What formations take place in the gate of the lungs. Light building

Lungs

a pair body occupying most of the chest cavity.

Each light difference: the top and three surfaces:

Outdoor (rib)

Lower (diaphragmal),

Internal (mediastinal).

The unequal dimensions of the right (55%) and the left (45%) are lung due to the position of the heart.

Each is easily distinguished by a skewer, which is projected by a line, running from the III of the breast vertebra to the place of articulation of VI ribs with a cartilage - thanks to this, both lungs are divided into the upper and lower lobes.

However, in the right lung there is an additional slot, the horizontal, which begins on the oblique slot at the medium-sized line level and is sent to the place of articulation of the IV ribs with the sternum.

Thus, in the right easily, the average share is also distinguished.

Clinical significance has knowledge of the projection of the lungs on the chest walls.

It is projected onto the front chest wall: (front-glass thoracotomy)

Right: upper and average share of the right lung;

Left: mostly upper share.

On the back chest wall are projected: (posterior thoracotomy).

On the left and left - the lower lobes of the lungs.

Each share of the lung consists of segments - Plots of pulmonary fabric, ventilated by bronchus III order (segmental bronchus) and separated from the adjacent segments with a connecting cloth. In the form, the segments resemble the pyramid addressed the vertex to the root of the lung, the base is to its surface. On the top of the segment is its leg: consists of segmental bronchus, segmental artery and central veins.

In addition to the central veins, the blood from the lung tissue is also subject to integmentation veins.

Number of segments:

Right easy:

Top Share:

v top;

v front;

Middle Share:

v medial;

v lateral;

Lower share:

v top;

v basal front;

v basal rear;

v basal medial;

v basal lateral.

Left light:

Top Share:

v top-rear;

v front.

v top referee;

v bottom bunch.

Lower share:

v top;

v basal front;

v basal rear;

v basal medial;

v basal lateral.

On the inner surface of the lungs, the gates of lungs are located through which the roots of the lungs are undergoing: bronchi, bronchial arteries, pulmonary artery and veins, lymphatic vessels and nervous plexuses.

Bronchi:

The right 6-8 half-five, wider, departs under a stupid angle.

The left 9-12 half-colts, already, departs at right angles.

The length of the trachea is 11-13 cm. The width of the lumen of the trachea is not a permanent value; In men, it ranges from 15 to 22 mm, in women - from 13 to 18 mm, in a breast child - 6-7 mm, in a child of 10 years - 8-11 mm.

Right bronchus root back in advance of the unpaired vein, the root of the left light goes on the front back - the arc of aorta.

The lymph system is complex.

Surface network associated with visceral pleural.

The deep network is associated with intra-robes, interdolt and bronchial plexus.

Bronchoplest lymph nodes.

Tracheal lymph nodes.

Front media lymph nodes.

Rear media lymph nodes.

The outflow of lymphs from the right lung - to the right chest duct.

Lymph outflow from left lung

From the top share - in the chest duct,

From the bottom share to the right lymphatic duct.

Lung Gate (Hilus Pulmonis, PNA, BNA, JNA) The plot of the medial surface of the lung, through which the vessels pass, the main armor (bronchi) and nerves.

Big Medical Dictionary. 2000 .

Watch what is the "Gate of Light" in other dictionaries:

Their; MN. (un. Light, wow; cf.). Breath organ (in humans and vertebrates), located in the chest cavity. Examine X-rays of light. The volume of lungs. To breathe light. ◁ Emirate, Aya, OE. La fabric. La Artery. Diseases. * * * ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

lung - (Pulmo) The pair organ located on the sides of the mediastinum in the pleuro of the pulmonary domains of the chest cavity, has a form of half dissected by the sagittal cone plane. The right light is shorter, but wider and somewhat bulky (10%) left. IN … Dictionary of terms and concepts for human anatomy

I Light (Pulmones) A \u200b\u200bpair organ located in a chest cavity that carries gas exchange between inhaled air and blood. The main function of L. is respiratory (see breathing). The necessary components for its implementation serve ventilation ... ... Medical encyclopedia

LUNGS - Lungs. Lungs (lat. Pulmones, Greek. Pleumon, Pneumon), air ground breathing organ (see) vertebrates. I. Comparative anatomy. Light vertebrates are available as the addition organs of air respiration already in certain fish (in duplicate, ... ... ...

Pulmonary veins - pulmonary veins, right and left, VV. Pulmonales Dextrae Et Sinistrae, end arterial blood from the lungs; They come out of the gates of the lungs, usually two of each lung (although the number of pulmonary veins can reach 3 5 and even more). In each pair ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

TUBERCULOSIS - Tuberculosis. Contents: I. Historical essay ............... 9 II. The causative agent of tuberculosis ............ 18 III. Pathological anatomy ............ 34 IV. Statistics .................... 55 V. Social significance of tuberculosis ....... 63 VI. ... ... Big medical encyclopedia

- (Prince Itali, Graf Rimniki) - Generalissimus of Russian troops, Field Marshal of the Austrian Army, the Great Marshal of the Troops of Piedmont, Count of the Sacred Roman Empire, the hereditary prince of the Sardinian Royal House, Grand Crown and Cousin ... Large biographical encyclopedia

London Metropolitan ... Wikipedia

Pulmonary barrel - pulmonary trunk, Truncus Pulmonalis, has a length of 5 6 cm and a width of up to 3 cm; It is a continuation of the arterial cone of the right ventricle and begins on the hole of the pulmonary trunk. Its initial part, heading from below and right up and left, ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

PNEUMONIA - Pneumonia. Contents: I. Brewer Pneumonia etiology .................... her epidemiology .................. 615. Pat. Anatomy ...... ............ 622 Pathogenesis .................... 628 clinic. .................... 6S1 II. Bronchopneumonia ... ... Big medical encyclopedia

Lungs (Pulmones) is the main organ of the respiratory system, which saturates blood oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. The right and left lung is located in the chest cavity, each in its pleural bag (see Fig. 80). Below, the lungs are adjacent to the diaphragm, in front, from the sides and rear each light in contact with the chest wall. The right dome of the diaphragm lies above the left, so the right lighter is shorter and wider the left. The left lung is already longer, because in the left half of the chest is the heart, which is turned to the left with its top.

The tops of the lungs protrude above the clavicle by 2-3 cm. The lower limit of the lung crosses the VI edge along the middle-clearing line, VII edge - on the front axillary, VIII-in the middle axillary, IX - on the rear axillary, x edge.

The lower boundary of the left lung is located slightly below. At the maximum inhalation, the lower edge is lowered by another 5-7 cm.

The rear border of the lungs passes along the spine from the second rib. The front limit (front edge projection) originates from the tops of the lungs, it passes in almost parallel at a distance of 1.0-1.5 cm at the level of cartilage IV ribs. In this place, the boundary of the left lung is deviated to the left of 4- 5 cm and forms a heart clipping. At the level of cartilage VI edges, the front borders of the lungs are moving to the lower.

In the light, there are three surfaces: convex rib, adjacent to the inner surface of the pitch of the thoracic cavity; diaphragmal - adjacent to the diaphragm; Medial (media), directed towards the mediastinum. The medial surface is the gate of the lung, through which the main armor includes pulmonary artery and nerves, and two pulmonary veins and lymphatic vessels come out. All of the above vessels and bronchi make up the root of the lung.

Each lung by furrows is divided into a share: right - three (upper, middle and lower), left - two (upper and lower).

Great practical importance is the division of the lungs on the so-called bronchopulmonary segments; In the right and in the left lung of 10 segments (Fig. 81). Segments are separated from one from the other by connecting partitions (low-sized zones), have the form of cones, the top of which is directed to the goal, and the base is to the surface of the lungs. In the center of each segment there are segmental bronchi, segmental artery, and on the border with another segment - segmental vein.

Each easy consists of branched bronchi, which form a bronchial tree and a system of pulmonary bubbles. Initially, the main bronets are divided into equity, and then on segmental. The latter in turn branch up to subsegimentary (medium) bronchi. Subsegmen-tag bronchi is also divided into smaller 9-10th order. The bronchine diameter of about 1 mm is called Dolkov and again branches 18-20 finite bronchioles. In the right and left lung of a person there are about 20,000 finite (terminal) bronchiol. Each finite bronchiola is divided into respiratory bronchiols, which in turn are divided consistently dichotomously (for two) and go to alveolar moves.

A - front view; B - rear view; In the right light (side view); G-left lung (side view)

Each alveolar move ends with two alveolar bags. The walls of the alveolar bag consist of a pulmonary alveol. The diameter of the alveolar stroke and the alveolar bag is 0.2-0.6 mm, the alveoli is 0.25-0.30 mm.

Respiratory bronchioles, as well as alveolar moves, alveolar bags and lung alveoli form an alveolar tree (pulmonary acinus), which is a structural-functional unit of the lung. The number of pulmonary acinuses in one light reaches 15,000; The amount of alveoli on average is 300-350 million, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe respiratory surface of all Alveol is about 80 m2.

For blood supply to the pulmonary fabric and the walls of the bronchi, the blood enters the lungs through bronchial arteries from the thoracic part of the aorta. Blood from the walls of bronchial bronchial veins is departed into the ducts of pulmonary veins, as well as in the unpaired and semi-regional veins. On the left and right pulmonary arteries, venous blood is enriched in the lungs, which is enriched with oxygen as a result of gas exchange, gives carbon dioxide and, turning into arterial blood, flows into the pulmonary veins in the left atrium.

Light lymphatic vessels fall into bronchopulmonary, as well as in the bottom and upper tracheobronchial lymph nodes.

Without food, a person can live, there is no not much 20-25 days, without liquid and drinking in general - 5 days, and without oxygen will not be able to live 7 minutes. The process of its getting into the body is ensured by the most important body - light.

If you do not look at the terminology that is used in medicine, then you can attach the respiratory tract, the nose, the skin, and it is the lungs themselves.

Immediately denote that light is a pair body, it is in the chest. The main responsibility is to create gas exchange between air, which man breathes and blood. This body is priority, you need a person to breathe - this is the main function of the lungs. Each light closes into the pleural cavity, where it feels absolutely free. Form of light cone-shaped. It is divided into the base, the top and two planes: edge and medial. Each easy includes three edges: front, rear, bottom. The front edge of the left lung has a heart clipping, a plot that is located below this clipping is the name of the tongue.

The gates of the lungs are located on the medial surface - these are small recesses. Through these gates, the lymphatic blood vessels, nerves and bronchi enter the lung. Also at the gate of the lungs are lymphatic nodes.

Lung lobes

Each lung has divided into a share of large and deep grooves.

In the right loss distinguished parts:

1. Low;

2. Middle;

3. Upper.

1. Top;

2. Lower.

Two lungs have ten segments. Segments are divided by integmentation partitions, in them veins are located. Each segment consists of an independent artery and segment bronchus.

How to examine the lungs

In order to detect the disease of the lungs use a whole system of special methods:

1. Inspection of the patient;

2. Palpation;

3. Percussion;

4. Auscultation.

Each of these methods has an individual diagnostic value. When identifying pathology, exceeding the norm, additional studies are prescribed:

1. Laboratory;

2. X-ray;

3. Instrumental.

How to understand do you have a lung disease? Everything is very simple, the most common complaints in the lung diseases are a dry cough (sometimes with wet), blood expectorations, attacks of suffocation, shortness of breath, chest pain, weakness, fever, sweating.

Common diseases

Every day, with the disease of the respiratory tract faces an increasing number of people. There are many such diseases. Here are the main of these diseases of them:

1. Pneumonia is a disease that is directly accompanied by an inflammatory process in the lungs caused by infection. The reason can serve: movement, psychological overvoltage;

2. Puritis is nothing more than the inflammation of the pleura, arises in a consequence of complication of diseases of lungs or injuries of the chest;

3. Tuberculosis is one of the most common and most complicated infectious diseases that provoke changes in lungs;

4. Light cancer - the most dangerous and, unfortunately, the deadly disease. Symptoms, in the early stages, it is practically unrealistic to detect.

The range of causes of the occurrence of the lung disease is very large. This can be both a banal cold and infection, and smoking, as well as industrial air pollution. Stresses are equally important, because many know that most of the diseases we are associated with the nervous system.

Prevention of diseases

If you felt at least the slightest symptoms, you need to refer to the doctor without thinking. Today, the disease of the lungs has become a rather common phenomenon. First of all, you need at least once in the half year the x-ray study is one of the special methods in medicine, to detect the disease.

First of all, it is necessary to prevent:

1. Throw smoking if you have such a habit;

2. Elimination of frequent colds, which also provoke bronchial diseases, by the development of respiratory tract infection;

3. The dental diseases and inflammation of the gum serves as a focus of infection;

4. For children, the main preventive task is to harden.

If you adhere to these simple recommendations, believe me - the likelihood of your disease will decrease to a minimum. Be vigilant, take care of your health and health of your children, because you can not buy it for any money!

Lightweight - pair body. They are located in a chest cavity, on both sides of the mediastinum, in which are located: a heart with large vessels, a fork iron, trachea, the initial departments of the main bronchi, esophagus, aorta, breast duct, lymph nodes, nerves and other education. The heart is somewhat shifted to the left, so the right lung is shorter and wider the left. In the right light, three shares, and in the left two. Each light has a cone shape. The upper, narrowed, part of it is called the top of the lung, and the bottom, extended, - the base. In lung, there are three surfaces: rib, diaphragmal and medial, facing heart. On the medial surface there are a lung gate, where bronchi is located, pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins, lymphatic Courts, lymph nodes, nerves. All these formations are combined with a connecting cloth into a beam, which is called the root of the lung. Entering the gates of the lungs, the main bronchi is divided into all smaller, forming the so-called bronchial tree. The lungs, therefore, consist of a bronchial tree and its finite formations - alveoli pulmonary bubbles. With a decrease in bronchial caliber, the number of cartilage tissue in them is reduced and relatively increasing the number of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers. The main structural unit of the lung is the acinus, which is the branching of finite bronchus and the associated alveoli. In the lungs there are up to 800 thousand acinuses and up to 300-400 million alveoli, the total surface of which reaches 100 m2. 20-30 acinuses, merging, form a pyramidal slicare, a value of up to 1 cm in diameter. Solutions are separated from each other with a connective tissue in which the vessels and nerves pass. From the aggregate of Polek (2000-3000), bronchological segments are formed, and from the latter - the lobes of the lung. Alveol, the wall of which is very thin and consists of one layer of alveolar epithelium with a basal membrane, is important for gas exchange. Alveolas outside worked with a thick network of blood vessels. Through the wall of the alveoli and gas exchanges are performed between the blood flowing in capillaries, and air rich in oxygen.

Each light outside is covered (except the gate) serous shell - pleverra.

The part of the pleura, which covers the lung itself, is called visceral pleutra, and the one, which, from the root of the lung, goes to the walls of the chest cavity, is parietal (cloth) pleural. Between these sheets there is a cavity of the pleural cavity filled with a small amount of serous fluid, moisturizing sheet, which contributes to a better sliding of the lung when inhaling and exhale. In Parietal Plevra, it is distinguished: ribratra, a diaphragmal and mediastinal (media) - by the name of the walls that they cover. At the bottom of Parietal pleura has a deepening - pleural sinuses. The most profound of them is the rib-diaphragmal sinus. When reducing and lowering the diaphragm during the inhalation, the diaphragmal pleura is shifted, which leads to an increase in the deepening and lowering the expanding lungs in them. The pleural cavities, the right and left, are not communicated to each other, as each light is in its own pleural bag.