What are the ringing sound sounds. Consonants

What sounds call consultations?
What is the consonant sound?
What are the consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds in the Russian alphabet?
What consonant sounds are always solid, and what are you always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of the consonant sound?

Sounds, when the pronunciation of which the air meets an obstacle in his mouth, is called consonant sounds. The consonant sound consists of noise and voices or only noise.

The consonants are divided into write and deaf. Calls consist of noise and voices, deaf - only from noise.

Only from noise are sounds: [K], [P], [C], [T], [F], [x], [C], [h], [sh], [sh]. These are deaf consonants.

Many consonant sounds form coupling pairsdeafness: [B] — [P], [in] — [F], [g] — [K], [d] — [T], [s] — [s], [g] — [Sh].

To memorize ringing consonants, you can learn the phrase: " Lion and toad have a lot of friends».
See all phrases to memorize bell and deaf consonants.

Deaf consonants are easy to remember on the phrase: " Stump, do you want a helmet?— Fu!».

The consonants are denoted by letters:

B., IN, G., D., J., Z., J., TO, L., M., N., P, R, FROM, T., F., H., C., C., Sh, Sh.

There are only Russian in Russian 21 consonant letter.

The consonants are also solid and soft.

Solid and soft sounds differ in the position of the language when pronouncing. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the language is raised to solid nebu.

Most of the consonant sounds form a lot of consistency pairs:

Do not form steam on hardness-softness the following solid and soft consonants:

Solid	[F]	[Ш]	[C]
Soft	[Ch❜]	[SH❜]	[y❜]

Table "The consonants: pair and unpaired, ringing and deaf, solid and soft" (1-4 classes)

Note: In primary school, solid consonant sounds are designated in blue, soft consonant sounds are green, vowels - red.

Hardness consonant sounds indicated by writing letters AND , ABOUT , W. , S , E. .

Softness consonant sound is indicated by writing letters E, E, and, Yu, I, as well as the letter B (Soft sign).

Compare: nose [nose] - ness [N❜os], angle [Angle] - coal [Bright].

Unpaired ringing sounds [y❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [p], [Р❜] sonornosthat translated from Latin means "sonorous".

Sounds [F], [sh], [Ch❜], [❜] called hissing. They received such a name, because their pronunciation looks like a hiss.

Sounds [F], [Ш] - these are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
Sounds [Ch❜] and [Sch❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.

Sounds [C], [s❜], [s], [z❜], [C] called whistling.

Consonant can not be shock or unstable.

In Russian, consonant sounds (36) are larger than consonant letters (21), since one letter can designate steam hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter l (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].

Attention! The consonant sound can form a syllable only with

Phonetics - Lady Caprice, though interesting. It's no secret that all sounds in Russian are divided into consonants and vowels. The first, in turn, are divided into ringing and deaf, soft and solid. The basis of this classification is a way to pronounce sounds and features of our articulation apparatus. So how to distinguish them all?

And what, in fact, the case?

Soft and solid consonant sounds 1 class begins to study at the very beginning of the Russian language course. But to distinguish one phonemes from others, you must first understand what the difference between them and vowels.

Public sounds are pronounced by vote. They can be disappeared, to stretch - this is how the teachers are explained in the school. When the air at the outlet of the lungs passes through the trachea, the larynx, the oral cavity, he does not meet any obstacles. When we are talking about the consonants, you need to use lips, teeth and language to pronounce them - they are involved in the process everything, if you can put it.

Comparing consonants and vowels according to their sound, we notice the following trend: when vowels, as mentioned above, sounded only with the help of one vote, then there are still noise that has been created by the interference with which air has been met when they pronounce them. This is their main difference. Deaf sounds are pronounced only with this very noise, whereas the voice is added to it. Compare, for example, to pronounce the words "Grotto" and "Mole" or "House" and "Tom". In both cases, the first - the letters of solid consonant sounds, ringing and deaf, respectively.

"Let's return to our branches!"

Now, when we already know a little about the differences in consonants, let us turn to our main topic.

Learn best on examples, right? And again turn to comparison: let's say the following couples of words:

Rack Rake, Bulk Bureau, Mom - Ball, Vine - Loda, Tower - View.

In how we pronounce consonants, there is some kind of difference. Is not it? It is caused by vowel sounds that stand after consonants. Words are specifically selected in such a way that the sounds we need have been in the same position in all examples. In this case, they show all their variety. Say again, slowly. Feel like a language, in those words where consonants sound softer, does not rest in the pawn, but as if relaxing, becomes flat? This can be considered the main feature that our solid consonants have in articulation.

Theory

Well, now let's turn to a specific theory. Solid consonants - a table that will consist of two parts. First of all, you need to remember that the hardness or softness of sound is due to his vowels. When after the letter is a, o, y, s , then the sound that it denotes will definitely be solid (mitten, hollow, lips, played), and if there are e, E, Yu, I, and The consonant will sound softer (blizzard, pinsik, mint, Kiev). Thus, we can say that it makes sense to memorize all the solid consonants. Almost all of them are steam. This property was shown in the first row of words, where we learned to distinguish solid and soft sounds. Therefore, everything depends on this very vowel.

Unpaired consonants

Another question is how to deal with unpaired consonants. These are quite a bit in Russian: sh, g, c . No matter how you try, pronounce them gently it will not work. Even if those vowels are written after them, which are usually used with soft consonants: schomptol - Shelest - chic, creepy - liquid - tin, price - circus - king. Contrast to this consonant unpaired h, sh, th which in all cases will sound gently: chock - CHACKABLE - Cleaning, cheeks - Push - Crusp, Yot - Yogurt.

Break the system!

In this situation, it is necessary to understand that the rule of subsequent vowels with them does not act on the unpaired solid consonant sounds. A table that can be made to better assimize the material, in any case will consist of two parts - pairs, the equivalent of which can always be found by changing the vowels, and the unpaired living on their own rules.

Remember

And now let's turn to the methods of studying and memorization. Hard consonants 1 class remembers reluctantly - too boring. But there is always a way to increase the effectiveness, interested student an unusual form of work, even with so theoretical and unnecessary, at first glance, material. For help, we will come different pictures, schemes, drawings and games with the choice of words.

We will make, perhaps, cards. You will need two sheets of colored paper or color cardboard. The main thing is that they were contrasting. Cut the same clouds, balls, figures - everything that comes to your mind. Then we connect the two figures with glue, so that the outside these are the most contrasting sides. And then, with the participation of your little helper, we write vowels on one side, which are friends with soft, and on the other - with solid consonants. In order not to forget anything at all, you can still put the unpaired and pairly in the rumor, respectively. When everything is at hand, it is much easier.

Next, we draw something that can help create an association - a brick on the cardboard, where solid sounds are written, and Pyryshko with soft phonemes. Or something else in such a way. Having a concrete example before your eyes, the student will certainly go to the information better. Later, to secure, you can ask your student in the written words to allocate solid and soft sounds with different colors - red and blue, for example, so that you can easily check its homework.

Screw material

To prepare the tablets, which were mentioned slightly above, you still need to have some material. Solid consonant sounds - a table that you can rely on, for sure not to get confused. For convenience, it contains paired and unpaired hardness and soft sounds. By the way, if we want to designate the softness of sound, in phonetic transcription, for example, an apostrophe is put after it.

In this table, all phonemes at the top are solid. Below are their soft counterparts. True, we have three cases when the sound has no pair. This means it is not soft.

We remember on

Continue practicing? Let's give more examples of words, where the same consonant sound acts in a solid or soft position. Another nuance. In addition to those vowels that influence the consonants, it may mitigate or do a soft and solid sign accordingly. Let's not forget about it in our next task.

Beaver - White, blizzard - goalkeeper, city - helium, staircase - Dyack, Giraffe, Winter - Teeth, Kit Cat, Horse - Lemonade, Zhenya-Sea, Neptune Rhino, Steamer - Break, Solution, Roman, Owl - Family Cake - topic, film - photo, halva - scheme, chicken, hat.

Determine the words from the presented pair, which demonstrate soft or solid consonants. As you can see, letters for their designation are still used the same. Please note that in some words, not only vowels affect the hardness and softness, but also the consonants that are standing next to our sound. In addition, you can also ask the child to come up with examples for unpaired consonants so that he himself make sure that they are only hard. Yet your own experience is much more vivid confirmation than any learned theory.

Another game

To explore the topic, soft and hard consonants can be offered a student even this game. She is very simple. In front of him a number of words from which only hard consonant letters should be written. And then, inserting vowels in them, invent some kind of word. For example, there are a number of words: solon - Locka - Knives. We write out, then consonants: c, L, N, Add vowels. And the first thing that comes to mind is a short, but the Cream word "Elephant". Continue?

1. Edit - Will - scrap (discharged pr, in, l ).
2. Tomato - Role - Top (discharged t, R, T ).
3. Dog - Sonya - hay (discharged in, s, n ).

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to remind you that in no case cannot speak "solid consonants". These are only sounds. And for their designation, absolutely the same as in the case of soft (it was visible from the above table). Now that all the material is in your hands, it remains only to practice. In the network you can find a huge number of different games and exercises to determine the type of consonants. And, of course, you can re-read the material on the topic "solid consonants" - the table presented in the article will help to systematize all our knowledge. You will repeat with it much easier.

Do not forget, for each pair and unpalaring sound every time you bring new examples to be new, so that our student himself learned to compare the different sound of consonant phonemes. It depends sometimes not only from the subsequent vowel or soft and solid sign, but also neighboring consonants, which, depending on their hardness or softness, can influence the original sound. Everything is not so difficult, as it seems. More games and practices - and everything will definitely work out.

Some of the sound and deaf consonants forms a pair.

In the formation of consonants [p], [l], [m], [n], [j],

Deaf [x], [x "], [C], [h"], [sh "] do not have paired holes of ringing consonants.

Notes.

1. The sound [j] in school practice is denoted by [th "].

2. The sound [sh "] is indicated on the letter of the letter or some combinations of consonants. Horizontal trait at the top denotes that the sound is long.

Paired ringing consonants at the end of the word and before the deaf consonants, that is, in a weak position, they sound like a pair of deaf consonants. This phenomenon is called stunning.

Paired deaf consonants in front of paired bellows, i.e. in a weak position, sounds like a pair of voiced consonants. This phenomenon is called spinning.

Strong positions by deaf-belling for consonant sounds are provisions before vowels, in front of the sonar and in.

The consonants are divided into solid and soft. When pronuncified by solid and soft sounds, the different position of the language. Part of the consonant sounds forms a pair of hardness-softness.

When writing, the softness of the consonants is indicated:

1) With a soft sign: Dove, Dictionary:

2) With the help of letters E, E, Yu, I, and: remote, Lipa.

Before soft consonants, the softness of the consonants is not always referred: a bow - ba [n "T"] IR.

More on the topic Write and deaf, solid and soft consonants:

1. § 3. Spelling of the consonants (checked and unverified, ringing, deaf and unprofitable consonants; double consonants; combinations of consonants)

"Tell me how to learn with the child consonants solid and soft, Write and deaf? " - asked recently mommy, apparently, first-graders.

Answer: no way.

No need to teach solid and soft consonants, bell and deaf with the child. It is necessary to teach their child to hear them and determine in different signs. Just to learn is impossible! It is necessary that first the child understand how the bellows and deaf, solid and soft consonants are obtained, and the knowledge will come to understand.

How will we teach a child to distinguish consonant sounds?

Let's start by S. Solid and soft consonants.

In Russian, not all consonants can be solid and soft. Therefore, first it is necessary that the child remember the consonants, W, C, which are always solid and h, sh, th, which are always soft.

Make a child such a memo, pay attention to the child that the letters h, sh, they sit on the pillows, because they are always soft. If this memo will be in a child before your eyes, it will be easier for these letters. You can print and hang over the table where it is engaged in the child. You can write on cardboard and invest in a notebook in writing or Russian.

But the rest of the consonants can be both solid and soft. And help determine the hardness and softness of the consonant adjacent letters.

An interesting option for memorizing solid and soft consonants was offered our reader Irina: "I came up with how to remember my children three always solid sound, (" F "," sh "," c "), i.e. those that never soften.

Iron, washer and cement - what will be harder? What's the secret?

There are still soft three sounds: "h", "sh", "th". Here is a funny patter: bangs clicked y-y-th. ("y" will play the sound of laughter) "

If after the determined consonant cost another consonant, then it is solid. For example, in the word "Peg Nya" after with worth N and we celebrate with as a solid consonant. Despite the fact that in Russian there is a concept of assimilation when the sounds are likened to one another, as in this case, but in elementary school we do not climb into such foaming.

If there is a vowel sound after the consonant, it is very easy to determine hardness and softness. All vowels are commanders and they command the previous consonant, what sound to be solid or soft. The exception is only 6 letters that we spoke before. Make such a memo to the child and let it help him in distinguishing solid and soft sounds.

And, of course, you need to teach a child to hear solid and soft sounds, distinguish them on rumor. For this there are many exercises for development. And all the famous game can be modified under our task and give the child to define solid or soft first consonant in a word.

At first, it is necessary to select words that begin on the consonant: stump, pony, cancer, river, onions, hatch ... Then you can complicate the task and select words where the consonant is no longer the first sound. Since in the Word a few consonants, then you need to specify with the child, what a consonant you will define - the first or last. It is necessary to determine the need for hearing the necessary consonant in the word and hear its hardness or softness. And this is a difficult task. For example: O. d.hero and O. d.uvanchik. The first consonant d, but in these words it means different sounds of sound.

Use all these methods immediately and the child will learn to determine without problems. About bell and deaf next time.

If you have questions, write in the comments.

Oral speech possession is very important for the social life and development of the individual. Much attention in the study of a native (or foreign) language is paid to the spoken speech - the right pronunciation of the phone. There are many words that differ only in individual sounds. Therefore, special attention is paid to the functioning of speech organs and sound formation.

Production of sounds

Sound formation occurs as a result of human mental and speech activity. The voice apparatus consists of a diaphragm, larynx, the nastestrian, pharynx, voice ligaments, the cavity of the nose and mouth, tongue, nose (soft and solid), alveol, teeth, tongue, lips.

Language with the bottom lip is actively involved in sound operating. Teeth, packed, the upper lip remain passive.

The production of sounds (background) includes:

• respiration - Breath,
• lancture - use of larynx and voice folds to create a phone game,
• articulation - work for sound operating.

Noisy (deaf) Russian language

Letters in Russian Rivne 33, and sounds much more - 42. Public phones consisting of a pure voice - 6. The remaining 36 sounds are consonants.

In the creation of 16 consonants, only the noise is involved, which is formed as a result of overcoming the exhaled airflow, some obstacles, which are interacting speech bodies.

[k,], [p,], [s,], [t,], [f,], [x,], [h,], [sh,], [k], [p], [with ], [T], [F], [x], [C], [sh] - deaf consonant sounds.

To learn how to determine which consonant sounds are deaf, it is necessary to know their main features: what way and in what place they are formed, how vocal folds in their production are involved, there is a palatalization during pronunciation.

The formation of noisy consonants

In the process of producing deaf consonants, the interaction of various organs of the speech apparatus occurs. They can be closed with each other or form a gap.

Deaf consonant sounds are born when exhaled overcomes these obstacles. Depending on the type of obstacles, the deaf phonemes are divided into:

• flicer explosive [K, P, T, K, P, T];
• fit sloping (affrust) [C, h,];
• sloves (fricative) [C, F, X, Sh, C, F, X, W].

Depending on the places where barriers are formed, among the deaf phonemes distinguish:

• lights [P];
• long-dental [F, F];
• advanced tooth [C, C, T, T, C];
• front-band-in-lubricant-tooth [h, sh, sh];
• rear-speaking posterior [k, x, k, x].

Palamatory and Veselization

Noisy phonemes are classified according to the degree of tension of the middle of the language. When the front and average language of the tongue rise during sound operating system, a palatalized consonant (soft) deaf sound is born. Rearized (solid) phones are produced by raising the root of the tongue to the back area of \u200b\u200bthe soft noise.

6 soft and 6 solid noisy deaf backgrounds make up pairs, the rest of the steam do not have.

Paired deaf consonants - [K, - K], [P], [C, - C], [T, - T], [F, - F], [X, - X]; [C, h, sh, sh,] - Deaf unpaired consonant sounds.

Articulation

The combination of all works of individual organs of the speech apparatus involved in pronouncing the background is called articulation.

So that it is clear that you need to be able to clearly vote sounds, words, suggestions. To do this, you need to train your speech apparatus, process the pronunciation of the phone.

Understanding how deaf consonants are formed, as they correctly pronounce, a child or an adult will greater than the speech greeting.

Sounds [K - K, X - X,]

Lower the end of the tongue, slightly move away from the cutters of the lower jaw. Roth open. The back of the tongue is to raise it so that it becomes in touch with the border zone of the raised soft and solid nose. Through a sharp exhalation, the air overcomes the barrier - [to].

Cook the end of the tongue to the lower front teeth. The middle and rear of the language brought closer with the mid-rear area of \u200b\u200bthe solid nose. Exhale - [k,].

In the production of phones [x - x,] the speech organs are arranged similarly. Only between them remains not a bow, but a gap.

Sounds [P - P,]

Splesh lips, leaving the language loose freely, the tip of it slightly move away from the lower cutters. Exhalation. The air jet breaks through the lips - [P].

Lips are also located. The end of the tongue to press to the slope of the lower jaw. To solid nebu, raise the middle of the language. A sharp impetus is overcome by a lifting barrier - [p,].

Sounds [C - C,]

Lips stretch, teeth almost sick. The end of the tongue to touch the front teeth of the lower jaw. Intrind the language by lifting the middle back to the nebu. His side edges are pressed against the upper chewing teeth. The air flow passes through the groove resulting in the middle of the language. Overcomes the gap between the alveolar arc and the front back of the language - [s].

The phoneme [C,] is pronounced similarly. Only the middle rises higher, and the front is launched (the groove disappears).

Sounds [T - T,]

Operate lips. The end of the tongue is rested into the cutters of the upper jaw, forming a bow. The stream of exhaled air with force breaks through the barrier - [t].

Lip position is the same. The tongue of the tongue is nourished to the lower cutters. The front of the language touch the upper alveolar arc, creating a bow. Under the pressure of the air jet overcomes the barrier - [t,].

Sounds [F - F,]

The bottom lip is slightly drawn and press it the upper cutters. The back of the tongue is lifted to the back area of \u200b\u200bsoft nob. In exhalation, the air passes through a flat slit formed by lip and teeth - [f].

Lips and teeth in the same position. The tip of the tongue is moved to the bottom cutters. The middle part of the tongue is raised to the nebu. The air flow penetrates through the lip-toothbrush - [F,].

Sound [C]

The sound is made in two stages:

1. Stretch a little tense lips. The end of the tongue is attached to the front bottom teeth. Raise the front part of the tongue, closer with the hard naba (immediately behind the alveolar arc).
2. The air flow enters the oral cavity. The tongue is a little bend - the middle part is lifted, the rear omit, the side edges press to chewing teeth. The bow turns into the gap and the air comes out - [C].

Sound [h,]

The formation of the phoneme consists of two phases:

1. Slightly round and push the lips. The end and front part of the tongue to cuddle to solid nebu and the alveolar arc, creating a barrier.
2. Push the air: on the site of the bow between the language and the neba, the gap will turn out. At the same time, it is necessary to lift the middle of the language - [h,].

Sound [Sh]

Slightly rounded lips push out. The end of the tongue is raised before the formation of a narrow passage with a nose and alveolar arc (1st gap). Having lowered the middle of the tongue, raise his back (2nd gap). The edges press to chewing teeth by forming a bowl. Smoothly exhale - [sh].

Sound [Sh,]

Lips slide and round down. The end of the language is to lift to the alveolar arc, without pressed, so that there is a lumen. Lower the tongue to solid nebu (except for the front), the edges are nourished to the indigenous teeth of the upper jaw. Exhale slowly. The central part of the tongue goes down, creating a chute through which air flow passes. Language strains - [sh,].

In the speech stream, the deaf consonants are adjacent to other phones if there is a vowel, then the lips take the position to articulate the latter.

Comparison of noisy deaf and ringing background

There are phonemes ringing, in the formation of which voice and noise participate simultaneously (the latter prevails). Some calls have pair sounds from the deaf.

Paired deaf consonants and bellows: [k - g], [k, - g,], [p - b], [p, - b,], [t - d], [t, - d,], [ C - s], [C, - Z,], [F - V], [F, - B,], [sh - F].

Write and deaf unpaired consonant sounds:

• [th, l, m, n, r, l, m, n, p] - ringing (sonorous);
• [x, h, sh, x, c] - noisy deaf.

Noisy background with letters

The ability to competently write is no less important than to talk. Mastering a written speech is associated with even greater difficulties, as some sounds on paper can be recorded by different letters or letters.

The deaf consonants when writing are transmitted similar letters if they are in strong positions.

According to the deaf-belling: before vowels, [in - in,], other noisy (applicable to pair deaf!).

On hardness-softness: before vowel, [b, m, g, k, p, x, b, m, g, k, p, x,] - for sounds [s, s, t, t,], at the end the words.

In other cases, to determine the right letter (or combinations of letters), it is necessary to apply certain rules of the Russian language for a deaf consonant phone game. And sometimes it is necessary to simply memorize the correct writing of words (vocabulary).