement of lymphs;
• normalization of blood pressure in the body;
• suppression of inflammatory processes;
• immunomodulation.

In addition, the shell has such anatomy that it takes part in blood supply. Dense closure with spinal bones, allows it to reliably fix soft fabrics in the ridge. It is important to ensure their safety in the process of movement, performing physical exercises, falling, upon receipt of injuries.

Important! The connecting fabric is fastened with a perception of several types of ligaments: front, lateral, dorsal. If it is necessary to extract a solid shell, they represent a serious obstacle for the surgeon, due to the characteristics of its structure.

Arachnoid

The spinal cord of the human spinal cord is located with the outer part of the soft tissue, but deeper firm. It covers the structure of the CNS, devoid of color and blood vessels. In general, it is a connecting tissue that endothelial cells are covered. Connecting with a solid shell, forms a space where the lycvore functions, but does not enter the furrows or deepening, passes by them, forming something like the walkways. It is this spinal fluid that protects the nervous structures from various adverse effects and maintains water balance in the system.

The main functions are:

• the formation of hormones in the body;
• maintaining natural metabolic processes;
• transportation of liquor into venous blood;
• mechanical brain protection;
• the formation of nervous tissue (in particular, liquor);
• generation of nerve impulses;
• participation in exchange processes in neurons.

The average shell has a complex structure, and in appearance is a mesh fabric, with a small thickness, but high strength. It is its similarity with the web who gave her such name. Some experts believe that it is devoid of nerve endings, but this is only the theory that has not proven today.

Visual structure and location of spinal cord shells

Soft shell

To the brain, the closest is the soft shell, which is distinguished by a loose structure and consisting of connective tissue. It contains blood vessels and plexuses, nervous endings and small arteries, they are all responsible for providing a brain with sufficient blood for normal functioning. Unlike a web, she enters all the gaps and grooves.

But, despite the close location, the brain is not covered, since there is a small space between them, which is called subpivilian. From the subpautical gap, it is separated by a variety of blood vessels. Its main functions are isolated by the supply of the brain with blood and nutritional elements, normalization of metabolism and metabolism, as well as maintaining the natural performance of the body.

The functioning of all shells is connected with each other and the structure of the spine as a whole. Different work failures, changing the number of liquor or inflammatory processes at any level lead to serious consequences and disorders and diseases of the internal organs.

Spaces between shells

All shells of the spinal and brain, though they are close to each other, do not touch tightly. There are spaces between them that have their own characteristics and functions.

• Epidural. It is located between the solid shell and the spinal column bone tissue. It is filled with predominantly fat cells, to eliminate disadvantage. Cells become a strategic reserve for neurons in an extreme situation, which ensures control and functioning of the processes in the body. This space reduces the burden on the deep layers of the spinal cord, excluding their deformation, due to its loose structure.
• Subdural. It is located between the solid and a spider shell. It contains liquor, the number of which always changes. On average, an adult person has 150-250 ml. The spinal fluid provides the brain with nutrients (minerals, proteins), protects it during drops or blows, while maintaining pressure. Due to the movement of the liquor and the composition of lymphocytes and leukocytes in the CNS, infectious processes are suppressed, the bacteria and microorganisms are absorbed.
• Subparent. It is located between the web and the soft shell. It constantly houses most of the liquor. This allows you to most effectively protect the CNS, the barrel, the cerebellum and the oblong brain.

If the tissues are damaged, first of all, the analysis of the liquor is made, as it allows you to determine the degree of pathological process, to predict the current, choose the effective tacty of the struggle. Infection or inflammation appearing in one section, quickly reckoned to neighboring. This is due to the constant movement of the spinal fluid.

Diseases

Brain shells can be injured or suffering from damage to infectious nature. Increasingly, problems are associated with the development of oncology. They are registered in patients of different ages and health status. In addition to infectious processes, there are other disorders of work:

• Fibrosis. It is a negative consequence of surgical intervention. It leads to an increase in the volume of the shell, the characteristic border of the tissue, the inflammatory process, which proceeds immediately in all inter-bore spaces. The disease is also often provoked by cancer or spinal injuries.
• Meningitis. The severe pathology of the spinal cord, which arises as a result of the penetration into the organism of a viral infection (Pneumococcus, Meningokokok). Accompanied by a number of characteristic symptoms and in the absence of treatment can lead to serious complications and even the death of the patient.
• Arachnoiditis. In the lumbar region of the spinal cord, an inflammatory process is formed, which captures the shell. They suffer all three levels. The clinically disease is manifested by focal symptoms and neurasthenic disorders.

The shell or space is to suffer between them as a result of injury. It is usually bruised, fractures that cause spinal cord compression. The acute violation of the circulation of the liquor becomes the cause of paralysis or hydrocephalus. Many faults of the shells on the clinical picture can be confused with other infectious diseases, so MRI is always assigned to clarify the diagnosis.

Features of treatment

Inflammatory processes in the shells of the spinal or brain require immediate treatment in the hospital. Self-treatment of any disease of the house often leads to death or serious complications. Therefore, when the first signs of malaise appear, you should contact the doctor and comply with all the recommendations.

Features of therapy of possible pathologies:

• Viral infection. Control of body temperature and receiving sufficient liquid. If a person cannot drink a lot of water, droppers are prescribed with saline. If cysts are formed or the volume of liquor increases, it is required to receive medicines that provide pressure normalization. The selected tactics of combating inflammation is adjusted as the patient's condition improves.
• Injury. The shells of the spinal cord provide its normal nutrition and blood circulation, so in the formation of scars, sucks and other damage, this function is broken, the movement of the spinal fluid is hampered, which leads to the appearance of a cyst and intervertebral hernia. Treatment in this case includes the reception of a complex of medicines to improve metabolic processes. With the ineffectiveness of traditional therapy, surgery is appointed.
• Infectious processes. Hitting the body of pathogenic bacteria, requires the appointment of antibiotics. In most cases, this is a preparation of a wide action. An important point is also monitoring the water balance and body temperature.

The consequences of diseases of the shells can be unpredictable. Inflammatory processes cause violations of the body, increasing temperature, vomiting, seizures, seizures. Often hemorrhage lead to paralysis, which makes a person with disabilities for life.

The spinal shells form a single system and are directly related to the hypothalamus, cerebellum. The violation of their integrity or inflammatory processes lead to a deterioration in the overall state. Usually accompanied by all seizures, vomiting, increasing temperature. Modern medicine reduced mortality as a result of the appearance of such diseases up to 10-15%. But the risk still exists. Therefore, when the first signs are discovered, it is necessary to immediately apply to the doctor.

A man's spinal cord for the complexity of the structure is much inferior to the head. But he is also difficult not easy. Due to this, the human nervous system can interact with muscles on the internal organs.

Surrounded by three shells that differ from each other. Between them there are spaces also necessary for nutrition and protection. How are the shells of the spinal cord? What are their functions? And what other structures can be seen next to them?

Location and structure

In order to deal with the functions of the structures of the human skeleton, it is necessary to know well how they are arranged, where they are and with what other parts of the body interact. That is, first of all, you need to know the anatomical characteristics.

The spinal cord surround 3 shells from connective tissue. Each of them then goes into the corresponding sheath of the brain. They develop from the mesoderm (that is, a medium germinal sheet) during intrauterine development, but differ from each other in appearance and structure.

Sequence of location, starting from the inside:

1. Soft or internal - located around the spinal cord.
2. Medium, web.
3. Ring or outdoor - is located near the walls of the spinal canal.

Below are briefly discussed details regarding the structure of each of these structures and their location in the spinal canal.

Soft

The inner shell, which is also called soft, closely envelops the spinal cord directly. It is a loose connective tissue, very soft, which can be seen even from the title. It is highlighted in its composition, there are two sheets between which there are a lot of blood vessels. The outer part is covered with endothelium.

From the outer leaf, small ligaments begin, which are connected to the hard shell. These ligaments are called tootham. Connection locations coincide with the outdoor places of the front and rear roots of nerves. These ligaments are very important for fixing the spinal cord and its covers, do not allow it to stretch in length.

Pautinic

The middle shell is called a web. It looks like a thin translucent plate, which connects with a solid shell at the place of the root. Also covered with endothelial cells.

There are no vessels at all in this structural part. It is not quite solid, so along the entire length, there are small sloping holes. Democates subdural and subpautented spaces in which one of the most important liquids of the human body is located - lying.

Solid

The outer or solid shell is most massive, consists of two sheets and looks like a cylinder. The outer sheet is rough and facing the walls of the spinal canal. The inner smooth, shiny, is covered with endothelium.

It is the most wide in the field of the occipital opening, where partially grows with the perception of the occipital bone. Going down, the cylinder is noticeably narrows and the cocketer is attached to the alternate or thread.

The todded shell tissue is formed for each cereal nerve. They gradually expanding, go towards intervertebral holes. To the spine, or rather, to its rear longitudinal bundle, is carried out with the help of small jumpers from the connective tissue. Thus, it takes fixation to the bone of the skeleton.

Functions

All 3 shells of the spinal cord are necessary for the proper operation of the nervous system, in particular the implementation of coordinated movements and adequate sensitivity of almost the entire body. These spinal cord functions can be fully manifested only under the condition of the integrity of all its structural components.

Among the most important aspects of the role of 3 spinal cord shells include such:

• Protection. Several connective tissue plates that differ in thickness and structure protect the substance of the spinal cord from shocks, concussions and any other mechanical effects. The spine bone tissue accounts for a fairly large load when driving, but a healthy person will not affect the state of intracual structures.


• Disposal of spaces. There are spaces between connecting structures that are filled with objects and substances for the body. This will be discussed in more detail below. Due to the fact that they are limited from each other and from the external environment, sterility and the ability to function correctly are preserved.
• Fixation. The soft shell is attached directly to the spinal cord, along the entire length of the ligaments, it is firmly connected to solid, and that - with a bundle that fixes the bone structure of the spine. Thus, along the entire length of the spinal cord firmly fixed and cannot be moved and stretched.
• Ensuring sterility. Due to the reliable barrier of the spinal cord and the liquor sterile, there can not get bacteria from the external environment. Infection is only due to damage or if a person is sick of very serious diseases in heavy stages (some versions of tuberculosis, neurosophilis).
• Conducting the structures of the nervous tissue (front and rear roots of nerves, and in some places and the nerve barrel) and vessels, the provisos for them.

Each of the 3 shells is very important and is an indispensable structure of the skeleton of the human body. Thanks to them, it provides full protection against infections and mechanical damage to the part of the central nervous system and small areas of nerves, which go to the peripheral parts of the body.

Space

Between shells, as well as between them and bone there are three spinal cord spaces. Each of them has its own name, structure, sizes and content.

List of spaces starting outside:

1. Epidural, between the solid sheath and the inner surface of the bone tissue of the spinal channel. It contains a huge number of vertebrates of vessels, which are shrouded in fatty tissue.
2. Subdural, between solid and web. It is filled with the spinal fluid, that is, the liquor. But here it is quite a bit, as this space is very small.
3. Podpautinny, between the web and soft shells. This space is expanding in the lower departments. It contains up to 140 ml of liquor. It is usually taken to analyze it from this space in the region under the second lumbar vertebra.

These 3 spaces are also very important to protect the brainstant, to some extent even the one that is in the head of the nervous system.

Koreshki

The spinal cord with all the structural components belonging to its composition is divided into segments. From each segment there is a pair of spinal nerves. Each nerve begins with two roots, which, before leaving the intervertebral hole, are combined. The roots are also protected by a solid spinal casing.

The front root is responsible for the motor function, and the rear is per sensitivity. When injuries, the shells of the spinal cord arises a great risk of damage to one of them. In this case, the corresponding symptoms are developing: paralympics or convulsions, if the front roots are damaged, and the absence of adequate sensitivity, if the rear is lucked.

All structures described above are very important for the full functioning of the body, innervation most of the bodies of the body and most internal organs, as well as to transmit signals from receptors to the central nervous system. In order not to disrupt the interaction, it is important to follow the health of the spine and strengthening its muscles, since it is impossible to correctly fix without the correct location of the musculoskeletal elements, the risks of infringement and the development of hernia are increasing.

A man's spinal cord plays a huge role in maintaining the vital activity of the whole organism. Thanks to him, we can move, possess the touch, reflexes. This body is reliably protected by nature, because its damage can lead to the loss of many functions, including motor. The shells of the spinal cord protect the body itself from damage and participate in the production of some hormones.

The cavity filled with liquid shares the bone structure and the spinal cord. Shells that surround the spinal cord itself, such:

The soft layer form the plexus of the elastic mesh and collagen beams covered with the epithelial layer. There are vessels, macrophages, fibroblasts. The layer has a thickness of about 0.15 mm. In its properties, the lower shell tightly worst the surface of the spinal cord and has high strength and elasticity. From the outside, it is combined with a spider layer with peculiar crossbar.

Spinal cord shell

The middle sheath of the spinal cord is also called a web, as it is formed from a large number of trabeculus, which loosen are located. However, it is as strong as possible. It also has characteristic processes that depart from its side surface and the root roots and gear ligaments. The solid shell of the spinal cord covers other layers. By its structure, there is a tube of connective tissue, its thickness is not more than 1 mm.

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Soft and web shells are separated by the subpasy space. It accommodates the cerebrospinal fluid. It has another name - subarachnoidal. The web and the solid shell shares the subdural space. And finally, the space between the solid layer and the periosteum is called epidural (peridural). It is filled with internal venous weave in combination with a fatty tissue.

Functional value

What is the functional value of the spinal cord? Each of them plays a certain role.

Popaptic spinal cord space plays an essential role. It contains a spinal fluid. It performs amortizing function and is responsible for creating nervous tissue, is a catalyst for metabolic processes.

The relationship of the shells of the spinal and brain

The brain cover the same layers as the spinal cord. In fact, some are the continuation of others. The solid cerebral shell is formed from two levels of connective tissue, which firmly adjacent to the bones of the skull from the inside. In fact, formed his periosteum. While the solid layer surrounding the spinal cord is divided with the vertebral vertebrae by the layer of adipose tissue in combination with venous interlacing in epidural space.

The top layer of the solid shell, the surrounding brain and forming its periosteum, forms in the excavations of the skull of the funnels, which are contained cranial nerves. The lower layer of the solid shell is interconnected with a spider layer using the junction tissue. For its innervation, nerves are answered - a triple and wandering. In certain areas, the solid layer forms sinuses (splitting), which are collectors for venous blood.

The middle shell of the brain is formed from connective tissue. To the soft brain sheath is attached with the help of threads and processes. In the subpautical space, they form the slots in which the cavities referred to as subparent tanks.

The web layer is connected to a solid shell sufficiently loose, has granulation processes. They permeate the solid layer and are introduced into the cranial bone or sinuses. In places inlet granulation of a web shell arise granulation pits. They provide the message of the subpasic space and venous sinuses.

The soft shell fits tightly the brain. It contains a plurality of blood vessels and nerves. The features of its structure are the presence of vagina, which are formed around the vessels and pass inside the brain itself. The space that is formed between the blood vessel and the vagina is called perivascular. It is interconnected with a near-cell and subparent space from different sides. A spinal fluid passes into the near-cell space. The soft shell form part of the vascular base, as deeply enters the cavity of the ventricles.

Diseases of shells

The shells of the head and spinal cord are subject to diseases that may occur due to the injury of the spinal column, the oncological process in the body or infectious infection:

To identify the diseases of the shells, the differential diagnosis is carried out, which necessarily includes magnetic resonance tomography. Damaged shells and escake spinal cord spaces often lead to disability and even death. Reduce the risk of diseases helps vaccination and attentive attitude towards the health of the spine.

The spinal cord is covered with three shells: outer - solid, medium - web and internal - vascular (Fig. 11.14).

Solid shell The spinal cord consists of a dense, fibrous connective tissue and starts from the edges of the occipital hole in the form of a bag that descends to the level of the 2nd sacrum vertebra, and then comes in the composition of the ultimate thread, forming an outdoor layer to the level of the 2nd cleaned vertebra. The solid shell of the spinal cord surrounds outside the spinal cord in the form of a long bag. She does not go to the vertebral canal perceomin. There is an epidural space between it and the perception, which contains fatty fiber and venous plexus.

11.14. Spinal cord shells.

Arachnoid The spinal cord is a thin and transparent, imaginary, connective leaf, located under a solid cerebral shell and separated by subdural space.

Vascular shell The spinal cord fits tightly to the spinal cord substance. It consists of loose connective tissue rich in blood vessels that supply the spinal cord blood.

There are three spaces between the shells of the spinal cord: 1) proper (epidural); 2) confirmed (subdural); 3) subpautical.

Between the web and soft shells there is a subpautical (subarachnoidal) space containing the cerebrospinal fluid. This space is particularly wide at the bottom in the horse-tail area. Filling its spinal fluid is reported to the liquid of subpautented brain spaces and its ventricles. On the sides of the spinal cord in this space lies a gear bunch, strengthening the spinal cord in its position.

Tarrow space (Epidural) is located between the solid cerebral shell and the vertebral channel periosteum. It is filled with fatty tissue, lymphatic vessels and venous plexuses that collect venous blood from the spinal cord, its shells and a spinal column.

Confirm space (subdural) is a narrow slit between the solid shell and the web.

A variety of movements, even very sharp (jumping, flip, etc.), do not disturb the reliability of the spinal cord, as it is well fixed. At the top of the spinal cord is connected to the brain, and in the bottom of the final thread it grows with the perception of the cochoral vertebrae.

In the area of \u200b\u200bthe subpaste, there are well-developed bundles: a gear bunch and a rear subpaste wall. Tog-knight Located in the frontal plane of the body, starting both on the right and to the left of the side surfaces of the spinal cord covered with a soft shell. The outer edge of the ligament is divided into teeth that reach a web shell and attach to a solid cerebral shell so that the rear, sensitive, roots take place behind the toothed ligament, and the front, motor, roots - front. Rear subpautented partition Located in the sagittal plane of the body and comes from the rear median furrow, connecting the soft shell of the spinal cord with a web.

For the fixation of the spinal cord, the importance of the formation of a proper space (fatty tissue, venous plexus) performing the role of elastic gasket, and the spinal fluid into which the spinal cord is immersed.

All factors fixing the spinal cord do not prevent him from following the movements of the spinal column, very significant with some body positions (gymnastic bridge, wrestling bridge, etc.) from continents.

The spinal cord is surrounded by three shells of mesenchymal origin. Outdoor - solid shell of the spinal cord. It lies the average - a spider shell, which is separated from the previous subdural space. Directly to the spinal cord is the inner soft sheath of the spinal cord. The inner shell is separated from the spider subarachnoid space. In neurology, these two last, as opposed to a solid cerebral shell, call a soft shell.

The solid shell of the spinal cord (DURA MATER SPINALIS) is an oblong bag with fairly durable and thick (compared to other shells) walls located in the spinal Channel and containing the spinal cord with the front and rear roots of the spinal nerves and the rest of the shells. The outer surface of the solid cerebral shell is separated from the periosteum, lining from the inside, the vertebral channel, and the endoral epidural space (Cavitas Epiduralis). The latter is filled with fatty tissue and contains inner vendable venous plexus. At the top, in the region of a large occipital hole, the solid shell of the spinal cord firmly grows up with the edges of a large occipital opening and continues into a solid shell of the brain. In the spinal Channel, the solid shell was strengthened with the help of processes on the periserular shells of the spinal nerves, struggling with the periosteum in each intervertebral opening. In addition, the solid shell of the spinal cord strengthens the numerous fibrous beams, heading from the shell to the rear longitudinal bundle of the vertebral column

The inner surface of the solid shell of the spinal cord is separated from the web of a narrow slital subdural space. which permeated with a large number of fine bunches of connective tissue fibers. In the upper vertebral channels, subduralness of the spinal cord space is freely reported with a similar space in the skull cavity. Below, its space ends blindly at the level of 11 sacrilate vertebra. Below the bundles of fibers belonging to the solid shell of the spinal cord continue to the terminal (outer) thread.

Spinal cord shell ARACHNOIDEA MATER SPINALIS) is a thin plate located in the hard shell. The cute shell grows up with the last near the intervertebral holes.

Soft (vascular) spinal cord shell (Pia Mater Spinalis) goes tightly to the spinal cord, grips with it. Connectant fibers that are branched off from this shell accompany blood vessels and together with them penetrate into the substance of the spinal cord. From the soft shell, the web is topping the uterine space (Cavitas Subarachnoidalis) filled with the cerebrospinal fluid (Liquor Cerebrospinalis), the total amount of which is about 120-140 ml. In the lower departments, the subpautical space comprises around the brain fluid of the root of the spinal nerves. In this place (below II lumbar vertebral) is most conveniently by puncture a needle (without risk damage the spinal cord) to obtain a spinal fluid to study.

In the upper departments, the subpautented spinal cord space continues into the subpautical space of the brain. The subfasting space contains numerous connective tissue beams and plates connecting a spinal cord with a soft and spinal cord. From the side surfaces of the spinal cord (from the soft shell covering), between the front and rear roots, to the right and left to the spider sheath, a thin durable plate is a gear bunch (ligamentum denticulatum). The bunch has a continuous start from the soft shell, and in the lateral direction is divided into teeth (in an amount of 20-30), which they grow not only with a spinal cord, but also with a solid sheath. The upper bundle is at the level of a large occipital opening, the bottom - between the roots of the 12th breast and 1st lumbar spinal nerves. Thus, the spinal cord is as if suspended in the subarachnoid space with the help of a frontally located gear ligament. On the back surface of the spinal cord along the back of the median furrow from the soft shell to the sputum there is a sagittally located partition. In addition to the toothed ligament and the rear partition, there are non-permanent subtle bundles of connective tissue fibers (partitions, threads), connecting the soft and spinal cord.

In the lumbar and sacral sections of the spine canal, where the bundle of spinal nerves roots (horse tail, Cauda Equina) is located (horse tail, Cauda Equina), the gear bunch and the rear subpautical partition are missing. The fat cell and venous plexus of the epidural space, the shell of the spinal cord, the spinal fluid and the bundling apparatus do not constrain the spinal cord when the spine is moved. They also protect the spinal cord from the jokes and concussions arising from the movements of the human body.