Briefly numerant. Types of Numbers' names - Simple, composite and complex

There are ten parts of speech. It is possible to divide them for interjections and not interjections, on independent and service.

Independent, non-intermediate parts of the speech are divided into names, verb and adverb. Names in Russian Three: adjective, noun, numerical. Based on some signs, pronouns can be attributed to them.

Numeral as a personal part of speech

What words refer to numeral? What question is the numerical question? How does the numerant inclined? Not a complete list of questions related to the definition of the numeral name.

As all registered parts of speech, numerically inherent in the decline in the case paradigm. The initial form is considered the form of a nominative case. The category of kind in numeral missing (exceptions are numeral two,one, ordinal numerical and collective both / both).It is not defined in this part of speech and the category of the number, except for the sequence numbers.

Numbered names can be all members of the sentence. Often they perform to the subject, definition or additions. Rarely they are fault and circumstances. The phrases of the names of the numeral and nouns are indivisible and act as one member of the sentence.

Grammatical discharges are numbered

Leading scientists emphasize the lack of formation of this part of speech. There is a group of linguists who do not recognize a numerical part of speech. In this regard, there are different opinions to determine the composition of numerical. In a narrow understanding, only quantitative numbers include quantitative: and composite numeral, and simple, and complex, and ordinalizes are included in the discharge of relative adjectives. In a broad sense, numerals include quantitative and ordinal discharges, as well as words that do not indicate a particular amount: so much, much, how much, little.

Numeral - One of the most simple parts of speech in Russian. To find out the numeral simply - enough to ask a question "how much" or "which", and if the word responds to it, it means that it enters this group.

But within a large group, numerals are divided into several varieties. Consider the main ones and find out how to attribute some of the speech to some kind of type.

What numerals are called simple?

The main distinguishing feature of the numeral is the ability to record a word in a numerical form, that is, numbers. But the records can be very different among themselves in appearance and by reading - for example, the words "ten", "three hundred twelve" and "one thousand six hundred seventy-eight".

• The group of simple numbers includes mostly simple numbers that are written in just one word - "six", "nine", "four".
• It happens that the numeral consists of two digits and more - "twelve", "hundred", "million". It still remains simple, since the word is only one thing - and most importantly, just one root.

Complex numerals

But words like "sixty", "eighty" or "seven hundred", are no longer simple. Although they are written in one word, roots here are more. For example, the word "sixty" consists of the foundations "Six" and "Ten", the word "seven hundred" - from the foundations "seven" and "hundred". Such words are called complicated, and it is very important not to confuse them with simple.

Composite - numerical words

The main difference between the composite numerals from the previous two groups is their writing by several separate words. Examples - "Thousand and sixty-eight", "four hundred twenty three", "eight hundred forty-one", "twenty two". This group also includes almost all the fractions - if you write them with words, not numbers, the whole phrase always turns out.

For example, "one whole six tenths", "five ninth", "two thirds". The only exception is the word "one and a half" - with it can be expressed by the number "One whole five tenths".

Separate mention deserve rules for the decline in component names for numeral. They differ depending on the situation. Sometimes the expression is completely inclined, for each word - for example, "pay for the purchase of three hundred forty rubles." But in some cases only the last part of the composite is transformed. For example, you can take "one thousand nine hundred forty-fifth year." As we see, here the case is changed only for the last part - everyone else remains in the nominative case.

In Russian, there is a huge number of rules that are incomprehensible not only to foreigners, but also to people who were born in this country. Most often, schoolchildren and adults cause a lot of questions for the use of quantitative and ordinal numbers. However, everything is not as scary as it may seem at first glance. Having studied the most important rules for using certain parts of speech, you can quickly understand all the intricacies of this issue.

general information

First of all, it is necessary to remember that the numerals are independent significant parts of the speech of the Russian language. By and large, this is a separate group of words that are formed by their rules. Based on this, they are divided by:

• Grammatical value. This means that the data of the speech part may designate numbers, quantity, and used with the score. In this case, this group of words includes those that answer such questions as: "How much?" or "which?"
• Signs of morphology. In this case, they are divided into quantitative numerical and ordinal numerals, as well as additional: simple and composite. In addition, there is a category of varying words in which the endings are changing in accordance with the case used, but there are exceptions here.
• Syntactic role. In this case, the quantitative numerical is one of the whole with the existing existence. For example: "Two glasses stood in the kitchen." In addition, quantitative numerals can play the role of determining or being part of the composite one. For example: "their place in the third row."

Category by value

These parts of the speech are divided into quantitative sequence and fractional numerals. However, by and large there are only two groups. Fractional belongs to quantitative numerical. Therefore, it is worth considering this issue. The fact is that often people are confused quantitative collective and ordinal numerals. Although they relate to different categories.

Cardinal numbers

Based on the title, it is easy to guess that these parts of the speech indicate the "number" and "number". In turn, they are:

• Whole. In this case, we are talking about such numbers that are the amount of integer values.
• Fractional. Such numerals are incomplete numbers.
• Collective. In this case, a quantitative aggregate is expressed.

All these categories are numerals differ in their peculiarities of the formation of speech parts. For example, entire can create with fractional mixed look. Good example: two seconds and five ninths.

Ordinals

These parts of the speech are words that determine the order at the invoice. For example: the second, twelfth, one hundred first, etc.

In this case, no subcategories exist.

Quantitative and sequid numbers: examples

If the formation of different types is incomprehensible from the first time, then it is worth considering their features more. Examples will help better understand the category data education system.

So, in order to understand the spelling of quantitative and ordinal numbers, the easiest way to consider them on the discharges described above are:

• If we are talking about integers, then they are formed following the example: two, twelve, fifty, etc.
• When forming fractional numbers, they are used in the form: two fourth, three sixth.
• If we are talking about a collective category, then parts of the speech will look like: Three, five, six.

In addition, and ordinal numerals have their own characteristics in word formation. If we are talking about words denoting integers, the change is due to suffixes. This means that from one group of speech part you can make another. For example, in order to transform quantitative numbers into ordinal numeral, just to change the last part of the word: six - sixth, seven - seventh, thirty - thirtieth.

Nevertheless, it is worth considering that such ordinal numbers, as the "first" and "second", are an exception. Therefore, it just needs to be remembered.

The declination of quantitative and ordinal numeral

As you know, there are widely applied cases in Russian, which are six. When declining the sequence numbers, only the last digit varies (if there are several of them). For instance:

• Maldly case: twenty fifth, a thousand six hundred thirteenth.
• PABITIVE: Twenty-fifth, a thousand six hundred thirteenth.
• Current: twenty fifth, a thousand six hundred thirteenth.
• Request: twenty fifth, a thousand six hundred thirteenth.
• Certificate: twenty fifth, a thousand six hundred thirteenth.
• Compleudified: (o) twenty-fifth, (o) a thousand six hundred thirteenth.

If we are talking about cases, then quantitative numerical and ordinal numerals are really very different by education. In the case of the first category, each word will change. Consider the casements of quantitative numbers:

• Calm case: eight, twenty-six.
• Patient: eight, twenty six.
• Current: eight, twenty six.
• Challenged: eight, twenty-six.
• Certificate: eight, twenty-six.
• Complained: (o) eight, (o) twenty-six.

It is important to remember

Considering the names of numeral (quantitative and ordinal), it is worth paying attention to some exceptions. These exceptions from the rules must simply remember:

• If you need to use words such as "hundred", "forty" and "ninety", they will have one species in the nominative and parental case. In all other cases, "hundred", "forty" and "ninety" is used. For example, it will be more correct to say: "He walked with a hundred rubles in his pocket," and not: "He walked with stamps."
• If we are talking about a numerical "one and a half", then the word can change only depending on the genus. That is, it will be right to say: one and a half of the apple (male and medium) and a half of the plum (female genus).

Rules to know

In grammar there are many nuances. Therefore, it will also be useful to learn the rules on quantitative and ordinal numbers:

• It is more correct to say: "To how many (hours) the store works." At the same time, the emphasis is placed on the letter "O".
• Today it is very often you can hear a "two thousand year." In fact, it is wrong. The same applies to the expression "two thousand seventeenth year." Correctly talk only: "Two thousand seventeenth year."
• The ordinal numerical finishes are changing the same as in the case of ordinary adjectives.

How numerals are syntactically combined with nouns

If we are talking about quantitative parts of speech, then in the nominative and parental cases, they are put only in the form of R. p. That is: seven letters, sixteen cups, thirty people.

It is worth noting that such words as "three", "one and a half", "four" and "two" are used only with nouns, which should be put in the singular, and all others are with multiple. For example: three glasses - five glasses, two columns - fifteen pillars, four girls - fifty girls.

In all other situations, with a bunch of noun and numerical, it all depends on the case.

The only exception is a numerical "one", as it is, regardless of it should be coordinated only with nouns.

If we are talking about fractional "one and a half" or "one and a half", then they are coordinated with nouns in the same way as integers. For example: apple one and a half. The remaining fractional numerals must be consumed in the parent. Nouns can be in units. h. or mn. h. For example: Three fifth apples (if it comes to a specific object) and two fifths of apples (if there is a total number of specific items).

Also, you should not forget about using their use with noun the same rules as in the use of quantitative parts of speech. This means that in the nominative and vinegenial cases, they change the form of a noun on R. p. In other cases, standard coordination occurs.

In addition, it is worth considering that when we use a collective numerical "both", then the noun can be in the form of only units. h. For example: both dogs, both Skworts. In all other cases, they are consumed in the plural. For example: seven students.

The ordinal numbers, as noted earlier, when agreeing with nouns, are formed in the same way as the words responsible for the question "what". For example: the first semester, the eighth cup, the ninth lesson.

Also, many are interested, whether the word "one thousand" refers to a numerical or that is still a noun. According to modern dictionaries, 1000 may refer to a variety of speech parts.

This means that the word can be used both as numeral and in the form of a noun. Therefore, in that, and in another case it will be used correctly. However, it all depends on the words goes for the "thousand". For example: "With every thousand rubles." In this case, it has a form of a noun. But if we say "a thousand people," then it is implied by a numeral.

Knowing why quantitative and ordinal numerals are used in one form or another, you can start speaking more competently. The main thing is to remember the basic rules. Of course, there are some nuances in this matter, but the high school student and an adult person will be able to understand them.

1. Number Numeral as part of speech.

2. Lexico-grammatical discharges of nigal names:

· Quantitative;

· Fractional;

· Collective;

3. The question of ordinal numerical

4. Uncertainty-quantitative words.

The name is numerant - this is part of speech expressing the categorical value of the quantity: one, eight, twenty five, a hundred. The numeric name can call an abstructed number: eight, one hundred forty, five polesx and denote the number of items: twenty cows, seven trees, three booksgi. Abstract quantitative semantics is distinguished by numeral from other parts of speech. Nutigatives call the exact number of objects than they differ from the words like "many, little" expressing an indefinite number of items.

The numeral name changes by case, or inclined. The concept of declination has the most narrow content. Nutigative has no category of kind and number. These grammatical categories are characterized only by some lexems-numerical - one, two, million.

Nutritive no unity of syntactic signs. Some numerals are consistent with nouns: one house - one room - one window, two houses - two rooms. Other numerals can control nouns: five windows, eight doors. In combination with nouns, they form a single whole and act as one member of the sentence. For instance: Threeproud palma high rosie. Everything decorated the Cabinet of the philosopher in obsmmeen years. Therefore, numerals can perform any function in the proposal.

In terms of composition, numeral names are simple (non-derivative): two, seven, fifteen, thirty, Complex (derived): fifty, seventy and composite, i.e. Consisting of several words: three hundred twenty five, fifty eight.

In accordance with the semantics of numerical, which may designate as integers as well as fractional numbers, allocate the following LGR names of the numerals: quantitative, fractional and collective.

Quantitative numbers most. They denote an abstract number, used with the score. Their quantitative importance is implemented only in combination with noun: eight cucumbers, seven rubles. Numbered names do not have the grammatical category of the number, because The concept of the number enters into their lexical importance.

Only numeral onewhich varies by childbirth as adjective: one - one thing - one. As well as numeral twowhich has only two forms of kind: two - male / middle and two - female. Two maple - two trees, but two books. Moreover, generic differences are manifested only in forms I-VP. In nigal thousand, Million, Billion The shapes of the genus and case coincide with the shapes of the kind and case of nouns. Compare: thousand - cloud, thousands - clouds.

It is necessary to distinguish between environmental names nouns and numeral one, one thousand, million. Nutigative originated from similar nouns morphor-syntactic method. Compare two examples: One official was added to the Three / Water Department. The candidate received several million votes / us millions.

The syntax features are manifested in various combinations of numerical with nouns.

1. Nurative one Consistent with the determined nouns in kind, the number and case.

2. Numbers two three four in I.P. and V.P. Manage nouns, dictation form R.P. units Noun: two houses, three tables(Tables), in the remaining case forms, the numerical consistent with the noun.

3. Numeral OT five And further in I.P. and V.P. Manage R.P. MN.ch. Nouns names, in other cases are consistent with noucent names: five tables, but to five tables, about five tables.

4. Numeric thousand, Million, Billion In all cases, control the names of nouns.

Fractional numerals - This is a special group of composite numerals denoting fractional values. The exceptions are the words "one and a half" (simple) and "one and a half" (complicated).

By grammatical features, fractional numerals differ from quantitative:

· They can be combined with real-collective nouns. Compare: two thirds of milk, one eighth student / * three milk, five students.

· In the composition of fractional numerals are a combination of quantitative numerical and substantive relative adjectives: eight hundredths, two seventh, five sixthTherefore, fractional numerals in all cases are controlled by nouns and never agree with them: two thirds of apples, seven fifth oils.

Collective numerals - This is a small unproductive group of numeral with the value of undislated integrity, totality of items: two, three, four ... decident.

Collective numerals have a derivative basis, they are formed from quantitative numerals with a suffix OJ - two or suffix EP - four, five. Collective numerals have some restrictions in combination with other parts of speech. The following combinations are regulatory:

1. With noun, calling male people. Five soldiers, three students, but not * Three female students.

2. With noun people, children guys.

3. With noun, denoting young animals. Seven goat, five kittens.

4. With noun Pluralia Tantum: two Sanya, five gates.

5. In contrast, quantitative numerical collective numerals can be used without nouns in the proposal. Five late. There are two of us. * Five are late. Exceptions are mathematical expressions of type two plus three.

Traditionally, the numeric names include first, second ... tenth, twenty fifth, These are so-called ordinal numerals. They are formed from quantitative and rely on their semantics. However, in academic grammar, it is customary to distinguish words two and second, three and third. They have a different categorical value: two - the value of the quantity, the second is the value of the attribute expressing the ratio. The words second, third, fifthchanges by childbirth, numbers and cases, as adjectives. They have a different paradigm of declining compared with quantitative numerical, so they have the same endings as adjectives: the second is big, the third - blue, eighth, eighth - someone else's alien.In composite ordinal numerals, only the last component is inclined, all components are inclined in quantitative numerals: seventy-eighth, seventy eighth / seventy eight, seventy eight, seven-day eight. In the proposal, ordinal words perform the function of definition.

Five horses I gave me my friend Lucifer // Lucifer gave me a sixth horse, and despair was called him.

Thus, words like first, fifth, twenty-seventh We will consider how relative names of adjectives.

Under the term "uncertain-quantitative words" it is customary to understand the words

little, quite a lot, little, how much, a few, so much. Assigning them to a particular part of the speech is controversial. Some linguists relating to them with numeral, others are injected into the discharge of adverbs and pronouns. (Little, quite a lot, a little, a little - adverch, how much, somewhat, so much - pronoun). These words possess the following grammatical features:

1. Words little, quite a lot, little Combined with nouns of all lexico-grammatical discharges. Among the numerical there is no word that could have such an unlimited combination. As you can see, these words behave somewhat differently than numeral.

2. Like adverbs, they are able to determine the verb: little to do, a lot of lazy.

3. These words have the degree of comparison and are able to combine with adverbs of measures and degrees: very much, very little.

4. In words little, quite a lot, littlethere are no cases.

5. Words how much. Several, so much in their vocabulary-grammatical signs are similar to pronuches.

In the declination of the numerals allocated several paradigms.

1. The delicate paradigm of the numerical one. It is inclined as an adjective name: one is one - one ... one - one.

2. Paradigm for the declination of numerical two, three, four.

I.P.	Two	Three	Four
R.-P.P.	Two	Three	Four
D.P.	Two	Trem.	Four
T.P.	Two	Three	Four

3. Nutitive forty, ninety, one hundred has two forms: I.-V.P. Forty, R.-D.-T.-P. Forty, with graduation a.

4. Numerical from five to twenty and thirty inclined as nouns of the third decline: in the parent, dating and proposed case, they have the ending and, and in the hardware.

5. Declination of complex numerical fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred. Both parts are inclined.

I.P.	Fifty	Five hundred	Two hundred
R.P.	Fifty	Five hundred	Two hundred
D.P.	Fifty	Five hundred	Two hundred
T.P.	Fifty	Fivest	Two hundredstairs
P.P.	About fifty	About five hundred	About two hundred

6. Declination of numerical two, three hundred, four hundred.

All components are inclined for composite and fractional numerals. Collective numerals are inclined as adjectives in MN., Only numerical two, three - on a soft embodiment, the rest are solid.

The spelling of numerical is one of the most complex those spelling. Problems often arise with case endings, as well as determining the discharge of this part of speech. Therefore, before talking about spelling standards, it is worthwhile to give the concept of numeral.

Number Number as part of speech

The spelling of complex number

Now we will analyze complex numeral in Russian. The spelling of them obeys the following rules:

• Eleven writes with double "H", you also do not need to forget about the soft sign at the end.
• Complicated numerical from eleven to twenty, as well as thirty, you should write with a soft sign at the end: twenty people, fifteen candies.

• However, a soft sign is not needed in the middle of numerical fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen and nineteen.
• Numerical from 50 to 80, as well as from 500 to 900, they are written with a soft sign in the middle: fifty workers, seventy apartments; Six hundred kilograms, nine hundred years.
• The ordinal numerical, the second part of which are the words "thousandth, million, billiona", should be written in a punk: twenty thousand mileage, a fifty millionth resident, a two-billion molecule.

Spelling of composite and fractional numeral

Spelling of numerical composite, consisting of several words, remember easy. They are written separately. However, they can include both simple and complex numerals.

For example: one hundred sixty-six (a hundred - simple, sixty - difficult, written with a soft sign in the middle, six - simple, at the end you need a soft sign). A thousand eleven (a thousand - simple, eleven - complex, in the middle you should use double "H").

The spelling of numerical fractional comes down to the following rule: they are written separately, as well as composite: zero as many as fifteen hundredths, three seconds, one whole five ninth.

End of numeral

Inseciously linked grammatical norms and spenting numerical. Rule separately for each category. Thus, quantitative numeral 5-20, 30 have the same endings as the nouns of the first decline (for example, bone): six, about six; Twenty, about twenty. But the words denoting the amount of 40, 90, 100 are only two grammatical forms: in the nominative and vinegenious cases of forty, ninety, a hundred, in all other - forty, ninety, a hundred.

Attention should be paid to the spelling of the expirational quantitative components: it is necessary to change each word. We will analyze example: 645 + 128 \u003d 773. To the six hundred and forty-five to add one hundred and twenty-eight will be seven hundred seventy-three.

Also for the example, the answer is toolap:

• Seven hundred seventy-three is a nominative case.
• Seventy-three seven hundred three is a genitive case.
• Seven hundred seventy three - duties.
• Seven hundred seventy three - accusative case.
• Seven seven-day three is a cooling case.
• About seven hundred seventy three - proposed case.

The declination of the numerals, denoting the order at the score, is much simpler: it is necessary to change extremely the last word, and as an adjective name:

• Seven hundred seventy-third - nominative case.
• Seven hundred seventy-third is a genitive case.
• Seven hundred seventy-thirds - a duty.
• Seven hundred seventy-third (it is for animate) - accusative case.
• Seven hundred seventy-third is an efficient case.
• About seven hundred seventy-thirds - the proposed case.