The newest achievements in the field of medical biotechnology. Achievements of biotechnology

Biotechnology is a conscious production of the necessary person products and materials with the help of living organisms and biological processes..

From time immemorial, biotechnology was used mainly in the food and light industry: in winemaking, bread accumulation, fermentation of dairy products, during the processing of flax and leather based on the use of microorganisms. In recent decades, biotechnology is unusually expanded. This is due to the fact that its methods are more profitable than usual for the simple reason that in living organisms biochemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes occur under optimal conditions (temperature and pressure), more productive, environmentally friendly and do not require chemical reagents that poison medium.

Biotechnology objects There are numerous representatives of groups of living organisms - microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, simplest, yeast mushrooms), plants, animals, as well as isolated cells and subcellular components (organelles) and even enzymes. Biotechnology is based on physiological biochemical processes occurring in living systems, as a result of which energy, synthesis and splitting of metabolic products, the formation of chemical and structural cell components are carried out.

The main direction of biotechnology is the production with microorganisms and cultivated eukaryotic cells of biologically active compounds (enzymes, vitamins, hormones), drugs (antibiotics, vaccines, serums, highly specific antibodies, etc.), as well as valuable compounds (feed additives, for example, essential amino acids, stern Proteins, etc.).

Methods of genetic engineering allowed the synthesis in industrial quantities of hormones such as insulin and somatotropin (growth hormone), which are necessary for the treatment of human genetic diseases.

One of the most important directions of modern biotechnology is also the use of biological methods for combating environmental pollution (biological wastewater treatment, contaminated soil, etc.).

Thus, bacteria strains that can accumulate uranium, copper, cobalt can be widely used to extract metals from sewage. Other bacteria of Rhodococcus and Nocardia generators are successfully used for emulsifying and sorption of oil hydrocarbons from an aquatic environment. They are able to separate the aqueous and oil phase, concentrate oil, purify wastewater from oil impurities. Assimiating oil hydrocarbons, such microorganisms are transformed into proteins, vitamins from the group B and carotes.

Some of the halobacteria strains are successfully used to remove fuel oil with sandy beaches. We also received genetically engineered strains that can split octane, camphor, naphthalene, xylene, effectively recycle crude oil.

Of great importance is the use of methods of biotechnology to protect plants from pests and diseases.

Biotechnology penetrates the heavy industry, where microorganisms are used for the production, transformation and processing of natural fossils. Already in antiquity, the first metallurgists obtained iron from swamp ores produced by iron-accomplishments that are able to concentrate iron. Now methods of bacterial concentrations of a number of other valuable metals are developed: manganese, zinc, copper, chromium, etc. These methods are used to develop dumps of old mines and poor deposits, where traditional mining methods are economically disadvantageous.

Biotechnology solves not only specific tasks of science and production. She has a more global methodological task - it expands and accelerates the scope of the human impact on living nature and contributes to the adaptation of living systems to the conditions of human existence, i.e., to the noosphere. Biotechnology, thus, acts as a powerful factor of anthropogenic adaptive evolution.

In biotechnology, genetic and cellular engineering promising prospects. With the appearance of all new and new vectors, a person with their help will introduce the necessary genes into plant cells, animals and humans. This will make it possible to gradually get rid of many hereditary human diseases, force cells to synthesize the necessary medicines and biologically active compounds, and then directly proteins and essential amino acids used in food. Using methods already mastered by nature, biotechnologists hope to obtain hydrogen using photosynthesis - the most environmentally friendly fuel of the future, electricity, to convert atmospheric nitrogen in ammonia under normal conditions.

Visitors to the Startup Village conference last week in Skolkovo, had a unique opportunity to look at the near future, when humanity, forced to revise the diet, will begin to get a significant proportion of proteins due to insects

At one of the stands at the exhibition of startups, manufacturers of firing proteins from larvae Much, representing the Lipetsk company "New Biotechnology". While feed is intended for animals, but in the future dishes from insects, as follows from numerous forecasts, will cease to be exotic and in the human menu. Try the product with exceptional nutritional properties on Startup Village perched five bravery. The Correspondent Site did not risk to follow their example, but it was asked to ask the tasters in detail, what it was the taste of the future of the future, and at the same time he learned that he had a much fruit of their relatives surrounded by warm and caring of breeders of the selectioners of Lipetsk.

Alexey Istomin with new biotechnology products on Startup Village. Photo: Site

"New biotechnologies" specialize in the production of high-protein feed from dried and crushed larvae of green meat flies by analogy with that mechanism over the production of which the nature worked millions of years. "Animals, fish, birds breed, feed, leave after themselves manure and litter, die, and nature all this is relentlessly processed .. - Muhi lay down on the eggs of the egg, they appear larvae that distinguish enzymes that accelerate the decomposition and mineralization of waste. In this case, the larvae themselves become food for animals, fish and birds. And the remaining substrate under the influence of rains and the sun in the form of organic fertilizer falls into the soil and contributes to the stormy growth of the phytomass, which is also feed for all living things. In other words, the nutrients recycling occurs, and without any pesticides and poisons. Only organic. "

This natural process borrowed in the company "New Biotechnology". The resulting application of biomass technology, larvae flies, have a high content of nutrients. By 50-70%, biomass consists of raw protein, 20-30% come on raw fat, 5-7% is a raw fiber.

In describing the positive effect of the use of feed protein (the commercial name - "zoo") in different sectors of agriculture, Alexey Istomin was very convincing. "In pig breeding, the use of protein-lipid concentrate in the micro-lipid concentrate as an additive to the diet of piglets, pigs, whiffs allows to increase the digestibility of food and the natural resistance of the organism of diseases and viruses, increase the weights, activity and range, - lists the advantages of feed from the larvae Mr. Mr. Istomin . - This is due to the content of a large number of enzymes, chitin, melanin, immunomodulators in the "zoo". In the poultry farming, the inclusion of our feed protein into the diet for broiler chickens, turkeys, ducks and other birds allows you to increase the daily weight gain and reduce the feed coefficient. In churls, egg production is observed, the resistance of the body to diseases and viruses increases, mortality decreases. In the beverance, the addition of "zoo" in the feed of mink, sands, foxes leads to improved frame quality and decrease in the percentage of marriage. Animals have a greater body length and chest girth, therefore, you can get a larger number of skins.

From left to right: finished feed, dried and living larvae. Photo: Site

The appearance of feed from flies will also make owners of pets. According to Alexei, Istomy, "in cats and dogs it is easier to flow and molting, muscle tone and activity rises, wool becomes more dense; Animals are less ill. " Healthier with the addition of protein from the larvae flies in the feed becomes and poultry, their color becomes brighter. Falls of aquarium fish develop twice as fast, and the survival of the fry is approaching 100%.

The miraculous technology has not arisen in an empty place - its theoretical foundations were laid on half a century ago at the All-Union Research Institute of Livestock, as well as in the Novosibirsk State Agricultural Institute. There in the laboratory conditions comprehensively studied the feed additives from the larvae flies. Now work in this direction continues by the Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, VNIII them. L.K. Ernsta, Institute of Ecology Problems and Evolution. A.N. Seversow. According to Alexei Eastina, the efficiency of the use of protein feed, obtained from the processing of waste with flies of flies, compared with other animal proteins (fish and bone flour) was confirmed by research conducted in the All-Russian Research Institute of Livestock and the All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Poultry Education. It is noteworthy that over time, the relevance of this technology is only growing, because the world has encountered an acute deficit of animal proteins.

"What prevents us will smell badly and requires high costs, can help and work for the benefit of domestic agriculture, bringing additional profits and reducing the burden on the environment"

The company "New Biotechnology" is estimated at 25 million tons; In Russia, the same indicator is 1 million tons. Since 1961, the population of the Earth has grown more than twice, and the world consumption of meat is 4 times. According to forecasts, until 2030, the global consumption of animal protein will increase by 50%. So far, in agriculture, its main sources are fish (fish flour) and meat-bone flour. "The highest-quality fish flour is produced in Morocco, Mauritania and Chile, and its value increases in proportion to logistics costs. The price of fish flour over the past 15 years has grown 8 times, "Alexey Eastomin shares statistics. - Many producers of agricultural products refuse to high-quality imported fish flour in favor of cheaper and less qualitative analogs, as well as go to meat-bone flour or plant proteins, in particular, soy. The use of vegetable proteins does not allow to achieve the desired result - such protein requires a large number of land resources and cannot fully replace the animal protein in composition. "

The project of "new biotechnologies" caused interest from the Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich and Governor of the Rostov Region Vasily Golubev. Photo: Site

In addition to economic, there are environmental prerequisites for changing the feed paradigm. So, for the manufacture of 1 tons of flour, it is required to catch 5 tons of fishing fish. Given that the need for animal proteins is large, fish catch has reached significant indicators (170 million tons in 2015). The ecosystem does not have time to reproduce fish stocks in the seas. In the manufacture of one ton of fish flour, almost 11 tons of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Additional costs of ecology in this case are estimated at 3.5 thousand dollars. In the production of one ton of flour from the larvae flies into the atmosphere 5 times less than CO2. That is, each produced ton of protein from the larvae of the flies retains 5 tons of fish in the sea.

"The taste is unusual, not like anything. But this protein strengthens immunity and promotes the growth of muscle mass "

Thinking about alternative sources of animal protein, the researchers drew attention to insects. On the planet - more than 90 thousand species of flies, and each of them feeds on certain waste: vegetable, manure / litter, nutritional waste, etc. "What prevents us will smell badly and requires high costs, environmental, financial, energy - can help and work for the benefit of domestic agriculture, bringing additional profits and reducing the workload of the environment," says Alexey Istomin. At the same time, the experienced production of new biotechnology in Lipetsk proves the prospects for using technology in industrial conditions.

Farsh from Lucy.

Famous Many Metallic Green Bright Flies Lucilia Caesar (in the company This type of insect is gentle by Luce) in production in Lipetsk contained in special insectagries. There are several tens of millions of flies. This is a lot of unique insects. To improve their reproductive abilities, scientists more than two years led painstaking selection work, according to a certain method, crossing insects. If in nature, one fly makes a masonry in 60 eggs, then the Lipetsk insects laying (and, consequently, the number of larvae and the feed received from them) - on average three times more. No genetic manipulations over flies specialists of "new biotechnology" do not produce, we are talking about the "traditional" selection, Mr. Istomin assures Mr. Istomin. I posing on a tightened small mesh, a cage of a saddle with sinking insects on the stand, he continues: "Yesterday there was only yesterday 6 flies; In just a day, their number reached several hundred. This became possible due to the correct selection of the dolls of dolls, called even puparia. We have done the cycle in such a way that today they have become much larger. Tomorrow their number will still grow up. " In part, this process was contained not too suitable weather: the optimal temperature for the transformation of the doll into the fly is about 30 degrees. Despite the fact that on Startup Village at night insects, the temperature there was lower.

In production in Lipetsk, flies - full of detrunities. Photo: "New biotechnology".

In production in Lipetsk, flies - full of detriment, there they are protected from unfavorable conditions, and from stress. Flies are contained in special cells-cages, which have water, sugar, milk powder and boxes with minced meat, where flies make masonry eggs. Masonry removed daily. The quality control and purity of the population is carried out by the main technologist. For this, the larvae is taken, which in special conditions are pounded and in the form of a pupae are stored in the refrigeration chamber. If necessary, the pupa is placed in the cells of the insectagium, and after a while, flies appear.

As soon as the larvae appeared from the eggs, they are moved to the output shop. In special trays on the litter of sawdust place the feed substrate and the masonry of eggs. The larvae is very voracious and grow rapidly, increasing up to 350 times per day. The period of refill and active growth is 3-4 days. Then the grown larvae turn out to be on the tramp. So called the process of separating the larvae from the organic substrate. After biomass dried and sent for storage.

Flies grow on meat with poultry farms, which is located near the experienced production of New Biotechnologies. The larvae grown on poultry meat possess higher rates of nutrient content than those that cultivated on the manure and litter. At the same time, meat reserves should be much - to produce 1 kg of "zooprotein", it is necessary to grow 3.5 kg of living larvae, which requires 10 kg of meat waste.

Since 1961, the population of the Earth has grown more than twice, and the world consumption of meat is 4 times. According to forecasts, until 2030, the global consumption of animal protein will increase by 50%

"The average poultry farm case is 5% of the total livestock. This type of waste delivers a large amount of hassle to poultry farms. These are environmental issues (need to be disposed of), and financial (for recycling it is necessary to pay), and organizational (collect, store, deliver, take into account). Therefore, the use of our method is most effectively directly on the poultry farm, which makes it possible to make bird production without frequenid, - explained Alexei Istomin. - In general, the increase in agricultural production volumes inevitably attracts an increase in the negative impact on the environment. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, in Russia the total area of \u200b\u200bland polluted by agricultural waste exceeds 2.4 million hectares. In 2015, the total number of such waste exceeded 380 million tons. There is practically no culture of recycling of agricultural waste. Account in such production goes to units. "

Experienced production in Lipetsk. Photo: "New biotechnology"

The complexity of industrial implementation of technology is due primarily by administrative and environmental factors. "Abroad, in particular, in China and Indonesia, use the basin (" open ") method, explains Istomin. - He is unacceptable in our conditions, since the larvae in the process of life produce a large number of ammonia. In our project, a "closed" method is proposed using extensive cabinets for flies equipped with local exhaust ventilation, microbiological filter for air purification, special systems for cooking raw materials, infrared drying. All this allows you to maximize the requirements for environmental safety.

The larvae is very voracious and grow rapidly, increasing up to 350 times per day. Photo: "New biotechnology"

Now the company "New Biotechnologies" is in the process of obtaining the status of the Resident "Skolkovo". The team counts on the help of the Fund mainly in product certification. In Russia, there is no regulatory framework associated with the regulation of the use of waste processing technology with larvae flies, therefore, tells Alexei Eastomin, "I have to be sophisticated." At the same time, the controlling instances state the safety of products: "Lipetsk Oblastabutory" produces research of live biomass for the presence of salmonella, the genome of the pathogens of ornithosis and influenza in birds, eggs and the larvae of helminths. In the dried biomass, the larvae flies determine the mass fraction of raw protein, the mass fraction of raw fat, humidity and toxicity. "Tula Interregional Veterinary Laboratory" conducts studies of organic fertilizer Zoogulus for the presence of pathogenic flora. The results of each study are decorated with a protocol. "

The source site is convinced: in the foreseeable future, the taste of protein from insects will get acquainted with animals, but also people. This point of view shares more and more specialists. So, three years ago, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN issued a study, which said that in the diet of 2 billion people in one degree or another insects were present now. To cope with hunger and pollution of the environment, humanity should have more insects, called compilers of the report.

Moreover, as evidenced by the personal experience of Alexei Istina, it is not so scary. For several months now, he adds a tablespoon of protein from insects in the morning cervix from milk, banana and other traditional ingredients. "The taste is unusual, not like anything. But it strengthens immunity and contributes to the growth of muscle mass, "says Alexey.

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Biotechnology is the production use of biological agents or their systems to obtain valuable products and targeted transformations.

Biological agents in this case are microorganisms, vegetable or animal cells, cellular components (cell membranes, ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts), as well as biological macromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins - most often enzymes). Biotechnology also uses viral DNA or RNA to transfer alien genes to cells.

Man used biotechnology for many thousands of years: people baked bread, cooked beer, made cheese using various microorganisms, while not even suspecting their existence. Actually, the term himself appeared in our language not so long ago, instead, the words "industrial microbiology", "technical biochemistry", etc. were used.

Probably, the ancient biotechnological process was fonding with microorganisms. This is in favor of this indicates a description of the process of cooking, found in 1981 during the excavations of Babylon on a table, which dates from about 6th thousandth of millennium BC. e.

In the 3rd millennium BC. e. Sumerians made up to two dozen beer species. No less ancient biotechnology processes are winemaking, bread maker, and producing lactic acid products. In the traditional, classic, understanding of biotechnology is a science of methods and technologies for the production of various substances and products using natural biological objects and processes.

The term "new" biotechnology as opposed to the "old" biotechnology is used to separate bioprocesses using genetic engineering techniques and more traditional forms of bioprocesses. Thus, the usual alcohol production in the fermentation process is "old" biotechnology, but the use of yeast in this process improved by genetic engineering methods in order to increase the release of alcohol - "new" biotechnology.

Biotechnology as science is the most important section of modern biology, which, like physics, has become at the end of the XX century. One of the leading priorities in world science and economics.

A surge in biotechnology research in world science occurred in the 1980s, but despite such a short period of its existence, biotechnology attracted close attention as scientists and the general public. According to forecasts, at the beginning of the 21st century, biotechnological goods will be a quarter of all world products.

As for more modern biotechnology processes, they are based on recombinant DNA methods, as well as on the use of immobilized enzymes, cells or cellular organelles.

Modern biotechnology is the science of genetically engineering and cellular methods for creating and using genetically transformed biological objects to improve production or obtain new types of products for various purposes.

The main directions of biotechnology

Conditionally, the following main directions of biotechnology can be distinguished:

Biotechnology of food products;
- biotechnology of drugs for agriculture;
- biotechnology of drugs and products for industrial and domestic use;
- biotechnology of drugs;
- Biotechnology of diagnostic and reagents.

Biotechnology also includes leaching and concentration of metals, environmental protection against contamination, toxic waste degradation and an increase in oil production.

Development of biofuel direction

The vegetation cover of the Earth is more than 1800 billion tons of dry matter, which is energetically equivalent to known reserves of mineral energy. The forests make up about 68% of the sushi biomass, herbal ecosystems - about 16%, and the cultivated lands are only 8%. For dry substance, the simplest way to transform into energy is combustion - it provides heat, which in turn turns into mechanical or electrical energy.

As for the crude substance, in this case the most ancient and most effective method of transformation of biomass into energy is to obtain biogas (methane). Methane "fermentation", or biomethanogenesis, - a long-known process of converting biomass into energy. It was opened in 1776. Volta, which established the presence of methane in the marsh gas.

The waste of the food industry and agricultural production is characterized by a high carbon content (in the case of distillation of beets for 1l waste up to 50g carbon), so they are best suited for methane "fermentation", especially since some of them are obtained at a temperature most favorable for this process. .

The UN Conference on Science and Technology for Developing Countries (1979) and experts of the Economic and Social Commission on Asia and the Pacific countries emphasized the advantages of agricultural programs using biogas.

It should be noted that 38% of the 95 millionth livestock livestock in the world, 72% of sugar cane residues and 95% of bananas, coffee and citrus rates are among the countries of Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Middle East. It is not surprising that huge amounts of raw materials for methane "fermentation" are concentrated in these regions.

The consequence of this was the orientation of some countries to agriculturally oriented economies in bioenergy. Biogas production by methane "fermentation" waste is one of the possible solutions of the energy problem in most rural areas of developing countries.

Biotechnology is able to make a major contribution to the solution of energy problems also by producing a fairly cheap biosynthetic ethanol, which, in addition, is an important raw material for the microbiological industry in the preparation of food and forage proteins, as well as protein-lipid feeds.

Achievements of biotechnology

With the help of biotechnology, many products for health care, agriculture, food and chemical industries are obtained. Moreover, it is important that many of them could not be obtained without the use of biotechnological methods. Especially high hopes are associated with attempts to use microorganisms and cell cultures to reduce pollution of the medium and energy production.

In molecular biology, the use of biotechnological methods allows to determine the structure of the genome, to understand the mechanism of gene expression, simulate cell membranes in order to study their functions, etc.

Designing the necessary genes by the methods of gene and cellular engineering allows you to manage the heredity and life of animals, plants and microorganisms and create organisms with new properties useful for humans previously not observed in nature.

The microbiological industry currently uses thousands of strains of various microorganisms. In most cases, they are improved by induced mutagenesis and subsequent selection. This allows you to conduct large-scale synthesis of various substances. Some proteins and secondary metabolites can only be obtained by cultivating eukaryotes. Vegetable cells can serve as a source of a number of compounds - atropine, nicotine, alkaloids, saponins, etc.

In biochemistry, microbiology, cytology, the methods of immobilization of both enzymes and whole cells of microorganisms, plants and animals cause undoubted interest. In veterinary medicine, biotechnological methods such as cell culture and embryos are widely used, in vitro evogenesis, artificial fertilization.

All this indicates that biotechnology will become the source of not only new food and medical preparations, but also of energy and new chemicals, as well as organisms with specified properties.

Video: Biotechnology and The Emergence of New Therapeutics.



Autonomous non-profit organization

Kaliningrad Business College

Department of nonsense forms of training

abstract

On the topic: Problems and achievements of modern biotechnology

By discipline: Natural science

Performed student

groups 14-ZG-1

Gerner E.A.

Checked:

Vasilenko N.A.

Kaliningrad 2015.

Introduction

Main part

1.1 Practical achievements of biotechnology

2 biologization and environmentalization

1.3 Prospects for the development of biotechnology

1.4 Application of biotechnology

1.5 Value Biotechnology for Medicine

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

In my work, I reveal the topic of achievements of biotechnology. The opportunities discovering to her before humanity both in the field of fundamental science and in many other areas are very large and often even revolutionary.

Biotechnology is a field of human activity, which is characterized by the wide use of biological systems of all levels in a wide variety of industries, industrial production, medicine, agriculture and other fields.

Biotechnology is different from agricultural technologies, first of all, wide use of microorganisms: prokaryotes (bacteria, actinomycete), mushrooms and algae. This is due to the fact that microorganisms are capable of carrying out a wide variety of biochemical reactions.

Traditional biotechnology has developed on the basis of the empirical experience of many generations of people, they are characterized by conservatism and relatively low efficiency. However, during the XIX-XX centuries, a higher level technology began to form on the basis of traditional biotechnologies: technology of increasing soil fertility, biological wastewater treatment technology, biofuel production technology.

The relevance of the chosen topic is that biotechnology as a region of knowledge and dynamically developing industrial industry is designed to solve many key problems of modernity, while providing the balance of the balance in the relationship system "Man - Nature - Society", for biological technologies (biotechnologies) based on the use The potential of the living by definition is aimed at friendly and harmony of a person with his world around.

The novelty of the work is that it considers that biotechnology is one of the main directions of scientific and technological progress, actively contribute to the acceleration of solving many tasks, such as food, agricultural, energy, environmental.

The practical significance of the work is that it will make it possible to trace the evolution of biotechnology.

The goal of the work is to prove that advanced biotechnologies are able to play a significant role in improving the quality of life and human health.

Disclose the practical significance of biotechnologies.

To identify the prospects for the development of biotechnology.

Research methods:

1.Analysis of literary sources.

2.Generalization of information.

1. Basic part

1.1 Practical achievements of biotechnology

With the help of biotechnology, many products for health care, agriculture, food and chemical industries are obtained.

Moreover, it is important that many of them could not be obtained without the use of biotechnological methods.

Especially high hopes are associated with attempts to use microorganisms and cell cultures to reduce pollution of the medium and energy production.

In molecular biology, the use of biotechnological methods allows to determine the structure of the genome, to understand the mechanism of gene expression, simulate cell membranes in order to study their functions, etc.

Designing the necessary genes by the methods of gene and cellular engineering allows you to manage the heredity and life of animals, plants and microorganisms and create organisms with new properties useful for humans previously not observed in nature.

The microbiological industry currently uses thousands of strains of various microorganisms. In most cases, they are improved by induced mutagenesis and subsequent selection. This allows you to conduct large-scale synthesis of various substances.

Some proteins and secondary metabolites can only be obtained by cultivating eukaryotes. Vegetable cells can serve as a source of a number of compounds - atropine, nicotine, alkaloids, saponins, etc.

In biochemistry, microbiology, cytology, the methods of immobilization of both enzymes and whole cells of microorganisms, plants and animals cause undoubted interest.

In veterinary medicine, biotechnological methods such as cell culture and embryos are widely used, in vitro evogenesis, artificial fertilization.

All this indicates that biotechnology will become the source of not only new food and medical preparations, but also of energy and new chemicals, as well as organisms with specified properties.

.2 biologization and environmentalization

Currently, the popularity of environmentalization ideas and in a broader sense of biologization of all economic and production activities are becoming increasingly acquired.

Under environmentalization as the initial stage of biologization, it is possible to understand the reduction of harmful emissions in the environment, the creation of low-waste and waste-free industrial complexes with a closed cycle and so paragraph.

Biology should be understood more widely as a radical transformation of production activities based on the biological laws of the biosphere biosphere.

The purpose of such a transformation should be embedded in all economic and production activities in the biotic cycle.

Especially clearly, this necessity is visible on the phenomenon of the strategic helplessness of chemical protection of plants:

The fact is that currently there is no pesticide in the world, to which the pests of plants would not have adapted.

Moreover, now the regularity of such a device is clearly revealed: if in 1917. There was one type of insects adapted to DDT, then in 1980. Such species have become 432.

Applied pesticides and herbicides are extremely harmful not only for the entire animal world, but also for humans.

Similarly, the strategic futility of the use of chemical fertilizers is currently becoming understood. Under these conditions, the transition to the biological protection of plants and bioorganic technology with a minimum of chemical fertilizers is completely natural.

The solid role in the process of biologization of agriculture can play biotechnology.

You can and need to talk about biologization of technology, industrial production and energy.

Actively developing bioenergy promises revolutionary transformations, since it is focused on renewable energy and raw materials.

.3 Prospects for the development of biotechnology

The central problem of biotechnology is the intensification of bioprocesses both by increasing the potential of biological agents and their systems and by improving the equipment, the use of biocatalysts (immobilized enzymes and cells) in industry, analytical chemistry, medicine.

The basis of the industrial use of biology achievements is the technique of creating recombinant DNA molecules.

Designing the necessary genes allows you to manage the heredity and life of animals, plants and microorganisms and create organisms with new properties.

In particular, it is possible to control the process of fixing the atmospheric nitrogen and the transfer of the corresponding genes from the cells of microorganisms in the genome of the plant cell.

As sources of raw materials for biotechnology, reproducible resources of non-food vegetable materials, agricultural waste, which serve as an additional source of both feed substances and secondary fuels (biogas) and organic fertilizers will be gained increasing importance.

One of the rapidly developing branches of biotechnology is the technology of microbial synthesis of valuable substances for humans. According to forecasts, the further development of this industry will entail the redistribution of roles in the formation of the food base of mankind of crop production and animal husbandry on the one hand, and microbial synthesis - on the other.

An equally important aspect of modern microbiological technology is to study the participation of microorganisms in biosphere processes and the directional regulation of their livelihoods in order to solve the problem of environmental protection against man-made, agricultural and consumer pollution.

Studies are closely related to the identification of the role of microorganisms in soil fertility (humus formation and replenishment of biological nitrogen), the fight against pests and diseases of crops, disposal of pesticides and other chemical compounds in the soil.

The knowledge available in this area suggests that the change in the strategy of the economic activity of a person from chemicalization to agricultural biologization is justified by both economic and environmental points of view.

In this direction, the goal of landscape regeneration can be delivered before biotechnology.

Work is underway to create biopolymers that will be able to replace modern plastics. These biopolymers have a significant advantage over traditional materials, as non-toxic and susceptible to biodegradation, that is, easily decomposed after their use, without polluting the environment.

Biotechnologies based on microbiology achievements are most cost effective in compulsaged to apply and create waste-free industries that do not violate environmental equilibrium.

Their development will make it possible to replace many huge chemical plants by environmentally friendly compact production.

An important and promising direction of biotechnology is the development of methods for obtaining environmentally friendly energy.

The preparation of biogas and ethanol were considered above, but there are both fundamentally new experimental approaches in this direction.

One of them is to get a photo model:

"If the chloroplasts select the membranes containing the photosystem 2, then the film takes place on the light - the decomposition of it on oxygen and hydrogen. Modeling photosynthesis processes occurring in chloroplasts would allow the energy of the sun in valuable fuel - hydrogen. "

The advantages of this method of energy production are obvious:

the presence of an excess substrate, water;

unlimited energy source - sun;

the product (hydrogen) can be stored, not polluting the atmosphere;

hydrogen has a high calorific value (29 kcal / g) compared with hydrocarbons (3.5 kcal / g);

the process comes at normal temperature without the formation of toxic intermediate products;

the process is cyclic, since the substrate - water is regenerated when consuming hydrogen.

.4 Application of biotechnology

People have always thought about how to learn to manage nature, and were looking for methods for obtaining, for example, plants with improved qualities: with high yields, larger and delicious fruits or increased coolness. For a long time, the main method that was used for this purpose was selection. It is widely used to date and is aimed at creating new and improving existing varieties of cultivated plants, domestic rocks and microorganisms with highly valuable features and properties.

The selection is built on the selection of plants (animals) with pronounced favorable signs and further crossing such organisms, while gene engineering allows you to directly interfere in the cell's genetic apparatus. It is important to note that during the traditional selection, get hybrids with a desired combination of useful signs is very difficult, since very large fragments of genomes of each of the parents are transmitted to the offspring, while genetic engineering methods allow working most often with one or more genes, and their Modifications do not affect the operation of other genes. As a result, without losing other beneficial properties of the plant, it is possible to add another or more useful features, which is very valuable to create new varieties and new plants. It became possible to change in plants, for example, resistance to climate and stress, or their sensitivity to insects or diseases distributed in certain regions, to drought, etc. Scientists hope to even get such rocks of trees that would be resistant to fires. Extensive research is underway to improve the nutritional value of various crops, such as corn, soybean, potatoes, tomatoes, peas, etc.

Historically, "three waves" is distinguished in the creation of genetically modified plants:

The second wave is the beginning of the 2000s - the creation of plants with new consumer properties: oilseeds with elevated content and modified composition of oils, fruits and vegetables with a large content of vitamins, more nutritious cereals, etc.

Nowadays, scientists create the "Third Wave" plants, which in the next 10 years will appear on the market: vaccine plants, bioreactors plants for the production of industrial products (components for various types of plastic, dyes, technical oils, etc.), plants - drug factory, etc.

Meneno-engineering work in animal husbandry have another task. A fully achievable goal at the modern level of technology is the creation of transgenic animals with a specific target genome. For example, the gene of some valuable animal hormone (for example, growth hormone) is artificially introduced into the bacterium, which begins to produce it in large quantities. Another example: transgenic goats, as a result of the introduction of an appropriate gene, can produce a specific protein, a factor VIII, which prevents bleeding in patients with hemophilia, or an enzyme, thrombocinase, which promotes blood-absorbing blood vessels in blood vessels, which is relevant for the prevention and therapy for thrombophlebitis people. Transgenic animals produce these proteins much faster, and the method itself is much cheaper than traditional.

In the late 90s of the XX century. US scientists closely approached the production of farm animals by cloning embryos cells, although this direction needs even further serious studies. But in xenotransplantation - the transplant of organs from one type of living organisms to another, the undoubted results are achieved. The greatest successes were obtained by using pigs having in genotype transferred human genes, as donors of various organs. In this case, the minimum risk of rejection of the organ is observed.

Scientists also assume that the transfer of genes will help reduce human allergies to cow's milk. Focused changes in DNA cows should also lead to a decrease in the content of saturated fatty acids in milk and cholesterol, which will make it even more useful for health. The potential danger of the use of genetically modified organisms is expressed in two aspects: food safety for people's health and environmental consequences. Therefore, the most important stage in creating a genetically modified product should be its comprehensive examination to avoid the danger that the product contains proteins that cause allergies, toxic substances or some new dangerous components.

.5 Value of biotechnology for medicine

biotechnology bioprocesses pharmaceutical

In addition to wide use in agriculture, a whole branch of the pharmaceutical industry appeared on the basis of genetic engineering, called industrial DNA and representing one of the modern branches of biotechnology. More than a quarter of all drugs used now in the world, contain ingredients from plants. Meneno-modified plants are a cheap and safe source to obtain fully functional medicinal proteins (antibodies, vaccines, enzymes, etc.) for both human and animals. Examples of use of genetic engineering in medicine are also the production of human insulin by using genetically modified bacteria, the production of erythropoietin (hormone, stimulating the formation of erythrocytes in the bone marrow. The physiological role of this hormone is to regulate the products of red blood cells, depending on the need of an organism in oxygen) in cell culture (i.e., outside the human body) or new breeds of experimental mice for scientific research.

The development of methods of genetic engineering, based on the creation of recombinant DNA, led to that "biotechnological boom", whose witnesses we are. Thanks to the achievements of science, in this area, not only the creation of "biological reactors", transgenic animals, genetic-modified plants, but also carrying out genetic passports (full study and analysis of the human genotype, carried out, as a rule, immediately after birth, to determine the predisposition to various diseases, a possible inadequate (allergic) reaction to certain medications, as well as a tendency to certain activities). Genetic certification allows you to predict and reduce the risks of cardiovascular and oncological diseases, explore and prevent neurodegenerative diseases and aging processes, analyze the neuro-physiological features of the personality at the molecular level), diagnosis of genetic diseases, the creation of DNA vaccines, generate therapy of various diseases, etc. .

In the 20th century, in most countries of the world, the main efforts of medicine were aimed at combating infectious diseases, a decrease in infant mortality and an increase in the average life expectancy. Countries with a more developed health care system so succeeded on this path, which was possible to shift the emphasis on the treatment of chronic diseases, diseases of the cardiovascular system and oncological diseases, since these disease groups gave the greatest percentage of mortality growth.

At the same time, the search for new methods and approaches was searched. The fact that the science has been proven by a significant role of hereditary predisposition in the emergence of such widespread diseases such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, ulcerative ulcer and duodenal ulcers, psoriasis, bronchial asthma, etc. It became obvious that for effective treatment and prevention of these Diseases encountered in the practice of doctors of all specialties, it is necessary to know the mechanisms of interaction between environmental and hereditary factors in their occurrence and development, and, consequently, further progress in health care is impossible without the development of biotechnological methods in medicine. In recent years, it is these directions that are considered priority and rapidly developing.

The urgency of reliable genetic studies based on biotechnology approaches is also obvious because more than 4,000 hereditary diseases are already known. About 5-5.5% of children are born with hereditary or innate diseases. At least 30% of child mortality during pregnancy and in the postpartum period is due to congenital defects and hereditary diseases. After 20-30 years, many diseases begin to manifest themselves, to which the person had only hereditary predisposition. This occurs under the influence of various medial factors: living conditions, bad habits, complications after suffering from diseases, etc.

Currently, practical opportunities have already emerged significantly reduce or adjust the negative impact of hereditary factors. Medical genetics explained that the cause of many gene mutations is the interaction with unfavorable environmental conditions, and, therefore, solving environmental problems can be achieved by reducing the incidence of cancer, allergies, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, mental illness, and even some infectious diseases. At the same time, scientists managed to identify genes responsible for the manifestation of various pathologies and contributing to an increase in life expectancy. When using medical genetics methods, good results were obtained in the treatment of 15% of diseases, with respect to almost 50% of diseases there is a significant improvement.

Thus, significant achievements of genetics have allowed not only to enter the molecular level of study of the genetic structures of the body, but also to open the essence of many serious human diseases, close to gene therapy.

In addition, on the basis of medical genetic knowledge, opportunities appeared for early diagnosis of hereditary diseases and timely prevention of hereditary pathology.

The most important direction of medical genetics is currently the development of new methods for the diagnosis of hereditary diseases, including diseases with hereditary predisposition. Today, no one no one surprises the pre-imposing diagnosis - the method of diagnosis of the embryo at an early stage of intrauterine development, when a genetic doctor, removing only one cell of the future child with a minimum threat to his life, puts an accurate diagnosis or warns of hereditary predisposition to one disease or other disease.

As the theoretical and clinical discipline, medical genetics continues to develop intensively in different directions: the study of human genome, cytogenetics, molecular and biochemical genetics, immunogenetics, development genetics, population genetics, clinical genetics.

Due to the increasing use of biotechnological methods in pharmaceutical and medicine, a new concept of "personalized medicine" appeared, when the patient treatment is carried out on the basis of its individual, including genetic features, and even drugs used in the treatment process are made individually for each specific patient with By consideration of its condition. The emergence of such drugs has become possible, in particular, due to the use of such a biotechnological method, such as hybridization (artificial merger) of cells. The processes of hybridization of cells and obtaining hybrids are still not fully studied and are not worked out, but it is important that with their help it became possible to produce monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are special "protective" proteins that are produced by cells of the human immune system in response to the appearance of any alien agents in the blood (called antigens): bacteria, viruses, poisons, etc. Monoclonal antibodies have extraordinary, unique specificity, and each antibody recognizes only his antigen, communicates with it and makes it safe for humans. In modern medicine, monoclonal antibodies are widely used in diagnostic purposes. Currently, they are also used as highly efficient drugs for individual treatment of patients suffering from severe diseases as cancer, AIDS, etc.

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that advanced biotechnologies are able to play a significant role in improving the quality of life and human health, ensuring the economic and social growth of states (especially in developing countries).

With the help of biotechnology, new diagnostic agents, vaccines and drugs can be obtained. Biotechnology can help in increasing the yield of basic cereals, which is especially relevant due to the increase in the population of the Earth. In many countries where large biomass volumes are not used or not fully used, biotechnology could offer ways to transform them into valuable products, as well as processing using biotechnological methods for the production of various types of biofuels. In addition, with proper planning and management of biotechnology, it can be used in small regions as a tool for the industrialization of rural areas to create small industries, which will ensure a more active development of empty territories and will solve the employment problem.

A feature of the development of biotechnology in the 21st century is not only its rude growth as applied science, it is increasingly widely in the daily life of a person, and that even more substantially - ensuring exceptional opportunities for the effective (intensive, and not extensive) development of almost all sectors of the economy, It becomes a necessary condition for the sustainable development of society, and thereby has a transforming effect on the Sociur Development Paradigm as a whole.

The widespread penetration of biotechnologies in the economy of the world economy was reflected in the fact that even new terms were formed to designate the globality of this process. Thus, the use of biotechnological methods in industrial production was called "white biotechnology", in pharmaceutical production and medicine - "Red Biotechnology", in agricultural production and animal husbandry - Green Biotechnology, and for artificial cultivation and further processing of aquatic organisms (aquaculture or Mariculture) - "Blue Biotechnology". And the economy integrating all these innovative areas was called "bioeconomics". The task of the transition from the traditional economy to the economy of a new type - bioeconomy based on innovation and widely using biotechnology in various industries, as well as in the daily life of a person, has already been declared a strategic goal in many countries of the world.

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4.Sholenikov, S.I. We pass the foundations of environmental environmental management:

5. Cheat sheets / S.I. Chariots. - Rostov N / D: Phoenix, 2004. - 160 p.

6.Lukianchikov, N.N. Economics and Natural Management: Textbook for universities / N.N. Lukyanchikov, I.M. Furious. - Ed.2-E, recreation. and add. - M.: Uniti-Dana, 2002. - 454 p.

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Question 1. What is biotechnology?

Biotechnology is the use of Or-Ganisms, biological systems or biologic processes in industrial production. The branches of biotechnology include gene, chromosomal and cellular engineering, cloning of agricultural growing and animals, the use of a microorgite-dilome-in breadkefake, winemaking, the production of drugs, etc.

Question 2. What problems is solved by a gene in-family? What difficulties are research related in this area?

Methods of genetic engineering allow impression into the genotype of some organisms (for example, bacteria) of the genes of other organisms (for example, human). Genetic engineering made it possible to solve the problems of industrial synthesis by microorganisms of various human hormones, such as insulin and rosy hormone. By creating genetically modifying plants, it provided the appearance of cold-resistant varieties, diseases and pests. The main difficulty for gene engineering is the observation and contact role for the activities of the DNA entered from outside. It is important to know whether transgenic organisms are able to withstand "load" of alien genes. There is also a danger of self-arbitrary transfer (migration) of alien genes into other organisms, as a result of which they can acquire the properties unwanted for humans and nature. Not lasting a ethical problem: Do we have the right to redo the living organisms of the Ra di Own good?

Question 3. What do you think the selection of microorganisms is now prior to the primary importance?

There are several reasons for increasing interest in microorganisms selection:

• the ease of selection (compared to rashes and animals), which is due to the high reproduction rate and ease of cultivation of bacteria;
• huge biochemical potential (a variety of reactions carried by bacteria - from the synthesis of antibiotics and vitami new before the release of rare chemical elements from ores);
• simplicity of genetically engineering manipi-blues; It is also important that the gene built into the DNA gene is automatically starting to work, because (in contrast to eukaryotic organisms) all the peaks are active.

As a result, today there is a huge number of examples of using new bacteria strains in practice: production of food, human hormones, waste processing, wastewater treatment, etc.

Question 4. Give examples of industrial receipt and use of products of the vitality of microorganisms.

For a long time, fermented milk bacteria provide preparation of spring and cheese; Bacteria for which alcohol fermentation is characterized - ethyl alcohol synthesis; Yeast is used in bakery and Vi-Nodelia.

Since 1982, insulin, synthesized by the intestinal wand, are in an industrial scale. It became possible after using the methods of genetic engineering, the human insulin gene was built into the Bak-Terilia DNA. Currently, the synthesis of transgenic growth hormone has been adjusted, which is used to treat dwarfs in children.

Microorganisms also participate in biotechnical processes for the cleaning of waste modes, waste recycling, removal of oil spills in water bodies, fuel production.

Question 5. What organisms are called trans-gene?

Transgenic (genetically modified-baths) is called organisms containing artificial additions in the genome. Applying (in addition to the intestinal pa-pet mentioned above), plants can serve as a fragment of a bacterial chrona-mosoma, responsible for the synthesis of toxin that scares harmful insects is integrated into DNA. Corn, rice, potatoes, resistant to pests and pesticides that are not requiring pesticides are obtained in the resulting grade. Interesting for salmon measures, whose DNA completed the genome activating the production of growth hormone. As a result, salmon grew a few times the fast-ree, and the weight of the fish was much more than the norm.

Question 6. What is the advantage of cloning compared to traditional selection methods?

Cloning is aimed at obtaining accurate copies of the body with already known characteristics. It allows you to achieve better results in a shorter time than traditional selection methods. Material from site.

Cloning makes it possible to work with individual cells or small skots. For example, in the breeding of cattle, the chimney of a calf at the stage of non-differentiable cells is divided into fragments and placed them in surrogate mothers. As a result, several identical calves with the necessary features and properties are developing.

If necessary, you can use cloning of plants. In this case, the silek is occurring in cell culture (on source-cultured isolated cells). And only then from the cells possessing the necessary properties, full plants are grown.

The most famous example of cloning is a somatic cell core transplant in a developing egg. This technology in the future will create a genetic twin of any organism (or, more relevant, its tissues and organs).

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